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The mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase which commonly hyperactivated in the majority of cancers. mTOR was reportedly involved in various tumorigenesis and cancer development. Cancer therapy, combined with mTOR inhibitors, can be a good strategy for cancer treatment. Biflavonoids from Selaginella doederleinii Hieron are known to possess anticancer activity. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the potency of the biflavonoids to inhibit mTOR via rapamycin and ATP-binding sites and determine oncogenic proteins that interacted with mTOR. The research methods were molecular docking and protein interaction network analysis. All compounds had lower binding affinities than rapamycin, a native inhibitor of mTOR in the rapamycin-binding site. However, all compounds could bind mTOR in the same site as rapamycin and had several amino acid residues similarities with rapamycin. Meanwhile, 3′,3″′-binaringenin was the only compound that had the same binding position as PP242, a native ligand of the ATP-binding site of mTOR. The compound also had a higher binding affinity than PP242 and some similarities of amino acid residues with it. mTOR could interact with RAPTOR, RICTOR, MAPKPA1, Rheb, RPS6KB1, EIF4EBP1, LAMTOR1, LAMTOR2, LAMTOR4, and LAMTOR5. Nonetheless, this research still needs further studies to validate the in-silico results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast cancer occurs when a number of cells in the breast grow and develop uncontrollably. The prevalence of breast cancer in Indonesia reaches 0.5 per 1000 women. Aromatase is a cytochrome p450 enzyme that catalyzes the formation of C18 estrogen from C19 androgens which selectively inhibits estrogen synthesis. Aromatase inhibitors are adjuvant therapies used by postmenopausal breast cancer patients with positive ER, letrozole. Letrozole has several adverse effects, so it is used bidara leaf (Ziziphus mauritiana) which has phenolic compounds as a strong anticancer activity. Pling abundant compounds used, namely p-hydroxybenzoic acid, caffeic, ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid. The purpose of this study was to predict the anticancer potential of the phenolic compound Bidara Leaf (Ziziphus mauritiana) in inhibiting the aromatase enzyme in breast cancer patients. The method in this study is the prediction of ADMET pharmacokinetic properties using the online pkCSM webserver. First download a copy of the SMILES compound test using the PubChem webserver. Molecular docking uses PyRx 0.8, PyMol, Discovery Studio software. From the results of the study it can be concluded that phenolic compounds are predicted to have good absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity values, and the combination of free energy values of phenolic compounds produces a synergistic effect. The bond between ferulic acid and the aromatase enzyme is the most stable compared to others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research objectives are the antibacterial activity of peanut oil and its derivatives determination. The derivatives are potassium salt (K-salt or K-soap), free fatty acids (FFAs), and fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria. Peanut oil is a liquid light yellow, having density of 0.9372 g.cm−3, viscosity of 230.88 cSt, boiling point of 188 °C, refractive index of 1.4689, soluble in n-hexane, chloroform, and ethanol, but insoluble in methanol and water. The fatty acid contents are palmitic, and stearic acids of 11.46, 16.14, 67.44, and 4.96% respectively. Synthesized K-salts are solid-state and white, have melting point of 208-217 °C, are soluble in water, ethanol, and methanol, but are insoluble in n-hexane and chloroform. There are two FFAs, namely liquid and soft solid. Liquid FFAs are yellowish-white, have density of 0.9560 g.cm−3, viscosity of 462.17 cSt, boiling point of 192 °C, and refractive index of 1.4683. Soft solid FFAs are yellowish-white, and have melting point of 30-35 °C. The FAMEs are liquid yellowish-white, have density of 0.9009 g.cm−3, viscosity of 23.50 cSt, boiling point of 170 °C, and refractive index of 1.4580. The FFAs (liquid and soft solid) and FAMEs are soluble in ethanol, methanol, chloroform, and n-hexane, yet insoluble in water. FFAs and K-salt are active as antibacterial with MIC < 0.2%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shield Aralia (Polyscias scutellaria) is one of the plants that grows in Indonesia and has many benefits, especially for health. P. scutellaria contains active compounds derivate the flavonoids class. Based on ethnobotany studies, Shield Aralia leaf is widely consumed by nursing mothers with the aim to increase breast milk production. Unfortunately, research related to P. scutellaria leaves and their function to increase milk production are rarely done. The aim of this study to determine the potential of active compounds contained in P. scutellaria leaves as a dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) inhibitor through molecular docking studies. Based on the results of molecular docking on the D2R protein, it shows the binding value of the drug control affinity (risperidone) −6.9 kcal/mol, afzelin −6.1 kcal/mol, quercetin −6.3 kcal/mol, quercitrin -6.1 kcal/mol, and rutin −7.0 kcal/mol. Inhibitory activity on D2R has an impact on increasing prolactin secretion; thus, it can elevate breast milk production. Based on these results showed that the P. scutellaria active compounds can be used as a drug candidate to increase breast milk production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The success of fertilization is often associated with the quality of the sperm and semen preparation. Investigations on the structure and morphology of the spermatozoa have been widely studied to see the size, structure, and composition in cells of the normal or abnormal spermatozoa and associated with the success of the spermatozoa penetrating the ovum until the process occurs syngamy. This study aims to determine the quality and morphometric spermatozoa of Rambon bull and Pesisir bull, the two native bull in Indonesia, so that we can determine the fertility of the 2 native bull. Semen Ejaculates were collected from each of 3 Pesisir Bull and Rambon Bulls using an artificial vagina. After that, an inspection of macroscopic, microscopic examination, and morphometric of spermatozoa were carried out. Morphometric spermatozoa were measured using a microscope trinocular using the Nikon NIS-elements v4 app. The results of the macroscopic and microscopic examination show differences in the volume, individual motility, viability, abnormality, and concentration of two native bull. The better results are identified on Rambon bull. Research results show significant differences for midpiece length, principal piece length, head width, head ellipticity, head elongation, head regularity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thyroid hormone level variations relate to physiological and clinical anomalies. Many studies showed that garlic has protective effects on various body systems. This study aimed to determine the beneficial effects of garlic extracts against l-thyroxine-induced male rat hyperthyroidism. 25 male rats were randomly grouped into five groups: healthy rats (Control), rats subcutaneously injected with l-thyroxine 0.3 mg/kg BW, and rats given orally doses (100, 150, and 200 mg/kg BW/d) of garlic extracts. Blood samples were taken from the heart at the end of the experiment to identify T3 and T4 using Elisa. The results showed that hyperthyroid rats had a significant increase (p < 0.05) in serum concentrations of T3 and T4 relative to the negative control group, and no significant increase in serum concentrations of T3 and T4 relative to the negative control group at the doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg. However, at the dose of 150 mg/kg BW, the serum concentrations of T3 and T4 decreased. Hyperthyroid rats receiving 100 g/kg garlic extracts were more beneficial in enhancing the behavior of hyperthyroid rats than those in the control group. In conclusion, garlic extracts could affect the level of T3 and T4 in a dose-dependent manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gold extraction process using the cyanidation method has a negative impact on the surrounding environment, including agricultural areas. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of variations in growing media on growth and cyanide uptake in the roots, stems, leaves, and fruit of yardlong beans. This experimental study used a Randomized Block Design (RBD), with a comparison of the percentage of mining soil and katel sand, namely A (100% katel), B (20% : 80%), C (40% : 60%), D (60% : 40%), E (80% : 20%) with 5 replications. The results showed that there were differences in the influence of the planting medium on the growth of stem height, number of leaves, and dry weight. Media A has the highest growth and is significantly different from other media. Media B was not significantly different from C. The lowest growth was medium D and E. Cyanide uptake at C was higher and significantly different from medium A on stems, roots, leaves with age 1, 2, 3, and 4 months, for fruit was not significantly different. The cyanide uptake is inversely proportional to the growth of yardlong beans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthesis of 9-(4-bromophenyl)-3,4,5,6,7,9-hexahydro-1H-xanthene-1,8(2H)-dione (compound 1) using lime and lemon juices as catalyst under free solvent condition has been successfully done. Both fruits contained citric acid, which operates as an acidic catalyst. The structure of compound 1 was confirmed by IR, H-NMR, and MS spectra. The use of the natural product as a green catalyst has some advantages, that is eco-friendly, cheap, high availability, and biodegradable. DPPH methods were used as methods to determine the antioxidant properties of compound 1. This compound has properties as antioxidant with inhibition percentage of 59.20%, 65.38%, 67.41%, 68.53%, 70.0% at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 ppm respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molecular docking is a bioinformatics tool used to study and analyze ligand-receptor interactions. Centella asiatica (CA) is known as an herbal medicine for many diseases. Madecassic acid, madecassoside, asiatic acid, and asiaticoside are compounded from CA potentially as antiaging and wound healing agents. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of CA for anti-aging and wound healing through molecular docking. The docking was carried out on proteins associated with the antioxidant, collagen degradation pathway, and inflammatory processes. The molecular docking study used Glide, ADME/T using QikProp, and binding free energy calculations employed Prime/MM-GBSA module and Schrodinger suite 2020-2. The molecular docking and MM-GBSA showed specific interactions and high affinity within the binding pocket of the ligand. The in silico ADME/T properties were predicted that the compounds may follow the criteria for oral and topical active drugs. The theoretical calculation derived from ADME/T and molecular docking provided in-depth information into the structural basis, specific bonding, and nonbonding interactions governing the inhibition of antioxidant, collagen degradation pathway, and inflammatory processes. Taken together, these findings provide a basis for the recommendation of compounds from CA as high-affinity ligands and drug candidates for anti-aging and wound healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is cancer with a high prevalence in the world, Asia, and Indonesia. Some HCC can be caused by a viral infection, consuming alcohol for an extended period, and has recently been associated with metabolic syndrome. Liver fibrogenesis is the initial stage of HCC and significantly correlates to the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) expression. TGF-β leads to disease progression stages, from early liver damage through inflammation and fibrosis to cirrhosis and (HCC). The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of green material Moringa oleifera on the expression of TGF-β in the mice model develop to HCC. This study was conducted using a BALB C mice model treated with intraperitoneal injections of green material Moringa oleifera +CCl4 at a dose of 1 µL/1 g of BW for six weeks. The result shows a significant effect of green material Moringa oleifera on the decrease in TGF-β expression. Hence, green material Moringa oleifera can be a potential preventative agent for liver fibrogenesis-linked HCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent findings suggested that plant-mediated synthesized silver nanoparticles exhibit significant antibacterial property, yet the exact mechanisms and toxicity remain unraveled. Hence, this present study aims to utilize the leaves extract from Persicaria odorata (L.) Sojak as the reducing agent for the fabrication of silver nanoparticles (PO-AgNPs) and to evaluate their antibacterial properties. The formation of PO-AgNPs was verified by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometer which revealed an absorption peak at around 440 nm. Further characterization using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed the presence of biomolecules from the leaves extract, which was responsible for the productions of PO-AgNPs and the crystalline nature of the PO-AgNPs. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) images revealed the spherical structure of PO-AgNPs. Disc diffusion and time-kill assay results showed that PO-AgNPs exhibited inhibition against tested Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), S. aureus, and S. epidermidis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Overall, these results further consolidate that PO-AgNPs possess good antibacterial properties. The inhibition mechanisms of PO-AgNPs against those pathogenic bacteria will be investigated in future works, particularly to explain how PO-AgNPs caused toxicity in bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We determined the interferences of Ca2+ ions on Fe analysis in the sea sediment. The leached Ca from the coral skeleton affect the Fe ions to reduce the accuracy and precision of Fe analysis in sea sediment using flame-atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The Fe from sediment was leached by the optimized microwave BCR and Tessier methods. The Ca2+ ions (200, 500, 800 ppm) were added in the sediment fraction and then Fe concentrations were determined by FAAS. The results showed that Ca2+ ions interferences of Fe in all sediment fractions using BCR and Tessier methods. The interference of Ca2+ ions in the optimized microwave BCR method released the higher Fe concentrations. The addition of Ca2+ ions with concentrations of 200, 500, and 800 ppm in the optimized microwave BCR and Tessier methods obtained total concentrations of Fe 3737, 3700, 3658 mg/kg, and 1775, 1809, 1815 mg/kg, respectively. The presence of Ca formed the refractory oxy compounds due to the reaction between oxygen gas and Ca atoms in the air-acetylene flame of the FAAS flame. This suggested the interferences Ca reduce the accuracy in determining Fe concentration in the detector of FAAS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of T-Regulatory Cell (Treg) and Interleukin 10 (IL-10) in the failure of BCG protection is unclear. This case-control study analyzed quantity of Treg Cells and IL-10 in the circulation of pediatric TB and non-TB patients with both groups has history of BCG vaccination. Measurement of circulatory Treg cell percentage was performed using Flow Cytometry and circulatory IL-10 was measured using ELISA method. We found that pediatric TB patients have significantly higher IL-10 level compared to non-TB patients (9.15 pg mL−1 vs. 6.04 pg mL−1; p < 0.001). The same scenario happened in Treg cell percentage that were almost two-fold higher in pediatric TB patients compared to non-TB patients (3.51% vs. 1.86%; p < 0.001). It is concluded that the percentage of Treg cells and IL-10 levels in circulation of pediatric TB patients were higher compared to non-TB patients. This finding strengthens the possibility of Treg and IL-10 involvement in the failure of BCG protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seed yield per plant is the main character that is the target of crop improvement. Seed yield can be predicted from the yield component because the seed yield originates from the yield components. The relationship between yield and yield components can appear as direct or indirect effects of yield components to the seed yield. This study aimed to determine the correlation and yield components' effects on seed yields in F3 populations. The plant materials were 230 F3 lines from the crossing of Burangrang and UM.4-1. The results showed that the number of branches, productive nodes, and filled pods, 100-seed weight, pod weight, and the number of seeds per pod correlated to seed yield per plant. Characters of productive nodes, number of filled pods, 100-seed weight, and pod weight directly affected the plant's seed yield. The indirect effect of the number of productive nodes on seed yields was significant through the number of filled pods and pod weight. The character of the number of filled pods had an indirect effect through productive nodes, the 100-seed weight, and the weight of pods. The 100-seed weight showed a significant indirect effect on seed yield through the number of productive nodes, filled pods, and pod weight. The significant indirect effect was also shown by pod weight through the number of productive nodes, number of filled pods, and 100-seed weight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The continued use of the same insecticide may have an effect on the occurrence of cross-resistance insecticides in the mosquito population. The aims of this study were to investigate the resistance status of deltamethrin and kdr mutations in Ae. Aegypti mosquito population of Jambi Province. This research study is descriptive by collecting mosquito larvae, breeding them until they become adult mosquitoes and the WHO susceptibility test was conducted to determine their insecticide resistance status to Deltamethrin 0.05%. Identification of resistance to Deltamethrin and genotyping to see Val1016Gly and F1534C mutations. The results of this study showed that resistance to Deltamethrin in mosquito populations from Muaro Jambi are 43.75% ± 2, Kota Jambi 21.25% ± 1, and Batang Hari 15.63% ± 2. Based on The V1016G mutation analysis of 60 samples from each district, this study found that 25% of the specimens were homozygous for the mutant allele (1016Gly) and 40% were heterozygous (Val1016Gly). Mutation of F1534C also detected with lower frequency than the V1016G mutation. This indicated that V1016G mutation can contribute to the insensitivity of Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel (VGSC) than F1534C. Haplotypes from this study based on genetic variability analysis suggest connections with Mexican and Brazilian populations. The results of this study supported that a regular monitoring and implementation program of Ae. aegypti population control in Jambi Province is important to carry out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High fat diet including consume junk food as a habit can trigger metabolic disorder and surging cholesterol level caused by hypercholesterolemia. Single bulb garlic (SBG) (Allium sativum) is an alternative treatment which mostly used by societies to treat various diseases due to its organo-sulphur compounds content. Organo-sulphur content in SBG has a higher sulphur value than regular garlic sold in a conventional market. The aim of this research was to predict the potential of SBG's active compounds as a drug candidate for cholesterol reduction through molecular docking techniques with in silico methods. The docking was demonstrated by an interaction between SBG compound, native ligands and Simvastatin into HMG-CoA reductase enzyme. All compounds in 3D structure were retrieved from PubChem, while the enzyme was downloaded from PDB. Entire components were docked with a specific grid adjusted in AutoDock Vina in PyRx 0.8, then visualized by PyMOL and Discovery Studio. The results of this study indicate that native ligands and SBG compound bound in the same pocket with Simvastatin in HMG-CoA reductase enzyme besides Allyl methyl sulfide. Based on molecular docking results, Kaempferol has the lowest binding affinity value than Simvastatin (-7.8 kcal/mol). Furthermore, the SBG compound could forecast as a competitive inhibitor against Simvastatin in the HMG-CoA enzyme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis of nanoparticles can be carried out by means of biology, physics or chemistry. In the last few years, it has begun to be conducted biologically in synthesizing nanoparticles. One of which is by using plant extracts. This study used bidara leaf extract as a biostabilizer for the synthesis of nanoparticles ZnO. The objectives of this study were 1) to determine the structure of the ZnO nanoparticles characterized by SEM-EDX and XRD tests and 2) to determine the inhibitory activity of Malassezia furfur by ZnO nanoparticles. We employed the well diffusion method with three treatments, namely DMSO as a positive control, ketoconazole as a negative control, and ZnO nanoparticles as treatment. Characterization of nanoparticles employed SEM-EDX and XRD. The results of nanoparticle characterization by SEM-EDX indicated particle sizes ranging from 42 - 87 nm, and characterization using XRD obtained the peak purity of the ZnO sample. The results of the antifungal study showed that ZnO nanoparticles were able to inhibit fungal growth, and the diameter of the inhibition zone formed was 22 mm. Meanwhile, the inhibition zone formed from the negative control is 15 mm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Basal stem rot (BSR) disease is one of the most challenging fungi that reduces oil palm productivity. The anti- fungal formulation from different sources, both synthetic and natural products, has been applied but there is no significant result. Algae is known as the main source of phenolic compounds and widely known to have antifungal activity. This study focuses on the screening of natural compounds from brown algae, green algae, and red algae that mimic the anti-fungal to inhibit the Ganoderma sp. in oil palm using in silico approach. The laccase, LiP, and MnP were used as the protein target, modeled by SWISS-MODEL software. Around 48 active compounds were docked towards protein target using PyRx v0.9.5 software. Results showed that Serotonin, 5-Methoxytryptamine, and Melatonin have a higher binding affinity towards laccase, LiP, and MnP compare to the Dazomet, as control. The amino acid involved in the interaction between laccase, LiP, MnP, and the anti-fungal candidates revealing inhibition of important sites related to the plastocyanin and peroxidase activity. The biological prediction activity showed several important potentials related to the inhibition of Ganoderma metabolism. Consequently, further analysis related to the in vitro and efficacy test is indispensable to confirm the result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The forest plantation is a man-made forest with specific characteristics on the tree spacing, tree density, and area size. Getting data and information on forest plantation's resources needs a considerable budget, human resources, and time-consuming. Considering the computation science, efficiency, and data precision, we propose a simulation study on forest inventory using a virtual tree map. Our research used previous data of gliricidia plantation at KPH Semarang to develop a virtual tree map. We examined plant spacing 1 × 1 m, 2 × 1 m, 3 × 1 m and the tree density of 100%, 90%, 80%, and 70% using nested sampling. Our finding showed that the optimum sample size to estimate biomass productivity at various plant spacing and mortality rate was 100 m2. Whereas the optimum sample size to estimate stand density was ranging from 100 m2 to 900 m2. Considering the sampling precision was less than 15%, we proposed the optimum sample size for plant spacing 1 × 1 m, 2 × 1 m, and 3 × 1 m were 400 m2, 400 m2, and 900 m2, respectively. Our conclusion only fits in the gliricidia forest plantation at KPH Semarang. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yardlong bean pod used as vegetable in many countries. Yardlong bean has agronomic character variability such as pod length, immature pod and seed colour. The immature pod colour are green, whitish green and red. Fagiola variety has red colour pod, while "Aura Hijau" variety has green pod. The aim of research was to evaluate agronomic characters of F3 progenies. Artificial crossing was made between "Fagiola" as female parent and "Aura Hijau" as male parent to produce F1. F1 were self-pollinated to produce F2. Then F2 were self-pollinated to obtain F3 progenies. Progenies of F3 and two parental varieties were planted in the field. Parameter measured were number of leaves, branches, pods, pod length and seeds. The data were analysed using Dunnet test. Heritability was calculated and correlation analysis was done to determine the relationship between agronomic characters. The results showed that number of leaves, branches, and seed per pod of F3 progenies were significantly higher than parental varieties. Moderate heritability was observed for number of branches, number of pod, pod length and number of seed. While number of leaves had high heritability. There was low correlation among all agronomic characters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research is an experimental study aiming at determining the protein content, digestibility, color, texture, and hedonic quality of taste and aroma in plain bread with the substitution of Moringa leaf flour from Madura island as much as 5%, 10%, and 15%. Data were analyzed using the current One Way ANOVA and continued with LSD. The research results showed that white bread with the addition of 15% kelor leaf flour had the highest value in protein content (9.82%), digestibility value (93.35%), and texture (10.50 N/cm2). Interestingly, the significant b* value (28.2) was found in 10% kelor leaf supplementation while the L* value (46.25), a* value (18.95), taste (3.89), flavor (4.00) were significantly higher in the addition of 5% kelor leaf flour. Therefore, the combined ingredients with kelor leaf flour in bread making can increase the nutritional value and significantly changes the bread morphology-related surface color. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alpinia galanga is an important rhizomatous plant widely used as an aromatic cooking spice and herbal medicines. This study aims to describe the plant morphological characteristic of. A. galanga, examine the presence of chemical components in rhizomes through histochemical analysis and review its pharmacological potentials. A. galanga is characterized as a perennial herb; rhizome cylindrical and branched, hard, reddish brown or pale yellow-green, strong aroma; pseudostem erect, leaves lanceolate-oblong, alternate; inflorescence terminal, erect, many flowers, white or yellowish, fragrant; fruit globose to the ellipsoidal capsule, yellow-orange to red. Histochemical analysis showed that the rhizome contains starch, protein, lipid, alkaloids, flavonoids and tannins. Among the primary metabolites, lipid size is larger than protein and starch. However, the density of starch secretory cells is higher than protein and fat, approximately 23.14 ± 3.01 cells/mm2. Among secondary metabolites, alkaloids size higher than tannins and flavonoids. Nevertheless, the density of secretory cells of flavonoids is higher than alkaloids and tannins, approximately 2.24 ± 1.44 cells/mm2. This current review indicates that almost all parts of the A. galanga plant contain many bioactive compounds, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-ulcer, antibacterial, antitumor, anti-HIV, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic and antidiabetic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protein energy wasting (PEW) is a nutritional disorder syndrome that occurs 28 - 80% in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients on hemodialysis. Hemodialysis cause the nutrients loss including amino acids, increase protein catabolism induced by inflammation, and inhibit protein synthesis. The objective of this study was to acquire the amino acid profile in CKD patients on hemodialysis. This study used cross sectional design and involving 60 subjects of CKD patients aged >18 years on routine hemodialysis at Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National Referral Hospital. Amino acids examination was using dried blood spots (DBSs) sample and Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. We examined 10 non-essential (alanine, arginine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, asparagine, glycine, glutamine, proline, serine, tyrosine), 9 essentials (histidine, phenylalanine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, threonine, tryptophan, valine), and 2 special (ornithine, citrulline) amino acids. The results showed that almost all amino acids were lower (6 non-essential, 8 essentials, and citrulline), whereas others were higher (aspartate acid, serine) or normal (glutamic acid, glycine, methionine, and ornithine) than normal reference value from Mayo. CKD patients on hemodialysis have decreased amino acid especially essential amino acids. These results can be used in modification of amino acid supplementation CKD patient on hemodialysis in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fever is characterized by high body temperature caused by a bacterial infection, virus, and other pathologist conditions. Traditional medicine role in reducing fever by using medicinal plants, mainly potentially as antipyretic. One of the communities that still maintain the use of the medicinal plant is the Senduro sub-district community Lumajang regency, which is occupied by the Tengger, Javanese, and Madurese ethnic. This research aims to investigate the antipyretic plant species diversity and the parts utilized by the community. This research was implemented mix method approach with an explorative, descriptive research type. The used data collection techniques were direct observation, interview, documentation, and Focus Group Discussion (FGD). The data analysis techniques were qualitative and quantitative, while Miles and Huberman's analysis technique was used in the qualitative analysis. The research result shows that the Senduro sub-district community uses 21 species of antiphrastic plant which included in 16 groups of families, such as Amaryllidaceae, Annonaceae, Araceae, Arecaceae, Brassicaceae, Clusiaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Lamiaceae, Musaceae, Pandanaceae, Piperaceae, Poaceae, Rutaceae, and Zingiberaceae. The plant parts that tend to be utilized are the fruits, seeds, rhizomes, leaves, tubers, flowers, and shoots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine the antioxidant activity and potential cytotoxicity effects of crude ethanol extract of Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa) leaves on breast cancer cell lines. The antioxidant potential of crude extract of P. macrocarpa was carried out by 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were evaluated using Folin-ciocalteu and aluminium chloride methods, respectively. The potential cytotoxic effect on breast cancer cell lines (T47D) was studied using WST-1 (4-[3-(4-Iodophenyl)-2-(4-nitro-phenyl)-2H-5-tetrazolio]-1,3- benzene sulfonate) assay. The results showed that P. macrocarpa leaves extract exhibited a high antioxidant activity with IC50 of 39.86 µg mL-1. The ethanol extract of P. macrocarpa leaves showed effective cytotoxicity on T47D cells and also had a high total phenolic (71.20 ± 0.88 mg GA g−1) and flavonoid content (21.50 ± 2.02 mg QE g−1). The phenolic content in P. macrocarpa leaves might be contributed to the antioxidant activity of its extract. The crude ethanol extract of P. macrocarpa leaves showed an IC50 value of 97 µg mL−1 against the T47D cell lines. The current study demonstrated that the ethanol extract of P. macrocarpa leaves could be applied as natural antioxidant and anticancer agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to determine the concentration of progesterone in Aceh cows. A total of 10 Aceh cows aged 3 - 7 years, weighing 150 - 250 kg, clinically healthy, and having normal reproduction (have been breeding and have experienced at least two regular cycles) were used in this study. Estrus synchronization was carried out in all cows using the PGF2α and then Artificial Insemination (AI) was performed during estrus. Serum sample collection was carried out on days 5th, 6th, and 7th after AI to examine progesterone concentrations. The concentration of progesterone was measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. Pregnancy and embryonic death were examined by ultrasonography on days 25 to 45 post AI at 10-day intervals. The average concentration of the progesterone in pregnant Aceh cows and cows that experienced early embryonic death on days 5, 6, and 7 after AI were 2.75 ± 3.21 and 0.71 ± 0.32; 3.37 ± 2.89 and 0.96 ± 0.71; 8.02 ± 5.19 and 1.61 ± 0.77 ng/mL, respectively. In conclusion, the concentration of progesterone in pregnant Aceh cows tends to increase and higher than Aceh cows with early embryonic death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Curcuma heyneana or temu giring is mainly popular for medicinal and beauty purposes; however due to its attractive inflorescence, it is potential for ornamental plant. This study aims to describe morphological characteristics and examine gamma irradiation effect on plant growth of C. heyneana. The method applied was acute gamma irradiation, with 6 doses of 0 Gy (control), 10 Gy, 20 Gy, 30 Gy, 40 Gy, and 50 Gy; 3 replications, 15 rhizomes per replication. C. heyneana is characterized as a perennial herb; rhizomes light yellow; leaves lanceolate to oblong; inflorescence on separate shoot; bracts white to green in lower part, pale to dark pink with dark tip in upper part; flowers yellow with yellow labellum. It is potential for landscape, pot and cut flowers. Irradiation treatment has been shown to affect the plant growth. The radiosensitivity test has indicated that LD20 and LD50 were approximately 40 Gy and 67.15 Gy, respectively. The lower doses of 10 - 20 Gy stimulated plant height and leaf number. The higher doses of 40 - 50 Gy stimulated shoots multiplication and stunted growth. High frequency of leaf mutations was noted; with spectrum including leaf deformation, apex splitted, narrowed, stiffed, wrinkled, twisted, and variegation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ZnO/TiO2 nanocomposite particles were successfully synthesized using the coprecipitation method. XRD and FTIR characterizations were successfully carried out to determine the structure of the particles and the functional groups of the nanocomposite particles. The exploration of the diameter of nanocomposite particles' inhibition has been successfully carried out using antibacterial tests through the agar method. The XRD characterization confirmed the presence of two phases of the crystal structure, representing the ZnO and TiO2 phases. Thus, the ZnO/TiO2 nanocomposite particles were successfully synthesized. This finding was also confirmed by the FTIR characterization. The FTIR analysis showed that the ZnO/TiO2 nanocomposite particles were detected at the absorption wavenumber of 678.94 cm-1, representing the functional groups of the main components of Zn-O-Ti. The antibacterial activation on ZnO/TiO2 nanocomposites indicated a positive response. The average inhibition power of ZnO/TiO2 nanocomposite particles for Staphylococcus aureus bacteria indicated a diameter of 7.71 mm, while for Escherichia coli bacteria was 13.40 mm. This inhibition had a greater value than each of the constituent nanoparticles, namely ZnO and TiO2. Hence, ZnO/TiO2 nanocomposite particles significantly contributed to bacterial inhibition and can be used as an effective antibacterial agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deaths caused by cervical cancer in the world continue to increase. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) released data on deaths from cervical cancer in 2008 as many as 275,000 and increased in 2018 to reach 311,365 people. There are four classifications of cervical cancer types based on the level of the stage, ranging from stage I to stage IV. The death rate for cervical cancer sufferers is likely to be influenced by the high or low stages of cancer. This paper aimed to assess factors that probably affect this stage while accommodating the indirect effects through confounding variables that could appear as well. The cervical cancer data from Dr. Soetomo Hospital are used as the application. Two primary results are revealed in this paper. First, age and duration of stay in the hospital are the significant covariates that affect the stage of cancer. Second, there is no prospective confounding variable involved in this data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vertical distribution of epiphytic fern can describe the tolerance level of fern species at each zoning of the growing point on the host tree. Data collection of epiphytic ferns was carried out by the transect method along the host tree trunk as high as 2 m and dividing the zonation of growing points into basal, trunk, and canopy. Data analysis was performed descriptively. We found 23 species of epiphytic ferns and 13 species of a host tree. Davallia trichomonoides BI. and Polypodium plectolepis (Fée) Hook are evenly distributed species that can be found from the basal, trunk, and canopy. These two species of fern have a high tolerance for extreme condition of light intensity, humidity, and temperature. Prunus arborea (Blume) Kalkman is a species of host tree that contains 20 species of epiphytic ferns, It has a rough trunk texture and linear rounded bumps that form gaps in the trunk. Casuarina junghuhniana Miq. is the type of host that contains the least species of epiphytic fern, only two species, this host tree has a rough texture and has deep gaps in the trunk of a tree, has deep gaps in the trunk, but the bark tends to dry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Better water spring conditions will directly impact the water quality that spread into the environment. Community structure can also be an indication of the state of the ecosystem services that can be provided by the water spring ecosystem. Therefore, we need to know the ecosystem condition of water springs based on their biota, such as amphibians. The target in this research was amphibians at seven water springs. A visual survey was carried out; then samples were recorded to calculate the community structure based on significant value, evenness, Shannon-wiener (diversity), and Margalef diversity index (species richness). On average, seven water springs show a low-indexed of diversity (0.9), 0.7 scores of evenness, and 0.9 scores for species richness. Four of 7 water springs are dominated by Chalcorana chalconota with 88% of Important value. The decreasing quality of an ecosystem can be revealed by the overview of community structure, such as a dominating species. It means that an insufficient number of predators in those areas, resulting in a flow of energy that is not going well. Therefore, based on the community structure analyses, we assume that Malang's water springs are experiencing ecosystem instability and high ecological pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The African sacred ibis is an alien invasive bird species that has spread rapidly in Taiwan over the past three decades. However, little information is available on the process of their invasion in Taiwan. In recent years, the Forestry Bureau of the Agricultural Committee has actively engaged in the work of removing these invasive birds. We have taken this opportunity to obtain a large number of DNA and embryo samples of the African sacred ibis with the consent of the Forest Service, making it a potentially good model system for evolutionary biology. The beak is a unique biological characteristic of birds. In the past, evolutionary developmental biology research focused on a few bird species such as Darwin's finches, parrots, and domestic ducks. The long curved beak of the African sacred ibis is one of the characteristics of the family Ibis. The African sacred ibis also has the characteristics of naked neck and long feet. Understanding the genetic and molecular basis of the characteristics of the African sacred ibis is also helpful for understanding the genetic basis of the evolution of other long-billed and long-footed waterbirds, and it is also beneficial to the fields of organ development and tissue engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physalis ixocarpa referred to as American Husk Tomato or Tomatillo was used as a vegetable and traditional medicine. It is potential for production mainly as functional foods. The objective of this study was to elucidate the development and character of flower Physalis ixocarpa genotype that expected scientific findings and valuable information for agricultural practices and conservation of plants. The study had used descriptive observational methods of flowering. The flowering stage consists of two stages. In the bud stage, the parameter observed was the first bud apperance time, the colour and size of buds and pedicels. In the blooming stage, the parameter observed was the colour and size of sepal, petal, pistil, anther and filament. The result found that each genotype had the same flower development stage. The flower character differences of each genotype included the first flower emerged time, the colour of the calyx, lateral anther, filament, and pedicels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are some insights into how microbial communities respond to surface mining using a chronosequence-based approach. However, to date, experimental-based approaches using a permanent plot during succession after surface mining have not been widely explored. This study aimed to observe changes in the microbial species and their abundance at 4, 7, and 19 months after the plowing coal mine overburden. Chemical test and total plate count were used to determine the predominant species and microbial abundance. Data were analyzed descriptively. At three intervals, there was an increase in number of bacteria (CFU g-1), i.e., 168 × 10-2, 718 × 10−2, and 264 × 10−5, respectively. The number of fungi (CFU g−1) also rises, i.e., 82 × 10−2, 177 × 10−2, and 101 × 10−5, respectively. Changes occur in the predominant bacteria and fungi, i.e., Bacillus and Streptomyces were found at three intervals, whereas Cytophaga, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas, and Micrococus were present at month 19. In fungi, Penicillium was found at three intervals, while Fusarium was only found at months 4 and 7. This study shows that an increase in the number and change of predominant microbes in line with time indicates a progressive change in the microbial composition during the initial succession. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The herbs use plants from Dayak ethnicity often used to solve infertility for women. The plants are Costus specious and Bryophllum pinnatum. This study aimed to determine the content of compounds present in the combination of Costus specious and Bryophllum pinnatum and the antifungal activity of Candida albicans. This research is qualitative descriptive. Costus specious and Bryophllum pinnatum extracted using a single maceration method with a water solvent. Phytochemical tests used the Meyer Test method, Dragendorf Test for alkaloids, Wilstater Test for flavonoids, Lieberman Burchard Test for triterpenoids, Forth Test for saponins, and FeCl3 Test for tannins. Antifungal activity test of Candidaalbicans used in vitro test the 100% diffusion method and microdilution with a concentration of 50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25%, 3.13%, 1.56%, 0.78%, and 0.39%. The results of phytochemical tests showed that the combination of aqueous extracts of Costus specious and Bryophllum pinnatum is flavonoids and triterpenoids. The antifungal test showed that the combination extract inhibited the growth of Candida albicans with an inhibitory zone of 8.91 (moderate), 10.42 (moderate), and 8.23 (moderate). The MIC value at a concentration of 1.56% and the KBM value at a concentration of 3.13%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The principle mechanism underlying stunting, a growth disturbance, is not fully understood. One current hypothesis is that oxidative stress plays a role. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos were exposed to 12.5 µg/L of rotenone and co-incubated with 0.56, 1.12, and 2.24 µg/mL of M. oleifera ethanolic extracts administered in 2, 24, and 48 hours post-fertilization (hpf). At six days post-fertilization (dpf), zebrafish larvae were euthanized by submersion in ice water and lysed using RIPA buffer for ELISAs of caspase-3. The zebrafish length was measured at 3, 6, and 9 dpf. Administration of rotenone caused impairment of linear growth at 6 and 9 dpf through the formation of excessive free radicals. Rotenone increased the caspase-3 level on zebrafish larvae and decreased body length. The caspase-3 groups exposed to M. oleifera extracts were lower than those of the rotenone control group and the body length as well. Moringa oleifera contains flavonoid antioxidants, such as quercetin, myricetin, and kaempferol that can inhibit cascade reactions caused by rotenone-induced oxidative stress. Moringa oleifera protects linear growth due to rotenone-induced stunting through the decreasing cell apoptosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liver fibrosis is the initial step of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Liver fibrosis can be triggered by metabolic perturbation, viral infection, and harmful chemical exposure. This in vivo study aims to investigate the potential of Moringa oleifera leaf powder (MOLP) from Madura Island as the future candidate for antifibrosis and hepatoprotective agent. The study was conducted to evaluate the alteration of circulating levels of liver injury marker-linked liver fibrosis development, Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), and Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST). The animal model was prepared using Balb-c mice age 6-8 weeks treated by intraperitoneal injection of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) dose 1 µL/g of BW for six weeks to induce liver fibrosis. The experimental groups were received green materials Moringa oleifera leaf powder solution with a serial dosage by peroral administration for six weeks. Interestingly, our animal model's preliminary study shows that the administration of green materials MOLP can alleviate the increase of ALT and AST. MOLP treatment can also prevent significant changes in liver weight, morphology, and even histological feature-associated liver injury and fibrosis. Hence, MOLP Madura Island may become the future green materials source for cancer herbal drug development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single garlic has many advantages compared to regular garlic, with an active compound content five times higher than regular garlic, and the ability to maintain homeostasis of the body's immune system. Active compounds of single garlic such as Allicin are easily degraded and have low bioavailability in the digestive tract, so the expected health effects are not optimal. Self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) is an excellent delivery technique in increasing the solubility and absorption rate of active compounds with poor solubility levels in the water. This study aimed to optimize the co-surfactant between PEG-400 and glycerol. Determination of the optimum co-surfactant based on the solubility test, response test (pH, emulsification time, transmittance), and nanoemulsion grade from 14 SNEDDS formulations. The results showed that SNEDDS preparations with co-surfactant glycerol had a better transmittance response, and nanoemulsion grade and extract solubility were more stable than PEG-400. SNEDSS formulation with co-surfactant glycerol has the potential to increase the bioavailability of single garlic extract, based on the results of the solubility test, response test, and nanoemulsion grade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates hydroxyapatite (HA) anchovy effects toward the escalation of odontoblast cells that stimulates reparative dentine on Rattus norvegicus' molar teeth. A true experimental laboratory was employed in this work with an in-vivo posttest group design. The samples consisted of a positive control group and the experimental groups by HA anchovy treatment with 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 mg dosages. The surgeries were carried out on the day-30 and analyzed immunohistologically. The average number of odontoblast cells with 20.7 Ca(OH)2 addition was lower than and significantly different from the ones with 0.25 (45.8), 0.50 (55.3), and 0.75 mg (98.1) dosages of HA anchovy. There was a positive correlation between the number of odontoblast cells and HA anchovy dosages. The anchovy with 76% HA and 24% Mg(OH)2 increase the odontoblast cells and bolster its function to stimulate reparative dentine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast cancer is considered one of the most dangerous types of cancer with a high mortality rate among women worldwide. Potential alternative treatments such as hyperthermia (HT) often associated with poor specific heat distribution within the tumor microenvironment, thus reducing its anticancer potential. Owing to the fact that CNTs possessed high thermal conductivity, which could provide a uniform heat distribution, this study aims at exploring the combined effect of CNTs and HT in managing breast tumors. In this study, multiwalled CNTs were functionalized by acid washing protocol and validated by characterization analysis. Female Balb/c mice were inoculated with EMT6 breast cancer cells and then were intratumorally injected once with MWCNTs before being subjected to HT treatment for 3 consecutive days. Tumor progression and survival curves of mice were monitored. Our results demonstrated a successful functionalization of MWCNTs throughout dispersion, FTIR, TGA, XRD and FESEM analysis. Moreover, the combined-treated tumor showed complete eradication and prolonged survival median. The histological data revealed that combined treatment induced significant tumor necrosis post-treatment. Altogether, results from this preliminary study suggested that functionalized CNTs in combination with HT demonstrated a promising effect in eliminating EMT6 breast tumor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Etiology of Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is related to Epstein-Barr virus (EBY) infection. In a high incidence of NPC, the EBY genome can be detected in almost all NPC cases. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma has a unique geographical distribution pattern. This research was conducted to analyze the LMP1 (EBY DNA) load in NPC in the Minangkabau patients. This research subjects were Minangkabau untreated NPC patients, while the controls were non-NPC people who were Minangkabau too. Epstein Barr virus DNA copy numbers were quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction targeting LMP1 in plasma. A total of 23 patients with NPC and 23 controls were recruited. The EBY DNA copy number were varied, in the patient group ranging from 1,095 -17,057,346 copies/mL with a median of 124,323, while in controls from 3,465 - 175,089 copies/mL with a median of 32,845. The Epstein-Barr Yirus DNA load was classified into low (≤ 50,000) and high (> 50,000). In the case group, 65.2% had EBY DNA load more than 50,000 copy number/mL, while in controls were 34.8%, (p = 0.039). This study concluded that the frequency of high load of plasma EBV DNA was higher in NPC than healthy control in the Minangkabau ethnic group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enteritis is a gastrointestinal disease caused by microorganism infection that can develop into Necrotic Enteritis (NE), a more severe form of inflammation. It affects poultry's performance, causing economic losses from decreased productivity. Curcuma xanthorrhiza contains many beneficial effects, including antibacterial, antiinfection, antidiabetic, and anticancer. This study aims to compare the anti-inflammatory activity of some active compounds of ginger rhizome extract with anti-inflammatory drugs of the NSAID class through the in silico approach. The binding affinity and interaction assessment of five active compounds and NSAID was conducted on COX-2 before being conducted in vitro / in vivo study. The ligands of the docking study were five chemical compounds derived from Curcuma xanthorrhiza, i.e Ortho-vanillin, α-curcumene, β-Farnesene, zingiberene, and xanthorrhizol. 2-Methoxy-4-[(Z)-2-nitroethenyl]-1-phenylmethoxy-benzene (C29) and camphor, two NSAIDs COX-2 agonists, were used as a native ligand. The docking analysis was performed using Autodock Vina. The result showed that C29 had the strongest binding energy (-7.2 kcal/mol) to COX-2, but β-Farnesene had the highest amount of amino acid residues. Xanthorrizol also shared interesting interaction to a targeted amino acid residue of COX-2 protein compared to NSAIDs had. Therefore, Ethanol Extract of Curcuma xanthorrhiza had potential to be developed as a treatment for necrotic enteritis in poultry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metro River is one of the rivers in Malang city that still used for bathing and washing by the local community. Waste from household activities and agricultural waste is directly discharged into waterways, triggering water pollution. This study aims to determine the water quality of the Metro River based on the diversity of macrozoobenthos. The physicochemical factors are also measured, including temperature, pH, DO, and BOD. A Surber net collected the macrozoobenthos sample with three repetitions at each station. This study used the Shannon Wieners Index method to calculate macrozoobenthic diversity, the Water Quality Index to analyze physicochemical water parameters, and the Family Biotic Index method to analyze the Metro River water quality. This study shows a correlation between physicochemical parameters and the abundance of macrozoobenthos. The results also show that many macrozoobenthos from the Tubificidae, Chironomidae, Parathelphusidae, and Thiaridae families. The FBI analysis shows a value of station 1 (8.38), station 2 (6.90), station 3 (7.88), station 4 (6.78), and station 5 (7.44) classified as poor and very poor water quality categories, so the conclusion from this study that the Metro River has experienced heavy pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]