Search

Three new acylphloroglucinols, baeckenones A–C ( 1 – 3 ), were isolated from the chloroform extract of the leaves of Baeckea frutescens together with three known compounds 4 – 6 . The structures of the isolated compounds were determined using extensive spectroscopic analyses including IR, NMR, and HRMS. Baeckenone B ( 2 ) exhibited a moderate antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis with an MIC value of 40 μM.

Objective To examine the potent of water as a solvent agent in the preparation of traditional herbal medicine. Methods Water extracts of 18 plants were prepared through reflux and examined (25 μg/mL) to evaluate their possibility for inhibiting protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B). The determination of IC50 values was performed for the samples possessing more than 80% inhibition. Meanwhile, those exhibiting IC50 values more than 7.0 μg/mL were further profiled for their chemical constituents through nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurement. Results About 44% (8) of the examined samples showed more than 80% inhibition against PTP1B. The water extracts of Elephantopus scaber, Helicteres isora aerial parts, Elaeocarpus grandiflorus (E. grandiflorus) fruits, Melaleuca leucadendron leaves, and Quercus infectoria gum had IC50 values ranging from 2.05 to 6.90 μg/mL. Meanwhile, Andropogon nardus and Centella asiatica were at the area of δ 3.0–4.0 ppm. Further, the 13C NMR observation of samples possessing the most intensive signals in their proton NMR Cinnamomum burmannii and E. grandiflorus showed the peaks at the area of δ 60–90 ppm as the supportive evidence for sugar group signals. Intriguingly, a disaccharide from E. grandiflorus could be an active inhibitor towards PTB1B. Conclusions In contrast to the mainstream solvents currently used in modern herbal manufactures especially Jamu medicine in Indonesia, pure-water-extracted materials should be reconsidered and could be reemerged for future studies and for the manufacture of herbal medicines. In addition, the activity of Jamu components should be confirmed that their antidiabetes and antiobesity activities could be through the inhibition of PTP1B.

This paper is an attempt to make a comparison between the Islamic government and the Jokowi government in dealing with a pandemic. By using descriptive explanatory methods to solve the problem of popular support to the government through the granting of legitimacy to power. The long journey of the Islamic government in the historical stage illustrates the solidity and expertise of the rulers to win the sympathy of the people. The Prophet's time was the beginning of the Islamic government in which the Prophet played two functions; as head of the State and holder of the highest religious authority. The two forces were united in the Prophet until his death and continued by his companions afterward, but the pattern of the Prophet's power was no longer the same as his companions. When friends hold the reins of power, they must try to win the sympathy of the people to get the legitimacy of power. That is why religious languages are always maintained for generations to maximize the function of the authorities as holders of religious authority. Facing a pandemic, two things must always unite, namely; the full authority of the government and religious authority to get the legitimacy of power. The purpose of writing is to provide input to the government to win the hearts of the majority Muslim population to gain the legitimacy of their power and be a strong grip of the government is facing the co-19 pandemic

Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin Benth.) is a source of essential oils and widely used as an aromatic medicinal plant and used in flavour and fragrance industries as well as in the pharmaceutical industry. The essential oil constituents of P. cablin leafs collected from two different altitude habitats, highland area (A, 746 MAMSL) and coastal area (B, 17 MAMSL) of Southeast Sulawesi has been investigated. The characterisation was performed on its physico-chemical properties such as organoleptic, refractive index and other chemical constituents using GC-MS spectroscopy. The result showed that the essential oil content of patchouli in the highland area was higher (0.47%) than that in the coastal area (0.31%). The oil of highland area was lightly yellow with a refractive index of 1.507, while the coastal area was orange colour in a refractive index of 1.502. Analysis the main chemical constituent showed the highland area have a higher concentration of patchouli alcohol than coastal area. The results indicated that both plants were collected in different altitude habitats and have different essential oils characters.

Indonesia as the country with the most Muslim population in the world faced the challenge of placing LGBT actors in the state-citizen structure. The teachings of Islam expressly reject the LGBT Act, while the State is obliged to present in advocating the rights of LGBT actors for the reasons for enforcing human rights. In the meantime, LGBT actors still have no proper treatment and are vulnerable to discrimination, so the LGBT community seems to have no right to return to repentance. Islam as a religion that has the value of humanity, on the one hand, opened a wide path for the perpetrator to return to the way of God and the other side affirmed that LGBT behavior is the thing forbidden. This research is a juridical-normative study with a theological-normative approach (Syar'i), consisting of research on principles, systematics, and the synchronization of laws using Islamic law to approach objects. The research aims to formulate a new approach to LGBT actors to avoid discrimination and rediscover the path of repentance. The study found that structured efforts to approach LGBT actors will open up opportunities for them to repent and to those who wish to remain standing on their status, can be protected by regulatory Indonesian law has ratified UDHR and partial UDHR (Cairo Declaration). .

Objective: Brown algae is one of the most interesting phyla that consist of pharmacologically active compounds and have been widely studied in recent years. One of the active compounds contained in brown algae that are known to have an analgesic effect is flavonoids. The aim of this study is to analyze the total amount of flavonoid compound in Sargassum sp. and Padina sp. as an analgesic drug.Methods: Samples used in this study were brown algae Sargassum sp. and Padina sp. taken from the Punaga Ocean, Takalar, South Sulawesi. The samples were extracted using the maceration method. After the extraction procedure, the total flavonoid levels were measured using a quercetin standard curve at maximum frequency.Results: Based on the measurement results, the total flavonoid levels in Sargassum sp. are 1.428%±sSD 0.168%.Conclusion: Padina sp. has higher total flavonoid levels compared to Sargassum sp. and can potentially act as an analgesic drug.

FtsZ is an essential protein for bacterial cell division, and an attractive and underexploited novel antibacterial target protein. Screening of Indonesian plants revealed the inhibitory activity of the methanol extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra on the Bacillus subtilis FtsZ (BsFtsZ) GTPase, and further bioassay-guided fractionation of the active methanol extract led to the isolation of seven known polyketides (1-7). Among them, gancaonin I (1), glycyrin (3), and isolicoflavanol (5) exhibited anti-BsFtsZ GTPase activities, at levels comparable to that of the synthetic FtsZ inhibitor, Zantrin Z3. Enzymatic assays using a BsFtsZ Val307R mutant protein and in silico simulations suggested that 1, 3, and 5 bind to the cleft on BsFtsZ, as in the case of the previously reported uncompetitive FtsZ inhibitor, PC190723, and thereby display their significant anti-BsFtsZ inhibitory activities. Furthermore, 1 also showed significant inhibitory activity against B. subtilis, with a MIC value of 5μM. The present study provides new insights into the naturally occurring B. subtilis growth inhibitors.

This research was supported by the Insentif Sinas 2013 research grant RT-2013-0755 given by the Indonesian Ministry of Research and Technology

Cytochrome P450 enzymes play an important role in drug metabolism. Various studies have reported the potential inhibition of these enzymes by natural compounds, leading to possible drug-herb interaction. One study reported that the MeOH extract of Cinnamomum burmani inhibited CYP3A4 in a mechanism-based mode. Further phytochemical investigation on this plant led to the isolation of 17 compounds including 2 new compounds: cinnamic aldehyde cyclic syringylglycerol 1,3-acetal (1) and 5'-hydroxy-5-hydroxymethyl-4'',5''-methylenedioxy-1,2,3,4-dibenzo-1,3,5-cycloheptatriene (2). The isolated constituents were tested for their preincubation time-dependent inhibition of CYP3A4 at 0 and 20 min. Only the new compound 2 showed an increase in the inhibitory activity to >50 % after 20-min preincubation. Further investigations of the inactivation by 2 displayed characteristics of a mechanism-based inactivator, with KI and kappainact values of 7.7 icroM and 0.04 min(-1), respectively.

Plectranthus scutellarioides have more than 173 varieties that can be distinguished from leaves foliage. Each variety produces certain second metabolite. Among all varieties, color blaze dark star was the one commonly used in Indonesia as traditional medicine. Optimization extraction process, qualitative phytochemical analysis, and preliminary assessment of toxicity of color blaze dark star and trailing queen variety of Plectranthus scutellarioides were investigated. Extraction process in color blaze dark star variety using Microwave assisted extraction show the highest %yield of extract but in trailing queen variety the highest %yield of extract was obtained from soxhletation method. Qualitative phytochemical analysis using thin layer chromatography from methanol, ethanol, and water extract with all method of extraction showed that both of varieties of Plectranthus scutellarioides contain alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin, and phenol. The highest toxicity with LC50 39 µg/ml was showed from ethanol extract using microwave assisted extraction of color blaze dark star variety.

As a law passed by God, polygamy has transedental elements that often cause various interpretations. In this context, polygamy creates a new atmosphere for restoring the values of justice in its practice of law. If men are responsible for their actions as per the Qadariyah group's thinking, then polygamy should provide justice for women. However, if polygamy means the prerogative of God to bring down the law, then the demands of justice in this act cannot be brought forward because the law has become the absolute will of God.

Pertemuan Islam-Kristen pada masa pertengahan lebih dominan diwarnai dengan konflik bersenjata perang salib yang memberi manfaat besar terhadap kaum Kristen, meski mereka telah mengalami kekalahan telak dalam pertempuran yang memakan waktu hampir dua abad. Pasca perang Salib pergulatan antara Islam-Kristen. B angsa Barat mengalami peradaban baru dengan mulai mencaplok daerah-daerah Timur yang mayoritas beragama Islam. S edangkan u mat Islam kala itu sedang mengalami masa perpecahan kaum muslimin dan ketidak mampuan mereka menahan serangan Mongol pada masa selanjutnya. Daerah-daerah Islam mulai dijajah dalam bentuk politik kolonilisme dan imprealisme. Sementara di semenanjung Afrika, kehadiran Prancis sangat kontras lewat perlawatan Napolen Bonaparte ke beberapa Negara muslim semisal Mesir. Konteks ini memberi corak bahwa Islam telah mengalami keterpurukan dalam peradaban dan akses terhadap tekhnologi maju, sampai kepada Indonesia. The meeting of Islam and Christian in the middle age dominantly caused by armed conflict of crusades which gave great benefits to the Christians, although they had suffered a severe defeat in a battle that took almost two centuries. Post-Crusade struggle between Christianity and Islam. The West experienced a new civilization by begin to annex the Eastern regions which were predominantly Muslim. Whereas Muslims at that time were experiencing a period of Muslim division and their inability to resist Mongol attacks in the next coming years. Islamic regions began to be colonized in the form of political colonization and Imprealism. While on the African peninsula, France's presence was very contrasting through the leadership of Napolen Bonaparte to several Muslim countries such as Egypt. This context gives a pattern that Islam has experienced a deterioration in civilization and access to advanced technology, to Indonesia.

Ḥudūd dalam ayat-ayat Al-Quran sebagai batasan terhadap perbuatan manusia. Jika perbuatan yang dibatasi itu adalah perbuatan yang menjadi kesenangan manusia maka batasannya biasa dikemukakan dalam bentuk larangan untuk mendekatinya. Namun jika perbuatan itu adalah sesuatu yang dibenci, maka pada konteks ini diajarkan untuk tidak melampaui batas. Ḥudūd dalam Al-Quran berisi pesan untuk menjauhi dan tidak melampaui batas terhadap beberapa perbuatan. Penelusuran terhadap ayat ḥudūd memberi pengertian bahwa defenisi yang dikemukakan oleh ahli hukum tentang ḥudūd dan hukuman yang menjadi ancamannya, berbeda dengan pengertian yang terbangun dari ayat-ayat yang menggunakan redaksi ḥudūd. Pengertian ḥudūd di kalangan ahli hukum berisi berbagai rupa perbuatan yang dikenal dalam bahasa hukum sebagai perbuatan jarīmah sementara konteks ḥudūd dalam Al-Quran bermakna batasan. Ḥ ud ū d in the verses of the Al-Qur’an as a limit to human activity. If the restricted action is an act that becomes a human pleasure, the restriction is usually expressed in the form of a prohibition to approach it. But if the behavior is something that is hated, then in this context it is taught not to exceed the border. Ḥ ud ū d in the Quran contains a message to evade and not exceed the boundary of some actions. The research for the hudud verse gives the understanding that the definition of hudud revealed by the jurist and the sentence as the threat differs from the understanding which is built from the verses that use the editorial of ḥ ud ū d. The hudud definition among jurists contains various forms of deeds that known in legal language as acts of jar ī mah while the context of ḥ ud ū d in Al-Quran means boundaries.

Perjalanan sejarah sosial dan kebudayaan umat Islam hingga kini telah melewati jalan panjang sejak masa nabi Muhammad saw. Perjalanan ini diisi dengan berbagai rupa fenomena sosial yang kemudian menjelma menjadi landasan hukum untuk membelakukan kebolehan dan atau melakukan pelarangan. Konteks sosial umat telah melebarkan sayap hukum memasuki ruang-ruang budaya dan struktur sosial masyarakat. Kondisi sosial umat bagi Rasul adalah peristiwa yang dapat menjadi sebab timbulnya hukum dan bisa pula menyebabkan terjadinya peninjauan kembali atas apa yang telah diputuskan pada masa sebelumnya. Ini berarti bahwa ditemukan hubungan yang kuat antara kondisi sosial umat Islam dengan perubahan atas perilaku hukum yang dilontarkan oleh nabi pada Hadis-hadisnya.

Context: The woodbark of Mezzefia parviflora Becc. (Annonaceae) used as traditional herbal remedies in Buton Regency, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia, which is traditionally used for tumor, asthma, cholesterol, and diabetes mellitus. The diseases have been linked to cellular damages due to free radical activity. Aims: The present study was aimed to examine the antioxidant activity of M. parviflora ; furthermore to ascertain the physicochemical identity and major compound that responsible for extract's quality and activity. Methods and Material: The ethanolic extract of M. parviflora and its partition results which are acetone extract and insoluble in acetone extract were studied for antioxidant activity on different in vitro models namely 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and nitric oxide (NO) method. Ascorbic acid was also evaluated for comparison. Thin layer chromatography and acid-buthanol assay were used to detect the presence of phenolic compounds. Results: All of the extracts were effectively scavenge the DPPH radical. The IC 50 of insoluble in acetone extract, ethanolic extract, and acetone extract were 21.79, 30.22, 60.73, and 262.55 μg/ml, respectively. The insoluble in acetone extract show greater DPPH radical scavenging than ascorbic acid (IC 50 30.22 μg/ml). Meanwhile, the extracts showed low scavenging activities on NO radical with IC 50 of insoluble in acetone extract, and ethanolic extract were 229.09, and 316.23 μg/ml, respectively. The high percentage of phenolic condensed tannin in the insoluble in acetone extract i.e 26.46±0.315 μg/mg of extract (calculated as quebracho tannin) justify the potent antioxidant activity. Conclusions: Woodbark extracts of Mezzefia parviflora Becc. has potent antioxidant activity which is related to their condensed tannin content.

A New polyoxygenated Cyclohexane and Other Constituents From Kaempferia Rotunda and Their Cytotoxic Activity Jurnal Natural Product research

The oxidative demethylation procedure for a new epoxy lignan isolated from Piper nigrum was applied to the synthesis of 3'-methoxy-3",4"-(methylenedioxy)-2,5-epoxylignan-4'-ol-6'-one. This compound inhibited the mRNA expression of the protein patched homolog (Ptch) in human pancreatic cancer cells (PANC1) and therefore might be valuable as a probe for tumor-related disease. The pharmacokinetic profile of 3'-methoxy-3",4"-(methylenedioxy)-2,5-epoxylignan-4'-ol-6'-one was rapidly determined using ultra-fast liquid chromatography. The compound was rapidly absorbed in blood.

From a MeOH extract of Lunasia amara , which showed the cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) inhibition, 14 acridone alkaloids including two new alkaloids [5-hydoroxygraveoline ( 1 ) and 8-methoxyifflaiamine ( 2 )] were identified. Among the 14 acridone alkaloids, 5-hydoroxygraveoline ( 1 ) and lunamarine ( 3 ) showed moderate inhibition selective for CYP2D6, with IC 50 values of 4.7 μM and 1.8 μM, respectively.

Soft corals ( Octocorallia, Alcyonaceae ) have been reported to possess diverse biological activities and unique structural chemistry. This study aims to screen the potential antibacterial and anticancer activity of some soft corals collected from Togean Islands, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. They were Lobophytum sp , Sarcophyton sp , Sinularia sp 1 , and Sinularia sp 2 . All dried coral materials were extracted for 3 x 24 h by maceration method using methanol and then evaporated by rotary evaporator to obtain viscous extracts. The determination of antibacterial activity had been performed by well agar diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli . Meanwhile, the cytotoxic activity was performed by MTT method, followed by apoptosis annexin V-FTIC assay agains. Identification for the presence of terpenoids was performed by vacuum p-anisaldehyde-sulphuric acid spraying reagent on thin layer chromatography (TLC). Sinularia sp2 extract have strongly inhibited S. aureus and E.coli with the diameter of inhibition range from 12.76mm and 17.86mm, respectively. Moreover, Sinularia sp2 extract possessed also cytotoxic activity against human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) and colorectal carcinoma (HCT-116) with the IC 50 of 46.807 and 47.186 μg/mL, respectively. Extract Sinularia sp 1 was found to have strongest cytotoxicity on human colon colorectal carcinoma (HCT-116) with the IC 50 of < 1.505 μg/mL. Annexin V-FTIC assay clearly exhibited that the apoptosis mechanism is proposed by the extracts of Sinularia sp1 and Sinularia sp 2 . Terpenoids were identified on both extracts suggesting for further purification and isolation for the bioactive terpenoid compounds.

Hibah dalam perspektif Sunnah Nabi memiliki kriteria keshahihan dan dapat dijadikan hujjah. Hibah sangat dianjurkan dan tidak dengan paksaan, bahkan Rasulullah telah melaksanakan berbagai hal terhadap hibah diantaranya mengutuk orang yang mengambil kembali hibah mereka serta mengambil paksa hak orang lain. Pada sisi lain Rasulullah saw. juga memberi himbauan agar umatnya saling memberi hadiah dan memberi hibah.

Syntheses of the structures postulated for 179 and 207E, members of a proposed new class of poison-frog alkaloids, 6,7-dehydro-5,8-disubstituted indolizidines, are described. The FT-IR spectrum and GC retention time of the synthetic 207E were different from those of the natural product; consequently the original structure of 207E needs to be revised. It is likely that the position of the double bond is instead at the 7,8-position.

Fennel, a seed of Foeniculum vulgare, is used as a culinary spice and traditional medicine. The methanolic extract of fennel showed a characteristic of mechanism-based inactivation on erythromycin N-demethylation mediated by human liver microsomal cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4). The present study was conducted to identify the fennel constituent having the inhibition. Thirteen compounds have been isolated from a methanol extract of fennel and tested for their inhibition on CYP3A4. Among them, 5-methoxypsoralen (5-MOP) showed the strongest inhibition with an IC50 value of 18.3 microM and a mixed type of inhibition. In addition, with the preincubation time of 20 min only 5-MOP showed preincubation time dependency; the IC50 value decreased from 18.3 microM with a preincubation time of 0 min to 4.6 microM with a preincubation time of 20 min. Further investigation on 5-MOP showed the characteristics of time-dependent inhibition, requirement of NADPH, lack of protecting effect of nucleophiles, and recovery of CYP3A4 activity by the competitive inhibitor. This result suggests that the inhibitory activity of CYP3A4 by 5-MOP was a mechanism-based inactivation. The kinetic parameter for mechanism-based inactivation was characterized by a KI value of 15.0 microM and a kinact value of 0.098 min(-1).

インドネシアのジャワ島の東部に位置するマドゥラ島は,マドゥラジャムウと呼ばれ,その土地だけの伝統薬で有名な島である。マドゥラの婦人は,日々の健康のため島の東部にある昔のSumenep王国の一族から伝承されているジャムウを使用している。王室の一族は,伝統薬についての知識を代々継承し,書物として記録されている。本論文は,マドゥラのSumenep王族による婦人の健康とビューティケアーに使用された伝統薬の処方,材料,方剤の作製,投与方法等について伝統薬を使用するための技術,情報を網羅したハイライトである。Madura Island is part of East Java Province, Indonesia, and is famous for its local traditional medicine, called Madurese jamu (jamu = herbal traditional medicine of Indonesia). Madurese women use jamu on a regular basis for health purposes, including the royal family members of the former "Sumenep" Sultanate. Their knowledge about the medicine was inherited from previous generations, and it was known that written records were once kept in the palace. This paper highlights information and observations on the art of women's health and beauty care in traditional medicines of the noble family in Sumenep District, Madura, including the formulas, ingredients, traditional knowledge pertaining to the use of the formulas, preparation and administration.

Two new prenylated flavones, artocarpones A and B (1 and 2), and seven known isoprenylated flavonoids, artonin A (3), cycloheterophyllin (4), artoindonesianin E (5), artoindonesianin R (6), heterophyllin (7), heteroflavanone C (8), and artoindonesianin A-2 (9), have been isolated from the stem bark of Artocarpus champeden. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic analysis. Among the compounds isolated, 8 had the most potent inhibitory activity against the growth of Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 clone, with an IC50 value of 1 nmol L−1.

As constituents of Averrhoa bilimbi leaves we identified three new compounds (1-3) together with 12 known ones (4-15); their inhibitory activities on cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) and 2D6 (CYP2D6) were examined. Among the isolated compounds, the mixture of 1 and 2, and compounds 4 and 9 showed strong inhibition on CYP3A4, but mild or no inhibition on CYP2D6. These compounds revealed the characteristics of 1) time- and concentration-dependent inhibition, 2) requirement of NADPH for the inhibition, 3) no protection by nucleophiles, and 4) suppression of the inhibition by competitive inhibitor. Thus, they are suggested to be mechanism-based inactivators of CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. The kinetic parameters for the inactivation (k(inact) and K(I)) were 0.19 min(-1) and 36.7 μM for the mixture of 1 and 2, 0.126 min(-1) and 10.5 μM for 4, and 0.29 min(-1) and 23.4 μM for 9.