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103. Personal, interpersonal, and organizational influences on student satisfaction with clinical education

Author

Stith, Jennifer S., Butterfield, William H., Strube, Michael J., Deusinger, Susan S., and Gillespie, David F.

Subjects
Physical therapy -- Study and teaching
Abstract

Background and Purpose. Understanding the factors that contribute to student satisfaction may lead to improved education in physical therapy. This study tested the extent to which variables in the personal, interpersonal, and organizational domains influence satisfaction with clinical experiences. Subjects. Physical therapist students (N = 113) in 2 phases of their clinical experiences at one private school participated. Methods. A nonexperimental design tested 3 models for predicting overall satisfaction. Students completed 3 surveys and weekly logs during 8-week-long clinical experiences. Results. The survey return rate was 96%. Overall satisfaction with the clinical experience was predicted by life satisfaction, gender, off-site events, on-site events, interaction between negative events and gender, instructor teaching skills, interaction between education phase and gender, variety, and use of selected orientation methods. Conclusion and Discussion. Overall satisfaction is predicted by variables in all 3 domains. Overall satisfaction was best explained by factors in the interpersonal domain and student gender. Causal research is needed to confirm whether satisfaction can be improved and whether the results apply to other students at other, schools. The relationships among satisfaction, performance, later job satisfaction, and career commitment need to be explored further. [Stith JS, Butterfield WH, Strube MJ, et al. Personal, interpersonal, and organizational influences on student satisfaction with clinical education. Phys Ther. 1998;78:635-645.], Key Words: Clinical education, Education: physical therapist, Professional education, Satisfaction Student. Professional education faculties should be concerned with student satisfaction as an outcome of the educational process because student satisfaction [...]

Published
1998

104. The influence of experience with a set of simulated patients on diagnosis of simulated patients not previously diagnosed

Author

Norton, Barbara J. and Strube, Michael J.

Subjects
Diagnosis -- Study and teaching, Simulated patients -- Medical examination, Diagnostic errors -- Analysis
Abstract

Background and Purpose. Diagnoses, to be useful, should be accurate. The purpose of this study using fictitious patients and student judges was to test the theory that diagnostic errors would occur when students saw simulated patients who were similar to previously seen simulated patients. Subjects. Sixty physical therapist (PT) students and 60 nonphysical therapist (NPT) students were studied. Subjects were assigned randomly to one of three groups. Methods. Instructions to the three groups differed in terms of rules provided for diagnoses and instructions to remember the patients. Students first diagnosed the same eight fictitious patients five times. The students then diagnosed eight new patients with similar characteristics interspersed with the original eight patients. Half of the new patients had a diagnosis different from that of the most similar old patient. Results. Students who were given a rule for diagnosis made fewer errors than students who were not given a rule. Students in the PT group took longer but made fewer errors on the critical opposite-diagnosis new cases than did students in the NPT group. Conclusion and Discussion. The results do not provide support for the theory that diagnostic errors would occur when students saw patients who were similar to previously seen patients. Students in the PT group appeared to emphasize accuracy at the expense of speed in making their diagnoses. Given the nature of the simulated patient information and the mode of presentation used in the experiment, however, the conclusion that therapists in actual practice do not make errors because of the similarity between new and previously seen patients is not yet warranted. [Norton BJ, Strube MJ. The influence of experience with a set of simulated patients on diagnosis of simulated patients not previously diagnosed. Phys Ther. 1998;78:375-385.], Key Words: Accuracy, Categorization, Clinical judgment, Diagnosis. According to Rose,[1-3] Sahrmann,[4] and the recently published Guide to Physical Therapist Practice,[5] a clinical diagnosis that is relevant to the issues commonly [...]

Published
1998

105. Implementation intentions for weight loss in college students with overweight and obesity: a proof-of-concept randomized controlled trial.

Author

Hayes, Jacqueline F, Balantekin, Katherine N, Graham, Andrea K, Strube, Michael J, Bickel, Warren K, and Wilfley, Denise E

Abstract

One in three college students have overweight or obesity and are in need of brief, simple weight loss interventions. Implementation intentions, a strategy that connects a goal-aligned behavior to a cue, facilitate goal attainment of health behaviors but have not been applied as a standalone treatment for weight loss. The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of an implementation intention weight loss intervention in college students. In this three-arm, proof-of-concept, randomized controlled trial, college students with overweight/obesity (N = 95) were randomized to one of three conditions: an implementation intention group (IMP), an enhanced implementation intention group (IMP+) that included text message reminders and fluency training (i.e. training for speed and accuracy), and a control goal intention group (GOL) for 4 weeks. Participants completed anthropometric and self-report assessments pretreatment and posttreatment and experience-sampling assessments during the study to assess how implementation intentions contribute to behavior change. Across the sample, IMP and IMP+ groups reported significantly more goal-congruent behaviors than the GOL group. However, no between-condition differences emerged for weight and diet outcomes. Across conditions, students lost a statistically significant amount of weight, improved diet quality, and reduced caloric intake (p s <.05). Setting implementation intentions was associated with increased behaviors consistent with weight loss goals. Moreover, participants in all groups lost a statistically significant amount of weight. Incorporating implementation intentions into weight loss interventions, and testing the efficacy of this approach on weight loss over a longer duration, may be beneficial for college students with overweight/obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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106. Functional limitations in patients with diabetes and transmetatarsal amputations

Author

Mueller, Michael J., Salsich, Gretchen B., and Strube, Michael J.

Subjects
Amputations of foot -- Physiological aspects, Diabetes -- Physiological aspects, Physical fitness -- Testing
Abstract

Background and Purpose. Reports in the surgical and rehabilitation literature suggest that patients with transmetatarsal amputations (TMAs) function well with regular shoes and a toe filler. Functional limitations, however, have not been documented in this population. The purpose of this study was to compare the function of patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) and TMA with that of age- and gender-matched control subjects. Subjects. Thirty subjects (15 subjects with DM and TMAs and 15 control subjects), with a mean age of 62.3 years (SD=9.2, range=43-83), were studied. Methods. Function was measured using the Functional Reach Test (FRT), the Physical Performance Test (PPT), walking speed for 15.2 m (50 ft), and the Sickness Impact Profile (SIP). Subjects in the TMA-DM group wore standard shoes with a toe filler. Results. The TMA-DM group scored lower (mean+standard deviation) than did the control group on all tests (FRT: 19.1 [+ or -] 8.6 vs 31.5 [+ or -] 9.1 cm [7.5 [+ or -] 3.4 vs 12.4 [+ or -] 3.6 in]; PPT: 18.7 [+ or -] 4.8 vs 24.1 [+ or -] 2.2 points [28 points possible]; walking speed: 51.5 [+ or -] 13.2 vs 75.6 [+ or -] 9.3 m/mini SIP: 17.0 [+ or -] 12.7 vs 3.7 [+ or -] 4.7). Conclusion and Discussion. Persons with DM and TMAs have considerable functional limitations. Research is needed to determine whether therapeutic footwear or other forms of rehabilitation can improve their function. [Mueller MJ, Salsich GB, Strube MJ. Functional limitations in patients with diabetes and transmetatarsal amputations. Phys Ther. 1997;77:937-943.], Key Words: Diabetes mellitus, Foot, Function, Rehabilitation. There is little data in the literature describing the functional capabilities of patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) and transmetatarsal amputations (TMAs). A TMA [...]

Published
1997

107. Relationship of plantar-flexor peak torque and dorsiflexion range of motion to kinetic variables during walking

Author

Mueller, Michael J., Minor, Scott D., Schaal, James A., Strube, Michael J., and Sahrmann, Shirley A.

Subjects
Joints -- Range of motion, Walking -- Physiological aspects, Gait -- Analysis
Abstract

Background and Purpose. Limited ankle plantar-flexor moments and power during walking have been documented in several patient populations and are believed to contribute to gait deviations. The primary purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of plantar-flexor peak torque (PFPT) and dorsiflexion range of motion (ROM) to peak ankle moments and power during walking in a group of subjects without diabetes mellitus (DM) and in a group of subjects with DM and associated peripheral neuropathies. Subjects. Nineteen subjects, 9 with DM and associated peripheral neuropathies (mean age = 58 years, SD= 14, range = 35-7 5years) and 10 without DM (mean age = 57 years, SD= 11, range = 37-68 years), were evaluated. Methods. The following data were collected on all subjects. PFPT, dorsiflexion ROM, and ankle moments and power during walking (using a two-dimensional link-segment model). Hierarchical multiple regression was used for data analysis. Results. Plantar-flexor peak torque made substantial contributions to the ankle moment (40%) and ankle plantar-flexor power (53%) during walking. There also was a high correlation between PFPT and dorsiflexion ROM (r=.78) and between dorsiflexion ROM and ankle Power (r=.72). Conclusion and Discussion. Plantar-flexor peak torque and dorsiflexion ROM are interrelated and appear to be important factors that contribute to ankle plantar-flexor moments and power during walking. This finding suggests that increasing PFPT and dorsiflexion ROM may help decrease gait deviations such as decreased step length and walking speed. When increasing PFPT is not possible, the natural occurrence of limited dorsiflexion ROM may help to maximize ankle moments during walking. Further research is needed to test whether these proposed treatment strategies can have a clinically useful effect., Research investigating human walking often has been focused on kinematic variables, which describe motion without regard to the forces that cause the motion. Kinetics is the study of forces that [...]

Published
1995

109. Differences in the gait characteristics of patients with diabetes and peripheral neuropathy compared with age-matched controls

Author

Mueller, Michael J., Minor, Scott D., Sahrmann, Shirley A., Schaaf, James A., Strube, Michael J., and Cavanaugh, Peter R.

Subjects
Diabetes -- Complications and side effects -- Diagnosis, Gait -- Physiological aspects, Gait disorders -- Diagnosis -- Complications and side effects, Diabetics -- Physiological aspects, Health, Diagnosis, Physiological aspects, Complications and side effects
Abstract

Background and Purpose. patients with diabetes and peripheral neuropathy have a high incidence of injuries while walking. Biomechanical analysis of their walking may lead to treatments to reduce these injuries. The purpose of this study was to compare (1) the gait characteristics, (2) the plantar-flexor peak torques, and (3) the ankle range of motion of subjects with diabetes mellitus (DM) and peripheral neuropathy with those of age-matched controls. Subjects. Twenty subjects, 10 with DM and a history of peripheral neuropathy (DM group) (mean age =58 years, SD = 15, range =35-75) and 10 subjects without diabetes (NODM group) (mean age=57years, Sd=11, range=37-68), were evaluated. Methods. The following data were collected on all subjects ankle joint mobility, plantar-flexor peak torque (ankle strength), kinematics of the trunk and lower extremity during normal walking, and ground reaction forces. Moments and power at the ankle, knee, and hip during walking were calculated using a two-dimensional link-segment model, Results. The DM group subjects showed less ankle mobility, ankle moment, ankle power, velocity, and stride length during walking than the NODM group subjects A significant decrease in ankle strength and mobility appeared to be the primary factor contributing to the altered walking patterns of the DM group. Conclusion and Discussion. The DM group subjects appeared to pull their legs forward using hip flexor muscles (hip strategy) rather than pushing the legs forward using plantar-flexor muscles (ankle strategy), as seen in the NODM group subjects Implications for treatment are presented to attempt to reduce the number of injuries during walking in patients with DM and peripheral neuropathy. [Mueller MJ, Minor SD, Sahrmann SA, et at Differences in the gait characteristics of patients with diabetes and peripheral neuropathy compared with age-matched controls. Phys Ther 1994; 74-299-313.], Patients with diabetes and peripheral neuropathy have a high incidence of injuries during walking[1-3] and a low level of perceived safety.[1] Cavanagh et al[1] report that subjects in a group [...]

Published
1994

110. A study of discomfort with electrical stimulation

Author

Delitto, Anthony, Strube, Michael J., Shulman, Arthur D., Minor, Scott D., and Rothstein, Jules M.

Subjects
Electric stimulation -- Physiological aspects, Electrotherapeutics -- Physiological aspects, Pain -- Physiological aspects -- Complications and side effects, Health
Abstract

The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of personality variables and contractile forces on magnitude estimates of pain unpleasantness and pain intensity during varying levels of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES). Thirty volunteers, according to their scores on a preferred coping-style questionnaire, were assigned to one of two groups, one designated 'monitors' (information seekers) and the other designated 'blunters' (information avoiders). All subjects were administered varying levels of two types of NMES, one causing both afferent stimulation and muscle contraction and one causing only afferent stimulation. Subjects judged the intensity and unpleasantness of each current type using magnitude estimation. Data were analyzed using a 2x2x2x3 (coping style x current type x pain descriptor x current level) analysis of variance. The results indicated that the rate of increase of magnitude estimates for unpleasantness and pain intensity that corresponded to increases in current were dependent on (1) the preferred coping style of the subject, (2) whether the stimulus caused a muscle contraction, and (3) whether the subject was judging the intensity or the unpleasantness of the applied stimulus. Behavioral styles appear to affect how subjects characterize the discomfort associated with NMES, and involuntary muscle contractions contribute to the discomfort felt from NMES. These results suggest that interventions tailored to a preferred coping style may increase a subject's level of tolerance to NMES and thus provide a more beneficial treatment [Delitto A, Strube MJ, Shulman AD, Minor SD. A study of discomfort with electrical stimulation. Phys. Ther. 1992;72:410-424.], Transcutaneous neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) has many therapeutic applications, including electrically induced analgesia (usually referred to as transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation), diagnostic uses (eg, nerve conduction studies), and the rehabilitation [...]

Published
1992

111. The Decision to Leave an Abusive Relationship: Economic Dependence and Psychological Commitment.

Author

Strube, Michael J. and Barbour, Linda S.

Abstract

Examined factors in the decisions of 98 battered women to leave or remain in an abusive relationship. Results showed that both economic dependence and psychological commitment were significantly, and independently, related to the decision, and results held for both objective and subjective measures. (JAC)

Published
1983

112. Factors Related to the Decision to Leave an Abusive Relationship.

Author

Strube, Michael J. and Barbour, Linda S.

Abstract

Examined factors influencing the decisions of 251 battered women to leave their partners. Results showed women who left had had shorter relationships and were more likely employed and non-White. Women who stayed with their assailants cited love, economic hardship, and belief the abuser would change as reasons. (JAC)

Published
1984

113. A Meta-Analytic Investigation of Fiedler's Contingency Model of Leadership Effectiveness.

Author

Strube, Michael J. and Garcia, Joseph E.

Abstract

According to Fiedler's Contingency Model of Leadership Effectiveness, group performance is a function of the leader-situation interaction. A review of past validations has found several problems associated with the model. Meta-analytic techniques were applied to the Contingency Model in order to assess the validation evidence quantitatively. The 33 tests used by Fiedler to derive the model and 127 subsequent tests of the model's validity were examined. Results of the meta-analytic computed on Fiedler's original studies indicated overall support for Fiedler's derivation. Analysis of Fiedler's 1978 review of the validation evidence for the Contingency Model found overall support for the model when field and laboratory studies were combined. Analysis of other direct tests not included in Fiedler's review also provided overall support for the model. Analyses of extension studies and investigations which examined the model in relation to training and co-acting groups indicated strong support for the model. The model was found to be an excellent predictor of group performance. The use of meta-analytic techniques appears to identify the directions that theory and research should take in the development of the Contingency Model. (NRB)

Published
1980

114. Nonverbal Responses to a Threat to Interpersonal Control and the Type A Behavior Pattern.

Author

Strube, Michael J. and Werner, Carol

Abstract

Research has documented two behavior patterns known as Type A and Type B. Type A behavior is characterized by competitive striving, a sense of urgency, and hostility, while Type B behavior is less aggressive and more relaxed. It has been theorized that individuals exhibiting Type A behavior have a strong need to maintain control over their environment and that they react more strongly than other individuals when they experience threat. Two studies were conducted to investigate nonverbal responses by Type A individuals to interpersonal threat. In the first study, 80 college students participated in a sales transaction and assumed the role of either a customer or a salesperson. The customer role provided a situation wherein students expected a threat to their behavioral freedom, while the salesperson role lacked such a threat. The results indicated that an interpersonal interaction characterized by threat to freedom can produce nonverbal reaction. Overall, the subjects in the customer and salesperson roles used nonverbal behaviors in separate and distinct ways. More importantly, Type A and Type B individuals differed in the use of personal space and interpersonal distance while in the customer role--a role that subjects in the second study confirmed was threatening. (FL)

Published
1981

115. Sex Differences in Appropriateness of Communication through Multiple Nonverbal Channels.

Author

Strube, Michael J. and Werner, Carol

Abstract

A study investigated the use of nonverbal cues by male and female subjects during relatively pleasant and unpleasant interactions. Five nonverbal behaviors found to be effective in controlling both the quantity and the quality of interactions were examined: gaze, smiling, arm position, interpersonal distance, and personal space. It was expected that females would exhibit more appropriate use of nonverbal cues, but that this advantage would be limited to a favorable, open interaction. The 40 male and 40 female college students participating in the study were instructed to establish a pleasant or to avoid an unpleasant interaction with a male or female stranger. Results showed that women used nonverbal cues more appropriately and in more congruent patterns than did men, but only when endeavoring to be pleasant. Men were somewhat more appropriate and congruent in their nonverbal cues when avoiding unpleasant interaction. The results qualified previous findings that women were better encoders of nonverbal information and suggested that the purpose of the communication is an important mediator. (RL)

Published
1981

116. Relinquishment of Control and the Type A Behavior Pattern.

Author

Strube, Michael J. and Werner, Carol

Abstract

Past research suggests that Type A's have a higher need for control than Type B's, and empirical evidence documents their greater reactivity to control loss. To extend investigation to control decisions and examine the hypothesis that Type A's would be less willing than Type B's to relinquish control to another person, 160 male undergraduates were classified as Type A's or Type B's based on the Jenkins Activity Survey, Form T. On an initial 20-trial reaction-time task, Type A and B subjects received feedback about their own performance, and that of a partner. The feedback indicated equal or superior performance by the partner. On a subsequent replication of the task where only one person could work on any one trial, Type A's, relative to Type B's, were found to relinquish fewer trials to their partners, particularly when the partner had exhibited a superior initial performance. Attribution data indicated that Type A's were less convinced of the diagnosticity of their partners' initial performance with respect to its likelihood of replication, justifying lower relinquishment. Thus, in a situation where competence information and control needs conflicted, Type A's appeared to be less rational decision-makers than Type B's; their control needs appeared to override the most effective use of available information. Additional attribution data suggested, however, that Type A's made decisions which they believed would lead to successful task performance. Results indicated clear differences in control relinquishment by Type A's and B's as a function of feedback about their partner's performance, but no such differences emerged with respect to feedback about the subject's own performance. (Author/JAC)

Published
1982

117. A General Model for Estimating and Correcting the Effects of Nonindependence in Meta-Analysis.

Author

Strube, Michael J.

Abstract

A general model is described which can be used to represent the four common types of meta-analysis: (1) estimation of effect size by combining study outcomes; (2) estimation of effect size by contrasting study outcomes; (3) estimation of statistical significance by combining study outcomes; and (4) estimation of statistical significance by contrasting study outcomes. The model explicitly allows for nonindependence among study outcomes, providing exact statistical solutions when the nonindependence can be estimated. Some consequences of ignoring nonindependence are described. When combining outcomes, failure to adjust for nonindependence will result in a Type I error. This will also happen if two studies are compared across correlated units. When two different outcomes within studies are compared, failure to adjust for nonindependence will inflate the Type II error rate. It is concluded that the effect of nonindependence on the outcome of a meta-analysis depends on the type of question being asked. (GDC)

Published
1986

118. Self-Schematic Representation of the Type A and B Behavior Patterns.

Author

Strube, Michael J.

Abstract

Past research has established clear behavioral differences between Type A and Type B individuals. The manner in which these behavioral differences are represented in the self-definitions of Type As and Bs was examined in a group of 42 college students. The existence of Type A and B self-schemata was investigated using two tasks designed to measure the influence of these hypothetical structures on speed of processing and memory interference. During an initial task, Type As and Bs made self-relevant decisions (Like Me, Not Like Me) in response to trait adjectives previously scaled as Type A, Type B, or neutral in content. Reaction times for the decisions were measured and results indicated that both Type As and Bs made faster decisions for schema-compatible responses than for schema-incompatible responses. On a second task, Type As and Bs were tested for recognition memory after attempting to memorize half of the aforementioned trait list. Memory errors were examined and indicated that Type As and Bs made more errors compatible with their respective self-schemata. These results indicate that a Type A and B distinction forms a reliable organizing framework for the self-definitions of Type As and Bs. (Author/NRB)

Published
1984

119. Type A Behavior Pattern and Relationship Quality among College Dating Couples.

Author

Arffa, Naomi B. and Strube, Michael J.

Abstract

Researchers have begun to recognize that because Type A and Type B behavior patterns represent pervasive lifestyles, they may have general implications for various psychological phenomena. One area of interest concerns the influence of Type A and B behavior on the quality and functioning of interpersonal relationships. A study was conducted to investigate the influence of Type A and B behavior by members of dating couples on their relationship satisfaction, commitment, and long-term intentions. Thirty-one dating couples, all university students, completed questionnaires measuring Type A or B behavior patterns, partner's behavior patterns, quality of relationship, and dating history. Subjects also completed four biweekly questionnaires measuring conflict and conflict resolution, attribution of blame, quality of communication, and relationship satisfaction and commitment. Results indicated that partners with contrasting behavioral orientations were more committed to their relationships, and had higher intentions to marry their partners, than did couples where partners had similar behavior styles. One contributing factor to this difference appeared to be the manner in which couples resolved conflict. Couples with contrasting behavioral styles were less likely than couples with similar behavioral styles to use a confrontational style of conflict resolution. Type A females were more likely than Type B females to blame partners for relationship conflict, suggesting that the Type A self-serving bias may be disruptive in interpersonal relationships. (Author/NB)

Published
1986

120. Performance Attributions and the Type A Behavior Pattern: Causal Sources Versus Causal Dimensions.

Author

Strube, Michael J.

Abstract

Past research has produced conflicting results concerning the manner in which Type As and Bs make attributions following success and failure. Some studies find that Type As are more likely than Type Bs to blame themselves for all outcomes, particularly failure. Other research indicates that Type As are more self-serving in their post-performance attributions. Research indicating more self-blame by Type As typically uses a causal source approach, that is, subjects are asked to indicate the extent to which common causal sources (e.g., ability, effort) produced the outcome. Assumptions are then made about the causal dimensions (e.g., internality, stability) that underlie the attributions. The causal dimension approach, used in studies that find Type As to be more self-serving than Type Bs, assesses the dimensional structure of causes directly. One possible explanation for the divergence in results is that Type As and Bs differ in their interpretations of the dimensional structure underlying common causal sources, with Type As interpreting those causes in a more self-serving manner. To test this hypothesis, 76 undergraduates classified as either Type As or Type Bs were induced to succeed or fail at anagram solving problems and then completed an attribution scale where the causal sources of ability and effort were rated on three dimensions (internality, stability, generality). Results provided support for the hypothesis in that Type As interpreted the dimensional structure of ability and effort differently than did Type Bs and in ways that were more self-serving. (Author/NB)

Published
1986

121. Type A Behavior and Emotional Responses to Uncertainty: A Test of the Self-Appraisal Model.

Author

Levy, Michal and Strube, Michael J.

Abstract

The recently proposed self-appraisal model of Type A behavior holds that Type As desire an accurate appraisal of abilities, and respond to uncertainty about abilities with exaggerated attempts to generate diagnostic information. The model also predicts that the major emotional response to uncertainty for Type As is anxiety. A study was conducted in which 80 college students classified as either Type As or Type Bs were induced to succeed or fail on a task where they were either very certain or very uncertain of their subsequent ability levels. Subjects completed questionnaires, performed anagram problems, received performance feedback indicating either success or failure, and completed other questionnaires measuring mood and performance attributions. The results indicated that task failure, compared to success, produced greater depression, anger, and frustration for all subjects. Consistent with the self-appraisal model prediction, uncertainty (regardless of success or failure) led to increased anxiety for Type As, but not for Type Bs. In fact, increased uncertainty produced lower anxiety for Type Bs, suggesting that Type As and Type Bs differ dramatically in their emotional responses to uncertainty about abilities. (Author/NB)

Published
1986

122. Some Comments on the Use of Magnitude-of-Effect Estimates.

Author

Strube, Michael J.

Abstract

Demonstrates that magnitude-of-effects (ME) estimates vary in susceptibility to sample-size bias depending on whether they are directional or nondirectional estimates. Also demonstrates that study characteristics that influence size of ME estimates can be explicitly taken into account when comparing studies. Emphasizes need to consider study features that can distort ME estimates. (Author/NB)

Published
1988

123. Meta-Analysis and Cross-Cultural Comparison: Sex Differences in Child Competitiveness.

Author

Strube, Michael J.

Abstract

Using meta-analysis to examine literature on sex differences in child competitiveness, finds an overall tendency for males to be more competitive than females, but also finds that analysis within cultures indicates that this trend is not universal. Propounds the usefulness of meta-analysis in conjunction with cross-cultural comparison. (Author/GC)

Published
1981

127. Static and Dynamic Predictors of Foot Progression Angle in Individuals with and without Diabetes Mellitus and Peripheral Neuropathy

Author

Merriwether, Ericka N., Hastings, Mary K., Mueller, Michael J., Bohnert, Kathryn L., Strube, Michael J., Snozek, Darrah R., and Sinacore, David R.

Subjects
Article
Abstract

Foot progression angle (FPA) is a predictor of elevated regional plantar stresses and loads, which are indicators of dermal injury risk in individuals with diabetes mellitus and peripheral neuropathy (DMPN). FPA accounts for 15-45% of the variance in plantar stresses and loads in adults with DMPN. However, the biomechanical factors underlying an "out-toeing" gait pattern in this clinical population have not been examined. The primary purpose of this study was to identify static and dynamic predictors of foot progression angle magnitude in adults with and without DMPN.Thirty-three adults with and 12 adults without diabetes mellitus participated. Hip rotation, ankle dorsiflexion, and resting calcaneal stance position were measured using a standard goniometer. Kinematic and kinetic data were collected during walking.Static predictor variables did not significantly predict foot progression angle magnitude using multiple regression analysis. Of the dynamic predictor variables, thigh and shank lateral rotation accounted for 37% of foot progression angle variance (p.01).Our results show that dynamic measures of external rotation of proximal segments (thigh, shank) during gait are strong predictors of foot progression angle. Static measures of limited joint mobility and joint position do not predict foot progression angle. These findings suggest that targeting the thigh and shank rotation using verbal or tactile cueing may be a potential strategy when trying to alter walking movement patterns towards decreasing external (lateral) FPA to minimize risk of elevated regional plantar stresses in adults with DMPN at risk for ulceration.

Published
2016

128. Personality traits in captive lion-tailed macaques (Macaca silenus)

Author

Rouff, Jacqueline H., Sussman, Robert W., and Strube, Michael J.

Subjects
Aggressive behavior in animals -- Research, Kra -- Behavior, Kra -- Physiological aspects, Regression analysis, Anthropology/archeology/folklore, Biological sciences, Health, Psychology and mental health
Abstract

The personality traits of captive lion-tailed macaques (Macaca silenus) to relationship of sex, hormone status and dominance are investigated. It is observed that females are more 'extraverted' than males and the agonistic behavior is greater in high status macaques related to lower ranked macaques.

Published
2005

135. Understanding Correlations: Two Computer Exercises.

Author

Goldstein, Miriam D. and Strube, Michael J.

Abstract

Describes two QuickBASIC programs that provide students direct experience with interpreting correlation scatter-plots. Maintains that the programs can be used in classroom exercises to highlight factors that influence the size of a Pearson correlation coefficient. (CFR)

Published
1995

140. Attractiveness as a Function of Skin Tone and Facial Features: Evidence from Categorization Studies.

Author

Stepanova, Elena V. and Strube, Michael J

Subjects
*FACE, *MULTIRACIAL people, *PHYSIOGNOMY, *PHENOTYPES, *SOCIAL psychology, *SEXUAL dimorphism
Abstract

Participants rated the attractiveness and racial typicality of male faces varying in their facial features from Afrocentric to Eurocentric and in skin tone from dark to light in two experiments. Experiment 1 provided evidence that facial features and skin tone have an interactive effect on perceptions of attractiveness and mixed-race faces are perceived as more attractive than single-race faces. Experiment 2 further confirmed that faces with medium levels of skin tone and facial features are perceived as more attractive than faces with extreme levels of these factors. Black phenotypes (combinations of dark skin tone and Afrocentric facial features) were rated as more attractive than White phenotypes (combinations of light skin tone and Eurocentric facial features); ambiguous faces (combinations of Afrocentric and Eurocentric physiognomy) with medium levels of skin tone were rated as the most attractive in Experiment 2. Perceptions of attractiveness were relatively independent of racial categorization in both experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Published
2018
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147. VARIATION IN MEDIAL AND LATERAL GASTROCNEMIUS MUSCLE ACTIVITY WITH FOOT POSITION.

Author

Cibulka, Michael, Wenthe, April, Boyle, Zach, Callier, Dylan, Schwerdt, Adam, Jarman, Deidra, and Strube, Michael J.

Subjects
CALF muscle physiology, ANALYSIS of variance, COMPARATIVE studies, ELECTROMYOGRAPHY, EXERCISE tests, FOOT, PATIENT positioning, PROBABILITY theory, RESEARCH evaluation, STATISTICS, DATA analysis, STATISTICAL reliability, REPEATED measures design, CROSS-sectional method, DATA analysis software, WEIGHT-bearing (Orthopedics), INTRACLASS correlation
Abstract

Background: The gastrocnemius has two heads, medial gastrocnemius (MG) and lateral gastrocnemius (LG); little is known how they contract with different foot positions. The MG is more frequently strained than the LG; and gastrocnemius activation pattern altered by foot position may play a role in injury. Leg exercises often use a toe-in versus toe-out foot position to isolate one gastrocnemius head over another. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the electromyographic gastrocnemius muscle activity in the toe-out and toe-in foot positions during weight bearing and non-weight bearing activities. The hypothesis was that a toe-out foot position would elicit greater MG than LG activity; while the toe-in position would elicit greater activity in LG than MG in both weight bearing and non-weight bearing (NWB) positions. Study Design: A cross-sectional study of young adults. Methods: Thirty-three participants were recruited. Surface electrodes were placed on the bellies of the MG and LG. The gastrocnemius muscle was tested in toe-in and toe-out foot positions using two different tests: a standing heel-rise and resisted knee flexion while prone. Electromyographic activity was normalized against a MVIC during a heel raise with a neutral foot position. A 2x2x2 (Foot Position x Test Position x Muscle) ANOVA was used to determine if differences exist in activity between the MG and LG for toe-in versus toe-out standing and prone test positions. Results: Significant test position main effect (F [1,32] = 86.9; p < .01), significant muscle main effect (F [1,32]=5.5; p < .01), and significant foot position x muscle interaction (F [1,32] = 14.58; p < .01) were found. Post hoc tests showed differences between MG and LG in toe-out position (t = 3.10; p < .01) but not in the toe-in for both test positions (t = 1.27; p= 0.21). Conclusions: With toe-out, the MG was more active than LG in standing and prone; no difference was noted between MG and LG in toe-in for either position. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2017

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