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Purpose and aim: Out from the sparse literature on risk assessment for violence committed by women the Female Additional Manual (FAM) was developed to be a complement to the HCR-20v2. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the psychometrics of the HCR-20v2 with and without the FAM on risk for inpatient physical violence for female forensic psychiatric patients. Methods: The participants were 100 female patients admitted to forensic psychiatric care in a high-security clinic, assessed by clinicians with the HCR-20v2 during their admission. Researchers performed the FAM, both retrospectively and prospectively. The follow-up period was 12months before being discharged. Results: Four main results were found; first, many risk factors were present although the summary risk ratings were mainly low to moderate. Secondly, the reliability was in general good, where the HCR-20v2 mainly showed higher reliability without than with the FAM, indicating that FAM risk factors did equal or did not contribute to a higher reliability. Third, the internal validity was higher for the HCR-20v2 than for the FAM. Risk factors correlated stronger with the summary risk ratings for the HCR-20v2 than for the FAM. Fourth, the validity for inpatient physical violence was high for the total score of both the HCR-20v2 and the FAM, but contradictory to previous finding the validity for summary risk ratings was not significant. Conclusions: The results support the use of HCR-20v2 when assessing risk for inpatient violence for female forensic psychiatric patients, but with only some support for adding or changing risk factors according to the FAM.

Subtyping male perpetrators of intimate partner violence (IPV) based on their generality of violence could facilitate the difficult task of matching perpetrator subtype with efficient risk management strategies. As such, the aim of the present study was to compare antisocial and family-only male perpetrators of interpersonal violence in terms of (a) demographic and legal characteristics, (b) risk factors for violence, and (c) assessed risk and the importance of specific risk factors for violence. A quantitative design was used in this retrospective register study on data obtained from the Swedish police. Risk assessments performed with the Swedish version of the Brief Spousal Assault Form for the Evaluation of Risk (B-SAFER) and police registers were used. A sample of 657 male alleged IPV perpetrators were classified as antisocial (n = 341) or family-only (n = 316) based on their generality of violence. The results showed that the antisocial perpetrators were significantly younger, as well as more psychologically abusive. Antisocial perpetrators also had significantly more present risk factors for IPV, and were assessed with a significantly higher risk for acute and severe or deadly IPV, compared with the family-only perpetrators. The subtypes also evidenced unique risk factors with a significant impact on elevated risk for acute and severe or deadly such violence. Key findings in the present study concerned the subtypes evidencing unique risk factors increasing the risk for acute and severe or deadly IPV. Major implications of this study include the findings of such unique "red flag" risk factors for each subtype. To prevent future IPV, it is vital for the risk assessor to be aware of these red flags when making decisions about risk, as well as risk management strategies.

Primary liver cancer (PLC) ranks among the most lethal solid cancers worldwide due to lack of effective biomarkers for early detection and limited treatment options in advanced stages. Development of primary culture models that closely recapitulate phenotypic and molecular diversities of PLC is urgently needed to improve the patient outcome. Long-term cultures of 7 primary liver cancer cell lines of hepatocellular and cholangiocellular origin were established using defined culture conditions. Morphological and histological characteristics of obtained cell lines and xenograft tumors were analyzed and compared to original tumors. Time course analyses of transcriptomic and genomic changes were performed using next-generation sequencing (NGS). Key oncogenic alterations were identified by targeted NGS and cell lines carrying potentially actionable mutations were treated with corresponding specific inhibitors. PDCL fully resembled morphological features of the primary cancers in vitro and in vivo over extended period in culture. Genomic alterations as well as transcriptome profiles showed high similarity with primary tumors and remained stable during long-term culturing. Targeted-NGS confirmed that key oncogenic mutations such as TP53, KRAS, CTNNB1 as well as actionable mutations (e.g. MET, cKIT, KDR) were highly conserved in PDCL and amenable for individualized therapeutic approaches. Integrative genomic and transcriptomic approaches further demonstrated that PDCL more closely resemble molecular and prognostic features of PLC than established cell lines and are valuable tool for direct target evaluation. Our integrative analysis demonstrates that PDCL represents refined model for discovery of relevant molecular subgroups and exploration of precision medicine approaches for the treatment of this deadly disease. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

The Mutual Learning Seminar, in Stockholm, examined Sweden’s recent innovative policy to prevent domestic violence with men and boys. Government representatives and gender experts from 15 EU Member States participated. The seminar was an excellent opportunity to discuss new thinking and approaches to the prevention of domestic violence. The importance of prevention and increased collaboration is emphasised in the Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence (“Istanbul Convention”), which is currently being implemented by the majority of EU Member States. The basis for the good practice in Sweden is the National Strategy for Preventing & Combating Men’s Violence Against Women, 2017-2026. The strategy puts an emphasis on targeted work with men who perpetrate violence against women to prevent its reoccurrence through structured risk assessments and treatment programmes. It follows a universal approach to working with all relevant stakeholders in social services, health, education, gender equality, probation and crime prevention, and with specialised civil society organisations, in long-term prevention to address gender stereotypes, in particular destructive masculinity norms. One successful initiative presented at the seminar is a bystander violence prevention programme with young people in the town of Botkyrka. The project focuses on building trust between young people and the police, social services and schools. It has helped to build awareness of respectful relationships and consent. Another innovative violence prevention programme is run by the County Administration Board of Västerbotten, which is working strategically for long-term crime prevention with four rural municipalities where access to services is very limited. The seminar discussions focussed on the many opportunities and challenges in engaging men and boys in prevention. Participants highlighted the need for coordinated long-term approaches am, European Union seminar, The EU Mutual Learning Programme in Gender Equality. Stockholm, Sweden - 16-17 September 2019

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a global public health issue, where every third woman has been a victim of such violence. One way to combat IPV is to perform risk assessment with a subsequent risk management. There is a knowledge gap on what types of risk management work and for whom.This is further complicated due to the need for collaboration between police, social service and other agencies. To this end police and social service perform structured risk assessments, although different ones and separately. Furthermore, the subsequent risk management is unstructured, which includes lack of routines for collaboration and documentation. These shortcomings also make it difficult to evaluate the preventive effect of the protective actions. We have developed a structured risk management model, the RISKSAM, for collaboration within and between agencies working with IPV, based on our results of longitudinal studies of the police work in Sweden. The aim of this presentation is twofold; first we present findings from our project on how risk management have been conducted by the police, and second we will introduce the RISKSAM model. The results show that few victims were provided with risk management, mainly due to lack of resources. Moreover, since the police only have a few different risk management strategies to use, of which the security talk is the most prevalent one, the problem is more how to prioritise cases with high risk for future violence. Problems also arise when police and social services assess the risk from different perspectives, which leads to different levels of priority of the case. This highlights the need for a structured risk 138 Tuesday, June 11 management model supporting them to collaborate in deciding on adequate risk management for the victim. The RISKSAM will attempt to solve these issues and to provide a common structure that will facilitate multi agency collaboration.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is an extensive issue in every society. It does not matter what kind of socioeconomic, religious or cultural group an individual belong to since this type of violence is widely-spread across the globe. Studies have shown that IPV perpetrators are not a heterogene-ous group and that risk factors differ between different groups of individ-uals. Therefore, it is essential that the subsequent risk management take this heterogeneity into consideration. The aim of this study was to identify which risk factors can be seen as the most contributory when it comes to assessing the summary risk ratings in a sample of alleged IPV cases where both the perpetrator and the victim shares the same background. The data consisted of 926 B-SAFER risk assessments done by the Swedish Police for IPV cases divided into seven different groups: Sweden, Northern Europe, Europe, Eastern Europe and Russia, Middle East, Africa, and Asia. The results show that risk factors have different impact on the summary risk ratings across groups, where risk factors related to the nature of the IPV and victim vulnerability factors are more common in groups with immi-grant background, while risk factors related to psycho-social adjustment were overall more common in the group of IPV perpetrators with Swedish background. The results are discussed in terms of the integrated ecological framework and from an IPV risk management perspective, as well as in relation to the RISKSAM model.

The literature on the effect of arrest on recidivism among perpetrators of intimate partner violence (IPV) is inconclusive. As such, studies have found that arrest can have a deterrent effect, a provocative effect, or no effect at all. Despite previous recommendations to examine the effect of arrest using IPV perpetrators typologies, only one such previous study has been carried out. In this paper we explore the effect of arrest on recidivism among IPV perpetrators. More specifically, we will present preliminary results pertaining to differences between arrested and non-arrested perpetrators on demographical and offense related variables to discern if, and how, these two groups differ. Furthermore, we will also present the results related to the possibly deterrent effect of arrest on recidivism among partner violent men in general, as well as among subtypes of such men. The sample consisted of 628 male alleged perpetrators reported to the Swedish police for a male-to-female perpetrated act of IPV and subjected to a structured violence risk assessment. The results are discussed in terms of theory and from an IPV risk management perspective, as well as in relation to the RISKSAM model.

Background: Unlike traditional beliefs male intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetrators are a heterogeneous group of offenders and, thus, differ from each other in several important aspects. However, there is no agreed upon procedure for creating such typologies. Objective: The aim of this presentation is to propose a typology of IPV perpetrators that can be practically useful for the police and other criminal justice professionals, in terms of risk assessment and management for future such violence. Method: The results are based on (a) a sample of 628 male IPV perpetrators reported to the Swedish police for allegedly perpetrating IPV towards a current or former female partner, and (b) a systematic review of IPV perpetrator typology papers. Results: The results of both the empirical data and the systematic review favor a two-subtype typology, consisting of a partner only violent subtype and a generally violent subtype (N = 301 and N = 327, respectively, in our empirical data). The subtypes differed on several behavioral and psychosocial risk factors, as well as in terms of IPV recidivism. Discussion: The differences between the subtypes in our proposed typology are important to consider in terms of risk assessment and management of IPV. Thus, the generally violent subtype demonstrated more risk factors and higher recidivism rates than the partner only violent subtype. As such, identifying IPV perpetrators as either partner only violent or generally violent is an important first step in any IPV violence risk assessment. Subsequently, the risk management strategies that follow a risk assessment should be tailored to the specific subtype’s risk factors (needs). Policy implications of the proposed typology will be also discussed. Conclusions: The results our research support the notion that IPV perpetrators should be considered as a heterogeneous group of offenders, although much valuable information and guidance in assessing risk and planning risk management strategie

Stalkning, att vara förföljd av någon som orsakar rädsla eller oro, förekommer hos 9 procent - 20 procent av befolkningen i engelsktalande länder, där ungefär hälften av stalkarna är en före detta partner och den andra hälften en bekant eller en främling. En typologi utifrån stalkarens motiv kan vara användbar för att få en bättre förståelse för varför stalkningen pågår och därigenom bättre kunna hjälpa både stalkare och utsatta att hantera situationen. De som utsätts för stalkning rapporterar om en låg livskvalitet och en hög grad av psykisk ohälsa till följd av stalkningen. De utvecklar olika strategier att hantera stalkningssituationen där de positiva strategierna ger de utsatta en känsla av kontroll medan de negativa strategierna mest troligt leder till isolering och ger stalkaren större kontroll över deras liv. Den som blir stalkad bör säga nej till all form av kontakt med stalkaren, dokumentera händelserna som de blir utsatta för och kommunicera sin utsatthet för någon i sin närhet samt anmäla brott till polisen., The lifetime prevalence of stalking, defined as ‘a course of conduct that causes fear or concern for safety’, was found to be 9 percent - 20 percent in English-speaking countries, where around half of the stalkers were an exintimate partner and the other half were acquaintances or strangers. A typology of stalking can be used to classify stalkers and their motives in order to better understand the stalkers and their behaviours, which can help both stalkers and their victims to better cope with the situation. Victims of stalking reports low levels of quality of life as well as a high degree of psychological problems. In order to avoid the stalker, victims employ different coping strategies, where the positive coping strategies gives the victims a feeling of taking back the control and the negative coping strategies will most likely isolate the victim as well as make the situation worse. To handle being a victim of stalking the victim should say no to contact with the stalker, document incidents and report the stalking to both people in their network as well as to the police.

This study compared the severity of intimate partner violence (IPV) and the relationship between risk factors for IPV and overall risk judgments of future IPV in urban, rural, and remote areas. IPV risk assessments conducted by the Swedish police between 2010 and 2014 in urban (n = 564), rural (n = 456), and remote (n = 196) areas were examined. Rurality was associated with the severity of IPV reported, as well as the presence of risk factors and their relationship to overall risk judgments. Cases in remote areas included more severe IPV as well as more risk factors.

Restraining orders can be used as a risk management strategy to reduce the likelihood of intimate partner violence (IPV) re-victimisation. The aim of this study was to examine how prosecutors work with cases of IPV, with a focus on their collaboration with police, use of violence risk assessment and implementation of restraining orders. A qualitative analysis was conducted based on semi-structured interviews with five prosecutors operating in two northern police districts in Sweden in 2016. Data were analysed using latent content analysis. Three overarching themes arose: The case, Organization of resources and Interpretation of the law. Each theme was discussed in the context of the prosecutors’ work with IPV. Prosecutors pointed to several inadequacies in the legislation and offered potential solutions that would ameliorate their work. Results also showed that prosecutors seldom used violence risk assessments conducted by police as a basis for issuing restraining orders. The primary reason for this was a lack of clear routines governing cooperation between police and prosecutors in the application process. The results from this study can be used when training criminal justice personnel in order to obtain a better understanding of the difficulties that prosecutors face when trying to protect victims of IPV.

The knowledge of same-sex intimate partner violence (IPV) is limited. This study aims to investigate the perception of seriousness of same-sex IPV. A vignette study was undertaken among 248 police students (69% males and 31% females) in Sweden. The vignettes portrayed an intimate partner relationship between two people and were available in four versions with the sex of the offender and victim being alternated. Perceptions of IPV were measured using the Opinions of Domestic Violence Scale (Ahmed et al., 2013). The results showed that regardless of gender, IPV was considered serious; however, same-sex IPV was perceived as less serious than victimization of a heterosexual female but more serious than victimization of a heterosexual male. Police interventions were found to be less needed for same-sex victims than for heterosexual female victims.

This study assessed the reliability and validity of the Guidelines for Stalking Assessment and Management (SAM), a structured professional judgment measure for assessing stalking risks. The SAM was completed retrospectively from file review for 146 adult stalkers (90.4% male) referred to a community-based forensic mental health service. Interrater reliability (IRR) was initially poor, but developing a strict definition of stalking currency and rescoring the SAM led to improvement. Based on the updated scoring, IRR was moderate for judgments about whether stalking was ongoing at the time of assessment, and fair to moderate for summary risk judgments. Both case prioritization (area under the curve [AUC] = .69) and risk for continued stalking (AUC = .76) ratings discriminated between groups, with high-risk stalkers 5-9 times as likely as low-risk stalkers to reoffend by stalking their original victims. Lifetime SAM total scores (AUC = .70) also featured moderate to good discrimination. Follow-up analyses suggested that this was driven mainly by the recent presence of risk markers and the nature of any ongoing stalking situation rather than historical or individual factors. Findings support the use of the SAM to structure risk judgments made by those with experience in assessing stalking. Current results also imply that IRR might be improved by introducing (a) a fixed definition of stalking currency and (b) usage guidelines for specific contexts., Funding Agencies:Australian Research Council Discovery Project DP1092840 Australian Postgraduate Award Monash University Faculty of Health Sciences Postgraduate Excellence Award

There is emerging recognition that positive or pro-social characteristics may lessen criminal propensity. There are now several adult and youth forensic instruments that include protective or strength components. Yet evidence supporting the protective capacities of these instruments with youth offending populations is still developing. This study aimed to identity the prevalence of strength items on the Youth Level of Service/Case Management Inventory tool, and their relationships with risk and re-offending for a cohort of 212 multi-cultural Australian juveniles in custody. The prevalence of strengths in the sample was low, and differed by cultural group. Young people who possessed a strength yielded lower instrument total and domain scores and were more likely to be afforded a lower level of risk compared to youth without a strength. Moreover, youth who possessed a strength were significantly more likely to desist from re-offending. This association remained after controlling for level of risk. Findings point to the importance of strengths when assessing a young person’s risk for re-offending.