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The number of investigations relevant to the study of geomagnetic activity, solar events, and cosmic rays, i.e., space weather phenomena, and their impact on human health has increased dramatically over the past few years. Numerous studies examine the reaction of the cardiovascular, nervous, and other functional systems to variations observed in geospace. These studies examine the behavior of human physiological parameters not only during different levels of activity of the Sun and in the interplanetary space (from no activity to remarkably intense activity) but also through geomagnetic activity storms and Forbush decreases. Here, individuals from the Hippocratio General Hospital in Athens, the cardiology clinics of Nikaia General Hospital in Piraeus, and the Heraklion University Hospital in Crete, Greece, were assessed during the time period from 2011 until 2018. The heart rate of the individuals was recorded every hour via the Holter electrocardiogram method. Data were analyzed using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the method of superimposed epochs. The investigation covers not only the ascending but also the descending phase of the solar cycle 24 (lasting until 2019 and with its maximum in the year 2014). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effect of different concentrations of three types of gaseous mixtures (carbon dioxide, nitrogen),as well as vacuum condition and also ordinary condition as control and essential oils of ginger and cuminum were evaluated for extending shelf life of traditional muffin of Ahvaz at 25 °C in one 4-layer container. Ordinary conditions as control packaging, were compared with four type of modified atmosphere packaging 1) 80% CO2 + 20% N2; 2) 20% CO2 + 80% N2; 3)50% CO2 + 50% N2, and 4) under vacuum condition along with injection essential oils of ginger and cuminum, and samples without essential oils.Experiments were performed on samples as follows microbial test (aerobics count, mold and yeast count) and chemical pH test, sensory evaluation and amount of dripped water at different times,during 60 days. The results were performed in a completely randomized design using SPSS statistical software (Ver:22) and Duncan's multiple range test method, with confidence level of 95% (P <0.05). The shelf life,of muffin samples were reported with ginger essential oil under gas compositions, 80% CO2; 50% CO2 & 20% CO2; 60, 58 and 45 days, respectively, in vacuum and ordinary conditions were 40, 35 days, with cuminum essential oil in gas compositions, 80% CO2,55 days, in conditions 50% CO2 & 20% CO2 45 and 40 days, in vacuum and control were 35, 30 days, without essential oil injection, under gas compositions 80% CO2; 50% CO2 & 20% CO2; 45, 35, 30 days in vacuum and ordinary conditions were 25, 20 days, respectively. The best condition belonged to samples containing ginger essential oil under conditions 80% CO2, and had desirable effects on amount of dripped water and pH and also sensory properties of samples, which were evaluated due to their high antimicrobial properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of essential oil (EO) in treating infected wounds is still challenging. A lot of effort has been made to make such an application more convenient. Recently, microneedles (MNDs) have been considered as a smart dermal delivery system to overcome the poor absorption and distribution, low bioavailability, and skin penetration of some drugs. The aim of our study is to evaluate the wound healing activity of juniper-EO-loaded MNDs (EO MNDs) against wounds with bacterial and fungal infection. The Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) MNDs were prepared using the gel-filled mold technique and loaded with juniper EO. In vivo models were created and wounds on rats were infected with two clinically isolated bacterial strains Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Furthermore, Candida albicans was used to mimic fungal infection and juniper EO MNDs were tested. The obtained results showed an improvement in wound healing which started from the third day after application of the juniper EO MNDs, and at the sixth day post-infection, the treated wounds were significantly smaller than untreated wounds. A complete healing was shown by the 12th day after infection. Furthermore, our cytotoxicity results showed a cytotoxic effect of juniper EO MNDs on epithelial cells, which explained the faster wound healing in rats. Our study showed that juniper EO MNDs represent a novel strategy in EO delivery with minimal invasion. Juniper EO MNDs demonstrated significant antimicrobial activity against both the bacterial strains Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus and against one fungal strain, Candida albicans. Finally, application of juniper EO MNDs exerted promising activity in the treatment and healing of wound infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: Sleep is an indispensable physiological phenomenon. The complexity of sleep and the time it occupies in human life determine that its quality is positively correlated with human health. Since polysomnography was used in spaceflight in 1967, the sleep problem during astronaut flight has been studied in depth for more than 50 yr, and many solutions have been proposed, but astronauts have always had sleep problems during orbital flight. Insufficient sleep and changes in the rhythm of human sleep-wake activity will lead to disturbance of the human body's internal rhythm indicators, which will lead to psychological and emotional fluctuations and reduced cognitive ability, decision-making ability, teamwork, and work performance. NASA has identified operational errors due to sleep deprivation and altered circadian rhythms as an important risk factor in the key biomedical roadmap for long-term flight, so the importance of sleep monitoring in spaceflight is self-evident. On-orbit sleep-monitoring methods include both subjective and objective aspects. We review objective sleep-monitoring technology based on its application, main monitoring physiological indicators, intrusive advantages, and limitations. This paper reviews the subjective and objective sleep evaluation methods for on-orbit applications, summarizes the progress, advantages, and disadvantages of current ground sleep-monitoring technologies and equipment, and looks forward to the application prospects of new sleep-monitoring technologies in spaceflight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thymus vulgaris L. (family Lamiaceae) is an aromatic medicinal plant well-known for its essential oil and therapeutic values. It thrives across Europe, Western Asia, the Mediterranean, and Northwestern Africa. This study aims to investigate the effect of climate change on the chemical composition, antioxidant, and antidiabetic activities of Thymus vulgaris essential oil. Essential oils were extracted from three distinct Thymus vulgaris samples (S1 - S3) cultivated under different climatic conditions. S1 was cultivated under normal seasonal condition; S2 and S3 were cultivated under controlled conditions; 5°C temperature increase and 50% precipitation (S2), 10°C temperature increase and 75% precipitation (S3). Chemical constituents of the essential oils were identified using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The antioxidant activity was assessed using the 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging, and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assays. The antidiabetic activity was assessed via the a-glucosidase and a-amylase inhibitory activities. GC-MS analysis identified 23 compounds with varying proportions in the three essential oil samples. The findings showed that S1 had the most potent antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 461.83±10.49 µg/mL and 1508.83±7.22 µg/mL in the DPPH and ABTS assays, respectively, while S3 exhibited the highest antioxidant activity in the FRAP assay, with IC50 value of 244.64±1.34 µg/mL. For the antidiabetic activity, S1 showed the highest a-amylase inhibitory activity, while S2 exhibited the highest a-glucosidase inhibitory effect. This study sheds light on Thymus vulgaris' adaptability and therapeutic potential under changing climatic conditions. These findings underscore the importance of understanding these dynamics for future applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the effect of human heart-rate synchronization with variations in the geomagnetic field (GMF) ("biogeophysical synchronization effect"). We analyzed 403 electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings of 100 or 120 min that were obtained in 2012–2023 from two middle-aged female volunteers in good health. The minute-value series of the GMF vector from the INTERMAGNET network was used. Each ECG recording was individually examined using cross-correlation and wavelet analysis. The findings from two separate experimental sets (306 recordings from Volunteer A and 97 from Volunteer B) displayed notable similarity in all aspects analyzed: (1) For both participants, the biogeophysical synchronization effect is observed in 40–53% of the recordings as a statistically significant (p < 0.0045) correlation between minute heart-rate (HR) time-series values and at least one of the horizontal components of the GMF, with a time shift between values of [−5, +5] min. (2) Wavelet analysis indicates that the spectra of the HR series and at least one GMF component exhibit similarity in 58–61% of cases. (3) The synchronization is most evident within the period range between 8–13 min. The probability of the synchronization effect manifestation was independent of the geomagnetic activity (GMA) level, which was recorded during the observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the metals contaminants, cadmium (Cd) is one of the most toxic elements in cultivated soils, causing loss of yield and productivity in plants. Recently, nanomaterials have been shown to mitigate the negative consequences of environmental stresses in different plants. However, little is known about foliar application of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) to alleviate Cd stress in medicinal plants, and their dual interactions on essential oil production. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of foliar-applied TiO2 NPs on growth, Cd uptake, chlorophyll fluorescence, photosynthetic pigments, malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) contents, total phenols, anthocyanins, flavonoids, antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT and POD) activity and essential oil content of Mentha piperita L. (peppermint) under Cd stress. For this purpose, plants were grown in Cd-contaminated (0, 20, 40, and 60 mg L−1) soil, and different concentrations of TiO2 NPs (0, 75, and 150 mg L−1) were foliar sprayed at three times after full establishment until the beginning of flowering. Exposure to TiO2 NPs significantly (P < 0.01) increased shoot dry weight (37.8%) and the number of lateral branches (59.4%) and decreased Cd uptake in plant tissues as compared to the control. Application of TiO2 NPs increased the content of plastid pigments, and the ratio Fv/Fm (13.4%) as compared to the control. Additionally, TiO2 NPs reduced the stress markers, MDA and H2O2 contents and enhanced the activity of the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) enzyme (60.5%), total phenols (56.1%), anthocyanins (42.6%), flavonoids (25.5%), and essential oil content (52.3%) in Cd-stressed peppermint compared to the control. The results also demonstrated that foliar spray of TiO2 NPs effectively improved the growth and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and reduced Cd accumulation in peppermint, which was mainly attributed to the reduction of oxidative burst and enhancement of the enzymatic (SOD, CAT, and POD) antioxidant defense system due to the uptake of NPs. The findings provide insights into the regulatory mechanism of TiO2 NPs on peppermint plants growth, physiology and secondary metabolites production in Cd-contaminated soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a debilitating disease that causes inflammation of the central nervous system, resulting in myelin damage and axon degeneration. Although the cause of MS remains unknown, various factors such as sex, latitude, sun exposure, serum vitamin D levels, Epstein Barr Virus infection, diet, microbiota and ethnicity are being studied for their potential roles in the development of the disease. While chronobiological factors such as circadian rhythm and seasonality have been explored for their potential influence on the onset, exacerbation, and/or relapses of MS, the potential influence of the lunar cycle on MS has yet to be studied. Therefore, the authors of this letter call for future studies to investigate the possible effects of the lunar cycle on MS activity and course, given evidence suggesting that the lunar cycle may affect sleep, fatigue, melatonin secretion, and mood state in humans. A deeper understanding of the chronobiology of MS could have practical implications for the development of chronotherapeutic strategies and the prevention or mitigation of MS relapses, potentially improving the quality of life of MS patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shiitake mushroom (Lentinula edodes) hold high nutritional and medicinal value as they contain an abundance of health-promoting compounds. However, the effect of long-term postharvest storage on the variation in the levels of health-promoting compounds has not been extensively studied. In this study, we investigated the changes in the levels of phenolic compounds, antioxidants, eritadenine, and ergothioneine in shiitake mushrooms stored at three different temperatures (1, 3, and 5 °C) for 4 weeks. Compared to mushrooms stored at lower temperatures, those stored at 5 °C exhibited a higher level of total phenolics in their pileus after 2 weeks of storage; however, storage at 5 °C also increased the deterioration of the fruiting body of these mushrooms. In mushrooms stored at all temperatures, the eritadenine content in the pilei tended to increase up to 2 weeks of storage. In contrast, the ergothioneine content in the pileus decreased during storage, with a significantly lower level detected in mushrooms stored at 5 °C for 4 weeks. Together, these results suggest that the mechanisms underlying the accumulation of phenolics and eritadenine may be related to mushroom deterioration during storage. Our findings indicate that the levels of health-promoting compounds in shiitake mushrooms are influenced by storage temperature, suggesting the potential to control adjustments of specific bioactive compounds by regulating storage conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effect of Phyllanthus emblica leaves and branches mixture (PE) on growth performance, oxidative status and intestinal characteristics in broilers, as well as the in vitro antioxidant potential of PE extract (PEE). As the result of in vitro evaluation, the PEE had a total phenolic compound content of 95.5 ± 2.75 mg of Gallic acid equivalent/g dry weight (DW), and a total flavonoid content of 3.04 ± 0.06 mg of quercetin equivalent/g DW. The PEE exhibited significant antioxidant activity through various mechanisms, including chelation of ferrous iron, reducing power, scavenging 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals, inhibition of liposome peroxidation and trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC). A total of 320 Ross 308 broilers were randomly allocated into four groups: control, basal diet supplemented with 0.5%, 1%, 2% PE. Each group was fed for 35 d. The results showed that the group fed with 0.5% PE had significantly better weight gain, and improved feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared to the control group. Moreover, each PE group significantly reduced coliform and Clostridium perfringens in the ileum and caecum. Additionally, PE group with 0.5% concentration had significantly higher villus height in the jejunum compared to the other group. Furthermore, compared to the control group, each PE group had significantly lower levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and higher levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity in the serum. In the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of chickens, each PE group showed significantly higher mRNA levels of antioxidant-regulated genes, including Nrf2, GST, GCLC, SOD1 and HO-1. In contrast, the expression levels of NOX1 and ROMO1 genes were significantly lower. In conclusion, the inclusion of 0.5% PE in the basal diet could have a positive impact on the growth performance of broilers by modulating intestinal characteristics and oxidative status. Phyllanthus emblica affects the growth performance, oxidative status and intestinal characteristics in broilers. The 0.5% PE group had significantly better weight gain and improved FCR. The 0.5% PE in the basal diet could potentially enhance growth performance by modulating intestinal characteristics and oxidative status in broilers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The enormous consumption of non-biodegradable and toxic mineral oil-based cutting fluids has affected the environment and human health in a hazardous manner. The development of a new eco-friendly cutting fluid is a necessity. Vegetable oils, which hold similar lubricant properties to that of commercial mineral oil, are considered as an alternative solution. The additives used in commercial lubricating fluids are another major reason for their toxicity. In the present work, rice bran oil-based cutting fluid is formulated using food-grade emulsifiers like Tween 80 and Span 80 with bio-additives like holy basil oil and clove oil. The addition of herbal oils is found to improve the oxidative and corrosive stability of the base oil. The experimental results indicated that the formulated green cutting fluid could replace mineral oil-based cutting fluid. The performance test on the lathe during the turning operation revealed that the formulated green cutting fluid had shown lower cutting forces when compared with that of the commercial cutting fluid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been continuous interest in the use of ginger due to its antioxidant indices in the treatment of diseases. Considering the increase in the consumption of ginger also by the younger generation and while its antioxidant effect is considered a benefit, it is important to investigate its impact on other system-induced functions in the body. Therefore, this study was designed to determine the possible effects of prepubertal exposure of ginger on reproductive hormones. A total of 24 male prepubertal models were divided into three experimental groups of 8 pups each. Group A received distilled water while group B and C received low dose (250 mg/kg body weight) and high dose (500 mg/kg body weight) of ginger suspension daily for 14 days respectively. The antioxidant status was evaluated using serum biochemical assays while reproductive hormone profiles were determined by chemiluminescence immunoassay techniques. Data were analysed using Graph pad prism version 8.0. The estimations of glutathione, superoxide dismutase and catalase levels were significantly higher in the low and high dose groups while malondialdehyde estimations in both low and high dose groups showed a statistical significance lower level when compared with the control. There were significant higher levels of follicle stimulation hormone, luteinizing hormone, estrogen and testosterone in all high dose groups (β**P<0.01; (β***P<0.001) when compared with the control. It is evident that ginger has positive impact on reproductive hormones following prepubertal exposure. Therefore, the consumption of ginger is considered a safe agent against fertility function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out to make decision the antioxidant activity of the leaves of hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna), which is a natural source of antioxidants. For this purpose, the leaves of hawthorn were collected and dried, and an ethanol extract was prepared. Total antioxidant activity (with respect to the ferric thiocyanate method), ion reduction capacity of Cu2+ (copper method), and Fe3+ (potassium ferricyanide reduction method) were determined on the prepared ethanol extracts. Additionally, scavenging activity of DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) and determination of the total phenolic-flavonoid compound content were carry out. The extracts obtained from Hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna) leaves were found to inhibit lipid peroxidation (of linoleic acid emulsion) by 40.9%. This inhibition occurred at a concentration of 10 µg/mL of the extracts. At the similar concentration, BHT exhibited 68.3% inhibition, while trolox exhibited 29.9% inhibition. Hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna), which was found to have a higher total phenolic content than trolox, exhibited significant DPPH scavenging and metal reduction activities. During the investigation of the antioxidant activity of the ethanol extract obtained from Crataegus monogyna, a-tocopherol, its water-soluble analogue trolox and BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene) were utilized as reference antioxidant compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mechanisms by which yeast cells respond to environmental stress include the production of heat shock proteins (HSPs) and the reduction of oxidative stress. The response of yeast exposed to aflatoxins B2+G1 (AFB2+G1), ochratoxin A (OTA), and zearalenone (ZEA) in aerobic conditions was studied. After 72 h of yeast cultivation in media contaminated with mycotoxins, the growth of yeast biomass, the level of malondialdehyde, and the activity of superoxide dismutase, glutathione S-transferase and glutathione peroxidase were examined; the expression profile of the following heat shock proteins was also determined: HSP31, HSP40, HSP60, HSP70, and HSP104. It was demonstrated that at the tested concentrations, both AFB2+G1 and ZEA inhibited yeast biomass growth. OTA at a concentration of 8.4 [µg/L] raised the MDA level. Intensified lipoperoxidation and increased activity of SOD and GPx were observed, regardless of the level of contamination with ZEA (300 µg/L or 900 µg/L). Increased contamination with AFB2+G1 and OTA caused an increase in the production of most HSPs tested (HSP31, HSP40, HSP70, HSP104). ZEA contamination in the used concentration ranges reduced the production of HSP31. The response of yeast cells to the presence of mycotoxin as a stressor resulted in the expression of certain HSPs, but the response was not systematic, which was manifested in different profiles of protein expression depending on the mycotoxin used. The tested mycotoxins influenced the induction of oxidative stress in yeast cells to varying degrees, which resulted in the activation of mainly SOD without GST mobilization or with a small involvement of GPx. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review aims to analyze Mentha piperita L. as a potential raw material for the development of new health-promoting products (nutraceuticals, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical products). A lot of scientific publications were retrieved from the Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases which enable the study and generalization of the extraction procedures, key biologically active compounds of essential oil and extracts, biological properties, and therapeutic potential of M. piperita, along with perspectives on the development of its dosage forms, including combinations of synthetic active substances and herbal preparations of M. piperita. The results of this review indicate that M. piperita is a source rich in phytoconstituents of different chemical nature and can be regarded as a source of active substances to enhance health and to develop medicinal products for complementary therapy of various conditions, especially those related with oxidant stress, inflammation, and moderate infections. Essential oil has a broad spectrum of activities. Depending on the test and concentration, this essential oil has both anti- and prooxidant properties. Gram-positive bacteria are more sensitive to the essential oil of M. piperita than Gram-negative ones. This review also considered some facets of the standardization of essential oil and extracts of M. piperita. Among the identified phenolics of extracts were caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid, eriocitrin, luteolin derivates (luteolin-7-O-rutinoside, luteolin-7-O-glucoronide), and hesperidin. The concentration of these phenolics depends on the solvent used. This review also considered the relationships between the chemical component and biological activity. The results showed that the essential oil and extracts reduced inflammation in vitro by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), and in vivo by reducing the paw edema induced using carrageenan injection in rats. Therefore, herbal preparations of M. piperita are promising medicinal and cosmetic preparations for their usage in skincare and oral cavity care products with antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and wound-healing properties. This plant can also be regarded as a platform for the development of antibacterial preparations and combined anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective medicinal products (synthetic active substances plus herbal preparations). This review could be considered for the justification of the composition of some medicinal products during their pharmaceutical development for writing a registration dossier in the format of Common Technical Document. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants have been vital to human survival for aeons, especially for their unique medicinal properties. Trees of the Eucalyptus genus are well known for their medicinal properties; however, little is known of the ethnopharmacology and bioactivities of their close relatives in the Corymbia genus. Given the current lack of widespread knowledge of the Corymbia genus, this review aims to provide the first summary of the ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and bioactivities of this genus. The Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed and Google Scholar databases were searched to identify research articles on the biological activities, phytochemistry and ethnomedical uses of Corymbia species. Of the 115 Corymbia species known, 14 species were found to have ethnomedical uses for the leaves, kino and/or bark. Analysis of the references obtained for these 14 Corymbia spp. revealed that the essential oils, crude extracts and compounds isolated from these species possess an array of biological activities including anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-protozoal, anti-viral, larvicidal, insecticidal, acaricidal, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-cancer and anti-diabetic activities, highlighting the potential for this under-studied genus to provide lead compounds and treatments for a host of medical conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The involvement of enzymes to utilize lignocellulosic biomass into biorefinery is often a challenging task. The fruit exocarp—jackfruit, pineapple, and kaffir were utilized for the production of yellow laccase by Trametes versicolor at solid-state fermentation. Laccase, a protagonist enzyme, has a major vital application in biotechnology field. The laccase productivity from jackfruit exocarp was increased from 4.71 to 9.58 U/mL at 25 °C respectively on the twenty-second day, whereas by exocarps of pineapple and kaffir was reduced to 5.72 and 4.91U/mL. The highest enzyme production was performed at an equal molar ratio of inorganic substrates with pH 4, 70% of moisture content at 25 °C. Furthermore, the yellow laccase was purified and obtained 2.23-fold higher than crude enzyme with specific activity as 4.43U/mg. The molecular weight of the purified laccase enzyme was 44 kDa with protein concentration as 83 µg/mL; copper content as 219.1 µg/L, and carbohydrate content with 8% were procured. The laccase activity towards guaiacol substrate was examined by Lineweaver–Burk plot. The kinetic studies of laccase shows Km value of 1.8 mM and Vmax 4.8 µmol/ml/min. The rate constant kcat was 0.0267 mol L/s and the substrate specificity of the enzyme kcat/Km was 152.44/M/s. The production and the characteristic study of T. versicolor laccase were confirmed by UV spectra and FTIR, which showed stronger intensity at β-sheet than at α-helix. The surface of the fruit exocarps and the laccase enzyme were examined under SEM. This one-step approach of metabolic process the finite resources optimize the productivity, diminish the greenhouse gas emissions, and hence a revolutionary change from the linear economy to circular economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most prevalent neurological disability among young adults. Anti-inflammatory drugs have shown to be effective in MS. The anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties of Zingiber officinale (ginger) have been shown and proven in many phytotherapy studies. This study aimed to evaluate effects of ginger essential oil on preventing myelin degradation in a rat model of MS. Materials and Methods: In this study, we divided 49 rats into 7 groups; 4 control and 3 experimental groups that received 3 different dose of ginger essential oil (50, 100, and 150 mg/kg/day) for treatment of cuprizone-induced demyelinated rats. Basket test and transmission electron microscopy were performed in this study. Olig2 and Mbp genes and proteins were respectively evaluated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: Histologically, cuprizone created demyelination in the corpus callosum fibers. Remyelination of fibers was seen in the group treated with the medium dose of ginger essence, by toluidine blue staining. transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed increased thickness of the myelin of fibers in all 3 treated groups (p<0.05). Feeding by the medium dose of ginger essence significantly increased the levels of Mbp and Olig2 genes (p<0.05). ELISA test showed that 100 mg/kg/day of ginger caused a significant difference between experimental and the cuprizone-induced groups (p<0.05). Conclusion: Our findings suggested that administration of ginger essential oil prevented demyelination and improved remyelination of rats' corpus callusom and can be used as an effective substance in the prevention of MS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxidative stress plays a prominent role in expanding toxicity and various diseases. This study investigated the potential protective effects of ginger (Zingiber officinale) rhizome extract and NAC on docetaxel induced genotoxicity and oxidative stress. The antioxidant power of NAC and ginger extract on the genetic toxicity induced by docetaxel was assessed by micronucleus test. The ROS test with DCFH reagent was used to assess the reactive oxygen species. The thiobarbituric acid method was used to evaluate the amount of MDA produced by docetaxel. The amounts of phenol and flavonoids in the ginger extracts were also evaluated. The amount of phenol in the ginger extract was 0.886 mg of gallic acid per gram of dry extract. The amount of flavonoids were 0.242 mg/mL of quercetin per gram of dry extract. As shown by the micronucleus results, concentrations of 100 and 500 μM NAC and all concentrations of the ginger extract significantly reduced the number of micronuclei produced by docetaxel. On the other hand, the results of oxidative stress tests (ROS and LPO) showed that docetaxel in HGF cells increased the production of ROS and LPO, and the concentrations of ginger extract and NAC decreased oxidative stress in HGF cells in a dose-dependent manner. The results indicate that using these two antioxidants helps inhibit genetic toxicity and oxidative stress caused by docetaxel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) is a plant known all over the world that is used as a spice and as an ingredient in drinks, dietary supplements, and cosmetics. The growing availability of its fresh rhizomes makes it even more likely to be used in the diet, mainly due to its beneficial health properties and high content of polyphenols (gingerols and shogaols). The main goal and motivation of the authors was to assess the bioavailability of active substances contained in the extract from ginger rhizomes in the presence of various types of diets using the in vitro digestion method, enabling simulation of the processes occurring during the digestion and absorption of metabolites in the small intestine. For the qualitative and quantitative analyses, the HPLC-MS (High Performance Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry) and HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) techniques were used, respectively. Based on the obtained results, it was found that the best bioavailability of the selected ginger polyphenols (6-gingerol, 8-gingerdione, 8-shogaol, and 10-gingerdione) was estimated for a high-fiber diet, while the weakest results were obtained for standard and basic diets. In the case of the high-fiber diet, the bioavailability of the mentioned compounds was estimated as 33.3, 21.4, 6.73, and 21.0%, while for the basic diet, it was only 21.3, 5.3, 2.0, and 1.0%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant products have been employed in medicine for centuries. As the world becomes more health-conscious, there is a growing interest in natural and minimally processed products for oral health care. This has led to an increase in research into the bioactive compounds found in plant products, particularly monoterpenes. Monoterpenes are known to have beneficial biological properties, but the specific mechanisms by which they exert their effects are not yet fully understood. Despite this, some monoterpenes are already being used in oral health care. For example, thymol, which has antibacterial properties, is an ingredient in varnish used for caries prevention. In addition to this, monoterpenes have also demonstrated antifungal, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory properties, making them versatile for various applications. As research continues, there is potential for even more discoveries regarding the benefits of monoterpenes in oral health care. This narrative literature review gives an overview of the biological properties and current and potential applications of selected monoterpenes and their derivatives in oral health care. These compounds demonstrate promising potential for future medical development, and their applications in future research are expected to expand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The antifungal and antioxidant properties of essential oils (EOs) derived from four plants were assessed in vitro: Rosmarinus officinalis, Myrtus communis, Origanum compactum, and Eugenia aromatica. These plants are renowned for their diverse biological activities. Antioxidant activities were evaluated using DPPH, ABTS, and TAC tests. Antifungal activity was tested against four postharvest pathogens associated with chickpea in storage: Fusarium culmorum, Rhizopus oryzae, Penicillium italicum, and Aspergillus niger, using the broth microdilution technique. Additionally, the efficacy of several major compounds against fungi found in the EOs 1,8-cineole, carvacrol, and eugenol was evaluated. Furthermore, this study explored the potential synergy of combining eugenol and carvacrol in various ratios. Based on the results, E. aromatica EO exhibited the highest antioxidant activity, as evidenced by its lowest IC50 values for a DPPH of 0.006 mg/mL. This EO also demonstrated the best antifungal activity, with MIC values ranging from 0.098 to 0.13 μL/mL. The high concentration of eugenol in this oil was identified as a contributing factor to its potent antifungal effects. The individual application of eugenol displayed significant antifungal efficacy, which was further enhanced by incorporating carvacrol at a 1:3 ratio. This synergistic combination presents promising potential for the development of specific formulations aimed at optimizing grain protection during storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Lakadong turmeric (LKD) from Meghalaya, India, boasts high curcumin levels, but lacks scientific study. Moreover, Curcumin's poor solubility hinders its clinical use in inflammation and wound healing. This study isolated curcumin from LKD, forming a PLGA nanosuspension-based nanogel and explored for its potential anti-inflammatory and cutaneous wound healing activity in Wistar rats. Methodology: The LKD rhizome was successively extracted by soxhlet using chloroform, hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol and their total phenolic content and antioxidant property was determined. Chloroform extract was loaded in column chromatography and curcumin was isolated, purified and characterized by FTIR, NMR, DSC, MS and HPTLC and its purity was analyzed by HPLC. The isolated curcumin was loaded into PLGA nanosuspensions by nanoprecipitation method followed by conversion to carbopol based Nanogel. The nanogels were characterized physicochemically and the drug permeation was observed. The optimized nanogel was evaluated for its anti-inflammatory and cutaneous wound healing activity by carrageenan-induced paw edema and excision wound model in albino Wistar rats divided in five groups and treated with plain carbopol gel, marketed turmeric cream and Cur NS nanogel (0.6% w/w equivalent curcumin each). Results: Results depicted that the chloroform extract showed the presence of a considerable amount of phenolics with 50-60% yield of curcumin. HPLC analysis depicted that the LKD curcumin had higher purity when compared to standard curcumin. Homogenous curcumin nanosuspensions were obtained with size 150 ± 50 nm and PDI 0.2 ± 0.1. The Cur-NS-nanogel showed satisfactory physical property, drug loading and stability. Ex vivo permeation studies in rats showed controlled permeation with steady state flux of 21.28 ± 0.23 µg/cm2/hr in 24 h. Topical intervention with Cur-NS-nanogel (0.6%) significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the paw volume by 43.97% in the 3rd hour and 72.19% on the 4th hour. Furthermore, the cutaneous wound healing property of Cur-NS-nanogel when compared to negative control rats showed a substantial (p < 0.05) reduction in the percentage wound contraction from 5 to 20th days. Conclusion: LKD showed high curcumin content with significant antioxidant effects. LKD curcumin loaded into stable nanogel depicted safe and controlled skin permeability with promising cutaneous wound healing and anti-inflammatory activity in experimental rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers are looking for the most effective ways to extract the bioactive substances of Juniperus communis L. berries, which are capable of displaying the greatest range of biological activity, namely antimicrobial potential "against phytopathogens", antioxidant activity and nematocidal activity. This study provides detailed information on the chemical activity, group composition and biological activity of the extracts of juniper berries of 1- and 2-year maturity (JB1 and JB2), which were obtained by using different solvents (pentane, chloroform, acetone, methanol and 70% ethanol) under various extraction conditions (maceration and ultrasound-assisted maceration (US)). Seventy percent ethanol and acetone extracts of juniper berries were analyzed via gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, and they contained monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, polysaccharides, steroids, fatty acid esters and bicyclic monoterpenes. The antimicrobial activity was higher in the berries of 1-year maturity, while the acetone extract obtained via ultrasound-assisted maceration was the most bioactive in relation to the phytopathogens. Depending on the extraction method and the choice of solvent, the antioxidant activity with the use of US decreased by 1.5–1.9 times compared to the extracts obtained via maceration. An analysis of the nematocidal activity showed that the sensitivity to the action of extracts in Caenorhabditis elegans was significantly higher than in Caenorhabditis briggsae, particularly for the acetone extract obtained from the juniper berries of 1-year maturity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the article, selected theses from J. Sniadecki's  work „On the physical education of children" are reconstructed from the perspective of modern scientific knowledge. Statements from  years ago turn out to be accurate and up-to-date: the postulate of the integrity of upbringing, the primary goal of which should be to build health, criticism of one-sided intellectual education of children, warning against the negative effects of immobilizing children in the classroom, the postulate of including in the educational process the means that our ancestors used. The result of the analysis is also a proposal for kinesthetic education for preschool and early school-age children, as well as interventions aimed at actualizing biological potential, which was defined as paleohominization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phenolic compounds are one of the main organic pollutants in the environment that can seriously affect ecosystems, even at very low concentrations. Due to the resistance of phenolic compounds to microorganisms, conventional biological treatment methods face challenges in effectively addressing this pollution problem. In this study, a novel laccase mimic (Tris-Cu nanozyme) is prepared using a simple and rapid synthesis strategy based on the coordination of copper ions and amino groups in Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris). It is found that the Tris-Cu nanozyme exhibits good catalytic activity against a variety of phenolic compounds, the Km, Vmax and Kcat are determined to be 0.18 mM, 15.62 μM·min−1 and 1.57 × 107 min−1 using 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DP) as the substrate, respectively. Then, based on the laccase-like activity of the Tris-Cu nanozyme, a novel colorimetric method for 2,4-DP (the limit of detection (LOD) = 2.4 μM, S/N = 3) detection in the range of 10–400 μM was established, and its accuracy was verified by analyzing tap and lake water samples. In addition, the Tris-Cu nanozyme shows excellent removal abilities for six phenolic compounds in experiments. The removal percentages for 2,4-DP, 2-chlorophenol (2-CP), phenol, resorcinol, 2,6-dimethoxyphenol (2,6-DOP), and bisphenol A (BPA) are 100%, 100%, 100%, 100%, 87%, and 81% at 1 h, respectively. In the simulated effluent, the Tris-Cu nanozyme maintains its efficient catalytic activity towards 2,4-DP, with a degradation percentage of 76.36% at 7 min and a reaction rate constant (k0) of 0.2304 min−1. Therefore, this metal–organic complex shows promise for applications in the monitoring and degrading of environmental pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objective: In this study, it is aimed to research the antioxidant activity of 13 essential oils and 4 synthetic standards, which are frequently used in aromatherapy. Methods: The essential oils were determined by their 1,1-d iphen yl-2-picry lhydr azyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging abilities and the volatile components of the most effective essential oil were analyzed by GC-MS. Results: Among the essential oils, the one with highest DPPH radical-scavenging activity was clove essential oil (Eugenia Caryophyllus Flower Oil) (IC50 2.31 µg/mL). A low IC50 (half-maximal inhibitory concentration) value indicates high radical-scavenging ability. The IC50 values of DPPH scavenging of essential oils and standard antioxidants decreased in the following order: ylangylang, frankincense, thyme, cedarwood (23.11 µg/mL), ylang-ylang, eucalyptus, bergamot, rosemary, wintergreen, lemon, ginger, immortelle, myrrh, grapefruit (34.66 µg/mL), and patchouli (69.32 µg/mL). help_outlineThe analysis of clove essential oil with the highest DPPH activity was performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and it was determined that it was mainly composed of eugenol (81.80%) and caryophyllene (13.90%). Conclusion: Clove can be used for medicinal and food preservation purposes as a natural antioxidant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The antioxidant activity of essential oils (EOs) is an important and frequently studied property, yet it is not sufficiently understood in terms of the contribution of EOs mixtures' constituents and biological properties. In this study, a series of 61 commercial EOs were first evaluated as antioxidants in vitro, following as closely as possible the cellular pathways of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Hence, EOs were assessed for the ability either to chelate metal ions, thus interfering with ROS generation within the respiratory chain, or to neutralize 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) and lipid peroxide radicals (LOO•), thereby halting lipid peroxidation, as well as to neutralize 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid cation radicals (ABTS•+) and hydroxyl radicals (OH•), thereby preventing the ROS species from damaging DNA nucleotides. Showing noteworthy potencies to neutralize all of the radicals at the ng/mL level, the active EOs were also characterized as protectors of DNA double strands from damage induced by peroxyl radicals (ROO•), emerging from 2,2′-azobis-2-methyl-propanimidamide (AAPH) as a source, and OH•, indicating some genome protectivity and antigenotoxicity effectiveness in vitro. The chemical compositions of the EOs associated with the obtained activities were then analyzed by means of machine learning (ML) classification algorithms to generate quantitative composition–activity relationships (QCARs) models (models published in the AI4EssOil database available online). The QCARs models enabled us to highlight the key features (EOSs' chemical compounds) for exerting the redox potencies and to define the partial dependencies of the features, viz. percentages in the mixture required to exert a given potency. The ML-based models explained either the positive or negative contribution of the most important chemical components: limonene, linalool, carvacrol, eucalyptol, α-pinene, thymol, caryophyllene, p-cymene, eugenol, and chrysanthone. Finally, the most potent EOs in vitro, Ylang-ylang (Cananga odorata (Lam.)) and Ceylon cinnamon peel (Cinnamomum verum J. Presl), were promptly administered in vivo to evaluate the rescue ability against redox damage caused by CCl4, thereby verifying their antioxidant and antigenotoxic properties either in the liver or in the kidney. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As only 10% of the broiler breeder flock is roosters, their fertility is very important. The rooster sperm plasma membrane has high concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids that are sensitive to oxidative stress. Lipid peroxidation can change membrane structure, permeability, and fluidity, adversely affecting the acrosome reaction and fertility. Aging roosters have decreases in sexual behavior, serum androgen concentrations, sperm quantity and quality, and fertility. Low fertility in aging roosters is attributed to an imbalanced testicular oxidant-antioxidant system, with increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) damaging spermatogenic epithelium. However, antioxidant components can enhance antioxidant defenses in aging broiler breeder roosters. Protection against oxidative damage, particularly in the testes, improves reproductive hormone concentrations, testicular histology, sperm membrane function, and mitochondrial activity and thereby improves semen volume, sperm concentration, viability, motility, and sperm polyunsaturated fatty acid content, sperm-egg penetration, fertility, and reproductive performance. This review summarizes antioxidants that could improve fertility and reproductive performance and delay or prevent age-related declines in broiler breeder roosters, with benefits for poultry production., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to American Aging Association.)

Lemongrass ( Cymbopogon flexuosus ) essential oil (LGEO) contains α-citral, β-citral and other phytochemicals extracted using various methods. This research extracted essential oils using steam distillation (SD) and microwave-assisted hydro distillation (MAHD) to maximize quantity and purity. LGEO was tested for antibacterial properties. LGEO was extracted using SD and compared to MAHD output based on oil production and chemical composition. We performed GCMS to characterize LGEO. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) used for quantum chemical analysis. Spectroscopic analysis showed that SD extracted secondary metabolites (ethyl-linalool, isogeranial, β-citral, α-citral, geranyl acetate, and caryophyllene) yielded 9.7 %, 11.5 %, 35.4 %, 13.4 %, 6.4 %, and 6.4 %, respectively, while MAHD yielded 10.2 %, 13.4 %, 43.2 %, 17.3 %, 6.9 %, and 7.3 %. MAHD extracted α and β citral content was better than SD extraction technique. FTIR spectroscopy and quantum chemistry analysis showed extracted oil chemical composition, electronic structure of α and β citral isomers. In the disc-diffusion experiment, both extracts were effective against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and harmful fungi. LGEO from SD and MAHD extraction (30 mg/mL) demonstrated disc diffusion assay antibacterial efficacy against microorganisms. The two extracts effectively inhibited microorganisms with MIC values of 3.75 and 7.5 μg/mL. It can be concluded that, LGEO have greater antimicrobial activity in MAHD extraction., (© 2024 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston.)

Flaxseed oil is a prevalent food supplement. On one hand, vegetable oil is used in the food industry and pharmacy due to its health benefits; on the other hand, it has an application as a lubricant oil. The fatty acid composition of the investigated oil was determined as follows: the main fatty acids were α-linolenic (57.5%), oleic (17.5%), linoleic (12.5%), palmitic (6.0%), and stearic acid (4.3%). The content of unsaponifiable matter was 1.4%. The total sterol content was determined (0.5%), with identified β-sitosterol (79.7%) as a main component, followed by stigmasterol. The content of tocopherols was found to be 243 mg/kg. The compound γ-tocopherol predominated (68%) in the tocopherol fraction, followed by γ-tocotrienol (32%). Some physicochemical indicators were also determined—density, surface tension, and dynamic and kinematic viscosity—at the following temperatures: 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80 °C. The increase in temperature led to a decrease in all indexes and good linear dependence was observed. The determined physicochemical indicators provided information about the stability of flaxseed oil, which is very important considering its use in food and technical products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, plant essential oil (EO) is considered a potential food preservative because of its antibacterial and antioxidant properties. High safety and natural are the main advantages of its application. However, the direct use of EO has many limitations, such as low water solubility, high volatility, high sensitivity to the environment and strong odor. Therefore, encapsulating EOs to form a capsule-like substance is an effective way to protect the activity of EOs. Encapsulation could improve the stability of bioactive compounds, and endow EO with sustained-release characteristics which could extend the actuation duration. Except for playing an antibacterial role, the use of EOs as preservatives in food preservation also helps to protect or improve certain physicochemical properties of food to maintain the overall quality of food. This review classifies and summarizes the encapsulation methods, wall materials and effects of several EOs with strong antimicrobial activity, and clarifies the factors that affect the release of EOs from capsules. The application of EO capsules in food preservation and their various forms of preservation are also summarized to provide more references for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The shrimp industry, including its culture and feed sectors, exhibited steady growth over the years with a reduced cost–benefit ratio due to increasing production costs attributed mainly to enhanced feed costs. The unsustainable availability and rapid increase in fishmeal cost have forced the aquafeed sector to reduce dietary inclusion levels. The filamentous fungus, Aspergillus niger plays an important role in utilising plant protein sources for formulating cost‐effective shrimp feed. A. niger has been reported to produce numerous hydrolytic enzymes to degrade the limiting factors of plant proteins such as antinutrients and fibre fractions. This fungus enhanced not only the quantity but also the quality of proteins and amino acids, especially methionine and lysine. Likewise, it also increased the availability of soluble minerals, particularly phosphorous, by degrading the phytic‐phosphorus, thereby helping to replace dietary fishmeal up to 80% in penaeid shrimps. Consequently, this fungus could reduce feed formulation cost significantly. However, the mycotoxins produced by this fungus pose difficulties during large‐scale fermentation, and its implications on the workers and environment cast doubt about its efficacy and utility. However, recent developments indicate that A. niger could be an alternative choice in reducing the pressure on fishmeal demand by enhancing the nutrient utilization of plant‐based materials leading to the formulation of, cost‐effective feeds that can sustain shrimp culture and production in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interest in space exploration has seen substantial growth following recent launch and operation of modern space technologies. In particular, the possibility of travel beyond low earth orbit is seeing sustained support. However, future deep space travel requires addressing health concerns for crews under continuous, longer‐term exposure to adverse environmental conditions. Among these challenges, radiation‐induced health issues are a major concern. Their potential to induce chronic illness is further potentiated by the microgravity environment. While investigations into the physiological effects of space radiation are still under investigation, studies on model ionizing radiation conditions, in earth and micro‐gravity conditions, can provide needed insight into relevant processes. Substantial formation of high, sustained reactive oxygen species (ROS) evolution during radiation exposure is a clear threat to physiological health of space travelers, producing indirect damage to various cell structures and requiring therapeutic address. Radioprotection toward the skeletal system components is essential to astronaut health, due to the high radio‐absorption cross‐section of bone mineral and local hematopoiesis. Nanotechnology can potentially function as radioprotectant and radiomitigating agents toward ROS and direct radiation damage. Nanoparticle compositions such as gold, silver, platinum, carbon‐based materials, silica, transition metal dichalcogenides, and ceria have all shown potential as viable radioprotectants to mitigate space radiation effects with nanoceria further showing the ability to protect genetic material from oxidative damage in several studies. As research into space radiation‐induced health problems develops, this review intends to provide insights into the nanomaterial design to ameliorate pathological effects from ionizing radiation exposure. This article is categorized under:Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging TechnologiesNanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in BiologyNanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Cells at the NanoscaleTherapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cascalote pods are an important source of phenolic compounds, mainly recovered using solvent extraction methods. To find a sustainable alternative to these methods, this study aimed to evaluate solid-state fermentation (SSF) in order to enhance the extractability of total phenolic compounds (TPC) with antioxidant activity (AA) from cascalote pods. Aspergillus niger GH1 was selected based on the amount of TPC released and AA measured (ABTS, DPPH, FRAP) in a short period of time. Moreover, moisture, temperature, inoculum size, and mineral composition were evaluated. The largest amount of TPC released was 124.17 mg/gdw (g of dry weight) after 12 h of culture, which significantly correlated with the AA (Pearson's R = 0.94). Moisture and KH2PO4 concentration were the main influencing factors of TPC release. Treatment 6 (1 × 107 spores/gdw, 30 °C, 60% moisture, mineral composition (g/L): KH2PO4, 1.52; NaNO3, 7.65; and MgSO4, 1.52) was selected due to the highest values of both TPC and AA. SSF-assisted extraction allowed for an increase of 118% and 93% in TPC and AA values, respectively. Corilagin, lagerstannin, geraniin, and ellagic acid were the main phenolic compounds identified by RP-HPLC-ESI-MS in the cascalote extracts. The results obtained demonstrate the feasibility of SSF-assisted extraction as a biotechnological alternative for the recovery of important bioactive molecules from this underutilized material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes mellitus is the world's major public health issue and has been dubbed the "Silent Epidemic" of the twenty-first century. This is the first ethnobotanical exploration to document the folk medicinal usage of plants with therapeutic antidiabetic properties by the Pnar tribes of East Jaintia Hills, Meghalaya. Forty-one practitioners and knowledgeable people were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire. Field inventories were then conducted to collect plant material for botanical identification. In this study, 51 plant species belonging to 34 families and 45 genera have been identified. This study indicates that herbs were the most prevalent living form used (N = 23) for the treatment. Rhus semialata is one of the most frequently cited medicinal plants, with a Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC) of 0.73. Moreover, the details about the phytochemicals and the pharmacological activities of identified plant species have been reviewed and disclosed. Agricultural expansion, deforestation, urbanization, and unscientific exploitation of the forests were cited most when respondents were asked about the threat to medicinal plants. Of the 51 plant species, 12 are included on the IUCN Red List. Therefore, this documentation of indigenous plants would create awareness about the importance of medicinal plants and their conservation and protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) is a plant recognized for its pungent taste and aromatic qualities, primarily derived from its underground rhizome. Apart from its widespread culinary applications, ginger is valued for its potential health benefits attributed to the presence of gingerols and shogaols. For this reason, this work proposes the development of a microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) method for the extraction of gingerols and shogaols present in ginger rhizomes. The influence of the extraction temperature (50–100 °C), the solvent composition (50–100% ethanol in water), and the sample-to-solvent ratio (0.3–0.7 g sample: 20 mL) on the extraction of these bioactive compounds has been studied. To this end, a Box–Behnken experimental design (BBD) in combination with a response surface methodology (RSM) has been applied. The optimum conditions for the total extraction of gingerols and shogaols were: 87% ethanol in water, 100 °C, and 0.431 g of ginger sample in 20 mL solvent. The developed method required short extraction times (5 min) and demonstrated favorable levels of repeatability and intermediate precision (CV < 5%). Finally, the MAE method was successfully used for the extraction of gingerols and shogaols from a variety of ginger samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum) is useful as an antioxidant, immunomodulator, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory. Eco-enzymes can enhance ginger growth and increase phytochemical content and antioxidant activity. This study aimed to identify the composition of phytochemical compounds and antioxidant activity. The study was designed in a completely randomized design in 3 replications. This study consisted of 4 treatments: without eco-enzymes, 0.1% eco-enzymes, 0.3% eco-enzymes and 0.5% eco-enzymes. The phytochemical content of the ginger rhizome eight months after planting and its antioxidant activity were measured using various methods, such as the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method and the spectrophotometric method for measuring total flavonoid content (TFC) and total phenolic content (TPC). The study showed that ginger rhizome contained flavonoids, phenolic and terpenoid compounds in all treatments. Eco-enzymes significantly increased ginger rhizome's flavonoid and phenolic content (p<0.05). The results obtained are non-linear because the higher the concentration of eco-enzyme, both the flavonoid, phenolic, and antioxidant activity values are non-linear. The highest flavonoid content was obtained from ginger, with an eco-enzyme concentration of 0.3%, which was 0.11%, while the highest phenolic content was found at a concentration of 0.5%, 53.54%. In contrast, the percentage of inhibition in the DPPH test was 73.65%. Red ginger with 0.5% eco-enzyme has potent antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 4.238 ppm. With the help of eco-enzymes, red ginger can be transformed into antioxidant-rich food products that are environmentally friendly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the role of the contemporary Bulgarian linguist in the complex processes of codification of literary-linguistic norms. The text is linked to the 75th anniversary of the eminent Bulgarian linguist Prof. Vladko Murdarov. The object of the analytical observations in the text are problems related to the codification of literary-language norms, to the curricula and textbooks on Bulgarian language in secondary school; to the notion of language policy, as well as to the issues of the public image of the Bulgarian language in the media space. A brief overview is given of important historical processes that have shaped the development of the Bulgarian language and its science. The author summarizes the important features that every contemporary linguist should possess - depth of linguistic knowledge in synchronous and diachronic terms, a sense of the dynamics of linguistic processes in order to be able to objectively reflect the complex processes of language development, linking them to the complex and dynamic processes of social development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cinnamon leaf essential oil extraction using steam distillation method is a time-consuming and energy-intensive process. Furthermore, a lower yield and a higher rate of product degradation are this method's main drawbacks. Thus, the goal of this research is to optimize the extraction process parameters of cinnamon leaf essential oil in response to maximizing the yield while retaining quality by using response surface methodology (RSM). The application of extracted essential oil on minced beef to assess its preservative effect was also the other objective of this research. Extraction time (120–210 min), extraction temperature (105–115 ℃), and feed mass (300–600 g) were the chosen independent variables of the optimization experiment using central composite design (CCD). Furthermore, the extracted essential oil's antibacterial and microbiological preservative activity on minced beef was evaluated. At extraction time of 175.43 min, extraction temperature of 105 °C, and a feed mass of 600 g, the optimum predicted value of cinnamon leaf essential oil yield and cinnamaldehyde concentration (% area) was 2.9% and 34.6%, respectively. Moreover, the second-order polynomial equation fits the experimental data for 20-run experimental data. The chemical composition of cinnamon leaf essential oil extracted at optimal conditions was dominated by eugenol (60.68%) and cinnamaldehyde (33.94%). Additionally, the optimally extracted cinnamon essential oil inhibited the growth of bacteria, particularly gram-positive bacteria. After twenty-one days of storage at 4 °C, total viable count of minced beef seasoned with cinnamon essential oil at concentration of 1.2% (v/v) was lower than 106 CFU/g. To conclude, optimized cinnamon leaf essential oil extraction process provides better yield while retaining its functional properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study delineates the development of a novel rugged and sensitive stability‐indicating risk‐based HPLC method for the concurrent estimation of methotrexate and mangiferin in dual drug‐loaded nanopharmaceuticals based on an analytical QbD approach. Preliminary screening trials along with systemic risk analysis were performed, endeavouring to explicate the critical method attributes, namely pH, percentage orthophosphoric acid content and percentage methanol content, that influence critical quality attributes. Box–Behnken design was utilized for the optimization of the tailing factor as response for methotrexate and mangiferin in short run time. The chromatographic conditions were optimized by performing 17 experimental runs acquired from Design‐Expert software. The chromatographic conditions after the analysis of an optimized zone within the confines of the design space were chosen as mobile phase water–methanol adjusted to pH 3.0 with 0.05% orthophosphoric acid (65:35, v/v) and flow rate 1.0 ml/min using a C18 analytical column at an isosbestic wavelength of 265 nm. Furthermore, the validation of the optimized method was done in accordance with International Conference on Harmonization guidelines and were reckoned to be in the prescribed limits. The developed RP‐HPLC method has a high degree of practical utility for synchronous detection of methotrexate and mangiferin in pharmaceutical nano‐dosage forms such as protein‐based‐nanoparticles, nanocrystals, polymeric nanoparticles and metallic nanoparticles in in vivo and in vitro studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alopecia, the loss of hair on the scalp and/or body, experienced by millions of people worldwide, can be a very debilitating condition. Specifically, androgenetic alopecia (AGA), commonly known as male or female pattern baldness, is the most common form of hair loss. In the African diaspora, oils have traditionally been used to promote hair growth and recently, the application of hair oils to the scalp for the treatment of alopecia has become increasingly popular. With the recent surge of hair oil usage in the Black community, more research is needed to determine the efficacy of hair oils, as most studies have primarily used mice subjects. This article reviews the existing literature to better understand the use of hair oils in the treatment of androgenetic alopecia. Specifically, we investigate the popular carrier oils, castor oil, and pumpkin oil as well as the essential oils, lavender, peppermint, rosemary, and tea tree oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) method was developed with selectivity, simplicity and sensitivity in mind for the purpose of identifying and quantitatively estimating mangiferin in various extracts of Mangifera indica. A solvent mixture comprising acetone‒chloroform‒formic acid‒water (2:10:0.5:1.0, V/V) was utilised as the developing solvent to achieve efficient band separation. Densitometric analysis was conducted at a wavelength of 350 nm. The range for linearity was determined to be between 0.2 and 1.0 μg per spot. During analysis, it was observed that the ethanolic extract of M. indica exhibited a higher concentration of mangiferin in comparison with the dimethylformamide (DMF), acetone and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) extracts. The methodology underwent additional validation to ensure its accuracy, robustness, linearity, specificity and precision to a linear relationship. Additionally, the antioxidant efficacy of M. indica extracts was evaluated through the utilisation of the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. The ethanolic extract exhibited the most substantial antioxidant potential with a percentage inhibition of 70.32%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quantity of industrially polluted waters is increasing everywhere, of which a significant part is occupied by a number of mono- and poly-aromatic compounds. Toxins enter the soil, sewage, and clean water by mixing with or seeping into them from industrial wastewater. By using 18S RNA and ITS sequences, the Penicillium commune AL5 strain that was isolated from Antarctic soil was identified. This study is dedicated to exploring its capacity to metabolize hazardous aromatic compounds. The strain showed very good potential in the degradation of hydroxylated monophenols and possessed exceptional abilities in terms of resorcinol degradation. The strain's ability to metabolize 0.3 g/L of p-cresol at 10 °C is notable. The strain is also capable of metabolizing LMW PAHs (naphthalene, anthracene, and phenanthrene) and eliminating all three tested compounds under 23 °C, respectively, 77.5%, 93.8%, and 75.1%. At 10 °C, the process slowed down, but the degradation of naphthalene continued to be over 50%. The quantity of PAH and a few significant intermediary metabolites were determined using GC–MS analysis. Sequencing of the enzymes phenol hydroxylase and catechol 1,2-dioxygenase revealed a close association with the genes and proteins in some fungal strains that can degrade the aromatic compounds examined thus far. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A substantial body of research has demonstrated the relationships between cardiac arrhythmias and geomagnetic activity. In this work, the idea is centered on finding the relationship between the local magnetic field (LMF) and acute myocardial infarction (AMI). It is hypothesized and demonstrated via a series of statistical analyses that the relationship between the LMF and AMI is maintained over long-term observation windows. The data are collected from the two hospitals and one public institute of health in Lithuania from 2014 till 2019. The data are categorized into (1) daily average of the Schumann resonance for the local magnetic field measured by the Lithuanian magnetometer, which is used as the input variable; and (2) the total number of patients hospitalized in Lithuania per day with the diagnosis of AMI (the output variable). The data are classified both weekly as well as by gender. Following the data categorization and classification, the data were subjected to rigorous statistical analysis to determine the relationship between the input and output variables. This paper shows that only the beta and gamma (S-beta, S-gamma) frequency ranges of the Schumann resonances contribute to maintaining the long-term relationship between the LMF and AMI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thaumetopoea wilkinsoni Tams. is the most important pine defoliator in the Mediterranean Basin and can cause serious growth losses on trees. At this point, the purpose of this study was to investigate the larvicidal effects of eight plant essential oils as biological control agents for the pine processionary moth. For this purpose, Artemisia vulgaris L., Juniperus drupacea Labill., Melissa officinalis L., Ocimum basilicum L., Origanum majorana L., Rosmarinus officinalis L., Sideritis leptoclada O. Schwarz & P.H. Davis and Vitex agnus-castus L. essential oils were tested on the fourth/fifth larval periods of T. wilkinsoni. The essential oils from the eight plants were obtained by hydrodistillation and analysed by GC/MS. The most abundant compounds from each studied species were as follows: 1,8-cineole (20.68%) for R. officinalis, β-pinene (26.73%) for S. leptoclada, linalool (38.67%) for O. majorana, p-mentha-1,5-dien-8-ol (36.44%) for M. officinalis, eugenol acetate (38.78%) for O. basilicum, 1,8-cineole (22.10%) for V. agnus-castus, d-limonene (45.21%) for J. drupacea and trans-β-caryophyllene (21.22%) for A. vulgaris. The results show that all eight essential oils exhibited promising efficacy in a dose-dependent manner on T. wilkinsoni larvae after 24 hours. The highest larvicidal effect was obtained from J. drupacea, followed by O. basilicum, with LC50 values of 73.55 and 95.04 ppm, respectively. The data obtained from this study clearly indicate that J. drupacea and O. basilicum essential oils have the potential to have larvicidal effects and these findings point to the possibility of using the essential oil of the current species to control T. wilkinsoni. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The particle size at the nanometric level allows the manifestation of remarkable properties, chiefly due to changes in surface-to-volume ratio. This study is attributed to the novel green synthesis of nano silver by using essential oils as a capping and reducing agent. Clove oil, cinnamon oil, and cardamom oil were selected for the eco-friendly and low-cost fabrication of silver nanoparticles. The prepared nanoparticles were characterized by photoluminescence spectroscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy, X-Ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, dynamic laser light scattering, thermogravimetric analysis, and transmission electron microscopy. It was found that samples prepared by using cinnamon oil (20 nm) and cardamom oil (12 nm) had smaller particle sizes as compared to those synthesized by using clove oil (45 nm). All the prepared samples exhibited very strong antimicrobial activities with a clear zone of inhibition (6–24 mm) against Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Candida albicans. Very resilient photocatalytic activities of the samples were observed against Allura red and fast green dyes. It was concluded that the cinnamon oil-based system is the best size reducer and size homogenizer (less chances of agglomeration) as compared to clove oil and cardamom oil (more chances of agglomeration) for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]