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585 results on '"Spitznagel, Edward L."'

102. Posttraumatic stress disorder among substance users from the general population

Author

Cottler, Linda B., Compton, Wilson M., Mager, Douglas, Spitznagel, Edward L., and Janca, Aleksandar

Subjects
Post-traumatic stress disorder -- Research, Substance abuse -- Psychological aspects, Health, Psychology and mental health
Abstract

Objective: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among substance users in the general population. Method: The St. Louis Epidemiologic Catchment Area study, a survey of psychiatric illness in the general population, collected data on PTSD and substance use with the Diagnostic Interview Schedule. Among the 2,663 respondents, 430 reported a traumatic event that could qualify for PTSD; however, the rate of PTSD was low, 1.35% overall. To evaluate the relationship between PTSD and substance use, respondents were hierarchically classified into one of four substance use categories ranging from polydrug use to alcohol use only. Substance users from each category as well as substance users in general were compared with persons who did not meet the substance use threshold (comparison subjects). Results: Findings indicate that cocaine/opiate users are over three times as likely as comparison subjects to report a traumatic event, report more symptoms and events, and are more likely to meet diagnostic criteria for PTSD. Physical attack, but not combat-related events, was the most prevalent event reported among cocaine/opiate users. Onset of substance use preceded onset of posttraumatic symptoms, suggesting that substance use predisposes the individual to exposure to traumatic events. When other variables--including antisocial behavior--were controlled, female gender and use of cocaine/opiates predicted PTSD. Conclusions: These analyses of the co-occurrence of substance abuse and PTSD warrant further study and suggest that PTSD is much more common among substance abusers than was previously known. (Am J Psychiatry 1992; 149:664-670)

Published
1992

103. New methods in cross-cultural psychiatry: psychiatric illness in Taiwan and the United States

Author

Compton, Wilson M., III, Helzer, John E., Hwu, Hai-Gwo, Yeh, Eng-Kung, McEvoy, Larry, Tipp, Jayson E., and Spitznagel, Edward L.

Subjects
Mental illness -- Demographic aspects, Mental illness -- Taiwan, Psychiatry, Transcultural -- Surveys, Psychiatry, Transcultural -- Methods, Health, Psychology and mental health
Abstract

It is difficult to study psychiatric disorders across cultures; many variables are involved. For instance, case identification techniques differ in many countries, or they are not described fully in research reports making data comparison difficult. In an attempt to overcome some of the shortcomings of traditional cross-cultural psychiatric research, the present study compared the reported rates of psychiatric disorders in Taiwan with those in the US. Data from large, community-based studies in both countries were combined into a single data set for analysis. Both studies used the same diagnostic criteria for case identification. When lifetime prevalence rates of psychiatric disorders in both countries were generated from the data, the rates were lower in Taiwan than in the US during the period sampled at 21.56 and 35.55 percent, respectively. The rates of most specific disorders were lower in Taiwan as well. These results offer the first clear picture of cross-cultural differences in psychiatric morbidity. (Consumer Summary produced by Reliance Medical Information, Inc.)

Published
1991

105. The relation of ulcerative colitis to psychiatric factors: a review of findings and methods

Author

North, Carol S., Clouse, Ray E., Spitznagel, Edward L., and Alpers, David H.

Subjects
Ulcerative colitis -- Causes of, Ulcerative colitis -- Psychological aspects, Medical research -- Standards, Health, Psychology and mental health
Abstract

A psychiatric influence on the development of ulcerative colitis has been discussed for a long time. This study was done to review all the English-language literature on this subject in order to assess the validity of the researchers' conclusions. These evaluators found many inadequacies in the research methodology used in most of these studies, including small and nonrandom study groups, inappropriately confirmed medical diagnoses, lacking or inappropriate control groups, vague diagnostic criteria, and unwarranted conclusions. Out of 138 studies evaluated, only seven described adequate research methods according to the standards used by the authors of this review. The evaluators were especially critical of studies that lacked statistical data analysis and involved study group bias. Many of the studies were done on patients who had been referred for psychiatric treatment, without a non-psychiatric patient population used as a control group. These research inadequacies are not unique to studies on this topic, since more than 70 percent of a random sample of studies from American medical periodicals have presented insufficient statistics to support their conclusions. Among the seven studies which achieved quality research standards, none found an association between colitis and psychiatric diagnoses that was greater than would be found in the general population, and one (of four studies that looked) found an association between ulcerative colitis and certain personality factors. The authors stress the importance of using appropriate control groups and diagnostic criteria for all future studies assessing the relationship between psychiatric factors and ulcerative colitis. (Consumer Summary produced by Reliance Medical Information, Inc.)

Published
1990

110. PSYCHOSOCIAL ADJUSTMENT OF DIRECTLY EXPOSED SURVIVORS SEVEN YEARS AFTER THE OKLAHOMA CITY BOMBING

Author

North, Carol S., Pfefferbaum, Betty, Kawasaki, Aya, Lee, Sungkyu, and Spitznagel, Edward L.

Subjects
Employment, Male, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Chi-Square Distribution, Time Factors, Mental Disorders, Oklahoma, Article, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Alcoholism, Logistic Models, Humans, Female, Terrorism, Survivors, Social Adjustment
Abstract

The aim of this study was to prospectively examine the long-term course of psychiatric disorders, symptoms, and functioning among 113 directly exposed survivors of the Oklahoma City bombing systematically assessed at 6 months and again nearly 7 years postbombing.The Diagnostic Interview Schedule/Disaster Supplement was used to assess predisaster and postdisaster psychiatric disorders and symptoms and other variables of relevance to disaster exposure and outcomes.Total prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was 41%. Seven years postbombing, 26% of the sample still had active PTSD. Delayed-onset PTSD and new postdisaster alcohol use disorders were not observed. PTSD nonremission was predicted by the occurrence of negative life events after the bombing. Posttraumatic symptoms among survivors without PTSD decayed more rapidly than for those with PTSD, and symptoms remained at 7 years even for many who did not develop PTSD. Those with PTSD reported more functioning problems at index than those without PTSD, but functioning improved dramatically over 7 years, regardless of PTSD or remission from PTSD. No survivors had long-term employment disability based on psychiatric problems alone.These findings have potentially important implications for anticipation of long-term emotional and functional recovery from disaster trauma.

Published
2010

112. Maternal Age and Risk of Labor and Delivery Complications

Author

Cavazos-Rehg, Patricia A., primary, Krauss, Melissa J., additional, Spitznagel, Edward L., additional, Bommarito, Kerry, additional, Madden, Tessa, additional, Olsen, Margaret A., additional, Subramaniam, Harini, additional, Peipert, Jeffrey F., additional, and Bierut, Laura Jean, additional

Published
2014
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126. Age of sexual debut among US adolescents

Author

Cavazos-Rehg, Patricia A., primary, Krauss, Melissa J., additional, Spitznagel, Edward L., additional, Schootman, Mario, additional, Bucholz, Kathleen K., additional, Peipert, Jeffrey F., additional, Sanders-Thompson, Vetta, additional, Cottler, Linda B., additional, and Bierut, Laura Jean, additional

Published
2009
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128. Predictors of Sexual Debut at Age 16 or Younger

Author

Cavazos-Rehg, Patricia A., primary, Spitznagel, Edward L., additional, Bucholz, Kathleen K., additional, Nurnberger, John, additional, Edenberg, Howard J., additional, Kramer, John R., additional, Kuperman, Samuel, additional, Hesselbrock, Victor, additional, and Bierut, Laura Jean, additional

Published
2008
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142. Selected State Policies and Associations With Alcohol Use Behaviors and Risky Driving Behaviors Among Youth: Findings from Monitoring the Future Study

Author

Cavazos‐Rehg, Patricia A., Housten, Ashley J., Krauss, Melissa J., Sowles, Shaina J., Spitznagel, Edward L., Chaloupka, Frank J., Grucza, Richard, Johnston, Lloyd D., O'Malley, Patrick M., and Bierut, Laura J.

Abstract

Effective policies that can reduce alcohol use behaviors and impaired driving among young people at a population level are needed. Graduated driver licensing (GDL) laws increase the driving privileges of young novice drivers as they age and gain more driving experience. In this study, we seek to determine the effects of GDLs on risky driving behaviors of youth and to assess if GDLs have an unintended effect on underage drinking behaviors. We utilized 2000 to 2013 data on 12th grade students from the Monitoring the Future (MTF) study, an ongoing, annual national survey (since 1975) that studies the substance use behaviors of adolescents, as well as data on GDLlaws obtained via the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS). We conducted a series of regular logistic regression models that included fixed effects for year and state, and adjusted for demographic characteristics, school characteristics, and other state alcohol policies. Total weighted sample size was 129,289 12th graders. Past month alcohol use and binge drinking (i.e., ≥5 drinks on one occasion) in the past 2 weeks were 45 and 26%, respectively. Seventeen percent of respondents reported riding with a driver who drank alcohol. Nearly 12% reported driving in the past 2 weeks after drinking alcohol, and 7% reported driving after binge drinking. Over half of the students lived in a state with a “good” GDLlaw. The logistic regression models suggest a link between restrictive GDLpolicies and a reduction of alcohol use behaviors and risky driving behaviors among youth. Our findings indicate that the effects of GDLs extend beyond driving‐related risks and into other drinking‐related behaviors that pose immediate or delayed health risks for young people. We speculate that GDLs may dictate social norms and expectations for youth risk behaviors, and should be maximized throughout the United States. Graduated driver licensing (GDL) laws increase the driving privileges of young novice drivers as they age and gain more driving experience. In multivariable models, we found relatively consistent associations between restrictive GDLlaws and reduced youth alcohol use behaviors and alcohol‐related risky driving behaviors. The effects of GDLs extend beyond driving‐related risks and into other drinking‐related behaviors that pose immediate or delayed health risks for young people. All states should work toward implementing restrictive GDLs.

Published
2016
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143. Applying artificial neural network models to clinical decision making

Author

Kato Price, Rumi, Spitznagel, Edward L., Downey, Thomas, J., Meyers, Donald J., and Risk, Nathan K.

Subjects
Neural networks -- Usage, Psychological tests -- Models, Psychology and mental health
Abstract

Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are suitable for a range of clinical decision problems, although their application is lacking in psychological and psychiatric diagnostic decision making. ANNs can overcome certain shortcomings of linear models.

Published
2000

148. Youth tobacco use type and associations with substance use disorders.

Author

Cavazos‐Rehg, Patricia A., Krauss, Melissa J., Spitznagel, Edward L., Grucza, Richard A., and Bierut, Laura Jean

Subjects
BLACK people, CONFIDENCE intervals, HISPANIC Americans, MULTIVARIATE analysis, RESEARCH funding, SMOKING, SUBSTANCE abuse, SURVEYS, TOBACCO, WHITE people, LOGISTIC regression analysis, DATA analysis software
Abstract

Aims To examine the associations between youth poly-tobacco use and substance use disorders. Design Analysis of data from the 2007-11 US National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Setting Randomly selected, household-dwelling adolescents from the non-institutionalized, civilian population of the United States. Participants A total of 91 152 adolescents (aged 12-17 years). Methods Logistic regression models were used to examine the associations between type of tobacco user (non-user, users of alternative tobacco products only, users of cigarettes only and users of cigarettes plus alternative tobacco products) with past year alcohol, marijuana or other illicit drug use disorders, adjusting for demographic and social variables. Findings Compared with non-users of tobacco, the greatest risk for substance use disorders was among users of cigarettes plus alternative tobacco products [alcohol disorder adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 18.3, 95% confidence interval ( CI) = 16.2-20.6; marijuana disorder aOR = 37.2, 95% CI = 32.5-42.7; other drug disorder aOR = 18.4, 95% CI = 15.4-21.8], followed by users of cigarettes only (alcohol disorder aOR = 9.6, 95% CI = 8.8-10.6; marijuana disorder aOR = 20.4, 95% CI = 18.1-23.0; other drug disorder aOR = 9.4, 95% CI = 7.8-11.4), then users of alternative tobacco products only (alcohol disorder aOR = 8.1, 95% CI = 6.7-9.6; marijuana disorder aOR = 9.2, 95% CI = 7.5-11.4; other drug disorder aOR = 3.2, 95% CI = 2.4-4.3). Conclusions Tobacco use in adolescence is associated with higher rates of substance use disorders across all tobacco users, especially among those who use cigarettes plus other tobacco products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2014
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149. Hazards of New Media: Youth’s Exposure to Tobacco Ads/Promotions.

Author

Cavazos-Rehg, Patricia A., Krauss, Melissa J., Spitznagel, Edward L., Grucza, Richard A., and Bierut, Laura Jean

Subjects
ADVERTISING & youth, ADVERTISING campaigns, ADVERTISING, TOBACCO products, CIGARETTES, TOBACCO use among youth, ATTITUDES toward smoking, MARKETING
Abstract

Background: A gap in knowledge exists about the youth’s exposure to protobacco campaigns via new electronic media outlets. In response, we use national data to delineate the associations between tobacco ads/promotions delivered through new media outlets (i.e., social network sites and text messages) and youth attitudes/beliefs about tobacco and intent to use (among youth who had not yet used tobacco). Methods: Data were derived from the 2011 National Youth Tobacco Survey, a nationally representative sample of U.S. youth enrolled in both public and private schools (N = 15,673). Logistic regression models were used to examine associations between demographic characteristics and reported exposure to tobacco ads/promotions via social networking sites and text messages. Logistic regression models were also used to investigate associations between exposure tobacco ads/promotions and attitudes toward tobacco. Results: We found that highly susceptible youth (i.e., minorities, very young youth, and youth who have not yet used tobacco) have observed tobacco ads/promotions on social networking sites and text messages. These youth are more likely to have favorable attitudes toward tobacco, including the intention to use tobacco among those who had not yet used tobacco. Conclusions: Our findings underscore the need for policy strategies to more effectively monitor and regulate tobacco advertising via new media outlets. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Published
2014
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