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International audience; Variability-rich object-oriented systems are often not organized as fully-fledged software product lines, and implement their variability in a single code base using the mechanisms provided by the supporting language (e.g., inheritance overloading, design patterns). This makes variability identification and management very difficult. In this half-day tutorial open to both academics and industrials, we present how the symfinder toolchain can help one to better understand how variability is implemented in a single codebase Java system, relying solely on a specific code analysis and an adapted visualization. After presenting the underlying concepts on which symfinder is based (i.e., symmetries in code, density), the participants will be able to use the toolchain and visualize the potential variation points and variants identified by symfinder in their own projects or in provided large-scale open-source projects.

It is important to investigate effects of different interface designs not only for small sample systems but also for large real-world applications. However, it is not always possible for researchers to get direct access to these applications or relevant user data. Studies investigating possible negative effects such as keeping users occupied longer or making them spent more money might not get the consent of the application’s creator. We present a technical architecture and an open source implementation to conduct comparative studies on external apps by enabling researchers to turn specific interface elements on and off. The current implementation requires that the target app is available as a web app and that the study participants access it through a custom Android app. While the framework is not limited to a certain app, we use Instagram as an example and present results from a proof-of-concept study showcasing the framework.

Existing implementations of game design patterns have largely been confined to theoretical or research settings. Weaknesses in these implementations have prevented game design patterns from being properly evaluated as an educational and practical development tool. This paper examines these weaknesses, describes a method of developing and applying patterns that overcome the weaknesses, and evaluates use of the method for game design education and practice. Weaknesses in existing pattern implementations are: omission of design problems, presumption of functional completeness at the level of pattern languages, narrow topical focus, and lack of a concise, repeatable method for pattern production. Several features of the proposed method were specifically built to address these weaknesses, namely the pattern template, the process for connecting patterns into a language and assessing the language’s scope, a rubric for assessing pattern confidence and interconnectivity confidence, and pattern-building exercises. This method was applied in a classroom setting. Results, as assessed by the evaluation of student work, suggest that creating patterns/pattern languages is an effective pedagogical approach. De-signs produced using designer-created patterns closely align with existing design theory and are clearly understood by students. The above results may indicate that the path to gaining wider acceptance of pattern theory as a design framework within game design is not to produce a universal pattern language but to facilitate the creation of case-specific languages, by students and professional designers, that use a shared ontology and thus can be combined easily to solve the diverse sets of problems faced by these groups.

Gang of Four (GoF) design patterns are widely approved solutions for recurring software design problems, and their benefits to software quality are extensively studied. However, the occurrence of bad smells in design patterns increases the crisis of degenerating design patterns’ structure and behavior. Their occurrences are detrimental to the benefits of design patterns and they influence software sustainability by increasing maintenance costs and energy consumption. Despite the destructive roles of bad smells in such designs, there are an absence of studies systematically reviewing bad smells of GoF design patterns. This study systematically reviews a 10-year state of the art sample, identifying 16 studies investigating this phenomenon. Following a thorough evaluation of the full contents, we observed that the occurrence of bad smells have been investigated in proportion to four granularity levels of analysis: Design level, category level, pattern level, and role level. We identified 28 bad smells, categorized under code smells and grime symptoms, and emphasized their relationship with GoF pattern types and categories. The utilization of design pattern bad smell detection approaches and datasets were also discussed. Consequently, we observed that the research phenomenon is growing intensively, with a prominent focus of studies analyzing code smell occurrences rather than grime occurrences, at various granularity levels. Finally, we uncovered research gaps and areas with significant potentials for future research.

This paper examines the methods and systems of game design from the standpoint of existing method proposals failing to establish a common basis for systematizing design knowledge, which this paper aims to help resolve. Game design has often been subsumed by game development and associated disciplines, and game design methodology has often been subsumed by game analysis. This paper reviews related work in defining game design as an autonomous research subject and then divides the methods and systems of game design into complementary methods and core methods, with only the latter, consisting chiefly of design patterns, attempting to systematize how game design knowledge is generated. Seminal game patterns have been descriptive rather than -prescriptive and so have failed to find the requisite practitioner adoption to fulfill their role as a living method. One recent pattern approach has sought to resolve this issue by promoting pattern usage generally over the adoption of a particular language. This paper outlines an alternate and possibly complementary approach of a novel, practical basis for game design literacy for helping core methods work as a basis for systematizing game design knowledge. The proposed basis sacrifices descriptiveness to prescriptiveness to shape methods in that direction.

As augmented reality (AR) and gamification design artifacts for education proliferate in the mobile and wearable device market, multiple frameworks have been developed to implement AR and gamification. However, there is no explicit guidance on designing and conducting a human-centred evaluation activity beyond suggesting possible methods that could be used for evaluation. This paper proposes a human-centered design evaluation pattern for gamified augmented reality using Design Science Research Methodology (DSRM) to support educators and developers in constructing immersive AR games for education. Specifically, we present an evaluation pattern for a location-based educational indigenous experience that can be used as a case study to support the design of augmented (or mixed) reality interfaces, gamification implementations, and location-based services. The results of the evaluation of three design iterations obtained in the development cycle of a gamified micro-location AR mobile solution showed that the evaluation process could be reused, evolved, and its complexity reduced. Furthermore, the pattern is compatible with formative and summative evaluation and the technical or human-oriented types of evaluation. With this paper, our goal is to provide a step towards a structured use of design patterns for the evaluation of gamified AR apps and at the same time informing the artifact evaluation as well as development in the fields of gamification and immersive technology in general.

Cybersecurity has become a crucial challenge in the automotive sector. At the current stage, the framework described by the ISO/SAE 21434 is insufficient to derive concrete methods for the design of secure automotive networked embedded systems on the supplier level. This article describes a case study with actionable steps for designing secure systems and systematically eliciting traceable cybersecurity requirements to address this gap. The case study is aligned with the ISO/SAE 21434 standard and can provide the basis for integrating cybersecurity engineering into company-specific processes and practice specifications. Web of Science 27 8 849 830

Design Patterns are design solutions to commonly recurring problems in Computer Science. When implemented, a design pattern is expected to have more than one coding solution for a given problem. This leads to a load of boilerplate code being written every time a pattern needs to be written. We have explored a number of mechanisms such as metaprogramming, reflection, and policy-based paradigms to develop flexible design pattern libraries for different languages including C++, Java, Python, and Go. The libraries follow a plug-and-play model with ready-to-use APIs. We have implemented parameterized design pattern APIs in different categories such as creational, structural, and behavioral. We have also added some implementations involving concurrency-related concepts to patterns wherever applicable. The implementations of the patterns are adjusted according to the design philosophies of the given languages.

Design patterns refer to reusable program solutions that aim to solve similar design problem during development process. The good practise of using patterns is encouraged and efforts have to be taken to knowledge on design patterns. We use a decorator pattern to improving a web application. Web application is implemented using HTML language, ASP.NET, and C#.

Parser combinators are a popular and elegant approach for parsing in functional languages. The design and implementation of such libraries are well discussed, but having a well-designed library is only one-half of the story. In this paper we explore several reusable approaches to writing parsers in combinator style, focusing on easy to apply patterns to keep parsing code simple, separated, and maintainable.

This paper discusses the NB-IoT Internet of Things enhancement technology. Based on the analysis of NB-IoT coverage evaluation methods and various coverage improvement technologies, the benefits of repeated transmission are analyzed. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the previous Internet of Things enhancement results; I have discovered the advantages of NB-IoT technology. The enhancement of the Internet of Things needs the support of this technology. It can not only provide great help for the enhancement of the Internet of Things, but also has an important role in realizing the theoretical knowledge of the commercialization of the Internet of Things. We simulated the high-resolution city A (mountain s) mountain atmospheric wind circulation by using the medium-scale model WRF (V3.9) to study the structure and evolution characteristics of the atmospheric wind circulation in autumn and winter in this area. In addition, the article also studied the influence of aerosol pollution on mountain atmospheric circulation and related factors of the boundary layer by reducing the aerosol optical depth (AOD) sensitivity test. Finally, the article explores the clothing packaging design of Yunnan ethnic minorities. The clothing packaging design patterns of Yunnan ethnic minorities are created through a certain artistic change law, including symmetrical, equidistant, circular, and repeated multi-form geometric figures. The costume patterns of Yunnan ethnic minorities extract materials from nature such as characters, animals, and plants, which reflect the true image of the objective world. Due to the influence of history and region, the costume patterns of Yunnan ethnic minorities express commonalities while exuding the individuality of the tribes. Each tribe of Yunnan ethnic minorities has its own specific and unique artistic aesthetics and expressions.

This work illustrates the required phases for the achieving of the interactive software used for the study of 3D analytic geometry software. The development of this software aimed to achieve the following goals: the presentation of theoretical notions, the interactive presentation of some important applications, and the realization of exact drawings by replacing the pencil and ruler with the mouse. The modelling of the interactive software is accomplished by specific UML diagrams representing the phases of analysis, design, and implementation. Object-oriented modelling is arduous, and reusable object-oriented design is even more complex. In the procedure of modelling a software, design represents probably the most significant factor that can influence its quality. Thus, each design pattern aims to resolve a specific design issue in case of oriented object programming paradigm. The interactive software design is optimized by using of the "Factory" creational pattern and “Observer” behavioural pattern. The implementation of the software was realised through the Java programming language. Incorporating modern methods and techniques, the presented software will lead the user to obtain experience in understanding and handling the knowledge in 3D analytic geometry field.

The growth of game development is now widely supported by software such as game engines and game frameworks. Phaser 3 is a popular HTML5 based game framework on the browser platform. However, Phaser 3 does not facilitate managing code of User Interface (UI) event component. Sometimes a game developer discovers that UI event component codes, such as buttons or joysticks that have been created, must be regenerated on subsequent projects with the same function. In this research, we proposed a reusability framework for Phaser 3 by combining the factory method and the singleton pattern in managing UI event components. The aim is to make developer productivity increased so that there is no need to repeat the algorithm or code that has been created previously. Our results show that the Phaser 3 UI standard has less a reusability value of 64,241%, while the proposed framework that was built has relatively higher reusability, that is equal to 84,576%. Game developers can add the combination of design patterns, as good software development practices, into an existing game framework to achieve code reusability without major changing on the existing game framework. This approach can also be used for the creators of game framework to use design patterns from the outset of development of game framework.

Quests are a popular topic of study in many academic fields. However, literature has not settled on the elements in a quest, much less a specific definition or even debate between two or three definitions. The purpose of this paper is to take a preliminary quest definition from our previous work, and revise it to be more broadly applicable. To inform the revision, we analyze quests from a few published games. Then, we propose a few modifications to the definition which allows it to more fully explain some design patterns in games. Finally, we evaluate our definition against other definitions proposed in past research.

HRI designers are faced with the task of creating robots that are easy and pleasant to use for the users. The growing body of research in human–robot interaction (HRI) is still mainly focused on technical aspects of the interaction. It lacks defined guidelines that describe how behavioral expressions for social robots need to be designed to promote high usability and positive user experience. To achieve this goal, we propose to apply the concept of design patterns to HRI. We present a design process that provides step-by-step guidance and methods for HRI designers to generate high quality behavioral patterns for social robots that can be used for different robots and use cases. To document the resulting patterns, we developed a documentation format that provides a clear, standardized structure to note down all relevant aspects of a pattern so that others can understand its design recommendations and apply them to their own robot and use cases. In the present paper, we demonstrate our pattern approach based on an example and describe how we arrived at a pattern language of 40 behavioral patterns that found the basis for future social robot design and related research activities.

Software complexity is increased in automotive systems because many software functions are required for autonomous driving, electrified vehicles, and connected cars. In addition, autonomous driving requires centralized software that generally decreases evolvability with many connections. Thus, the automotive industry adopted the microservice architecture within the service-oriented architecture (SOA), which was already being used in distributed computing environments in the information and communication technology (ICT) industry. However, the software characteristics of an automotive system are different from those of an ICT system. Automotive software generally fulfills safety and real-time requirements that are not required in ICT software. Another challenge is integrating electric control units (ECUs) because software platforms supporting SOA require relatively high computational power and network bandwidth, which increases ECU cost. Thus, the deployment of software functions must be considered before integrating ECUs to find an optimal design solution for evolvability, dependability, real-time performance, cost, etc. However, many OEMs integrate ECUs based on deploying vehicular features without software architecture. It causes optimality problems during integrating ECUs. We propose component-based sensor-process-actuator architectural style for high-level architecture to handle quality attributes. Software architecture for an autonomous electrified vehicle will be presented with the proposed architectural style. The architecture is used to deploy software components and integrated ECUs with empirical quantitative analysis. Four design patterns for dependability with the architectural style will also be introduced.

Design patterns are a set of general and reusable software components built to deal with common integration problems. They provide functionalities and allow the experienced designer/developer to write efficient code programs faster. With the rise of the Internet of Things (IoT), there has been an increase in design patterns aimed at IoT problems that are proposed. Although efforts have been made to document the patterns, they are not as widely used as they could be. Moreover, the issue of energy consumption is less addressed, despite being a major concern for any IoT device. This paper aims at identifying IoT Patterns as recently proposed in the scientific literature, as well as providing an incentive for their use by showing the difference in terms of energy consumption that can be achieved by choosing the right design pattern. We used Mozilla's WebThing software to set up our platform. Our experiments show that some patterns are way more energy efficient than others, which can have a great impact.

The JavaScript language did not specify, until ECMAScript 6 (ES6), native features for streamlining encapsulation and modularity. Developer community filled the gap with a proliferation of design patterns and module formats, with impact on code reusability, portability and complexity of build configurations. This work studies the automated refactoring of legacy ES5 code to ES6 modules with fine-grained reuse of module contents through the named import/export language constructs. The focus is on reducing the coupling of refactored modules through destructuring exported module objects to fine-grained module features and enhancing module dependencies by leveraging the ES6 syntax. We employ static analysis to construct a model of a JavaScript project, the Module Dependence Graph (MDG), that represents modules and their dependencies. On the basis of MDG we specify the refactoring procedure for module migration to ES6. A prototype implementation has been empirically evaluated on 19 open source projects. Results highlight the relevance of the refactoring with a developer intent for fine-grained reuse. The analysis of refactored code shows an increase in the number of reusable elements per project and reduction in the coupling of refactored modules. The soundness of the refactoring is empirically validated through code inspection and execution of projects' test suites., Accepted to Journal of Systems and Software

This paper presents WHETGEO and its 1D deployment: a new physically based model simulating the water and energy budgets in a soil column. The purpose of this contribution is twofold. First, we discuss the mathematical and numerical issues involved in solving the Richardson–Richards equation, conventionally known as the Richards equation, and the heat equation in heterogeneous soils. In particular, for the Richardson–Richards equation (R2) we take advantage of the nested Newton–Casulli–Zanolli (NCZ) algorithm that ensures the convergence of the numerical solution in any condition. Second, starting from numerical and modelling needs, we present the design of software that is intended to be the first building block of a new customizable land-surface model that is integrated with process-based hydrology. WHETGEO is developed as an open-source code, adopting the object-oriented paradigm and a generic programming approach in order to improve its usability and expandability. WHETGEO is fully integrated into the GEOframe/OMS3 system, allowing the use of the many ancillary tools it provides. Finally, the paper presents the 1D deployment of WHETGEO, WHETGEO-1D, which has been tested against the available analytical solutions presented in the Appendix.

With the continuous development of science and technology, people have begun to interact with computer equipment, and human–computer interaction has become more and more simple. The human–computer interaction page is very user-friendly, people can communicate with the machine naturally, and can send signals through touch or gestures. In the process of person-to-person communication, gestures are a very common method that can convey specific signals. If you want to use gestures to send signals in human–computer interaction, you need to use the knowledge of computer vision to pave the way for human–computer interaction. We can deploy a teaching platform on the network platform to guide the teaching of English, which has become one of the teaching methods in many schools. In our school's research, we have incorporated some multimedia teaching in the English classroom teaching, and use multimedia teaching to stimulate students' interest in learning and improve their learning efficiency. We have changed the traditional teaching mode, through the way of human–computer interaction, using people's body movements and gesture information to interact. We also use AI technology to obtain the feature value of the vector angle through the three-dimensional characteristics of people's bones, and propose a KNN rapid recognition method. When constructing the English teaching system, we used the popular SSH framework and the C/S structure to design, and then we used design patterns to realize the reusability of the software. Finally, we conducted performance tests and functional tests on the system. The results show that this system can assist English teaching and can meet the needs of teaching.

Design patterns have a key role in software development process. However, their impact on software quality is not well investigated. There is no common agreement on how design patterns impact software quality. This paper aims to empirically investigate whether the Adapter design pattern impacts software maintainability positively or negatively. To achieve this aim, refactoring techniques have been applied to generate a non-pattern version for four subject systems. Then, software metrics have been calculated and compared for both versions; the pattern version and non-pattern version. The correlation of software metrics to software maintainability have been used and adopted from previous research studies. The empirical results show that the Adapter pattern versions have a better software metrics than do the non-Adapter pattern versions i.e. a sign that the Adapter design pattern impacts software maintainability positively.

The research paper deals with the study of products and services and its design thinking. Design thinking is one of the major branches of sciences that is fast developing with the economic development of nations around the globe. Design thinking could also be considered as a core human-centered, problem solving, and creative solutions to human living. There is a progressive modification of designs in the improvements of components both inside (functional components) and outside (aesthetics) of product-service design. The purpose of this study is to identify and understand the elements and the importance of design thinking and its implications in the management of design in products and services in organizations. Designs are the impact of the previous designs and the influences of human thinking on designs. Progressive learning on design thinking promotes a better understanding of consumer satisfaction. The methodology of the study was done with an observation method of product-service designs with a minimum of five years. The products considered are in the area of electronics (computer, mobile phones), service institutions, automobiles, road constructions, and houses. The data collected were of two categories, design patterns of aesthetics and functional components. Findings show there is progressive learning of human of physical factors on structural configuration and preferences relating to human physical, cognitive, spiritual and social need fulfillment. Designs fundamentally originate from human mind for ease of life (convenience), human behavioral factors, and structural implications. Design origins imply an understanding of consumers’ preferences by producers. Better designs generate demand. The inducement of designs in products and services improves consumers’ satisfaction. Further study could be undertaken ondesign functional thinking. Discussions on design thinking highlight design aptness in daily living, acceptance of design is subjective rather than objective, cost and design, creativity and design and the scope of design.

With the increase in overseas acquisitions by Chinese multinational enterprises (CMNEs), corporations face the challenge of designing and building global architecture to enhance their performance in post-acquisition integration. A well-known design rule that CMNEs could follow is the mirroring hypothesis. However, the effectiveness of this hypothesis in aligning a CMNE’s organizational structure with the underlying technical system after acquiring a new subsidiary remains unclear. Using a fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis to analyze 34 cross-border acquisitions by CMNEs, we clarify the boundary conditions of the mirroring hypothesis and identify four archetypes of design patterns, namely, modularized mirroring, integral mirroring, mirror breaking, and mirror misted-up. We also identify the respective performance implications of these archetypes on the post-acquisition integration of CMNEs. This study presents a comprehensive assessment of the mirroring hypothesis and contributes to the discussion on global architecture design by emerging multinational enterprises in general.

We address the problem of engineering a sociotechnical system (STS) with respect to its stakeholders’ requirements. We motivate a two-tier STS conception composed of a technical tier that provides control mechanisms and describes what actions are allowed by the software components, and a social tier that characterizes the stakeholders’ expectations of each other in terms of norms. We adopt agents as computational entities, each representing a different stakeholder. Unlike previous approaches, our framework, D ESEN , incorporates the social dimension into the formal verification process. Thus, D ESEN supports agents potentially violating applicable norms—a consequence of their autonomy. In addition to requirements verification, D ESEN supports refinement of STS specifications via design patterns to meet stated requirements. We evaluate D ESEN at three levels. We illustrate how D ESEN carries out refinement via the application of patterns on a hospital emergency scenario. We show via a human-subject study that a design process based on our patterns is helpful for participants who are inexperienced in conceptual modeling and norms. We provide an agent-based environment to simulate the hospital emergency scenario to compare STS specifications (including participant solutions from the human-subject study) with metrics indicating social welfare and norm compliance, and other domain dependent metrics.

To optimize the process of pharmaceutical development, it is necessary to take into account the timeframes of the processes and to track all its key stages. To do this, it is necessary to create an algorithm for conducting research, taking into account the modern approach to pharmaceutical development the concept of Quality by Design. The aim of this work was to create an algorithm of actions in conducting research when developing a new drug that can be used in the production process. Flowcharts were used for depicting algorithms. To account the timeframes of the processes, a Gantt diagram was used. The process of pharmaceutical development when launching a new generic drug has been studied at an operating pharmaceutical company. An algorithm for the actions of staff involved in research is proposed The algorithm minds the concept of Quality by Design. A temporary Gannta scheme and a project manager's control card for the process of pharmaceutical development of a generic drug have been developed. Based on the results of the work, an algorithm of actions in conducting research when developing a new drug that can be used in the production process was proposed.

MotivationThere are now over 500 ontologies in the life sciences. Over the past years, significant resources have been invested into formalizing these biomedical ontologies. Formal axioms in ontologies have been developed and used to detect and ensure ontology consistency, find unsatisfiable classes, improve interoperability, guide ontology extension through the application of axiom-based design patterns, and encode domain background knowledge. At the same time, ontologies have extended their amount of human-readable information such as labels and definitions as well as other meta-data. As a consequence, biomedical ontologies now form large formalized domain knowledge bases and have a potential to improve ontology-based data analysis by providing background knowledge and relations between biological entities that are not otherwise connected.ResultsWe evaluate the contribution of formal axioms and ontology meta-data to the ontology-based prediction of protein-protein interactions and gene–disease associations. We find that the formal axioms that have been created for the Gene Ontology and several other ontologies significantly improve ontology-based prediction models through provision of domain-specific background knowledge. Furthermore, we find that the labels, synonyms and definitions in ontologies can also provide background knowledge that may be exploited for prediction. The axioms and meta-data of different ontologies contribute in varying degrees to improving data analysis. Our results have major implications on the further development of formal knowledge bases and ontologies in the life sciences, in particular as machine learning methods are more frequently being applied. Our findings clearly motivate the need for further development, and the systematic, application-driven evaluation and improvement, of formal axioms in ontologies.Availabilityhttps://github.com/bio-ontology-research-group/tsoeContactrobert.hoehndorf@kaust.edu.sa, xin.gao@kaust.edu.sa

A proper use of design patterns has proven to be very useful in the development of robust applications over time. In this paper, the design patterns are introduced in the early stage of the software development where model-driven architecture is used as the engineering approach. A RESTful internet payment gateway API (Application Programming Interface) wrapper is selected as the case study. At the beginning, Platform Independent Model (PIM) is created as the domain model. After that, the PIM is transformed into the Platform Specific Model (PSM). Before converting the PSM into the source code, three design patterns such as builder, observer, and factory pattern are added into the model. To evaluate the impacts of implementation, static analysis is used to examine the generated code before and after adding the design patterns. The result shows that the design decision increases cohesion, complexity, coupling, inheritance, and size metrics of the source codes.

This paper describes and explains design patterns for software that supports how analysts can efficiently inspect and classify camera trap images for wildlife‐related ecological attributes. Broadly speaking, a design pattern identifies a commonly occurring problem and a general reusable design approach to solve that problem. A developer can then use that design approach to create a specific software solution appropriate to the particular situation under consideration. In particular, design patterns for camera trap image analysis by wildlife biologists address solutions to commonly occurring problems they face while inspecting a large number of images and entering ecological data describing image attributes. We developed design patterns for image classification based on our understanding of biologists' needs that we acquired over 8 years during development and application of the freely available Timelapse image analysis system. For each design pattern presented, we describe the problem, a design approach that solves that problem, and a concrete example of how Timelapse addresses the design pattern. Our design patterns offer both general and specific solutions related to: maintaining data consistency, efficiencies in image inspection, methods for navigating between images, efficiencies in data entry including highly repetitious data entry, and sorting and filtering image into sequences, episodes, and subsets. These design patterns can inform the design of other camera trap systems and can help biologists assess how competing software products address their project‐specific needs along with determining an efficient workflow., We describe design patterns for software that supports how ecologists can efficiently inspect and classify camera trap images for wildlife‐related ecological attributes. Each design pattern addresses a problem and possible solutions to common issues faced by ecologists when inspecting and entering tagging data for a massive number of images. These design patterns inform the design of other camera trap analysis systems, and help biologists assess how competing software products address their project‐specific needs.

The architectural properties of product-line architecture (PLA) design have been successfully optimised by multi-objective genetic algorithms (GAs). Memetic algorithms (MAs) extend GA by adding a local search after the global search process. MA outperformed GA in the context of class modelling, software testing and the next release problem. However, no studies on the application of MAs for PLA design optimisation were found in the literature. In light of this, the authors performed an exploratory study, where MA was used to apply design patterns for a search-based PLA design (SBPD) and achieved promising results. From the obtained results, they adjusted the MA-based implementation. This study aims at investigating if the MA is more profitable to SBPD than GAs. Two empirical studies that involve four PLA designs were carried out for this task by varying the pair of objective functions. Empirical results show that MA achieved satisfactory solutions, despite being influenced by the original PLA design.

Australia is receiving an average of 58 million PJ of solar radiation per year, which is about 1000 times larger than its total energy generation. Roof-top solar photovoltaic (PV) systems alone can supply a phenomenal fraction of the nation’s total energy. The architectural design and orientation of roofs have considerable impacts on the energy efficiency of roof-top solar PV systems. These aspects, however, have received scant academic attention within the literature. To address this knowledge gap, this research seeks to increase the energy production of roof-top solar PV systems through roof design. The energy generation of roof-top solar PV systems is modelled using Helioscope software, and then validated using real-time monitored data. Based on the verified model, the impact of different tilt angles and shading from surrounding obstructions upon energy generation are analyzed in detail. To ground the research in practical terms, the aesthetic design of five typical roof design patterns (including flat, shed, gable, hip, and butterfly roof) are explored to compare the energy generated from solar PV systems fitted to each design. Findings indicate that: (1) the simulated energy generation from the solar PV system is close to the monitored data, with equal annual generation; (2) the shading of surrounding obstructions can reduce the energy generation of roof-top solar PV systems considerably, where up to 24% energy loss is reported; (3) the optimal tilt angle is about 35°, which is close to the latitude angle of the studied location; and (4) the shed roof design provides the maximum potential for solar energy generation when compared to that of other roof design patterns. The energy generation variation of other aesthetic roof patterns is also presented, providing support for informed decision making on the roof design. This study contributes to the field through improving the energy production of roof-top solar PV systems based on roof design along with considering aesthetic concerns. Novel insights generated will be beneficial for researchers and government policy makers alike; the work also introduces simulation-based methodological approaches for practitioners who seek to improve the energy generation of roof-top solar PV systems.

Microservice-based solutions are currently gaining momentum because they do not have the disadvantages of traditional monolithic architectures. Business interest in microservices is increasing since the microservice architecture brings a lightweight, independent, reuse-oriented, and fast service deployment approach that minimizes infrastructural risks. This approach is at an early stage of its development, and in view of this, it is important to understand the performance of its design patterns. In this article, we obtained performance results related to query response time, efficient hardware usage, hosting costs, and packet-loss rate, for three microservice design patterns practiced in the software industry.

Introduction: Within the framework of the National Healthcare Project, personalization of a physician’s activity is very important,forming a demand for a Clinical Decision Support System. The available systems miss the functions of prompting a doctor during theclinical process or identifying possible contradictions between different types of medical treatment offered to the patient. Purpose:Development of a solution, free from the above-mentioned problems, for personalized support of the clinical process. Methods:Automata (state machine) approach presenting the clinical process as a set of automata states and possible transitions between them,and a set of design patterns, namely: Abstract Factory, Facade, Adapter and Visitor. Results: A solution for personalized supportof clinical processes is proposed, based on the automata approach and design patterns. The automata approach allows you to dividethe clinical process into separate stages and automatically control the possible transitions and conditions for their implementation,including checking for c ontraindications. The use of design patterns provides a sufficient degree of generalization, allowing you,without affecting the structure of the main application code, to promptly connect the system to the necessary sources of information,and to enter the data about contradictions of various origins, taking them into account when making decisions on the treatment of aparticular patient. Practical relevance: The developed solution, as compared to the available systems, is more efficient at promptingthe doctor during a clinical process, and at identifying possible contradictions between the various types of medical treatment offeredto the patient.

The Blockchain (BC) design pattern has many variations and is a concept that is anticipated to lead many implementations in the years to come. The number of choices for a BC implementation continues to increase since new design and implementation patterns and applications are emerging. This increasing number of design patterns enables correspondingly increasing tradeoff opportunities at every evolutionary round of architecture elaboration. Key components of a BC include network nodes, blocks, and consensus methodologies. These components all possess critical characteristics that can be designed and implemented in a variety of different ways. A central thesis here is that the choice of the design methodologies has direct and varying impact with regard to resulting quality attributes such as performance, security, and availability. We describe the use of a tradeoff matrix during the initial design phase of a development cycle that identifies the quality attributes to be evaluated when designing software systems comprising a BC. We hypothesize that consideration of the quality attributes at this initial design stage via the use of the proposed tradeoff matrix enables designers to meet requirements more efficiently and accurately. This hypothesis is tested and the use of the tradeoff matrix is demonstrated by creating a consensus algorithm whose performance is evaluated through a simulation that compares the behaviour in a “bare-metal” versus a Cloud-based environment. This simulation approach drives the usage of one of the quality tradeoff parameters in achieving a more optimal solution.

As the fields of learning analytics and learning design mature, the convergence and synergies between these two fields became an important area for research. This paper intends to summarize the main outcomes of a systematic literature review of empirical evidence on learning analytics for learning design. Moreover, this paper presents an overview of what and how learning analytics have been used to inform learning design decisions and in what contexts. The search was performed in seven academic databases, resulting in 43 papers included in the main analysis. The results from the review depict the ongoing design patterns and learning phenomena that emerged from the synergy that learning analytics and learning design impose on the current status of learning technologies. Finally, this review stresses that future research should consider developing a framework on how to capture and systematize learning design data grounded in learning analytics and learning theory, and document what learning design choices made by educators influence subsequent learning activities and performances over time. © 2018 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works.

As a result of the great changes witnessed in Yemen in general and the city of Ibb especially since the establishment of Yemeni unity in from 1990 to 2018, from the economic, political, social, cultural and intellectual aspects, due to the migration from the rural to the urban area and the resulting increase in the need for housing construction, and in the absence of laws, legislation and awareness community, in Ibb city emerged New design patterns in residential buildings for middle-income people due to those changes.This paper studies the changes in design patterns of residential buildings in Ibb and monitored them to benefit from them in the modern housing sector by the cultural and economic structure of society and meet the new and contemporary functional needs of the population. The paper adopts the descriptive documentary approach to track residential patterns in traditional and modern housing before and after the revolution of 26 September 1962 until the end of the twentieth century, and then conducting a field study of the contemporary residential buildings for middle - income people in Ibb and extracting the changes that occurred in the design patterns of the housing units of this category. The research found that there are four design patterns for residential buildings in the city of Ibb, they are results of the economic level of the population and cultural, functional and social disparities, which contributes to the assimilation of housing-related institutions and architects of the changes in design patterns of buildings Which were produced by economic, cultural, intellectual and political changes, which in turn contribute to the improvement of the residential environment of this category, by responding effectively to the trends of the population and their potential in order to meet their housing needs, The paper concludes with a set of findings and recommendations that contribute to the production of housing that meets the needs of middle-income population category, linked to the past related to the present and future and appropriate to the reality of the population and their potential and trends.

The System Entity Structure (SES) is a high level approach for variability modeling, particularly in simulation engineering, which is under continuous development. In this context, an enhanced framework is introduced that supports dynamic variability evolution using the SES approach. However, the main focus is to start a discussion about a set of design patterns, which were developed to analyze the tree design and computing aspects of System Entity Structures. As development of our MATLAB-based SES toolbox for construction and pruning of SES trees proceeded, the necessity to have some generalized examples for testing and verification came more and more into awareness. We propose a set of design patterns that, if completely representable and computable by a certain tool, support all aspects of SES theory. In addition, the patterns give users substantial support for developing SES models for other applications

Motivation: In modern it systems, the increasing demand for computational power is tightly coupled with ever higher energy consumption. Traditionally, energy efficiency research has focused on reducing energy consumption at the hardware level. Nevertheless, the software itself provides numerous opportunities for improving energy efficiency. Goal: Given that energy efficiency for it systems is a rising concern, we investigate existing work in the area of energy-aware software development and identify open research challenges. Our goal is to reveal limitations, features, and tradeoffs regarding energy-performance for software development and provide insights on existing approaches, tools, and techniques for energy-efficient programming. Method: We analyze and categorize research work mostly extracted from top-tier conferences and journals concerning energy efficiency across the software development lifecycle phases. Results: Our analysis shows that related work in this area has focused mainly on the implementation and verification phases of the software development lifecycle. Existing work shows that the use of parallel and approximate programming, source code analyzers, efficient data structures, coding practices, and specific programming languages can significantly increase energy efficiency. Moreover, the utilization of energy monitoring tools and benchmarks can provide insights for the software practitioners and raise energy-awareness during the development phase.

Digital learning platforms are expected to be more and more utilized in all subjects in the Danish public schools, but this does not always seem meaningful in subjects like music, craft and design where learning is rather performed practically, bodily, analogous than digitally. As participating school in the large project on Use of Digital Learning Platforms in the Public School, a group of teachers experimented with their digital learning platform in the creative subjects like music, needlecraft, woodwork and design with the intension of letting the platform contribute with solutions to teaching challenges instead of being be the fulcrum of the project itself. On the background of these experiments, this paper describes and discusses how teachers in public schools can integrate and utilize a digital learning platform in meaningful ways in creative subjects. The paper contributes with narratives and case descriptions of the ICT learning designs and design patterns that are illustrated through the teachers' observations and evaluations of the experiments with the digital platform. Moreover, the paper introduces and discusses the concept of 'the digitally doubled teacher' and it highlights how it can be integrated in classrooms with students that need repetition, practice and clear presence of the teacher.

Design rationale is the synthesis of the structure that is consistent with the model of an artefact, decisions, alternative approaches, and the reasoning behind it. Hence, bypassing it will result in poor quality systems engineering. Ambiguous representation of design rationale goals is just one of the many limitations that contributes to the intricacy of design patterns, thereby this research aims to introduce an approach to support the structuring, evaluation, and analysis of design patterns. The authors have proposed a method and implemented an associated tool with a mechanism that validates the class relationships and properties of design patterns comprehensively, resulting in a reliable pattern detection result. The preliminary results of the proposed research show that although detection and evaluation of a design pattern require some overhead using the approach, it does contribute to the confidence of the developers and gives affirmation that the design pattern implemented in the source code achieves its defined rationale goals based on the gang of four definition of design patterns through the reliable pattern detection output and straightforward evaluation result. The conclusion could be drawn that through the proposed approach, the preliminary result resolves the intricacy of design rationale traceability while achieving software quality is permissible.

Adjoint methods have become fundamental ingredients of the scientific computing toolbox over the past decades. Large-scale parameter sensitivity analysis, uncertainty quantification, and nonlinear optimization would otherwise turn out computationally infeasible. The symbolic derivation of adjoint mathematical models for relevant problems in science and engineering and their implementation in consistency with the implementation of the underlying primal model frequently proves highly challenging. Hence, an increased interest in algorithmic adjoints can be observed. The algorithmic derivation of adjoint numerical simulation programs shifts some of the problems faced from functional and numerical analysis to computer science. It becomes a highly complex software engineering task requiring expertise in software analysis, transformation, and optimization. Despite rather mature software tool support for algorithmic differentiation, substantial user intervention is typically required when targeting nontrivial numerical programs. A large number of patterns shared by numerous application codes results in repeated duplication of development effort. The adjoint code design patterns introduced in this article aim to reduce this problem through improved formalization from the software engineering perspective. Fully functional reference implementations are provided through github.

Data-driven technologies have found their way into all areas of engineering. In product development they can accelerate the customization to individualized requirements. Therefore, they need a database that exceeds common product data management systems. The creation of this database proves to be challenging because in addition to explicit standards and regulations the product design contains implicit knowledge of product developers. Hence, this paper presents an approach for the semantic integration of the engineering design (SeED). The goal is an automated design of an ontology, which represents the product design in detail.SeED fulfils two tasks. First, the ontology provides a machine-processable representation of the products design, which enables all kind of data-driven technologies. Among other representations, the ontology contains formal logics and semantics. Accordingly, it is a more comprehensible solution for product developers and knowledge engineers. Second, the detailed representation enables discovering of intrinsic knowledge, e.g. design patterns in product generations. Consequently, SeED is a novel approach for efficient semantic integration of the product design.

Digital networking technology has helped to bring about the platform economy, in which online networking sites mediate between individual freelance workers and their temporary employers. However, the digital platform economy undermines traditional forms of collective action, particularly trade unions. Following reflections on 15 years of trade union software quality assurance initiatives, particularly the Swedish UserAward program, we realize that there are potential benefits in combining aspects of cooperative, guild, and trade union models in the context of the platform economy. We examine the role that these models could play in enabling new forms of collective action and we bring them together in the form of a conceptual model which we have called the Platform Review Alliance Board. We articulate the Platform Review Alliance model as a set of design patterns, which we invite stakeholders to comment on, refine, and ultimately subscribe to. We then apply these design patterns in the domain of transport. In this domain, we show how software producers, users of the software, and other stakeholders, including individual transport providers, can participate in a Review Alliance Board for the commissioning, production, and review of software platforms for transport systems. The contribution we make is to propose how membership in a Review Alliance Board can be an alternative strategy for both software producers and trade union representatives in taking collective action to assure the quality of workplace software in the context of the growing platform economy.

Informal description of design patterns was adopted to facilitate their understanding by software developers. However, these descriptions lead to ambiguities limiting their successful use in real applications. Recently, several formal methods have been employed to guarantee precise specification of design pattern elements without insisting on their behavior. The main goal of this article is to propose a rewriting logic-based framework for enhancing formal description and reasoning on design patterns composition. The proposed model is integrated and executed under Maude using K-Maude tool. It allows first to associate a meta model notation, according to MDA approach, to all design patterns elements and then, a Maude semantic basis for specifying both their structural and dynamic aspects, is given. In particular, it will be shown how the authors' combined modeling approach is exploited for defining a set of operations on patterns, and how it will be used to formal analyze patterns composition.

Mobile devices are becoming ubiquitous among older adults, but have also caused unprecedented challenges due to the high demands of interaction techniques and changeable design patterns found acros...

Mobile application (app) design is an expanding research area, with user experience (UX) as its core. UX encompasses all aspects of human–computer interaction, and thus the optimization of UX has multiple objectives. Quality characteristics related to UX are subjective and even subconscious; moreover, there exists interdependence among UX quality characteristics. However, very little attention has been focused on these issues when optimizing UX based on multiple objectives. In this paper, a fuzzy analytic network process (ANP)-based Taguchi method is proposed for optimizing UX in mobile app design. First, design patterns and UX quality characteristics are determined. Subsequently, a Taguchi experiment is designed and carried out, and then signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios are calculated. A fuzzy ANP is adopted to derive the preference weights for the UX quality characteristics. Based on these weights, the S/N ratios are converted into a multiperformance characteristic index (MPCI) by using the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). Finally, according to the MPCI, the significant design patterns are identified by using the analysis of variance, and the optimal design is obtained by using the response table and response graph. A mobile health app design was presented to illustrate the proposed approach. The results suggest that the proposed approach can effectively manage the interdependence among the subjective and even subconscious UX quality characteristics in the optimization process, and be used as a universal robust design approach to optimize UX in mobile app design.

This paper proposes the biophilic design approach as a plausible hypothesis for the challenging conditions related to living and working in extreme cold climates. Biophilic design has recently been developed to overcome the adverse effects of the built environment and to improve human well-being by redefining the human-nature relationship. Yet, biophilic design should be adapted to extreme cold climates in order to meet the biological needs of people in northern territories. This issue becomes more important when considering the availability of natural light due to the strong seasonal photoperiod and its effects on human well-being in such regions. The present paper critically reviews biophilic design patterns and identifies their main shortcomings. These shortcomings include the lack of (1) recommendations applicable to extreme cold climates (2) adaptation to the local photoperiods, and (3) a systemic framework integrated into the design process. The paper draws attention to the image-forming and non-image-forming effects of light as a basis of the human-nature design approach. In this regard, photobiological outcomes have been reviewed. Then, the paper discusses the existing lighting standards and guidelines in North America and how they have mainly been developed to fulfil the image-forming demands for light. Further efforts are needed to revise these standards with respect to the non-image-forming effects of light and the biophilic design requirements. Finally, adaptive building envelopes are presented as a hypothetical solution to optimize the biophilic qualities of buildings and address the biological needs of people living and working in extreme cold climates in northern territories.

Current technological achievements and trends show that in a not too far future vehicles will become able to drive with highest levels of automation in different environments all over the world. Until then still many questions need to be solved. Such questions are how to get the driver back into the loop when problematic situations happen that the automation is unable to solve. Others ask the question how to involve drivers in the driving tasks if they want to drive partially automated. Such questions require answers in how cooperation between a machine in terms of a highly automated technical system and a human works and how tasks can be shared. This paper presents an approach how to improve the cooperation between two actors in different domains using interaction patterns. Interaction patterns can be applied for several use cases of cooperative movement, e.g. parent–child, teammates in sports and in highly automated driving. This paper presents an approach how interaction problems sourced in different use cases can be solved with interaction patterns. Inspired by linguistics and psychology, image schemas are used for technical design to structure and improve intuitiveness of these interaction patterns. The concept combines the approaches of design patterns and image schemas to create interactions that are grounded in our bodily experiences and can be applied to target-specific meaning necessary for human machine cooperation, e.g. in cooperative guidance and control of highly automated vehicles.