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This paper is part of a larger research focused on observations of preschool children in free make-believe play with different objects. This paper presents the outcomes of observations of children’s play with toys that imitate real objects (cups, swords, irons and so on).The dynamics of play activity in different age groups (3, 4, 5 and 6 years) is shown. In the two younger groups, role renaming is extremely rare and is accompanied by play actions, while children do not change their appearance in accordance with the role. From the age of 5, the number of renaming increases sharply: two-thirds of children call themselves some kind of a role name, many dress up, and the vast majority plays a role. At 6 years, there is a slight decline in the number of children with role renaming and a slight increase in the number of children who change their appearance as compared to 5-year-olds.In the environment with toys imitating real objects, the role emerges in response to toys, which significantly differs from how the role appears in the environment with open-ended materials. The paper describes the roles that were employed in the play with toys.

The soil cover of the forest-steppe and steppe zones of the East European Plain is characterized by diverse soil combinations revealed during large-scale and detailed soil mapping against the background of a traditional zonal sequence of dominant automorphic soils alternating from the north to the south and clearly displayed on small-scale soil maps. The composition, configuration and functioning of particular soil cover patterns are determined by the soil forming factors acting within a given area. The elementary soil areas (detailed scale) and elementary soil cover patterns maps (large scale) of the Central Russian, Kalach, and Volga Uplands are created by both traditional and digital soil mapping methods. Low-contrasting soil combinations with the background Haplic Chernozems (Loamic or Clayic, Pachic) alternating with zooturbated Haplic Chernozems (Loamic or Clayic, Pachic) on convex elements of the microtopography and Luvic Chernozems (Loamic or Clayic, Pachic) on concave elements of the microtopography prevails under conditions of thick clay loamy parent materials and free drainage. Under conditions of shallow embedding by low-permeable clayey sediments, the soil cover includes Chernozems or Chernic Phaeozems with stagnic features in some part of the soil profile or even Mollic Stagnosols. The presence of shrink-swell clays of different ages leads to the formation of Bathyvertic Chernozems, Vertic Chernozems, Vertic Chernic Phaeozems and/or Pellic Vertisols. The presence of soluble salts in the parent material leads to the development of solonetzic soil complexes consisting of Protosodic or Sodic Chernozems and different types of Solonetzes.

The present research features the effect of technological parameters of zeolite filtration on the content of vitamins, minerals, and physico-chemical and sensory properties of milk. The zeolite was obtained from the Tarbagatai deposit (East of Kazakhstan). The authors developed a flow chart for a comprehensive experimental study of the tech-nological process. According to the developed technological scheme, the milk went through a filter containing 100–200 g of zeolite, under pressure at a pump speed of 300–400 rpm. When the frequency of the pump rpm was increased to 400 rpm, it resulted in a significant change in the content of minerals and vitamins A and E in the milk. However, the filtration triggered a decrease in the content of iron, zinc, and phosphorus ions, while the content of sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium increased. The content of vitamin A after the filtration decreased from 24 to 23.9–23.8 mg per 100 lilers of milk, while the content of vitamin E decreased from 0.097 to 0.095–0.092 mg per 100 liters of milk. Thus, the filtration process affected the physicochemical parameters of the milk: the frequency of the pump speed reached 400 rpm, and the content of zeolite in the filters increased up to 150 g and 200 g, while the titrated acidity fell down to 15°T. The sensory properties of the milk did not change during the filtration process. The optimal parameters for zeolite filtration of milk were established as follows: pump speed = 300 rpm; pump volumetric capacity = 10 l/min or 600 l/h; zeolite content = 200 g (80% of the filter volume).

The paper reviews the specifics of modern toys basing on the analysis of items presented at the annual Nuremberg International Toy Fair. We share our impressions of the Fair and make an attempt to identify the main developmental trends of the modern toy market. We outline the structure of the Fair that represents the typology of play materials and provide a description of character toys, toys made of wood and other natural materials. In the special focus are the winners of the toy awards (10 most interesting toys out of 75,000). All in all, there are two main trends in the development of modern toys: the first one is related to increasing demands for eco-friendly toys and technologies; the second one refers to the use of digital technologies. In the majority of cases the introduction of electronics into play is made with an attempt to keep the relation between traditional and digital play.

The article deals with the problem of the ability to use ideas about other’s knowledge and the ways of changing it, the ability to de-center thinking in the process of communication in the example of understanding deception in typically developing preschoolers and preschoolers with mental retardation. The recognition of deception is considered as a cognitive function, taking into account the specific techniques of the implementation of the mental model. Empirical sample of research: 72 children of pre-school age from 5 to 6 years. Contrast samples show the specificity of the lack of social interaction tools based on the mental model. Analyzed that in a game with deceit, a child is required to use signs to anticipate events that made it known about the nascent action of another person. In children with mental retardation in a game with deceptive action, shown a situational mode of action without taking into account the model of a mental interaction partner due to the lack of ability to decentration. The data reflects the relationship between the cognitive level of development and the level of the mental model in the process of forming the basis of social cognition and social experience in the early stages of ontogenesis.

Using data from the GPS and GLONASS navigation satellite systems, we analyze the responses of the mid-latitude ionosphere to the extreme solar flares that occurred at the maximum of solar cycle 23 (October 28, 2003) and at the minimum of solar cycle 24 (September 6, 2017) during the same season at close solar zenith angles. To obtain the response, we use the rate of change of the total electronic content, which is practically independent of characteristics of equipment and is determined only by parameters of a propagation medium (the ionosphere in our case). The ionospheric response is shown to be almost independent of the total duration of the flare. In both cases, the duration of the main response at a level of 0.5 is about 1.5–2 min, whereas the total duration of the response is about 10 min and fairly independent of solar flare importance.

LM Smirnova, E Yu Vertieva, O Yu Olisova, EM AnpilogovaDepartment of Dermatology and Venereology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russian FederationBackground: Chronic acrodermatitis continua of Hallopeau (ACH) is a rare form of pustular psoriasis predominantly affecting the distal phalanges of the fingers and toes. The disease manifests by pustular rash with marked infiltration, fissures, and often results into severe dystrophy of nail plates. ACH is refractory to most of psoriasis standard of care (SOC) therapies.Objective: The objective of this study is to assess the prospects of secukinumab therapy of ACH based on current clinical observation.Methods: We observed a female patient with ACH. Number of SOC treatments were applied in that case including local PUVA therapy, systemic retinoids, methotrexate, and biologic agents.Result: Secukinumab, a IL-17 inhibitor, demonstrated pronounced clinical effect in the case of ACH refractory to other SOC therapies.Conclusion: IL-17 inhibition provided by secukinumab was linked to clinically meaningful improvement in the heavily pretreated ACH. Further exploration and clinical studies may be important to provide more data on secukinumab effects in ACH.Keywords: acrodermatitis continua of Hallopeau, secukinumab, apremilast, anti IL-17A therapy, phosphodiesterase-4

The article discusses children's initiative as the most important prerequisite for creativity. A study of the forms of manifestation of initiative of preschool children in an open, uncertain situation is presented. The study involved 50 children aged 5—7 years from two kindergartens in Moscow. The observation of the free activity of children in a specially organized open space was used as a research method. This spase was providing opportunities for various types of children's activities. It turned out that in a free situation, children tend to choose socially acceptable and familiar activities, such as drawing. The free play almost does not occur without the participation of an adult. Based on the results obtained, it is concluded that the predominant form of initiative is productive, which is the most “cultivated” in preschool education. The findings suggest the need to create special conditions for the development of initiative of preschoolers. Special attention should be paid to the organization of conditions to support children's creative initiative.

The article reveals the provisions that speech is used by preschool children in joint activities as a means of orientation in the process of developing an action plan. The goal was to identify the role of speech in the implementation of the exploratory search activity of the members of the group in the course of joint activities, as well as to develop control over the actions of preschool children. The study involved 147 preschool children, who were organized during the experiment in subgroups to jointly solve problematic situations. To illustrate the approximate role of speech in regulating the joint activity of preschoolers, Structural Equations (SEM) modeling was applied. A model is constructed that reflects the combined functional links of the regulation of the joint activity of preschool children. It is proved that in the structure of the regulation of joint activity speech provides an afferent synthesis of the conditions of activity, facilitates the analysis of internal and external conditions of joint activity, the development of a program of conscientious activity. It is shown that for preschool children, speech orientation tools are used as a mechanism for controlling and correcting behavior.

This paper is devoted to the research of preschoolers' free play in an open object environment.The results of observations showed different dynamics of play activity in different age groups (3, 4, 5 and 6 years).In the two younger groups, role renaming was observed in a third of the sample, and in the majority of children it was accompanied by certain changes in the appearance and by fragmentary play actions.Beyond 5 years the frequency of renaming increased — two-thirds of children called themselves a role name and almost all played roles.Many children created complex plots with a lot of branching.In the oldest group there was a significant decline in renaming and changing of the appearance (less than half of the children) as compared to the 5-year-olds, and almost complete absence of role play actions.This paper lists the roles that modern preschoolers reproduce in their play.The study shows that the role does not precede the play, but is born in the process of various actions, including exploratory and trialing actions, with objects.The importance of exploratory, manipulative activity for the emergence and development of the role is underlined.An open object environment promotes the development of such activity.

Deterioration of ancient masonry is a contemporary problem. The initial properties of the masonry material that determine its durability, deterioration and degree of preservation have led to the appearance of different approaches towards choosing the technology for restoring masonry. The success of any restoration is largely determined by its compatibility with the original materials used, which requires, as a rule, a complex and long process of selecting their composition. One of the main technological approaches in the science of restoration materials is to search for the optimal composition of the material within a given time limit. This paper presents an approach which uses a large number of variables within strict boundary conditions. The solution to this problem can be found in the field of mathematical modelling using experiment planning methods. The paper presents a method developed for mortar optimization which makes it possible to obtain the desired result within a relatively short period of time.

Russian and foreign studies suggest that there is a significant increase in the use of computer programmes by preschool children, and that children are generally introduced to computers at a much younger age, practically in their first months of life. Even though the majority of sociological studies show that computer technologies are in high demand by small children and their parents, psychological exploration into this phenomenon is both insufficient and contradictory. Some researchers argue that computer games have a destructive effect upon the child’s development, while others present data proving their positive impacts. We suggest that sociological quantitative methods may not be appropriate in this case and that comparative analysis of the child’s activity with virtual and real material would provide a better understanding. The main part of our paper focuses on this very analysis. We describe outcomes of a study showing that children’s interactions with electronic gadgets differ substantially from the more traditional forms of child activity and cannot compensate for the lack of the latter. In the final part of the paper we provide some recommendations on how to choose computer programmes for children of late preschool age.

In the era of reform processes in the field of vocational education, in the context of informatization of society and scientific and technological progress, the issue of regulating the interaction of students in an actively transforming environment becomes relevant. The purpose of the article is to analyze the characteristics of interpersonal relations of students in modern higher educational institutions. Interpersonal relations are of high importance in the formation of the student as an active subject of the educational process. The article presents the criteria, functions and types of interpersonal relationships. Interpersonal relations in educational psychology are presented as a result of the educational process, as a tool for learning and development, as an element of the pedagogical environment. Considering the features of interpersonal relationships, the article focuses on the foundation of interpersonal relationships - emotional, motivational processes, values and personal meanings of the student. The technologies used in the research process that contribute to the development of communication and cooperation in a group of students have allowed us to achieve positive educational results. Trust relationships in the group, a positive emotional background contribute to more effective professional training of students. Interpersonal relations are an important condition for the mental, personal and social development of a person, affecting the quality of his professional training.

Aquaculture is a fast-growing sector in Russia. To grow fish to a greater extent than for other agricultural objects, it is necessary to preserve and maintain natural habitat conditions. Minor changes in the aquatic environment, such as changes in pH, temperature fluctuations, and the presence of organic pollutants can lead to a decrease in the number of fish. Use of antibiotic drugs for the prevention and treatment of diseases in fish farming can lead to a change in the microbiocenosis of fish and the hydroecosystem, the appearance of antibiotic-resistant strains of pathogenic microorganisms and a change in the immunophysiological status of the fish organism. To date, a promising and effective therapeutic and prophylactic agent in fish farming is the use of probiotics, which have pronounced antimicrobial activity against pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic microorganisms, immunocorrecting and anti-inflammatory effect. As a result of our research, we have established the effectiveness of the use of preparations Subalin containing Bacillus subtilis and Zoonorm containing live bacteria Bifidobacterium bifidum in the cultivation of carp. A positive effect on the increase in body weight of fish was revealed, the level of contamination of parenchymal organs of fish with bacterial flora decreased, specific and nonspecific resistance increased.

Purebred stud bulls of a related Holstein breed are widely used when breeding domestic black-and-white cattle breeds. Results’ evaluation of using these stud bulls by offspring quality is relevant and has practical significance. Stud bulls of the Vis Back Ideal 1013415 line were evaluated in one of the breeding farms of the Moscow region. As a result, it was found that all the evaluated stud bulls had a high breeding value. Bulls Trubach 174 - A1; Nog Odin-M 490626 - A1; Lowlands-M 427373367 – A2 were assigned categories by milk yield, bulls Memory-M 54215651 – B2; Fern-M 107901925 - B1; Lowlands-M 427373367 – B1. The evaluation of nutrients’ yield with milk showed that when using the offspring of Memory-M 54215651 bull, negative results were obtained despite that it has a category B2. According to the nutrients’ yield with milk. Thus, stud bulls of the Vis Back Ideal 1013415 line: Trubach 174; Nog Odin-M 490626; Memory-M 54215651; Fern-M 107901925; Lowlands-M 427373367 can be used on the farm considering their breeding value. Lowlands-M 427373367 bull with category A2 B1 requires wider use.

The practice of ensuring the right to protection of persons from suspicion or accusation in some countries, including taking into account the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights, indicates that not all issues of its legal regulation have been resolved to a degree that satisfies science and practice, and there are violations of human rights enshrined in international legal standards, the principle of adversarial parties in criminal proceedings is not fully implemented, so there is increasing scientific interest in problematic issues of protection from criminal prosecution. The purpose of the study is to analyze international standards in the field of human rights, as well as the experience of Russia and some foreign countries in the field of ensuring the right to protection from criminal prosecution in criminal proceedings, to identify problematic issues of a legal nature in this part and to formulate scientifically based recommendations for their solution (minimization). The methodological basis of the study is also the formallogical and comparative-legal methods, taking into account the processes of development of the regulatory framework.

Buildings are responsible for 40% of energy consumption annually in Europe, along with the respective greenhouse gas emissions. To mitigate these impacts, intensive research is ongoing in the sector of the Nearly Zero-Energy Buildings (NZEBs). However, as it is expected that the operational energy of future buildings becomes greener and more efficient, impacts related to the embodied energy of building materials becomes of more significance. Thus, choices on building materials are of crucial importance as they affect the energy performance of the building envelope and its environmental impacts. The objective of this study was to implement preliminary Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) on new advanced building materials, with the final scope to achieve lower embodied carbon in NZEBs. The materials examined are concretes and aerogels for wall façades. Design of sustainable advanced materials and building envelope components is expected to improve the overall energy performance of buildings, including NZEBs. The study findings provide clear evidence on the necessity for further research on the topic, as lack of embodied impacts’ data of novel materials is presented in literature and adds to the discussion around NZEBs.

The article provides the results of studies on the influence of microbiological risks caused by the used raw materials and the technological modes of manufacture on the quality and storage capacity of recombined butter. The objects of study were the following: butter - raw material; fat mixture before and after pasteurization; butter made according to the recombination scheme using pasteurization and without pasteurization of the normalized fat dispersion. Samples were stored at temperature conditions (3±2) °C, (10±1) °С, and (25±1) °С. Microbiological, organoleptic and physicochemical indicators were determined by standardized methods to assess the quality and storage capacity of the butter. The results of the research have shown that microbiological risks in the manufacture of recombined butter are due to the quality of raw materials, compliance with technological parameters of manufacture, sanitary and hygienic conditions of production, and temperature conditions for storing butter.

In this article, we have presented studies of the local irritating effect of a prototype wound-healing preparation based on water-based fatty acid esters with allantoin. The study of local irritant action included use of extreme dilutions of the drug for intradermal and local use in the induction and provocative phases. The assessment was carried out in points, in the experimental group it was on average 1 point, in control animals on average it was also equal to 1. These studies indicate that the composition has a mild skin reaction of sensitized guinea pigs and does not cause an allergic reaction.

Pasta is the most demanded product on the market, although Russia is not the world’s leader in per capita consumption. This is due to the fact that the main raw material for pasta products (up to 80 %) is bakery flour. For production of pasta all over the world, durum wheat grains are used, which have distinctive characteristics from soft wheat. These include: grain nature not less than 800 g/l, glassiness of 80 %, protein content of 15 %, IDK 4.5 units by device (Glutograph-E Brabender), color index by Minolta device is 22 cu. For more than a century, Saratov breeders have been creating durum wheat varieties with high technological potential. This article discusses new varieties of the laboratory for selection and seed production of spring durum wheat of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution Federal Agrarian Scientific Center of South-East: Luch 25, Pamyati Vasilchuka and Tamara - varieties that are promising for use in pasta production as raw materials that meet high international quality standards.

In Type-I X-ray bursts (XRBs), the rapid-proton capture (rp-) process passes through the NiCu and ZnGa cycles before reaching the region above Ge and Se isotopes that hydrogen burning actively powers the XRBs. The sensitivity study performed by Cyburt et al. [1] shows that the 57Cu(p,γ)58Zn reaction in the NiCu cycles is the fifth most important rp-reaction influencing the burst light curves. Langer et al. [2] precisely measured some low-lying energy levels of 58Zn to deduce the 57Cu(p,γ)58Zn reaction rate. Nevertheless, the order of the 1+1 $1_1^ + $11+ and 2+3 $2_3^ + $23+ resonance states that dominate at 0:2 ≲ T(GK) ≲ 0:8 is not confirmed. The 1+2 $1_2^ + $12+ resonance state, which dominates at the XRB sensitive temperature regime 0:8 ≲ T(GK) ≲ 2 was not detected. Using isobaric-multipletmass equation (IMME), we estimate the order of the 1+1 $1_1^ + $11+ and 2+3 $2_3^ + $23+ resonance states and estimate the lower limit of the 1+2 $1_2^ + $12+ resonance energy. We then determine the 57Cu(p,γ)58Zn reaction rate using the full pf -model space shell model calculations. The new rate is up to a factor of four lower than the Forstner et al. [3] rate recommended by JINA REACLIBv2.2. Using the present 57Cu(p,γ)58Zn, the latest 56Ni(p,γ)57Cu and 55Ni(p,γ)56Cu reaction rates, and 1D implicit hydrodynamic Kepler code, we model the thermonuclear XRBs of the clocked burster GS 1826–24. We find that the new rates regulate the reaction flow in the NiCu cycles and strongly influence the burst-ash composition. The 59Cu(p,γ)56Ni and 59Cu(p,α)60Zn reactions suppress the influence of the 57Cu(p,γ)58Zn reaction. They strongly diminish the impact of the nuclear reaction flow that bypasses the 56Ni waiting point induced by the 55Ni(p,γ)56Cu reaction on burst light curve.

The article presents the contribution of the Russian scientist, doctor of sciences, professor, corresponding member of RAO Olga Mikhailovna Dyachenko in child psychology and pre-school education. “Psychologization” of education and the involvement of psychology in educational practice permeate all her work. As a student of L. A. Wenger, she together with him and his staff became the сreator of the original educational program “Development” O.M. Dyachenko is the сreator of the original psychological concept of the creative imagination of the preschooler. It has developed a diagnostic methodology for assessing the level of development of the imagination, which today is the basis for assessing the imagination and is widely used in practical work and research. O.M. Dyachenko identified and distinguished two types and two types of imagination — cognitive and emotional. With emotional imagination, children often use symbols of their experiences, which are originally borrowed from culture, and then created independently. O.M. Dyachenko describes the stages of development of imagination, which are only the possibilities of each age, which are not always realized. In this regard, there was a direction associated with the ”pedagogy of preschool imagination”. Forms of work with children have been developed that contribute to the development of creative abilities of children. As a result of the conducted researches the program “Gifted child” has appeared, allowing to carry out educational work with gifted senior preschoolers.