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795 results on '"Smallwood, R"'

103. The application of multiscale modelling to the process of development and prevention of stenosis in a stented coronary artery

Author

Evans, David, Lawford, P. V., Gunn, J., Walker, D., Hose, D. R., Smallwood, R. H., Chopard, B., Krafczyk, M., Bernsdorf, J., Hoekstra, A., Evans, David, Lawford, P. V., Gunn, J., Walker, D., Hose, D. R., Smallwood, R. H., Chopard, B., Krafczyk, M., Bernsdorf, J., and Hoekstra, A.

Abstract

The inherent complexity of biomedical systems is well recognized; they are multiscale, multiscience systems, bridging a wide range of temporal and spatial scales. While the importance of multiscale modelling in this context is increasingly recognized, there is little underpinning literature on the methodology and generic description of the process. The COAST (complex autonoma simulation technique) project aims to address this by developing a multiscale, multiscience framework, coined complex autonoma (CxA), based on a hierarchical aggregation of coupled cellular automata (CA) and agent-based models (ABMs). The key tenet of COAST is that a multiscale system can be decomposed into N single-scale CA or ABMs that mutually interact across the scales. Decomposition is facilitated by building a scale separation map on which each single-scale system is represented according to its spatial and temporal characteristics. Processes having well-separated scales are thus easily identified as the components of the multiscale model. This paper focuses on methodology, introduces the concept of the CxA and demonstrates its use in the generation of a multiscale model of the physical and biological processes implicated in a challenging and clinically relevant problem, namely coronary artery in-stent restenosis.

Published
2008

104. Skin Stem Cell Hypotheses and Long Term Clone Survival – Explored Using Agent-based Modelling

Author

Li, X., primary, Upadhyay, A. K., additional, Bullock, A. J., additional, Dicolandrea, T., additional, Xu, J., additional, Binder, R. L., additional, Robinson, M. K., additional, Finlay, D. R., additional, Mills, K. J., additional, Bascom, C. C., additional, Kelling, C. K., additional, Isfort, R. J., additional, Haycock, J. W., additional, MacNeil, S., additional, and Smallwood, R. H., additional

Published
2013
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105. Multi-scale computational models of the airways to unravel the pathophysiological mechanisms in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AirPROM)

Author

Burrowes, K. S., primary, De Backer, J., additional, Smallwood, R., additional, Sterk, P. J., additional, Gut, I., additional, Wirix-Speetjens, R., additional, Siddiqui, S., additional, Owers-Bradley, J., additional, Wild, J., additional, Maier, D., additional, and Brightling, C., additional

Published
2013
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106. Assessing the conditions for in vivo electrical virtual biopsies in Barrett's oesophagus.

Author

González-Correa, C., Brown, B., Smallwood, R., Kalia, N., Stoddard, C., Stephenson, T., Haggie, S., Slater, D., Bardhan, K., González-Correa, C A, Brown, B H, Smallwood, R H, Stoddard, C J, Stephenson, T J, Haggie, S J, Slater, D N, and Bardhan, K D

Abstract

It has previously been shown that it is possible to differentiate between squamous and columnar epithelia in rat and resected human tissues using an impedance probe to make in vitro measurements. This probe can be passed down an endoscope allowing measurements to be made in patients. However, the probe emerges parallel to the oesophageal wall, with little room to manoeuvre. The conditions of control required to give reliable readings have been investigated. The importance of pressure applied and the angle of approach to the oesophagus was assessed. Pressures in the range 26.6 Pa to 46.3 kPa and angles in the range 15-90 degrees were considered. In in vitro studies it was observed that it was possible to obtain consistent readings with pressures greater than 2.9 kPa and with angles greater than 15 degrees between the probe and the oesophagus. These conditions can be achieved in vivo, and readings obtained from twelve patients are shown (45 readings on normal squamous, 34 on Barrett's oesophagus and 22 on stomach). At low frequencies (9.6-153.2 kHz), a Mann-Whitney test shows a significant difference (p < 0.001) when comparing the means from squamous and columnar, and also when readings from Barrett's and normal gastric epithelia are compared (p < 0.001). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2000
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107. Quantum Dot Superluminescent Diodes for Optical Coherence Tomography: Device Engineering

Author

Greenwood, Purnima D L, primary, Childs, David T D, additional, Kennedy, Kenneth, additional, Groom, Kristian M, additional, Hugues, Maxime, additional, Hopkinson, Mark, additional, Hogg, Richard A, additional, Krstajić, Nikola, additional, Smith, L E, additional, Matcher, S J, additional, Bonesi, M, additional, MacNeil, S, additional, and Smallwood, R, additional

Published
2010
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111. Ex vivo and in vivo OCT image contrast

Author

Krstajić, N., primary, Jacobs, J., additional, Bonesi, M., additional, Smith, L. E., additional, Deshpande, P., additional, MacNeil, S., additional, Smallwood, R., additional, and Matcher, S. J., additional

Published
2008
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135. Right heart failure impairs hepatic oxygenation and theophylline clearance in rats

Author

Ng, Ching Yu, Angus, P, Ghabrial, H, Chou, S T, Arnolda, Leonard F, Morgan, D, Smallwood, R, Ng, Ching Yu, Angus, P, Ghabrial, H, Chou, S T, Arnolda, Leonard F, Morgan, D, and Smallwood, R

Abstract

The effect of right heart failure on theophylline clearance was investigated in rats in which right ventricular pressure overload was produced by pulmonary artery constriction (PAC). Fifteen wk after the surgery, compared to sham-operated controls (n = 9), PAC rats (n = 9) showed markedly elevated mean central venous pressure (11 ± 3 vs. 1.44 ± 0.88 mm Hg, P = .0001), and increased right ventricular weight (0.229 ± 0.047 vs. 0.124 ± 0.013 g/100 g body weight, P = .0001). Centrilobular hepatic congestion was present in all PAC rats and total hepatic oxygen delivery was reduced significantly compared to controls (146 ± 58 mumol/min vs. 206 ± 28 mumol/min; P = .025). In the PAC group, theophylline clearance was reduced (0.82 ± 0.12 ml/min vs. 0.96 ± 0.13 ml/min in controls; P = .014), and there was a nonlinear correlation between theophylline clearance and total hepatic oxygen delivery (r = .82). These results suggest that in animals with PAC, metabolism of theophylline was impaired as a result of a reduction in total hepatic oxygen delivery. Therefore, in addition to the known effect of reduced hepatic blood flow on the hepatic clearance of 'flow limited' drugs, reduction of hepatic oxygen delivery may be another important mechanism that can lead to reduction in hepatic clearance of capacity-limited drugs in congestive heart failure.

Published
1995

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