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The significance of learning to think critically from a young age is well documented. Early childhood educators play an essential role in children’s critical skills development. Therefore, it is crucial to understand their perceptions of this concept. This qualitative study explored Norwegian early childhood educators’ perceptions of critical thinking (CT). Ten educators representing three different kindergartens were interviewed. Thematic analyses revealed that the educators had many different understandings of CT; all agreed on the importance of CT for children’s development and identified their role as essential in supporting and stimulating CT among children. They described CT more in relation to a child’s dispositions and attitudes than cognitive skills and connected it mainly with social and physical aspects. Overall, this study contributes to raising awareness of the importance of supporting educators’ knowledge about the CT concept and pedagogical approaches to enhancing CT in children.

Most neural networks (NN) are commonly used as black-box functions. A network takes an input and produces an output, without the user knowing what rules and system dynamics have produced the specific output. In some situations, such as safety-critical applications, having the capability of understanding and validating models before applying them can be crucial. In this regard, some approaches for representing NN in more understandable ways, attempt to accurately extract symbolic knowledge from the networks using interpretable and simple systems consisting of a finite set of states and transitions known as deterministic finite-state automata (DFA). In this thesis, we have considered a rule extraction approach developed by Weiss et al. that employs the exact learning method L* to extract DFA from recurrent neural networks (RNNs) trained on classifying symbolic data sequences. Our aim has been to study the practicality of applying their rule extraction approach on more complex data based on physical processes consisting of continuous values. Specifically, we experimented with datasets of varying complexities, considering both the inherent complexity of the dataset itself and complexities introduced from different discretization intervals used to represent the continuous data values. Datasets incorporated in this thesis encompass sine wave prediction datasets, sequence value prediction datasets, and a safety-critical well-drilling pressure scenario generated through the use of the well-drilling simulator OpenLab and the sparse identification of nonlinear dynamical systems (SINDy) algorithm. We observe that the rule extraction algorithm is able to extract simple and small DFA representations of LSTM models. On the considered datasets, extracted DFA generally demonstrates worse performance than the LSTM models used for extraction. Overall, for both increasing problem complexity and more discretization intervals, the performance of the extracted DFA decreases. However, DFA extracted from datasets discretized using few intervals yields more impressive results, and the algorithm can in some cases extract DFA that outperforms their respective LSTM models. Masteroppgave i informatikk INF399 MAMN-INF MAMN-PROG

Sammendrag Denne masteroppgaven ble utformet og gjennomført i studieåret 2022-2023. Målet var å se nærmere på hvordan fleksibelt arbeid med en kombinasjon av fjernarbeid og arbeid på kontoret påvirker vår motivasjon og trivsel. Jeg har også sett på hvilken betydning dette har for balansen mellom arbeid og fritid; work-life balance og hvordan den nye normalen med fleksibelt arbeid vil være for mange av oss, og hva som fungerer best på hjemmekontoret og ved kontoret på arbeidsplassen. Det teoretiske perspektivet er basert på nyere motivasjonsteorier, og sentralt står Deci and Ryans selvbestemmelsesteori eller Self Determination Theory, «SDT», JD-R-modellen, og en kombinasjon av denne og teknologi-akseptansemodellen. Datagrunnlaget er en undersøkelse med 413 respondenter utført av Equinor i forbindelse med selskapets Flexible Work Strategy. Hovedfunnene var at ansatte ikke bare var opptatt av fleksibilitet i form av veksling mellom kontor- og hjemmearbeid, men også autonomi i forhold å kontrollere denne vekslingen. De vil selv bestemme når og hvor mye man jobber hjemme eller på kontoret utfra det som egner seg best for den enkeltes situasjon og hvilken type arbeidsoppgaver som skal utføres til enhver tid. Jeg kommer også inn på hvilke følger dette kan få for fremtidens arbeidsliv. Bergen/Stavanger 02.06.2023

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-ojs-10.1177_23259671231168881 for Cross-cultural Validation of the NorwegianVersion of the Banff Patellofemoral Instability Instrument 2.0 by Trine Hysing-Dahl, Liv Heide Magnussen, Anne Gro Heyn Faleide, Asle Birkeland Kjellsen, Ingunn Fleten Mo, Per Arne Skarstein Waaler, Renate Mundal and Eivind Inderhaug in Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine

Aim: For many adults, their role as a parent is a vital part of their life that may influence their health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and vary with the age of their child. The aim of the present study was to describe and compare sociodemographic and psychological factors, pain and HRQOL in parents of adolescents assessed at baseline and 2 years later and to quantify the possible impact of gender, sociodemographic and psychological factors and pain on changes in HRQOL over time. Methods: A longitudinal study of 309 parents from the general Norwegian population was conducted. We used data collected at baseline (T1), when the adolescents were aged 14–15 years (2018/2019), and two years later (T2), in 2021, when the COVID-19 pandemic was ongoing. HRQOL was assessed using RAND-36. Data were analysed using McNemar tests, paired samples t-tests and multiple linear regression analyses.Results: Of the participants, 82% were mothers and 18% fathers. From T1 to T2, the average pain score increased, 1.6 (95% CI [-1,4; 1.8]) vs 1.8 (95% CI [1,6; 2.0]), the pain interference emotion score increased, 1.6 (95% CI [1.3; 1.9]) vs 1.8 (95% CI [1.5; 2.1]), and a larger proportion reported pain duration >3 months (44% vs 50%, p = 0.014). The parents were more lonely, 12.8 (95% CI [12.3; 13.3]) vs 13.7 (95% CI [13.2; 14.2]), and reported lower RAND-36 mental component summary (MCS) scores, 52.2 (95% CI [51.3; 53.2]) vs 50.9 (95% CI [49.8; 52.0]). There were no significant associations between gender, sociodemographic factors, psychological factors, pain at T1 and changes in RAND-36 physical component summary (PCS). A positive change in MCS from T1 to T2 was predicted by working part time, B = 5.22 (95% CI [1.05; 9.38]) (ref no paid work) and older age, B = 0.24, (95%CI [-001; 0.42]), and there was a negative change with stress, B = -17.39, (95%CI [-27.42; -7.51]). Conclusion: The parents experienced more pain and were lonelier, and more reported reduced mental HRQOL. However, the changes appear to be of limited clinical significance, as the parents seemed to have resilience factors to cope, even during an ongoing pandemic.

The combination of imaging of salivary gland tissue and analysis of biopsy samples provides an optimal diagnostic tool for Sjögren’s disease. These techniques enable the treating physician to rule out lymphoma, infection, and other inflammatory or infiltrative processes. The clinician can use various imaging, biopsy, and scoring systems to rate the degree of disease involvement. Obtaining serial measurements can be used to assess the patient’s response to treatment and the degree of disease reversibility. Only a small percentage of patients with Sjögren’s disease undergo these studies, however, and the discussion offered in this chapter provides a rationale for their use.

Objectives: Persons with alcohol use disorder (AUD) and drug use disorder (DUD) have a lower life expectancy than the general population. We examined the burden of somatic diseases among persons with AUD or DUD and investigated impact of socioeconomic status (SES) and mental health disorders on the co-occurrence of somatic diseases in these groups. Methods: We performed a retrospective, register-based cohort study with a 6-year follow-up of persons (aged ≥18 y) with AUD (13,478) or DUD (16,659). Cox regression analyses were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) of somatic diseases. Results: Patients with DUD were, on average, 10 years younger at the point of diagnosis than patients with AUD. Mental illnesses were prominent in both groups (AUD: 40.5%, and DUD: 46.9% vs 3.5% in controls). Adjusting for mental disorders, the risk of all somatic diseases among the AUD and DUD groups was reduced by 30%. Some of the elevated risk of somatic diseases among persons with AUD and DUD is explained by low SES, though less than that explained by the presence of mental disorders. The diseases with highest risk among AUD patients were metabolic disorders (16.9-fold) and hypertension (14.8-fold), and among AUD patients, viral hepatitis (23.3-fold), after adjusting for low SES and mental disorders. Conclusions: Persons with AUD had a higher risk of most somatic diseases, while those with DUD had specific risks for infections and viral hepatitis. Mental health disorders and SES adjusted the associations regarding most somatic diseases. In general, improvement of socio-economic conditions, preferably in combination with professional support to self-manage mental health problems, will reduce the risk of somatic illness in both groups. For DUD patients, available sterile user equipment will reduce the risk of viral hepatis. Keywords: Alcohol use; Diseases; Drug use; Mental illness; Socioeconomic status; Somatic © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). The burden of somatic diseases among people with alcohol- and drug use disorders are influenced by mental illness and low socioeconomic status. A registry-based cohort study in Norway

In August 2011, Norwegian schools welcomed survivors of the Utøya massacre to a new school year. Based on interviews with 135 students who went back to school weeks after experiencing extreme trauma, this study investigates their perception of schooling and learning. Sixty percent of the students reported a variety of reduced academic functioning, and they were not prepared for the learning impairments they faced. Their stories indicate that neither were the schools. Rather, schools appeared to be trauma sensitive only to certain aspects of the trauma-induced effects on schooling: A variety of actions aimed at enhancing school well-being were implemented, however few educational measures to assist and restore impaired academic functioning were reported. The students blamed themselves for reduced academic performance, and had few expectations with regard to teachers helping them academically. The findings are discussed in the context of influential pedagogical ideals in Norwegian and Scandinavian schools.

Additional file 1. Cronbach’s alpha values for instruments used in this study. Cronbach’s alpha values for KIDSCREEN-10, RAND-36, The Health Literacy in School-Aged Children Questionnaire, The Health Literacy Questionnaire.

In the American adaptation of the Norwegian youth drama SKAM (2015-2017), the translation of feminist discourse informing the plot shifts the conflict from a social, political, and democratic level to a question of liberation from within. This shift – from the familiarized interrelational conflict of filmic melodrama to a conflict within the protagonist’s inner landscape – comes with some interconnected dramaturgical implications that change the invited audience’s opportunities to make sense of the plot at the same time as they complicate the interpretation process. Drawing particularly on theories of melodrama and youth fiction, our analysis indicates that the conflict level might particularly problematize the issue of engagement when the medium is filmic. Travelling Girlhood: Feminist Discourses as Narrative Resources for the American Adaptation of the Norwegian High-School Drama SKAM

Background Increased knowledge about factors that can impact changes in adolescents’ health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is needed. The present study aimed to investigate possible HRQOL changes in adolescents at 14 and 16 years, and assess the impact of sociodemographic factors, gender, pain, self-esteem, self-efficacy, loneliness, and stress on HRQOL changes over time. Further, to assess HRQOL stratified by gender. Methods A longitudinal study involving 211 adolescents was conducted. Sociodemographic variables, pain, self-esteem, self-efficacy, loneliness, and stress were all assessed with well-validated instruments. KIDSCREEN-27 was used to measure HRQOL. Data were analyzed using independent t-tests, paired samples t-tests, and linear mixed models for repeated measures. Results When all variables were added to the linear mixed models, stress, loneliness, and pain were significantly, independently associated with a reduction in HRQOL change scores for four of the five KIDSCREEN subscales. Time was significantly associated with a reduction in physical and psychological well-being. Self-efficacy and self-esteem were significantly associated with an increase in HRQOL change scores for four and two subscales, respectively. Male gender was significantly negatively associated with changes in social support and peers compared to female gender. Conclusion Our results demonstrated a significant decline in adolescents’ HRQOL regarding physical and psychological well-being for the age range 14–16 years. Furthermore, we found that stress, loneliness, and pain have a significant negative impact on HRQOL changes, whereas self-esteem and self-efficacy have a significant positive impact. Our results highlight the importance of increased understanding regarding factors associated with changes in adolescents’ HRQOL to enable accurate and strategic interventions.

Alkali-silika reaksjoner er et problem for mange eldre betongkonstruksjo- ner. Tromsøbrua som ble bygd fra 1958 til 1960 er ikke et unntak. Denne masteroppgaven omhandler kapasitetskontroll av Tromsøbrua, både med og uten ekstra krefter som følge av ASR. Det ble også gjennomført en egen vi- suell inspeksjon og tilstandsvurdering i samarbeid med MESLA 2.-4. mai 2022. Inspeksjonen handlet i størst grad om overbygningen og søylene, med et ekstra fokus på fugene. Tromsøbrua ble modellert som tre uavhengige deler i Strusoft FEM-Design. Det ble lagt på laster og hentet ut moment-, skjær- og normalkrefter. Las- ter, lastkombinasjoner og kapasiteter ble beregnet etter Norsk Standard og Vegnormal N400 Bruprosjektering av Statens Vegvesen. Det ble ved beregninger ikke funnet noe overskridelse av skjærkapasiteten i de kontrollerte snittene, men for noen av snittene overskrider moment- kapasiteten. Selv om feltmomentene generelt blir større når ASR-kreftene inkluderes, er ikke dette avgjørende for utnyttelsen. ASR-kreftene, hoved- sakelig utvidelsen, har størst innvirkning på støttemomentene nær fuge en. Her er forskyvningen dominerende og øker utnyttelsesgraden fra 0,83 til 1,06. Hvis alle deformasjonslastene sees bort fra, er det kun feltene i plate- delen som overskrider momentkapasiteten. Dersom kapasiteten lokalt i tverretningen vurderes, er det mulig å utvide gang- og sykkelbanene med 0,5 m som fylkeskommunen ønsker. Dette gjør derimot at momentkapasiteten i lengderetning vil bli enda mer overskredet. Det anbefales derfor ikke å utvide, i hvert fall ikke før det er gjort mer nøy- aktige beregninger med for eksempel omfordeling av krefter. Det samme gjelder ved økning av bruklasse fra BK10/50 til BK10/60, som etter resul- tatene presentert her ikke er å anbefale. Alkali-silica reactions is a problem for many old concrete structures. The Tromsø Bridge, which was built during 1958-1960 is no exception. This master’s thesis’ focus is capacity control, with and without the extra conse- quences of ASR. In addition, the authors did a visual inspection and dama- ge assessment in collaboration with the research project MELSA May 2nd - 4th. The inspection revolved around the box girder bridge deck and the columns. The dilatation joints were also closely inspected. The Tromsø Bridge was modelled as three separate parts using Strusoft FEM-Design. The loads were added to the model and the finite element analysis revealed moment-, shear- and normal force diagrams. The loads, load combinations and capacities were calculated by the procedures from the Eurocode series and Road Standard N400 Bridge Design by the Norwe- gian Public Roads Administration. After the calculations, the shear force capacities were not exceeded for any of the controlled sections, while some moment capacities exceeded its con- trolled section. Even though the field moments are greater when ASR loads are included, the ASR forces is not decisive for the utility. The ASR-forces, especially the expansion, has greatest impact on the supports near the first dilitation joint. Here, the ASR displacement is decisive and increases the utility rate from 0,83 to 1,06. If all deformation loads are neglected, the field moments in the plate part exceed the capacity. If the capacity locally in transversal direction is considered, it is possible to expand the pedestrian and bicycle lanes by 0,5 m as the county authority wants. On the other hand, this would result in an even larger exceedance of the moment capacity in the longitudinal direction. Therefore it is not recom- mended to expand the pedestrian and bicycle lanes. Not until more accurate calculations are done, that is. These calculations should also consider redis- tribution of forces. It is also not advisable to increase from class BK10/50 to BK10/60, according to the calculations presented in this thesis.

A.C.S. would like to acknowledge NOAA funding (Award NA21OAR4310253). D.G. acknowledges support from NOAA (Award NA21OAR4310261). E.D.-S. was funded by RCN grant Dynamite 255027. H.M.C. was funded by Natural Environment Research Council grant number NE/P018238/1. J.J.K.was supported by the Met Office Hadley Centre Climate Programme funded by BEIS., Simmonds E.G., Adjei K.P., Andersen C.W., Hetle Aspheim J.C., Battistin C., Bulso N., Christensen H.M., Cretois B., Cubero R., Davidovich I.A., Dickel L., Dunn B., Dunn-Sigouin E., Dyrstad K., Einum S., Giglio D., Gjerløw H., Godefroidt A., González-Gil R., Gonzalo Cogno S., Große F., Halloran P., Jensen M.F., Kennedy J.J., Langsæther P.E., Laverick J.H., Lederberger D., Li C., Mandeville E.G., Mandeville C., Moe E., Navarro Schröder T., Nunan D., Sicacha-Parada J., Simpson M.R., Skarstein E.S., Spensberger C., Stevens R., Subramanian A.C., Svendsen L., Theisen O.M., Watret C., O'Hara R.B.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate clinical and radiological results in patients operated for recurrent patellar instability with a surgical approach consisting of Insall proximal realignment with/without tibial tubercle osteotomy (TTO). Methods Patients that underwent surgery for recurrent patellar instability at one centre with a uniform technique between 2004 and 2020 were included. Eligible patients were assessed by clinical examination and the disease-specific Banff Patellofemoral Instability Instrument 2.0 (BPII 2.0). Pre- and postoperative radiographs were analysed for patellofemoral osteoarthritis (OA) according to Iwano. Preoperative Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and radiographs were analysed for anatomical risk factors for patellar instability. Student t-test, chi-square test and ANOVA-analyses were used to investigate whether anatomical risk factors and/or patient characteristics could predict an inferior outcome. Results Forty-six patients (47 knees) were included at a mean follow-up time of 6.6 years (SD 4.6; range 1–17). Mean BPII 2.0 score was 60.4 (SD 18.4; range 26–98), and 10.6% (n = 5) had suffered a postoperative redislocation. Progression to evident patellofemoral OA was seen in 15% of the patients (p Conclusion Patients treated with the current approach reported acceptable medium- to long-term results, but the risk of patellofemoral OA progression is significant. These findings add to the knowledge of expected outcomes after procedures involving Insall proximal realignment, and can guide clinical decision making for surgeons using similar methods. Level of evidence Level IV, case series.

Masteroppgave i areal og eiendom. Fakultet for ingeniør- og naturvitskap/ Institutt for byggfag/ Høgskulen på Vestlandet, campus Bergen. Værøy er en spektakulær øy nest ytterst i Lofoten, med en rik fiskerihistorie og unik natur. Ideen om å danne en mulighetsstudie oppstod på sykkeltur mot Marka på befaring til Værøy. Store og tomme arealer, slående naturopplevelser og anerkjent fiskevær, det å se på muligheter for en slik plass var en spennende utfordring. Formålet for oppgaven er å se på hvilke tiltak som må på plass for å åpne for muligheter og skape utvikling på Værøy. For å belyse dette temaet ble det gjennomført en rekke analyser basert på ulike metoder. Stedsanalysene ble utført for å få et helhetlig bilde av dagens situasjon, sammen med befaring økte det graden av validitet for dette bildet. På befaring ble det gjennomført spørreundersøkelser, hvor resultatet ville spille en viktig rolle for valg av tiltak. Ved å lytte til lokalbefolkningen kan man sikre en god planleggingsprosess og øke deres tilhørighet til Værøy. Dette kan også bidra til at flere velger å bli boende, og gjerne at andre ønsker å flytte til Værøy. De ulike metodene bidro til at utfordringer og muligheter ble avdekket. Det ble på bakgrunn av metodene utarbeidet forslag til tre tiltaksnivå, herunder «minimumstiltak», «steget videre», og «de store tiltakene» for fire utviklingsområder. Tiltaksnivåene legger opp til et samarbeid mellom private og offentlige aktører, og kan gjennomføres som en dugnad eller en større planprosess. Forslagene til tiltak gitt i denne oppgaven har som formål å svare på ønsker fra lokalbefolkningen, samt belyse mulighetene som foreligger på Værøy. Uavhengig av hvilke tiltak som gjennomføres, vil plasseringen av det være likeså viktig. Det som er vesentlig, er at lokalbefolkningen blir i hensyntatt og blir hørt på i planprosessen. For å redusere fraflytting fra Værøy kan arealplanlegging benyttes som et verktøy ved å utpeke områder for utvikling. Dette gjøres gjennom kommuneplanens arealdel og reguleringsplaner. Bestemte tiltak som utbedring av vegnettet, tilføying av fritidstilbud og arbeidsplasser er med på å gjøre Værøy til et mer attraktivt sted, både for lokalbefolkningen, samt tilflyttere og besøkende. Nøkkelord: Værøy, fiskevær, mulighetsstudie, fraflytting, medvirkning, lokalbefolkning og bærekraftig utvikling Værøy is a spectacular island at the far end of Lofoten, with a rich fishing history and unique nature. The idea of forming a feasibility study arose on a bicycle trip to Marka on an inspection to Værøy. Large and empty areas, striking nature experiences and recognized fishing villages, looking at opportunities for such a place was an exciting challenge. The purpose of the thesis is to look at what measures must be in place to open up opportunities and create development on Værøy. To shed light on this topic, qualitative and quantitative methods were implemented. Site analyses were performed to get a holistic picture of the current situation, together with an inspection, it increased the degree of validity for this holistic picture. During the inspection, surveys were conducted, where the results would play an important role in the choice of measures. By listening to the local population, you can ensure a good planning process and increase their affiliation to Værøy. This can also contribute to more people choosing to stay, and often others wanting to move to Værøy. The various methods contributed to the challenges and opportunities being identified. On the basis of the methods, proposals were prepared for three levels of measures, including "minimum measures", "steps forward", and "the major measures" for four development areas. The action levels call for cooperation between private and public actors and can be implemented as a charity or a major planning process. The purpose of the proposals for measures given in this thesis is to respond to the wishes of the local population, as well as to shed light on the opportunities that exist on Værøy. Regardless of what measures are implemented, the location of it will be just as important. What is important is that the local population is considered and listened to in the planning process. To reduce migration from Værøy, spatial planning can be used as a tool by designating areas for development. This is done through the area part of the municipal plan and zoning plans. Certain measures such as improving the road network, adding leisure facilities and jobs help to make Værøy a more attractive place, both for the local population, as well as newcomers and visitors. Keywords: Værøy, fishing village, feasibility study, migration, participation, local population, and sustainable development. MOA300

The cemented Spectron EF stem in combination with the cemented non-crosslinked Reflection All-Poly cup showed a high rate of mid-term aseptic loosening. However, the failure mechanisms are not fully known. We assessed the inflammatory tissue reactions and wear particles in periprosthetic tissues, implant wear and blood metal ion levels in 28 patients with failed implants. Histological analysis showed a macrophage pre-dominant pattern with randomly distributed lymphocytes, with various amounts of neutrophils and giant cells. The number of different cell types in the tissue samples from patients in the cup group and in the stem group was similar. Wear particles, mainly ZrO2, CoCrMo, and polyethylene particles of different sizes and shapes, were associated with macrophages/giant cells, and total particle load/mm2 was higher in cases of stem loosening. The Spectron EF stems were heavily worn, abraded, and polished. Stem abrasion correlated with metal ion concentrations in blood. The median polyethylene wear rate of the Reflection cups was 0.23 mm/year. The high proximal roughness of the Spectron EF stem resulted in excessive cement wear during loosening. The resulting inflammatory tissue responses to the degradation products both from the cup and the stem led to massive osteolysis and subsequent implant loosening. publishedVersion

Sjögren’s disease is a complex autoimmune disease with twelve established susceptibility loci. This genome-wide association study (GWAS) identifies ten novel genome-wide significant (GWS) regions in Sjögren’s cases of European ancestry: CD247, NAB1, PTTG1-MIR146A, PRDM1-ATG5, TNFAIP3, XKR6, MAPT-CRHR1, RPTOR-CHMP6-BAIAP6, TYK2, SYNGR1. Polygenic risk scores yield predictability (AUROC = 0.71) and relative risk of 12.08. Interrogation of bioinformatics databases refine the associations, define local regulatory networks of GWS SNPs from the 95% credible set, and expand the implicated gene list to >40. Many GWS SNPs are eQTLs for genes within topologically associated domains in immune cells and/or eQTLs in the main target tissue, salivary glands.