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101. Trends in the sources and sinks of carbon dioxide

Author

Le Quéré, Corinne, Raupach, Michael R, Canadell, Josep G, Marland, Gregg, Bopp, Laurent, Ciais, Philippe, Conway, Thomas J, Doney, Scott C, Feely, Richard A, Foster, Pru, Friedlingstein, Pierre, Gurney, Kevin, Houghton, Richard A, House, Joanna I, Huntingford, Chris, Levy, Peter E, Lomas, Mark R, Majkut, Joseph, Metzl, Nicolas, Ometto, Jean P, Peters, Glen P, Prentice, I Colin, Randerson, James T, Running, Steven W, Sarmiento, Jorge L, Schuster, Ute, Sitch, Stephen, Takahashi, Taro, Viovy, Nicolas, van der Werf, Guido R, and Woodward, F Ian

Subjects
Climate Action, Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
Abstract

Efforts to control climate change require the stabilization of atmospheric CO 2 concentrations. This can only be achieved through a drastic reduction of global CO 2 emissions. Yet fossil fuel emissions increased by 29% between 2000 and 2008, in conjunction with increased contributions from emerging economies, from the production and international trade of goods and services, and from the use of coal as a fuel source. In contrast, emissions from land-use changes were nearly constant. Between 1959 and 2008, 43% of each year's CO 2 emissions remained in the atmosphere on average; the rest was absorbed by carbon sinks on land and in the oceans. In the past 50 years, the fraction of CO 2 emissions that remains in the atmosphere each year has likely increased, from about 40% to 45%, and models suggest that this trend was caused by a decrease in the uptake of CO 2 by the carbon sinks in response to climate change and variability. Changes in the CO 2 sinks are highly uncertain, but they could have a significant influence on future atmospheric CO 2 levels. It is therefore crucial to reduce the uncertainties. © 2009 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved.

Published
2009

103. Evaluating nitrogen cycling in terrestrial biosphere models: a disconnect between the carbon and nitrogen cycles

Author

Kou-Giesbrecht, Sian, primary, Arora, Vivek K., additional, Seiler, Christian, additional, Arneth, Almut, additional, Falk, Stefanie, additional, Jain, Atul K., additional, Joos, Fortunat, additional, Kennedy, Daniel, additional, Knauer, Jürgen, additional, Sitch, Stephen, additional, O'Sullivan, Michael, additional, Pan, Naiqing, additional, Sun, Qing, additional, Tian, Hanqin, additional, Vuichard, Nicolas, additional, and Zaehle, Sönke, additional

Published
2023
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104. The greenhouse gas budget of terrestrial ecosystems in East Asia since 2000

Author

Wang, Xuhui, primary, Gao, Yuanyi, additional, Jeong, Sujong, additional, Ito, Akihiko, additional, Bastos, Ana, additional, Poulter, Benjamin, additional, Wang, Yilong, additional, Ciais, Philippe, additional, Tian, Hanqin, additional, Yuan, Wenping, additional, Chandra, Naveen, additional, Chevallier, Frederic, additional, Fan, Lei, additional, Hong, Songbai, additional, Lauerwald, Ronny, additional, Li, Wei, additional, Lin, Zhengyang, additional, Pan, Naiqing, additional, Patra, Prabir K., additional, Peng, Shushi, additional, Ran, Lishan, additional, Sang, Yuxing, additional, Sitch, Stephen, additional, Maki, Takashi, additional, Thompson, Rona L., additional, Wang, Chenzhi, additional, Wang, Kai, additional, Wang, Tao, additional, Xi, Yi, additional, Xu, Liang, additional, Yan, Yanzi, additional, Yun, Jeongmin, additional, Zhang, Yao, additional, Zhang, Yuzhong, additional, Zhang, Zhen, additional, Zheng, Bo, additional, Zhou, Feng, additional, Tao, Shu, additional, Canadell, Josep G., additional, and Piao, Shilong, additional

Published
2023
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108. Performance evaluation of UKESM1 for surface ozone across the pan-tropics.

Author

Brown, Flossie, Folberth, Gerd, Sitch, Stephen, Artaxo, Paulo, Bauters, Marijn, Boeckx, Pascal, Cheesman, Alexander W., Detto, Matteo, Komala, Ninong, Rizzo, Luciana, Rojas, Nestor, Vieira, Ines dos Santos, Turnock, Steven, Verbeeck, Hans, and Zambrano, Alfonso

Subjects
LYOTROPIC liquid crystals, TROPOSPHERIC ozone, OZONE, ECOLOGICAL integrity, OZONE layer, TROPICAL forests, ATMOSPHERIC chemistry, CHEMICAL models
Abstract

Surface ozone monitoring sites in the tropics are limited, despite the risk that surface ozone poses to human health, tropical forest, and crop productivity. Atmospheric chemistry models allow us to assess ozone exposure in unmonitored locations and evaluate the potential influence of changing policies and climate on air quality, human health, and ecosystem integrity. Here, we utilise in situ ozone measurements from ground-based stations in the pan-tropics to evaluate ozone from the UK Earth system model, UKESM1, with a focus on remote sites. The study includes ozone data from areas with limited previous data, notably Tropical South America, central Africa, and tropical North Australia. Evaluating UKESM1 against observations beginning in 1987 onwards, we show that UKESM1 is able to capture changes in surface ozone concentration at different temporal resolutions, albeit with a systematic high bias of 18.1 nmol mol-1 on average. We use the Diurnal Ozone Range (DOR) as a metric for evaluation and find that UKESM1 captures the observed DOR (mean bias of 2.7 nmol mol-1 and RMSE of 7.1 nmol mol-1) and the trend in DOR with location and season. Results from this study demonstrate the applicability of hourly output from UKESM1 for human and ecosystem health-based impact assessments, increase confidence in model projections, and highlight areas that would benefit from further observations. Indeed, hourly surface ozone data has been crucial to this study, and we encourage other modelling groups to include hourly surface ozone output as a default. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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109. Performance evaluation of UKESM1 for surface ozone across the pantropics.

Author

Brown, Flossie, Folberth, Gerd, Sitch, Stephen, Artaxo, Paulo, Bauters, Marijn, Boeckx, Pascal, Cheesman, Alexander W., Detto, Matteo, Komala, Ninong, Rizzo, Luciana, Rojas, Nestor, dos Santos Vieira, Ines, Turnock, Steven, Verbeeck, Hans, and Zambrano, Alfonso

Abstract

Surface ozone monitoring sites in the tropics are limited, despite the risk that surface ozone poses to human health, tropical forest, and crop productivity. Atmospheric chemistry models allow us to assess ozone exposure in unmonitored locations and evaluate the potential influence of changing policies and climate on air quality, human health, and ecosystem integrity. Here, we utilise in situ ozone measurements from ground-based stations in the pan-tropics to evaluate ozone from the UK Earth system model, UKESM1, with a focus on remote sites. The study includes ozone data from areas with limited previous data, notably Tropical South America, central Africa, and tropical North Australia. Evaluating UKESM1 against observations beginning in 1987 onwards, we show that UKESM1 is able to capture changes in surface ozone concentration at different temporal resolutions, albeit with a systematic high bias of 18.1 nmol mol-1 on average. We use the Diurnal Ozone Range (DOR) as a metric for evaluation and find that UKESM1 captures the observed DOR (mean bias of 2.7 nmol mol-1 and RMSE of 7.1 nmol mol-1) and the trend in DOR with location and season. Results from this study demonstrate the applicability of hourly output from UKESM1 for human and ecosystem health-based impact assessments, increase confidence in model projections, and highlight areas that would benefit from further observations. Indeed, hourly surface ozone data has been crucial to this study, and we encourage other modelling groups to include hourly surface ozone output as a default. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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110. Country-level estimates of gross and net carbon fluxes from land use, land-use change and forestry.

Author

Obermeier, Wolfgang Alexander, Schwingshackl, Clemens, Bastos, Ana, Conchedda, Giulia, Gasser, Thomas, Grassi, Giacomo, Houghton, Richard A., Tubiello, Francesco Nicola, Sitch, Stephen, and Pongratz, Julia

Subjects
CARBON emissions, LAND use, CLIMATE change, COUNTRIES, CARBON dioxide, FORESTS & forestry, GREENHOUSE gases
Abstract

The reduction of CO 2 emissions and the enhancement of CO 2 removals related to land use are considered essential for future pathways towards net-zero emissions and mitigating climate change. With the growing pressure under global climate treaties, country-level land-use CO 2 flux data are becoming increasingly important. So far, country-level estimates are mainly available through official country reports, such as the greenhouse gas inventories reported to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Recently, different modelling approaches, namely dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs) and bookkeeping models, have moved to higher spatial resolutions, which makes it possible to obtain model-based country-level estimates that are globally consistent in their methodology. To progress towards a largely independent assessment of country reports using models, we analyse the robustness of country-level CO 2 flux estimates from different modelling approaches in the period 1950–2021 and compare them with estimates from country reports. Our results highlight the general ability of modelling approaches to estimate land-use CO 2 fluxes at the country level and at higher spatial resolution. Modelled land-use CO 2 flux estimates generally agree well, but the investigation of multiple DGVMs and bookkeeping models reveals that the robustness of their estimates strongly varies across countries, and substantial uncertainties remain, even for top emitters. Similarly, modelled land-use CO 2 flux estimates and country-report-based estimates agree reasonably well in many countries once their differing definitions are accounted for, although differences remain in some other countries. A separate analysis of CO 2 emissions and removals from land use using bookkeeping models also shows that historical peaks in net fluxes stem from emission peaks in most countries, whereas the long-term trends are more connected to removal dynamics. The ratio of the net flux to the sum of CO 2 emissions and removals from land use (the net-to-gross flux ratio) underlines the spatio-temporal heterogeneity in the drivers of net land-use CO 2 flux trends. In many tropical regions, net-to-gross flux ratios of about 50 % are due to much larger emissions than removals; in many temperate countries, ratios close to zero show that emissions and removals largely offset each other. Considering only the net flux thus potentially masks large emissions and removals and the different timescales upon which they act, particularly if averaged over countries or larger regions, highlighting the need for future studies to focus more on the gross fluxes. Data from this study are openly available via the Zenodo portal at 10.5281/zenodo.8144174. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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111. Anthropogenic disturbance exacerbates resilience loss in the Amazon rainforests.

Author

Wang, Huan, Ciais, Philippe, Sitch, Stephen, Green, Julia K., Tao, Shengli, Fu, Zheng, Albergel, Clément, Bastos, Ana, Wang, Mengjia, Fawcett, Dominic, Frappart, Frédéric, Li, Xiaojun, Liu, Xiangzhuo, Li, Shuangcheng, and Wigneron, Jean‐Pierre

Subjects
FOREST resilience, RAIN forests, ECOLOGICAL disturbances, DEFORESTATION, FOREST canopy gaps
Abstract

Uncovering the mechanisms that lead to Amazon forest resilience variations is crucial to predict the impact of future climatic and anthropogenic disturbances. Here, we apply a previously used empirical resilience metrics, lag‐1 month temporal autocorrelation (TAC), to vegetation optical depth data in C‐band (a good proxy of the whole canopy water content) in order to explore how forest resilience variations are impacted by human disturbances and environmental drivers in the Brazilian Amazon. We found that human disturbances significantly increase the risk of critical transitions, and that the median TAC value is ~2.4 times higher in human‐disturbed forests than that in intact forests, suggesting a much lower resilience in disturbed forests. Additionally, human‐disturbed forests are less resilient to land surface heat stress and atmospheric water stress than intact forests. Among human‐disturbed forests, forests with a more closed and thicker canopy structure, which is linked to a higher forest cover and a lower disturbance fraction, are comparably more resilient. These results further emphasize the urgent need to limit deforestation and degradation through policy intervention to maintain the resilience of the Amazon rainforests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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114. Widespread seasonal compensation effects of spring warming on northern plant productivity

Author

Buermann, Wolfgang, Forkel, Matthias, O'Sullivan, Michael, Sitch, Stephen, Friedlingstein, Pierre, Haverd, Vanessa, and Jain, Atul K.

Subjects
Agricultural productivity -- Environmental aspects, Climate change -- Analysis, Ecosystems -- Reorganization and restructuring, Precipitation (Meteorology) -- Research, Water resources, Global temperature changes, Production management, Resveratrol, Retirement benefits, Radiation (Physics), Company restructuring/company reorganization, Company organization, Environmental issues, Science and technology, Zoology and wildlife conservation
Abstract

Climate change is shifting the phenological cycles of plants.sup.1, thereby altering the functioning of ecosystems, which in turn induces feedbacks to the climate system.sup.2. In northern (north of 30° N) ecosystems, warmer springs lead generally to an earlier onset of the growing season.sup.3,4 and increased ecosystem productivity early in the season.sup.5. In situ.sup.6 and regional.sup.7-9 studies also provide evidence for lagged effects of spring warmth on plant productivity during the subsequent summer and autumn. However, our current understanding of these lagged effects, including their direction (beneficial or adverse) and geographic distribution, is still very limited. Here we analyse satellite, field-based and modelled data for the period 1982-2011 and show that there are widespread and contrasting lagged productivity responses to spring warmth across northern ecosystems. On the basis of the observational data, we find that roughly 15 per cent of the total study area of about 41 million square kilometres exhibits adverse lagged effects and that roughly 5 per cent of the total study area exhibits beneficial lagged effects. By contrast, current-generation terrestrial carbon-cycle models predict much lower areal fractions of adverse lagged effects (ranging from 1 to 14 per cent) and much higher areal fractions of beneficial lagged effects (ranging from 9 to 54 per cent). We find that elevation and seasonal precipitation patterns largely dictate the geographic pattern and direction of the lagged effects. Inadequate consideration in current models of the effects of the seasonal build-up of water stress on seasonal vegetation growth may therefore be able to explain the differences that we found between our observation-constrained estimates and the model-constrained estimates of lagged effects associated with spring warming. Overall, our results suggest that for many northern ecosystems the benefits of warmer springs on growing-season ecosystem productivity are effectively compensated for by the accumulation of seasonal water deficits, despite the fact that northern ecosystems are thought to be largely temperature- and radiation-limited.sup.10.Widespread but contrasting delayed responses of ecosystem productivity to spring warmth across northern ecosystems is inferred from satellite data, with higher areal fractions of adverse effects than beneficial effects., Author(s): Wolfgang Buermann [sup.1] [sup.2] , Matthias Forkel [sup.3] , Michael O'Sullivan [sup.1] , Stephen Sitch [sup.4] , Pierre Friedlingstein [sup.5] , Vanessa Haverd [sup.6] , Atul K. Jain [sup.7] [...]

Published
2018
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115. Reconciling global-model estimates and country reporting of anthropogenic forest CO2 sinks

Author

Grassi, Giacomo, House, Jo, Kurz, Werner A., Cescatti, Alessandro, Houghton, Richard A., Peters, Glen P., Sanz, Maria J., Viñas, Raul Abad, Alkama, Ramdane, Arneth, Almut, Bondeau, Alberte, Dentener, Frank, Fader, Marianela, Federici, Sandro, Friedlingstein, Pierre, Jain, Atul K., Kato, Etsushi, Koven, Charles D., Lee, Donna, Nabel, Julia E. M. S., Nassikas, Alexander A., Perugini, Lucia, Rossi, Simone, Sitch, Stephen, Viovy, Nicolas, Wiltshire, Andy, and Zaehle, Sönke

Published
2018
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121. South American mountain ecosystems and global change – a case study for integrating theory and field observations for land surface modelling and ecosystem management

Author

Nagy, Laszlo, primary, Eller, Cleiton B., additional, Mercado, Lina M., additional, Cuesta, Francisco X., additional, Llambí, Luís D., additional, Buscardo, Erika, additional, Aragão, Luiz E. O. C., additional, García-Núñez, Carlos, additional, Oliveira, Rafael S., additional, Barbosa, Milton, additional, Ceballos, Sergio J., additional, Calderón-Loor, Marco, additional, Fernandes, G. Wilson, additional, Aráoz, Ezequiel, additional, Muñoz, Ariadna M. Q., additional, Rozzi, Ricardo, additional, Aguirre, Francisco, additional, Álvarez-Dávila, Esteban, additional, Salinas, Norma, additional, and Sitch, Stephen, additional

Published
2023
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122. Temperature extremes of 2022 reduced carbon uptake by forests in Europe

Author

Peters, Wouter, primary, Woude, Auke van der, additional, Luijkx, Ingrid, additional, Joetzjer, Emilie, additional, Lafont, Sébastien, additional, Loubet, Benjamin, additional, Herig-Coimbra, Pedro-Henrique, additional, Loustau, Denis, additional, Koren, Gerbrand, additional, Ciais, Philippe, additional, Ramonet, Michel, additional, Xu, Yidi, additional, Bastos, Ana, additional, Sitch, Stephen, additional, Kneuer, Tobias, additional, Kubistin, Dagmar, additional, De Kok, Remco, additional, and Botía, Santiago, additional

Published
2023
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123. Uncertainty and Emergent Constraints on Enhanced Ecosystem Carbon Stock by Land Greening

Author

Bian, Chenyu, primary, Xia, Jianyang, additional, Zhang, Xuanze, additional, Huang, Kun, additional, Cui, Erqian, additional, Zhou, Jian, additional, Wei, Ning, additional, Wang, Ying‐Ping, additional, Lombardozzi, Danica, additional, Goll, Daniel S., additional, Knauer, Jürgen, additional, Arora, Vivek, additional, Yuan, Wenping, additional, Sitch, Stephen, additional, Friedlingstein, Pierre, additional, and Luo, Yiqi, additional

Published
2023
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125. Soil respiration–driven CO 2 pulses dominate Australia’s flux variability

Author

Metz, Eva-Marie, primary, Vardag, Sanam N., additional, Basu, Sourish, additional, Jung, Martin, additional, Ahrens, Bernhard, additional, El-Madany, Tarek, additional, Sitch, Stephen, additional, Arora, Vivek K., additional, Briggs, Peter R., additional, Friedlingstein, Pierre, additional, Goll, Daniel S., additional, Jain, Atul K., additional, Kato, Etsushi, additional, Lombardozzi, Danica, additional, Nabel, Julia E. M. S., additional, Poulter, Benjamin, additional, Séférian, Roland, additional, Tian, Hanqin, additional, Wiltshire, Andrew, additional, Yuan, Wenping, additional, Yue, Xu, additional, Zaehle, Sönke, additional, Deutscher, Nicholas M., additional, Griffith, David W. T., additional, and Butz, André, additional

Published
2023
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126. A Robust Estimate of Continental‐Scale Terrestrial Carbon Sinks Using GOSAT XCO 2 Retrievals

Author

Zhang, Lingyu, primary, Jiang, Fei, additional, He, Wei, additional, Wu, Mousong, additional, Wang, Jun, additional, Ju, Weimin, additional, Wang, Hengmao, additional, Zhang, Yongguang, additional, Sitch, Stephen, additional, Walker, Anthony P., additional, Yue, Xu, additional, Feng, Shuzhuang, additional, Jia, Mengwei, additional, and Chen, Jing M., additional

Published
2023
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127. Amazon forests a net carbon source during drought and under high rates of human-disturbance

Author

Rosan, Thais, primary, Sitch, Stephen, additional, O'Sullivan, Michael, additional, Basso, Luana, additional, Wilson, Chris, additional, Silva, Camila V. J., additional, Gloor, Manuel, additional, Fawcett, Dominic, additional, Heinrich, Viola, additional, de Souza, Jefferson Goncalves, additional, Bezerra, Francisco, additional, von Randow, Celso, additional, Mercado, Lina, additional, Gatti, Luciana, additional, Wiltshire, Andy, additional, Friedlingstein, Pierre, additional, Pongratz, Julia, additional, Schwingshackl, Clemens, additional, Williams, Mathew, additional, Smallman, Luke, additional, Knauer, Jürgen, additional, Arora, Vivek, additional, Kennedy, Daniel, additional, Tian, Hanqin, additional, Wenping, Yuan, additional, Jain, Atul, additional, Falk, Stefanie, additional, Poulder, Ben, additional, Arneth, Almut, additional, Sun, Qing, additional, Zaehle, Sönke, additional, Walker, Anthony, additional, Kato, Etsushi, additional, Yue, Xu, additional, Bastos, Ana, additional, Ciais, Philippe, additional, Wigneron, Jean-Pierre, additional, Albergel, Clement, additional, and Aragão, Luiz, additional

Published
2023
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128. Examining ozone susceptibility in the genus Musa (bananas)

Author

Farha, Mst Nahid, Daniells, Jeffrey W., Cernusak, Lucas A., Ritmejeryte, Edita, Wangchuk, Phurpa, Sitch, Stephen, Mercado, Lina M., Hayes, Felicity, Brown, Flossie, Cheesman, Alexander W., Farha, Mst Nahid, Daniells, Jeffrey W., Cernusak, Lucas A., Ritmejeryte, Edita, Wangchuk, Phurpa, Sitch, Stephen, Mercado, Lina M., Hayes, Felicity, Brown, Flossie, and Cheesman, Alexander W.

Abstract

Tropospheric ozone (O3) is a global air pollutant that adversely affects plant growth. Whereas the impacts of O3 have previously been examined for some tropical commodity crops, no information is available for the pantropical crop, banana (Musa spp.). To address this, we exposed Australia’s major banana cultivar, Williams, to a range of [O3] in open top chambers. In addition, we examined 46 diverse Musa lines growing in a common garden for variation in three traits that are hypothesised to shape responses to O3: (1) leaf mass per area; (2) intrinsic water use efficiency; and (3) total antioxidant capacity. We show that O3 exposure had a significant effect on the biomass of cv. Williams, with significant reductions in both pseudostem and sucker biomass with increasing [O3]. This was accompanied by a significant increase in total antioxidant capacity and phenolic concentrations in older, but not younger, leaves, indicating the importance of cumulative O3 exposure. Using the observed trait diversity, we projected O3 tolerance among the 46 Musa lines growing in the common garden. Of these, cv. Williams ranked as one of the most O3-tolerant cultivars. This suggests that other genetic lines could be even more susceptible, with implications for banana production and food security throughout the tropics.

Published
2023

129. Author Correction: Temperature extremes of 2022 reduced carbon uptake by forests in Europe

Author

Woude, Auke M. van der, Peters, Wouter, Joetzjer, Emilie, Lafont, Sébastien, Koren, Gerbrand, Ciais, Philippe, Ramonet, Michel, Xu, Yidi, Bastos, Ana, Botía, Santiago, Sitch, Stephen, Kok, Remco de, Kneuer, Tobias, Kubistin, Dagmar, Jacotot, Adrien, Loubet, Benjamin, Herig-Coimbra, Pedro-Henrique, Loustau, Denis, Luijkx, Ingrid T., Woude, Auke M. van der, Peters, Wouter, Joetzjer, Emilie, Lafont, Sébastien, Koren, Gerbrand, Ciais, Philippe, Ramonet, Michel, Xu, Yidi, Bastos, Ana, Botía, Santiago, Sitch, Stephen, Kok, Remco de, Kneuer, Tobias, Kubistin, Dagmar, Jacotot, Adrien, Loubet, Benjamin, Herig-Coimbra, Pedro-Henrique, Loustau, Denis, and Luijkx, Ingrid T.

Published
2023

130. Temperature extremes of 2022 reduced carbon uptake by forests in Europe

Author

Peters, Wouter, Woude, Auke van der, Luijkx, Ingrid, Joetzjer, Emilie, Lafont, Sébastien, Loubet, Benjamin, Herig-Coimbra, Pedro-Henrique, Loustau, Denis, Koren, Gerbrand, Ciais, Philippe, Ramonet, Michel, Xu, Yidi, Bastos, Ana, Sitch, Stephen, Kneuer, Tobias, Kubistin, Dagmar, Kok, Remco De, Botía, Santiago, Peters, Wouter, Woude, Auke van der, Luijkx, Ingrid, Joetzjer, Emilie, Lafont, Sébastien, Loubet, Benjamin, Herig-Coimbra, Pedro-Henrique, Loustau, Denis, Koren, Gerbrand, Ciais, Philippe, Ramonet, Michel, Xu, Yidi, Bastos, Ana, Sitch, Stephen, Kneuer, Tobias, Kubistin, Dagmar, Kok, Remco De, and Botía, Santiago

Abstract

The year 2022 saw record breaking temperatures in Europe during both summer and fall. Close to 30% of the European continent was under severe summer drought with a similarly large area affected (3.0 million km2) as during the recent 2018 drought, but now located in central and southeastern Europe. Multiple sets of observations suggest a reduction of net ecosystem carbon exchange in summer (57-62 TgC) over this area, and specific sites in France even showed a widespread summertime carbon release by forests, as well as wildfires. A warm fall with prolonged carbon uptake offered only partial compensation (up to 32%) for the carbon uptake lost due to drought. This severity of this second drought event in 5 years suggests these impacts to no longer be exceptional, and important to factor into Europe's developing plans for net-zero greenhouse gas emissions that rely on carbon sequestration by forests.

Published
2023

131. Temperature extremes of 2022 reduced carbon uptake by forests in Europe

Author

Global Ecohydrology and Sustainability, Environmental Sciences, Peters, Wouter, Woude, Auke van der, Luijkx, Ingrid, Joetzjer, Emilie, Lafont, Sébastien, Loubet, Benjamin, Herig-Coimbra, Pedro-Henrique, Loustau, Denis, Koren, Gerbrand, Ciais, Philippe, Ramonet, Michel, Xu, Yidi, Bastos, Ana, Sitch, Stephen, Kneuer, Tobias, Kubistin, Dagmar, Kok, Remco De, Botía, Santiago, Global Ecohydrology and Sustainability, Environmental Sciences, Peters, Wouter, Woude, Auke van der, Luijkx, Ingrid, Joetzjer, Emilie, Lafont, Sébastien, Loubet, Benjamin, Herig-Coimbra, Pedro-Henrique, Loustau, Denis, Koren, Gerbrand, Ciais, Philippe, Ramonet, Michel, Xu, Yidi, Bastos, Ana, Sitch, Stephen, Kneuer, Tobias, Kubistin, Dagmar, Kok, Remco De, and Botía, Santiago

Published
2023

132. Implementation of trait-based ozone plant sensitivity in the Yale interactive terrestrial biosphere model v1.0 to assess global vegetation damage

Author

Ma, Yimian, Yue, Xu, Sitch, Stephen, Unger, Nadine, Uddling, Johan, Mercado, Lina M., Gong, Cheng, Feng, Zhaozhong, Yang, Huiyi, Zhou, Hao, Tian, Chenguang, Cao, Yang, Lei, Yadong, Cheesman, Alexander W., Xu, Yansen, Duran Rojas, Maria Carolina, Ma, Yimian, Yue, Xu, Sitch, Stephen, Unger, Nadine, Uddling, Johan, Mercado, Lina M., Gong, Cheng, Feng, Zhaozhong, Yang, Huiyi, Zhou, Hao, Tian, Chenguang, Cao, Yang, Lei, Yadong, Cheesman, Alexander W., Xu, Yansen, and Duran Rojas, Maria Carolina

Abstract

A major limitation in modeling global ozone (O3) vegetation damage has long been the reliance on empirical O3 sensitivity parameters derived from a limited number of species and applied at the level of plant functional types (PFTs), which ignore the large interspecific variations within the same PFT. Here, we present a major advance in large-scale assessments of O3 plant injury by linking the trait leaf mass per area (LMA) and plant O3 sensitivity in a broad and global perspective. Application of the new approach and a global LMA map in a dynamic global vegetation model reasonably represents the observed interspecific responses to O3 with a unified sensitivity parameter for all plant species. Simulations suggest a contemporary global mean reduction of 4.8 % in gross primary productivity by O3, with a range of 1.1 %–12.6 % for varied PFTs. Hotspots with damage >10 % are found in agricultural areas in the eastern US, western Europe, eastern China, and India, accompanied by moderate to high levels of surface O3. Furthermore, we simulate the distribution of plant sensitivity to O3, which is highly linked with the inherent leaf trait trade-off strategies of plants, revealing high risks for fast-growing species with low LMA, such as crops, grasses, and deciduous trees.

Published
2023

133. South American mountain ecosystems and global change – a case study for integrating theory and field observations for land surface modelling and ecosystem management

Author

Nagy, Laszlo, Eller, Cleiton B., Mercado, Lina M., Cuesta, Francisco X., Llambí, Luís D., Buscardo, Erika, Aragão, Luiz E.O.C., García-Núñez, Carlos, Oliveira, Rafael S., Barbosa, Milton, Ceballos, Sergio J., Calderón-Loor, Marco, Fernandes, G. Wilson, Aráoz, Ezequiel, Muñoz, Ariadna M.Q., Rozzi, Ricardo, Aguirre, Francisco, Álvarez-Dávila, Esteban, Salinas, Norma, Sitch, Stephen, Nagy, Laszlo, Eller, Cleiton B., Mercado, Lina M., Cuesta, Francisco X., Llambí, Luís D., Buscardo, Erika, Aragão, Luiz E.O.C., García-Núñez, Carlos, Oliveira, Rafael S., Barbosa, Milton, Ceballos, Sergio J., Calderón-Loor, Marco, Fernandes, G. Wilson, Aráoz, Ezequiel, Muñoz, Ariadna M.Q., Rozzi, Ricardo, Aguirre, Francisco, Álvarez-Dávila, Esteban, Salinas, Norma, and Sitch, Stephen

Abstract

•Background:Plot-based monitoring has yielded much information on the taxonomic diversity and carbon (C) storage in tropical lowland forests of the Amazon basin. This has resulted in an improved understanding of the relationship between lowland forest biomass dynamics and global change drivers, such as climate change and atmospheric CO2 concentration. Much less attention has been paid to the mountain ecosystems of South America that comprise montane forests and alpine vegetation (páramo, puna, high Andean grasslands, wetlands, and alpine heath). This vegetation complex provides a variety of ecosystem services and forms a natural laboratory along various physiographic, geological and evolutionary history/biogeography, and land use history gradients. •Aims: Here, we review existing empirical understanding and model-based approaches to quantify the contribution of mountain ecosystems to ecosystem service provision in the rapidly changing socioecological setting of the South American mountains. The objective of this paper is to outline a broad road map for the implementation of mountain vegetation into dynamic global vegetation models (DGVM) for use in Earth System Models (ESM), based on our current understanding of their structure and function and of their responsiveness to global change drivers. We also identify treeline processes, critical in mountain ecosystems, as key missing elements in DGVMs/ESMs, and thus explore in addition a treeline model. •Methods: Stocktaking of the availability of empirical data was undertaken from eight research sites along the Andes and in south-eastern Brazil. Out of eight sites, two (one each in Venezuela and Brazil) had some climate, ecological and ecophysiological data potentially suitable to parametrise a DGVM. Tree biomass data were available for six sites. A preliminary assessment of the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES) DGVM was made to identify gaps in available data and their impacts on model parametrisation and calib

Published
2023

134. Author Correction: Temperature extremes of 2022 reduced carbon uptake by forests in Europe : Nature Communications, (2023), 14, 1, (6218), 10.1038/s41467-023-41851-0

Author

van der Woude, Auke M., Peters, Wouter, Joetzjer, Emilie, Lafont, Sébastien, Koren, Gerbrand, Ciais, Philippe, Ramonet, Michel, Xu, Yidi, Bastos, Ana, Botía, Santiago, Sitch, Stephen, de Kok, Remco, Kneuer, Tobias, Kubistin, Dagmar, Jacotot, Adrien, Loubet, Benjamin, Herig-Coimbra, Pedro Henrique, Loustau, Denis, Luijkx, Ingrid T., van der Woude, Auke M., Peters, Wouter, Joetzjer, Emilie, Lafont, Sébastien, Koren, Gerbrand, Ciais, Philippe, Ramonet, Michel, Xu, Yidi, Bastos, Ana, Botía, Santiago, Sitch, Stephen, de Kok, Remco, Kneuer, Tobias, Kubistin, Dagmar, Jacotot, Adrien, Loubet, Benjamin, Herig-Coimbra, Pedro Henrique, Loustau, Denis, and Luijkx, Ingrid T.

Abstract

In this article the grant number 4000140982/23/I-EF relating to the ESA Carbon-RO for Ana Bastos, Philippe Ciais, and Stephen Sitch was omitted. The original article has been corrected. Additionally, Auke M. van der Woude and Wouter Peters should have been denoted as equally contributing authors. The original article has been corrected.

Published
2023

135. Global Carbon Budget 2023

Author

Friedlingstein, Pierre, O'Sullivan, Michael, Jones, Matthew W., Andrew, Robbie M., Bakker, Dorothee C. E., Hauck, Judith, Landschützer, Peter, Le Quéré, Corinne, Luijkx, Ingrid T., Peters, Glen P., Peters, Wouter, Pongratz, Julia, Schwingshackl, Clemens, Sitch, Stephen, Canadell, Josep G., Ciais, Philippe, Jackson, Robert B., Alin, Simone R., Anthoni, Peter, Barbero, Leticia, Bates, Nicholas R., Becker, Meike, Bellouin, Nicolas, Decharme, Bertrand, Bopp, Laurent, Brasika, Ida Bagus Mandhara, Cadule, Patricia, Chamberlain, Matthew A., Chandra, Naveen, Chau, Thi-Tuyet-Trang, Chevallier, Frédéric, Chini, Louise P., Cronin, Margot, Dou, Xinyu, Enyo, Kazutaka, Evans, Wiley, Falk, Stefanie, Feely, Richard A., Feng, Liang, Ford, Daniel J., Gasser, Thomas, Ghattas, Josefine, Gkritzalis, Thanos, Grassi, Giacomo, Gregor, Luke, Gruber, Nicolas, Gürses, Özgür, Harris, Ian, Hefner, Matthew, Heinke, Jens, Houghton, Richard A., Hurtt, George C., Iida, Yosuke, Ilyina, Tatiana, Jacobson, Andrew R., Jain, Atul, Jarníková, Tereza, Jersild, Annika, Jiang, Fei, Jin, Zhe, Joos, Fortunat, Kato, Etsushi, Keeling, Ralph F., Kennedy, Daniel, Klein Goldewijk, Kees, Knauer, Jürgen, Korsbakken, Jan Ivar, Körtzinger, Arne, Lan, Xin, Lefèvre, Nathalie, Li, Hongmei, Liu, Junjie, Liu, Zhiqiang, Ma, Lei, Marland, Greg, Mayot, Nicolas, McGuire, Patrick C., McKinley, Galen A., Meyer, Gesa, Morgan, Eric J., Munro, David R., Nakaoka, Shin-Ichiro, Niwa, Yosuke, O'Brien, Kevin M., Olsen, Are, Omar, Abdirahman M., Ono, Tsuneo, Paulsen, Melf, Pierrot, Denis, Pocock, Katie, Poulter, Benjamin, Powis, Carter M., Rehder, Gregor, Resplandy, Laure, Robertson, Eddy, Rödenbeck, Christian, Rosan, Thais M., Schwinger, Jörg, Séférian, Roland, Smallman, T. Luke, Smith, Stephen M., Sospedra-Alfonso, Reinel, Sun, Qing, Sutton, Adrienne J., Sweeney, Colm, Takao, Shintaro, Tans, Pieter P., Tian, Hanqin, Tilbrook, Bronte, Tsujino, Hiroyuki, Tubiello, Francesco, van der Werf, Guido R., van Ooijen, Erik, Wanninkhof, Rik, Watanabe, Michio, Wimart-Rousseau, Cathy, Yang, Dongxu, Yang, Xiaojuan, Yuan, Wenping, Yue, Xu, Zaehle, Sönke, Zeng, Jiye, Zheng, Bo, Friedlingstein, Pierre, O'Sullivan, Michael, Jones, Matthew W., Andrew, Robbie M., Bakker, Dorothee C. E., Hauck, Judith, Landschützer, Peter, Le Quéré, Corinne, Luijkx, Ingrid T., Peters, Glen P., Peters, Wouter, Pongratz, Julia, Schwingshackl, Clemens, Sitch, Stephen, Canadell, Josep G., Ciais, Philippe, Jackson, Robert B., Alin, Simone R., Anthoni, Peter, Barbero, Leticia, Bates, Nicholas R., Becker, Meike, Bellouin, Nicolas, Decharme, Bertrand, Bopp, Laurent, Brasika, Ida Bagus Mandhara, Cadule, Patricia, Chamberlain, Matthew A., Chandra, Naveen, Chau, Thi-Tuyet-Trang, Chevallier, Frédéric, Chini, Louise P., Cronin, Margot, Dou, Xinyu, Enyo, Kazutaka, Evans, Wiley, Falk, Stefanie, Feely, Richard A., Feng, Liang, Ford, Daniel J., Gasser, Thomas, Ghattas, Josefine, Gkritzalis, Thanos, Grassi, Giacomo, Gregor, Luke, Gruber, Nicolas, Gürses, Özgür, Harris, Ian, Hefner, Matthew, Heinke, Jens, Houghton, Richard A., Hurtt, George C., Iida, Yosuke, Ilyina, Tatiana, Jacobson, Andrew R., Jain, Atul, Jarníková, Tereza, Jersild, Annika, Jiang, Fei, Jin, Zhe, Joos, Fortunat, Kato, Etsushi, Keeling, Ralph F., Kennedy, Daniel, Klein Goldewijk, Kees, Knauer, Jürgen, Korsbakken, Jan Ivar, Körtzinger, Arne, Lan, Xin, Lefèvre, Nathalie, Li, Hongmei, Liu, Junjie, Liu, Zhiqiang, Ma, Lei, Marland, Greg, Mayot, Nicolas, McGuire, Patrick C., McKinley, Galen A., Meyer, Gesa, Morgan, Eric J., Munro, David R., Nakaoka, Shin-Ichiro, Niwa, Yosuke, O'Brien, Kevin M., Olsen, Are, Omar, Abdirahman M., Ono, Tsuneo, Paulsen, Melf, Pierrot, Denis, Pocock, Katie, Poulter, Benjamin, Powis, Carter M., Rehder, Gregor, Resplandy, Laure, Robertson, Eddy, Rödenbeck, Christian, Rosan, Thais M., Schwinger, Jörg, Séférian, Roland, Smallman, T. Luke, Smith, Stephen M., Sospedra-Alfonso, Reinel, Sun, Qing, Sutton, Adrienne J., Sweeney, Colm, Takao, Shintaro, Tans, Pieter P., Tian, Hanqin, Tilbrook, Bronte, Tsujino, Hiroyuki, Tubiello, Francesco, van der Werf, Guido R., van Ooijen, Erik, Wanninkhof, Rik, Watanabe, Michio, Wimart-Rousseau, Cathy, Yang, Dongxu, Yang, Xiaojuan, Yuan, Wenping, Yue, Xu, Zaehle, Sönke, Zeng, Jiye, and Zheng, Bo

Abstract

Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere in a changing climate is critical to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe and synthesize data sets and methodology to quantify the five major components of the global carbon budget and their uncertainties. Fossil CO2 emissions (E-FOS) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, while emissions from land-use change (E-LUC), mainly deforestation, are based on land-use and land-use change data and bookkeeping models. Atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly, and its growth rate (G(ATM)) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The ocean CO2 sink (S-OCEAN) is estimated with global ocean biogeochemistry models and observation-based fCO(2) products. The terrestrial CO2 sink (S-LAND) is estimated with dynamic global vegetation models. Additional lines of evidence on land and ocean sinks are provided by atmospheric inversions, atmospheric oxygen measurements, and Earth system models. The resulting carbon budget imbalance (B-IM), the difference between the estimated total emissions and the estimated changes in the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere, is a measure of imperfect data and incomplete understanding of the contemporary carbon cycle. All uncertainties are reported as +/- 1 sigma. For the year 2022, E-FOS increased by 0.9% relative to 2021, with fossil emissions at 9.9 +/- 0.5 GtC yr(-1) (10.2 +/- 0.5 GtC yr(-1) when the cement carbonation sink is not included), and E-LUC was 1.2 +/- 0.7 GtC yr(-1), for a total anthropogenic CO2 emission (including the cement carbonation sink) of 11.1 +/- 0.8 GtC yr(-1) (40.7 +/- 3.2 GtCO(2) yr(-1)). Also, for 2022, G(ATM) was 4.6 +/- 0.2 GtC yr(-1) (2.18 +/- 0.1 ppm yr(-1); ppm denotes parts per million), S-OCEAN was 2.8 +/- 0.4 GtC yr(-1)

Published
2023
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136. National contributions to climate change due to historical emissions of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide

Author

Friedlingstein, Pierre, O'Sullivan, Michael, Jones, Matthew W., Andrew, Robbie M., Gregor, Luke, Hauck, Judith, Le Quéré, Corinne, Luijkx, Ingrid T., Olsen, Are, Peters, Glen P., Peters, Wouter, Pongratz, Julia, Schwingshackl, Clemens, Sitch, Stephen, Canadell, Josep G., Ciais, Philippe, Jackson, Robert B., Alin, Simone R., Alkama, Ramdane, Arneth, Almut, Arora, Vivek K., Bates, Nicholas R., Becker, Meike, Bellouin, Nicolas, Bittig, Henry C., Bopp, Laurent, Chevallier, Frédéric, Chini, Louise P., Cronin, Margot, Evans, Wiley, Falk, Stefanie, Feely, Richard A., Gasser, Thomas, Gehlen, Marion, Gkritzalis, Thanos, Gloege, Lucas, Grassi, Giacomo, Gruber, Nicolas, Gürses, Özgür, Harris, Ian, Hefner, Matthew, Houghton, Richard A., Hurtt, George C., Iida, Yosuke, Ilyina, Tatiana, Jain, Atul K., Jersild, Annika, Kadono, Koji, Kato, Etsushi, Kennedy, Daniel, Klein Goldewijk, Kees, Knauer, Jürgen, Korsbakken, Jan Ivar, Landschützer, Peter, Lefèvre, Nathalie, Lindsay, Keith, Liu, Junjie, Liu, Zhu, Marland, Gregg, Mayot, Nicolas, Mcgrath, Matthew J., Metzl, Nicolas, Monacci, Natalie M., Munro, David R., Nakaoka, Shin-Ichiro, Niwa, Yosuke, O'brien, Kevin, Ono, Tsuneo, Palmer, Paul I., Pan, Naiqing, Pierrot, Denis, Pocock, Katie, Poulter, Benjamin, Resplandy, Laure, Robertson, Eddy, Rödenbeck, Christian, Rodriguez, Carmen, Rosan, Thais M., Schwinger, Jörg, Séférian, Roland, Shutler, Jamie D., Skjelvan, Ingunn, Steinhoff, Tobias, Sun, Qing, Sutton, Adrienne J., Sweeney, Colm, Takao, Shintaro, Tanhua, Toste, Tans, Pieter P., Tian, Xiangjun, Tian, Hanqin, Tilbrook, Bronte, Tsujino, Hiroyuki, Tubiello, Francesco, Van Der Werf, Guido R., Walker, Anthony P., Wanninkhof, Rik, Whitehead, Chris, Willstrand Wranne, Anna, Wright, Rebecca, Yuan, Wenping, Yue, Chao, Yue, Xu, Zaehle, Sönke, Zeng, Jiye, Zheng, Bo, Friedlingstein, Pierre, O'Sullivan, Michael, Jones, Matthew W., Andrew, Robbie M., Gregor, Luke, Hauck, Judith, Le Quéré, Corinne, Luijkx, Ingrid T., Olsen, Are, Peters, Glen P., Peters, Wouter, Pongratz, Julia, Schwingshackl, Clemens, Sitch, Stephen, Canadell, Josep G., Ciais, Philippe, Jackson, Robert B., Alin, Simone R., Alkama, Ramdane, Arneth, Almut, Arora, Vivek K., Bates, Nicholas R., Becker, Meike, Bellouin, Nicolas, Bittig, Henry C., Bopp, Laurent, Chevallier, Frédéric, Chini, Louise P., Cronin, Margot, Evans, Wiley, Falk, Stefanie, Feely, Richard A., Gasser, Thomas, Gehlen, Marion, Gkritzalis, Thanos, Gloege, Lucas, Grassi, Giacomo, Gruber, Nicolas, Gürses, Özgür, Harris, Ian, Hefner, Matthew, Houghton, Richard A., Hurtt, George C., Iida, Yosuke, Ilyina, Tatiana, Jain, Atul K., Jersild, Annika, Kadono, Koji, Kato, Etsushi, Kennedy, Daniel, Klein Goldewijk, Kees, Knauer, Jürgen, Korsbakken, Jan Ivar, Landschützer, Peter, Lefèvre, Nathalie, Lindsay, Keith, Liu, Junjie, Liu, Zhu, Marland, Gregg, Mayot, Nicolas, Mcgrath, Matthew J., Metzl, Nicolas, Monacci, Natalie M., Munro, David R., Nakaoka, Shin-Ichiro, Niwa, Yosuke, O'brien, Kevin, Ono, Tsuneo, Palmer, Paul I., Pan, Naiqing, Pierrot, Denis, Pocock, Katie, Poulter, Benjamin, Resplandy, Laure, Robertson, Eddy, Rödenbeck, Christian, Rodriguez, Carmen, Rosan, Thais M., Schwinger, Jörg, Séférian, Roland, Shutler, Jamie D., Skjelvan, Ingunn, Steinhoff, Tobias, Sun, Qing, Sutton, Adrienne J., Sweeney, Colm, Takao, Shintaro, Tanhua, Toste, Tans, Pieter P., Tian, Xiangjun, Tian, Hanqin, Tilbrook, Bronte, Tsujino, Hiroyuki, Tubiello, Francesco, Van Der Werf, Guido R., Walker, Anthony P., Wanninkhof, Rik, Whitehead, Chris, Willstrand Wranne, Anna, Wright, Rebecca, Yuan, Wenping, Yue, Chao, Yue, Xu, Zaehle, Sönke, Zeng, Jiye, and Zheng, Bo

Abstract

A complete description of the dataset is given by Jones et al. (2023). Key information is provided below. A dataset describing the global warming response to national emissions CO2, CH4 and N2O from fossil and land use sources during 1851-2021. National CO2 emissions data are collated from the Global Carbon Project (Andrew and Peters, 2022; Friedlingstein et al., 2022). National CH4 and N2O emissions data are collated from PRIMAP-hist (HISTTP) (Gütschow et al., 2022). We construct a time series of cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions for each country, gas, and emissions source (fossil or land use). Emissions of CH4 and N2O emissions are related to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions using the Global Warming Potential (GWP*) approach, with best-estimates of the coefficients taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021). Warming in response to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions is estimated using the transient climate response to cumulative carbon emissions (TCRE) approach, with best-estimate value of TCRE taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021, Canadell et al., 2021). 'Warming' is specifically the change in global mean surface temperature (GMST). The data files provide emissions, cumulative emissions and the GMST response by country, gas (CO2, CH4, N2O or 3-GHG total) and source (fossil emissions, land use emissions or the total)., A complete description of the dataset is given by Jones et al. (2023). Key information is provided below. Background A dataset describing the global warming response to national emissions CO2, CH4 and N2O from fossil and land use sources during 1851-2021. National CO2 emissions data are collated from the Global Carbon Project (Andrew and Peters, 2022; Friedlingstein et al., 2022). National CH4 and N2O emissions data are collated from PRIMAP-hist (HISTTP) (Gütschow et al., 2022). We construct a time series of cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions for each country, gas, and emissions source (fossil or land use). Emissions of CH4 and N2O emissions are related to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions using the Global Warming Potential (GWP*) approach, with best-estimates of the coefficients taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021). Warming in response to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions is estimated using the transient climate response to cumulative carbon emissions (TCRE) approach, with best-estimate value of TCRE taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021, Canadell et al., 2021). 'Warming' is specifically the change in global mean surface temperature (GMST). The data files provide emissions, cumulative emissions and the GMST response by country, gas (CO2, CH4, N2O or 3-GHG total) and source (fossil emissions, land use emissions or the total). Data records: overview The data records include three comma separated values (.csv) files as described below. All files are in ‘long’ format with one value provided in the Data column for each combination of the categorical variables Year, Country Name, Country ISO3 code, Gas, and Component columns. Component specifies fossil emissions, LULUCF emissions or total emissions of the gas. Gas specifies CO2, CH4, N

Published
2023

137. Acclimation of photosynthetic capacity and foliar respiration in Andean tree species to temperature change

Author

Cox, Andrew J.F., Hartley, Iain P., Meir, Patrick, Sitch, Stephen, Dusenge, Mirindi Eric, Restrepo, Zorayda, González‐Caro, Sebastian, Villegas, Juan Camilo, Uddling, Johan, Mercado, Lina M., Cox, Andrew J.F., Hartley, Iain P., Meir, Patrick, Sitch, Stephen, Dusenge, Mirindi Eric, Restrepo, Zorayda, González‐Caro, Sebastian, Villegas, Juan Camilo, Uddling, Johan, and Mercado, Lina M.

Abstract

• Climate warming is causing compositional changes in Andean tropical montane forests (TMFs). These shifts are hypothesised to result from differential responses to warming of cold- and warm-affiliated species, with the former experiencing mortality and the latter migrating upslope. The thermal acclimation potential of Andean TMFs remains unknown. • Along a 2000m Andean altitudinal gradient, we planted individuals of cold- and warm-affiliated species (under common soil and irrigation), exposing them to the hot and cold extremes of their thermal niches, respectively. We measured the response of net photosynthesis (Anet), photosynthetic capacity and leaf dark respiration (Rdark) to warming/cooling, five months after planting. • In all species, Anet and photosynthetic capacity at 25°C were highest when growing at growth temperatures (Tg) closest to their thermal means, declining with warming and cooling in cold-affiliated and warm-affiliated species, respectively. When expressed at Tg, photosynthetic capacity and Rdark remained unchanged in cold-affiliated species, but the latter decreased in warm-affiliated counterparts. Rdark at 25°C increased with temperature in all species, but remained unchanged when expressed at Tg. • Both species groups acclimated to temperature, but only warm-affiliated species decreased Rdark to photosynthetic capacity ratio at Tg as temperature increased. This could confer them a competitive advantage under future warming.

Published
2023

138. Dataset from paper: 'Mind the Gap: Reconciling tropical forest carbon flux estimates from Earth Observation and National Reporting requires transparency'

Author

Heinrich, Viola, House, J.I., Gibbs, David A., Harris, Nancy, Herold, Martin, Grassi, Giacomo, Cantinho, Roberta, Rosan, Thais M., Zimbres, Barbara, Shimbo, Julia Z., Melo, Jenny, Hales, Tristram, Sitch, Stephen, Aragão, Luiz E.O.C., Heinrich, Viola, House, J.I., Gibbs, David A., Harris, Nancy, Herold, Martin, Grassi, Giacomo, Cantinho, Roberta, Rosan, Thais M., Zimbres, Barbara, Shimbo, Julia Z., Melo, Jenny, Hales, Tristram, Sitch, Stephen, and Aragão, Luiz E.O.C.

Abstract

This repository contains the processed data used in the publication of Heinrich et al., 2023 (Mind the Gap: Reconciling tropical forest carbon flux estimates from Earth Observation and National Reporting requires transparency). Carbon Balance and Management: https://cbmjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13021-023-00240-2 When using this data, full reference to the raw data publications and the publication Heinrich et al., 2023 must be made. The raw datasets used in this study are all available from their original sources.

Published
2023

139. Author Correction: Temperature extremes of 2022 reduced carbon uptake by forests in Europe

Author

Global Ecohydrology and Sustainability, Woude, Auke M. van der, Peters, Wouter, Joetzjer, Emilie, Lafont, Sébastien, Koren, Gerbrand, Ciais, Philippe, Ramonet, Michel, Xu, Yidi, Bastos, Ana, Botía, Santiago, Sitch, Stephen, Kok, Remco de, Kneuer, Tobias, Kubistin, Dagmar, Jacotot, Adrien, Loubet, Benjamin, Herig-Coimbra, Pedro-Henrique, Loustau, Denis, Luijkx, Ingrid T., Global Ecohydrology and Sustainability, Woude, Auke M. van der, Peters, Wouter, Joetzjer, Emilie, Lafont, Sébastien, Koren, Gerbrand, Ciais, Philippe, Ramonet, Michel, Xu, Yidi, Bastos, Ana, Botía, Santiago, Sitch, Stephen, Kok, Remco de, Kneuer, Tobias, Kubistin, Dagmar, Jacotot, Adrien, Loubet, Benjamin, Herig-Coimbra, Pedro-Henrique, Loustau, Denis, and Luijkx, Ingrid T.

Published
2023

142. Elucidating climatic drivers of photosynthesis by tropical forests.

Author

Wang, Yuan, Liu, Junjie, Wennberg, Paul O., He, Liyin, Bonal, Damien, Köhler, Philipp, Frankenberg, Christian, Sitch, Stephen, and Friedlingstein, Pierre

Subjects
CARBON cycle, TROPICAL forests, CHLOROPHYLL spectra, FOREST dynamics, TROPICAL climate, PRINCIPAL components analysis
Abstract

Tropical forests play a pivotal role in regulating the global carbon cycle. However, the response of these forests to changes in absorbed solar energy and water supply under the changing climate is highly uncertain. Three‐year (2018–2021) spaceborne high‐resolution measurements of solar‐induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) from the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) provide a new opportunity to study the response of gross primary production (GPP) and more broadly tropical forest carbon dynamics to differences in climate. SIF has been shown to be a good proxy for GPP on monthly and regional scales. Combining tropical climate reanalysis records and other contemporary satellite products, we find that on the seasonal timescale, the dependence of GPP on climate variables is highly heterogeneous. Following the principal component analyses and correlation comparisons, two regimes are identified: water limited and energy limited. GPP variations over tropical Africa are more correlated with water‐related factors such as vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and soil moisture, while in tropical Southeast Asia, GPP is more correlated with energy‐related factors such as photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and surface temperature. Amazonia is itself heterogeneous: with an energy‐limited regime in the north and water‐limited regime in the south. The correlations of GPP with climate variables are supported by other observation‐based products, such as Orbiting Carbon Observatory‐2 (OCO2) SIF and FluxSat GPP. In each tropical continent, the coupling between SIF and VPD increases with the mean VPD. Even on the interannual timescale, the correlation of GPP with VPD is still discernable, but the sensitivity is smaller than the intra‐annual correlation. By and large, the dynamic global vegetation models in the TRENDY v8 project do not capture the high GPP seasonal sensitivity to VPD in dry tropics. The complex interactions between carbon and water cycles in the tropics illustrated in this study and the poor representation of this coupling in the current suite of vegetation models suggest that projections of future changes in carbon dynamics based on these models may not be robust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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143. Determinants of the capacity of dryland ecosystems to store soil carbon under altered fire regimes

Author

Pellegrini, Adam, primary, Reich, Peter B, additional, Hobbie, Sarah, additional, Coetsee, Corli, additional, Wigley, Benjamin, additional, February, Edmund, additional, Georgiou, Katerina, additional, Terrer, César, additional, Brookshire, E.N., additional, Ahlström, Anders, additional, Nieradzik, Lars, additional, Sitch, Stephen, additional, Melton, Joe, additional, Forrest, Matthew, additional, Li, Fang, additional, Hantson, Stijn, additional, Burton, Chantelle, additional, Yue, Chao, additional, Ciais, Philippe, additional, and Jackson, Robert, additional

Published
2023
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147. Causes of uncertainty in simulated burnt area by fire-enabled DGVMs

Author

Forrest, Matthew, primary, Burton, Chantelle, additional, Drüke, Markus, additional, Hantson, Stijn, additional, Li, Fang, additional, Melton, Joe, additional, Nieradzik, Lars, additional, Rabin, Sam, additional, Sitch, Stephen, additional, Yue, Chao, additional, and Hickler, Thomas, additional

Published
2023
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148. Characterizing the O3 yield gap in the sugarcane production of SE Brazil

Author

Cheesman, Alexander, primary, Brown, Flossie, additional, Ribero, Rafael, additional, Folberth, Gerd, additional, Hayes, Felicity, additional, Moura, Barbara, additional, Paoletti, Elena, additional, Hoshika, Yasutomo, additional, Cernusak, Lucas, additional, Osborne, Colin, additional, and Sitch, Stephen, additional

Published
2023
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149. Ozone impacts on tropical forest productivity 

Author

Sitch, Stephen, primary, Cheesman, Alexander W, additional, Brown, Flossie, additional, Artaxo, Paulo, additional, Cernusak, Lucas A, additional, Folberth, Gerd, additional, Hayes, Felicity, additional, Hill, Tim, additional, Mercado, Lina, additional, and Uddling, Johan, additional

Published
2023
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150. Biomass recovery after fires dominates the carbon sink of boreal forests over the last three decades

Author

Xu, Yidi, primary, Ciais, Philippe, additional, Li, Wei, additional, Saatchi, Sassan, additional, Santoro, Maurizio, additional, Cescatti, Alessandro, additional, Shchepashchenko, Dmitry, additional, He, Guojin, additional, Guido, Ceccherini, additional, He, Jiaying, additional, Fan, Lei, additional, Brandt, Martin, additional, Fensholt, Rasmus, additional, Wigneron, Jean-Pierre, additional, Kay, Heather, additional, Sitch, Stephen, additional, Bastos, Ana, additional, Bowing, Simon, additional, Ritter, François, additional, and Fayad, Ibrahim, additional

Published
2023
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