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In present scenario, the fastest and cheapest way of communicating worldwide is via networks. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have become extensive part of many areas like traffic surveillance, defense, asset tracking, healthcares, structural monitoring of building and bridges and environmental monitoring of air, water and soil. The emergence of WSNs in today's technological world has lead to the need of secured and safeguarded transmission of data over networks. WSNs have issues like low memory and limited battery availability, so conventional security establishments are not effective here. A number of attacks are possible over WSNs like black hole, wormhole and selective forwarding attack. Selective forwarding attack is a special case of black hole attack where compromised nodes drop packets selectively. This leads to degradation of network performance. In this paper we will review some important attacks over WSNs with possible ways to detect and defend selective forwarding attack. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An attempt was made to determine the extent of genetic variability, association between different characters, direct and indirect effects of component traits on pod yield of bush French bean based on the evaluation of thirty three genotypes during summer 2008 and 2009. Sufficient variability was observed for all characters viz., days to flowering, days to first picking, average pod weight, pod length, pods/plant, plant height and pod yield/plant. High phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variations were recorded for pod yield/plant and pods/plant in both the years and also pooled over years, indicating high potentiality of these traits for effective selection. These traits also showed high heritability coupled with high genetic advance in the respective years and in pooled years which indicated the role of additive gene action for the inheritance of these traits and are likely to respond better to selection. A positive and significant correlation of pod yield with days to flowering, average pod weight, branches/plant, pods/plant and plant height was observed, thereby emphasizing special focus on these traits for the improvement of yield. Path analysis exposed that pods/plant and average pod weight had highest positive direct effect during both the years and pooled over the years. Therefore, it might be concluded that pods/plant, branches/plant and average pod weight should be given due consideration for the improvement of pod yield/plant in French bean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MANETS are highest implemented these days. Due to the ease of implementation, flexibility of deployment, they find their usage in every walk of life. Commercial applications are even larger in number. The transmission of data packets need to be secured on a node to node basis. Neural Networks provide a good and safe identity management for all such communication. In the present work, we provide simulations of data transmission between devices of MANETS, and find how much the neural networks are helpful in packet transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experiment was conducted during 2007-2008 and 2008-2009 to study the seed production of garden pea cultivars at variable sowing dates. The study was conducted in split plot design replicated thrice with sowing dates starting from 31st October in main plots and four varieties namely, 'Azad P-1', 'Palam Priya', 'Arkel' and 'Pb-89' in sub-plots. Different dates of sowing and varieties significantly influenced phenology and seed yield along with yield contributing traits. The early sowing on 31st October significantly increased the seed yield by 13% and 41% over 10th November and 21st November, respectively. Among the varieties, 'Palam Priya' out performed 'Azad P-1' and 'Arkel' for seed yield with an increase of 38 and 113 % while 'Pb-89' had an edge of 34 and 107% over these varieties. Interaction effects revealed that sowing beyond 31st October did not result in decline in seed yield in some cultivars. The highest seed yield was recorded in 'Palam Priya' on 31st October and 10th November and that of 'Pb-89'on 31st October sowing dates over 'Azad P-1' and 'Arkel'. Hence, sowing on end October in 'Pb-89' and that of 'Palam Priya' from end October to first quarter of November were the most ideal combinations to obtain higher seed yield in garden pea under sub-humid temperate environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute poisoning is an important medical emergency. The nature of poison used varies in different parts of the world and may vary even in different parts of the same country depending on the socioeconomic factors and cultural diversity. It is important to know the nature and severity of poisoning in order to take prompt appropriate measures to save life and reduce morbidity and mortality. This prospective study was undertaken to determine the pattern, profile and outcome of poisoning cases at SKIMS, Srinagar, Kashmir.Study was conducted at Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, Kashmir: a tertiary care teaching hospital for a period of three months from Ist. October 2012.Information was collected regarding type, mode and outcome of various poisoning cases from the patients admitted in emergency medicine department at SKIMS. The data was recorded in a predesigned proforma. Incidence of poisoning was more in females (73.07%) The maximum percentage (69.23%) of poisoning cases occurred in younger age group (12-24 years). Suicidal poisoning is most common mode of poisoning (73.07%). Organophosphorous compounds were most common cause of poisoning (57.69%). Young females of rural background are more vulnerable for poisoning. Organophosphorous remains the commonest type of poisoning substance used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is a dynamic, distributed system of wireless mobile nodes in which the nodes can move in any direction, independent of each other. The mobile nodes in such network can communicate with each other through direct wireless links or multi-hop routing. MANET is used in wide range of applications such as Battle Field and Rescue operations etc. A MANET is a collection of mobile nodes forming an ad-hoc network without the assistance of any centralized structures like routers. In these networks, a new art of network establishment is introduced and which can be well suited for an environment where either the infrastructure is lost or where deployment of an infrastructure is not very cost effective. Maintaining and allocating network resources effectively and fairly among a collection of users is a major issue. Congestion control is a critical issue to achieve optimal network resource utilization and fairness among data transmission. In MANET, shared resources are used, where multiple senders compete for link bandwidth to prevent network from getting overloaded. It is necessary to adjust the data rate used by each sender. The packets which are sent by the sending node and not forwarded by the router are automatically dropped. Consequently, a large amount of packets arriving at a network leads to many packet drops. Security has also become a primary concern today for providing secured communication between mobile nodes. Also unique characteristics of mobile ad-hoc networks pose a number of non-trivial challenges to security design like open peer-to-peer network architecture, highly dynamic network topology, and stringent resource constraints and shared wireless medium. These challenges clearly make a case for building multi-fence security solutions that achieve both protection from undesired and unauthorized users and desirable network performance based upon reduced delay time and increased throughput. Thus, we have introduced an approach which is a combination of congestion control and security techniques to resolve above said problem to provide a better network system for effective transmission from source node to intended destination node without any delay and congestion in the transmission medium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Induced mutation has become an effective tool to improve a crop through creation of variability. Seeds of Garden pea (Pisum sativum L.), cvs. Arkel and Azad P-1, were exposed to mutagens in 2004 to 2006. The M1 generation was produced from these mutagen-treated seeds. A wide range of chlorophyll and viable morphological mutations were obtained in the M2 generations (subsequent generation derived from seed harvested in M1). Additional seeds of the cultivars were treated with doses of 60Co gamma rays and ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS) from 2004 to 2006 to isolate more desirable mutants. Chlorophyll mutation rate in the M2 generations increased as gamma irradiation dose and concentration of EMS increased. Frequency of viable mutants was, in general, higher in treatments with EMS than with gamma rays, with the exception of gamma irradiated 'Azad P-1' in 2006. The frequency of total mutants increased with increasing dose of mutagens at similar rates in cultivars over years. Among chlorophyll mutants, frequency of the xantha type (pale yellow colored seedlings) was higher followed by chlorina (yellowing of leaf) and albina type (completely devoid of chlorophyll) mutants. Treatment with 0.3% EMS was, in general, more effective in inducing desirable mutations at the highest frequency, and 'Arkel' had more positive mutations than 'Azad P-1'. The desirable mutants of long and dark green pods, three or more flowers or pods on a peduncle, profuse branching and pod bearing, short internodes, dark green pods, and male sterility were isolated from different treatments over years. Lethality or biological injury, manifested as reduced germination, increased with increasing dose of gamma rays and EMS. Mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency generally increased with increasing EMS dose. Mutation breeding can play a role in pea improvement to induce useful variability of desirable traits to develop improved genotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the impact of enriched composts and bio-inoculants on yield of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum L.) under organic farming conditions. It mentions on the objective of the research to reduce the quantity of basic compost required for crops by increasing their quality with the help of minerals and bio-inoculants. It states that application of organic manures gives maximum benefit to cost ratio.

Nutrient removal by crops from soil sometimes exceeds replenishment with fertilizers, causing a negative balance of nutrients in soils and ultimately resulting in multi-nutrient deficiencies. A field experiment was conducted during summer season of 2003 and 2004 at Lahaul and Sapiti, India, situated in high hill dry temperate zone to investigate the response of broccoli (Brassica oleracea vat. italica L.) to integrated nutrient management using organic manure and Azotobacter along with synthetic fertilizers. There were 12 treatments; i.e., three levels of an NPK synthetic fertilizer (50, 75, 100%) integrated with two levels each of cow manure (CM; 10 and 20 Mt·ha-1) and inoculation with Azotobacter (seedling dipped in culture and no inoculation) in combination. Marketable head yield increased linearly with increasing application of 10 to 20 Mt·ha-1 of CM in combination with increasing levels of NPK fertilizers and Azotobacter inoculation. Integration of Azotobacter with the recommended practice (100% NPK + 20 Mt·ha-1 of CW) produced the highest marketable head yield over the recommended practice of 20 Mt·ha-1 CM + 100% NPK. Moreover, this treatment combination resulted in maximum leaf width, apical and lateral curd weight along with total yield/plant in both years and maximum net returns with a benefit:cost ratio of 3.49. Integration of Azotobacter with 75% NPK and 20 MT-ha-1 of CM gave marketable head yield similar to the 100% recommended dose of NPK, resulting in the net saving of 25% NPK fertilizers. Nutrient uptake in plant tissues and nutrient build-up in soil followed almost similar trends. An application of 100% NPK + Azotobacter inoculation+20 Mt·ha-1 of CM provided the highest increase in the contents of organic C and available N, P, and K, 36, 32, 79, and 19%, respectively, over their initial status in the soil. About 31, 8.4, and 12.5 kg·ha-1 of N, P, and K, respectively, can be saved in broccoli production if CM at 20 Mt·ha-1 and Azotobacter are used in combination with synthetic fertilizers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]