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Basically, there are two different ways by which new species are created: anagenesis and cladogenesis (true speciation). During anagenesis, one species is transformed into new one so there is a phyletic change in the course of time and there is no involvement of reproductive isolation. Cladogenesis is considered as true speciation during which new species originate through splitting of pre-existing ones. Different models have been proposed from time to time to explain the modes of speciation. There are two important modes of speciation which are primarily based on geographic factors: allopatric (dichopatric and peripatric) and sympatric. In this article, both allopatric and sympatric modes of speciation are briefly described with the help of suitable examples from Drosophila. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fatty acid composition and bioactivity of Sesbania sesban seed oils were analyzed. Seeds were milled by a domestic mixer at medium speed to obtain mixture containing germ and endosperm with seed coat. Germ (42.48%), Crude endosperm (26.22%) and seed coat (11.33%) were separated and whole seed along with seed parts subjected to extraction process by hot and cold method with petroleum ether. Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in seed oils were determined and analyzed using Gas-liquid chromatography in which palmitic acid was found in endosperm oil (50.51%) and seed coat oil (30.65%) by cold extraction. Oleic acid was found in seed oil (48.22%) and in germ oil (46.87%) extracted by cold but lower in oils obtained by hot method. Linoleic acid content was found higher in oils extracted by hot extraction. Antioxidant activity was also done of oil from seed and their parts by different methods in which maximum inhibition shown by seed oil 55.45% at 100 μg/mL and minimum in endosperm oil 0.37% at all concentration from hot and cold method, which was significantly different at p<0.05 in the same column.The antimicrobial activity of seed oil was determined by disc diffusion method and the seed coat and whole seed extracted by cold extraction showed significant anti-bacterial activity. Studies reveal the potentiality of seed oil as an alternative source as/in edibles and also prospects the analysed oils of seed parts with useful bioactive markers for pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals and cosmetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the buckling response of laminated functionally-graded CNT-reinforced composite (FG-CNTRC) plate structure is predicted under various types of non-uniform edge compression loading. For the finite element (FE) discretization of the plate, a nine degree of freedom (DOFs)-type polynomial-based higher-order shear deformation theory (HSDT) is considered. The application of non-uniform edge load causes the in-plane stress distribution to be non-uniform. Hence, the in-plane stresses need to be evaluated prior to the buckling analysis. These in-plane stresses are calculated using the in-plane stress analysis method by FE approach or the in-plane elasticity approach. The differential equations are obtained by employing the Lagrange equation of motion and solved as a general eigenvalue problem, after the differential equations are converted into homogeneous equations by means of FE procedure. The accuracy and adaptability of the present model are validated by comparing the present result with the available literature. Further, the impact on the buckling response of the laminated FG-CNTRC plate is investigated by various parameters such as span thickness ratio, aspect ratio, various edge constraints, and different types of non-uniform edge load, CNT fiber gradation and temperature dependency material properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the Phylogenetic relationship between two sibling species of Drosophila. Topics discussed include the genus Drosophila is a unique and good biological model, which exhibits extensive diversity at the species level; and D. ananassae was described for the first time by Doleschall2 in 1858 from Indonesia.