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Mikroklimatske razmere sodijo med dejavnike, ki odločujoče vplivajo na zgradbo, rast, zdravstveno stanje in stabilnost gozdnih ekosistemov. Namen naše raziskave je bil raziskati osnovne mikroklimatske razmere v dveh sestojihin v vrzelih različne velikosti v dinarskem jelovo-bukovem pragozdnem rezervatu (Rajhenavski Rog) ter gospodarskem sonaravnem gozdu (Snežna jama) v vegetacijskem obdobju v letih 2003 in 2004. Spremljali smo temperaturo zraka, temperaturo tal, relativno zračno vlago ter smer in hitrost vetra. V pragozdnem rezervatu so bile povprečne dnevne temperature zraka na 2 m višine nižje kot v gospodarskem gozdu, relativna zračna vlaga pa je bila višja. V gospodarskem gozdu so bile v nasprotju s pričakovanji temperature zraka na sredini Male vrzeli (SMV) višje kot na sredini Velike vrzeli (SVV). Ugotavljamo, da na mikroklimatske razmere poleg zgradbe sestoja in oblikovanost roba vrzeli pomembno vplivajo tudi značilnosti razgibanega kraškega reliefa: naklon terena, ekspozicija ter oblikovanost terena. Microclimate conditions affect composition, structure, growth, health and dynamics of forest ecosystems. In the current study, microclimatic conditions of a Dinaric silver fir-beech forest in selected forest stands and different development stages in managed forest (Snežna jama) and virgin forest remnant (Rajhenavski Rog) were determined during two growing seasons in the years 2003and 2004. Air temperature, soil temperature, relative humidity, wind speedand direction were measured. Daily air temperatures 2 m above ground werelower in the virgin forest remnant than in the managed forest, but relative humidity was higher. Microclimate conditions in the managed forest were not more extreme in the Large gap (SVV) than in the Small gap (SMV), in contrast to our expectations. Microclimatic conditions are influenced not onlyby stand structure and shape of the forest edge in a gap but also by the karst relief characteristics: the inclination, exposition and shape of the terrain.

The forest soil can act as an important sink for CO2 and in that respect also appears in the national Kyoto reports, where a distinction is made between carbon accumulated in litter and organic soil horizons and carbon accumulated in mineral soil layers. There is a multitude of dynamic models of organic carbon (Corg) change in the soil particularly due to different environmental and anthropogenic factors. The purpose of this paper is the Yasso07 model application on the “Brdo” plot, which is part of the ICP Forest Level II plots of Slovenia. The Yasso07 model describes the decomposition of organic matter in the forest soil by dividing litter inputs into different components with varying decomposition rates. Here, the temporal change of soil Corg in various scenarios of future climate change (increase in air temperature, change in precipitation) was predicted. The difference between the measured amount and the model-predicted amount of Corg in the soil for the current climate on the Brdo plot is 6.4 t C ha-1 (88.6 t C ha-1 measured vs. 95.0 t C ha-1 predicted). Taking into consideration the climate change scenarios for Slovenia, Corg stock is expected to decrease in the future according to Yasso07 projections in all scenarios of climate change. The estimate of 100-year decrease of Corg is the largest for scenario, when large increase of both temperature and precipitation is expected (18.2%) and smallest when small temperature increase and precipitation decrease are predicted (9.3%). Assuming stable litter input, larger influence on Corg decrease was predicted for the temperature change compared to precipitation change. However, many uncertainties are included in model estimates ranging from litter input estimates, climate change uncertainties, climate-litter production feedbacks, starting value estimates, etc. The determination of the uncertainty of model calculations is a requirement for conducting simulations and their interpretation.

In Slovenia as well as in Central Europe, large areas of Norway spruce monocultures were established on sites of different forest communities. This resulted in 6 to 7 million hectares of pure Norway spruce stands outside its natural areal, whereas in Slovenia there is currently around 30% of forests with antropogenically altered tree composition. In recent years, soil degradation, repeated droughts and bark beetle attacks were the main reason for the increased mortality of trees in spruce monocultures, establihed on originally deciduous sites. Scenarios of climate change show that growing conditions for Norway spruce in most cases might get worse due to global warming. Results of this study demonstrate that soil properties and ground vegetation have changed due to establishement of Norway spruce monocultures on Pohorje, which might affect the success of reintroduction of broadleaf species. In addition, microclimate, soil properties and ground vegetation in fenced spruce stand whith underplanted beech samplings are adressed. Organic matter decomposition is slowest in a closed spruce stand and fastest in a fenced spruce stand with underplanted beech samplings, especially on its forest edge and in the gaps. The highest plant species diversity was found in mixed spruce and beech stand and lowest in beech stand, followed by spruce stand. We found no difference in microclimate between fenced spruce stand and gap with underplanted beech samplings. However, lowest soil water content and highest drought stress was found on the forest edge, where the competition of plants for available water in the soil is maximal. Soil properties and plant species diversity of selected stands on Pohorje indicate more favorable conditions for reintroduction of broadleaf species compared to some other Norway spruce forests in Europe. V Sloveniji in srednji Evropi so v preteklosti na rastiščih različnih gozdnih združb osnovali smrekove monokulture na velikih površinah. Posledica tega je 6 do 7 milijonov hektarov čistih smrekovih sestojev zunaj naravnega areala smreke, v Sloveniji pa je trenutno okoli 30 % gozdov s spremenjeno drevesno sestavo zaradi povečanega deleža smreke. V prejšnjih letih so bili glavni razlogi za povečano propadanje dreves v smrekovih monokulturah, osnovanih na rastiščih listavcev: osiromašena tla, dalinjski transport onesnažil, suše ter namnožitve podlubnikov. Scenariji podnebnih sprememb kažejo, da se bodo zaradi globalnega segrevanja ozračja rastne razmere za smreko v večini primerov še poslabšale. V prispevku ugotavljamo, da so se zaradi osnovanja smrekovih monokultur na rastiščih kisloljubnega bukovega gozda na Pohorju znatno spremenile talne in vegetacijske razmere, kar bi lahko vplivalo na uspešnost premene obravnavanih smrekovih monokultur. Podrobneje obravnavamo tudi podnebne, talne in vegetacijske razmere v ograjenem smrekovem sestoju s podsajeno bukvijo. Ugotavljamo, da razkroj organske snovi najpočasneje poteka v sklenjenem smrekovem sestoju, najhitreje pa v ograjenem smrekovem sestoju s podsajeno bukvijo, predvsem na njegovem gozdnem robu in v vrzeli. Največja pestrost rastlinskih vrst je v sestoju smreke in bukve, najmanjša pa v bukovem sestoju, ki mu sledi smrekov sestoj. V ograjenem smrekovem sestoju s podsajeno bukvijo nismo ugotovili razlik v mikroklimi med sestojem in vrzeljo. Pač pa smo ugotovili najmanjšo vsebnost vlage v tleh in sušni stres na gozdnem robu, kjer je največja kompeticija za rastlinam razpoložljivo vodo v tleh. Talne razmere in rastlinska vrstna pestrost izbranih sestojev na Pohorju nakazujejo ugodnejše razmere za uspešno premeno v primerjavi z nekaterimi drugimi smrekovimi gozdovi v Evropi.

This article describes characteristics of forest soil and vegetation on twelve sites, intended for intensive monitoring (IM) of forest ecosystems in Slovenia. Research sites, sized one hectare and divided into subplots, are situated on selected locations all over Slovenia. Six IM sites were founded on limestones and dolomites, two on noncalcareous plutonic rock (on base-poor grandiorite), and four on parent materials from unconsolidated sedimentary rock. We made soil profiles in the soil, sampled them by probing, described their morphological characteristics and performed lab (chemical and physical) analyses of soil samples. We classified the studied soil according to the Slovenian and international classification WRB (2006). The following soil types developed on the mainly carbonate moraines: rendzinas, eutric brown and leached soils (or WRB units: leptosol, (eutric) cambisol, luvisol). On the IM site, situated on predominantly non-carbonate alluvial and glacial gravels, the predominant soil type is dystric brown soil (dystric) cambisol). On the IM site, where the parental material is composed of pleistocene sediments and the soil is strongly affected by groundwater, we found hypogley and amphigley soils (gleysols), and alluvial soils (fluvisols) on alluvial sediments. Studies of vegetation comprised phytocoenological classification of vegetation and determination of plant species diversity on twelve IM sites. Phytocoenological classification of forest stands was performed on the basis of vegetation surveys, inspection of the wider area, and study of phytocoenological literature. Beech is the prevailing tree species on the half of study sites. Forests of Lamio orvalae-Fagetum association grow on three sites, and forests of Omphalodo-Fagetum, Seslerio autumnalis-Fagetum and Cardamini savensi-Fagetum associations cover one site each. Stands of lowland forest of pedunculate oak and common hornbeam (Querco roboris-Carpinetum s. lat. and Pseudostellario europaea-Quercetum roboris) grow on two IM sites. Four IM sites are covered with secondary forest of conifers (Aposerido-Piceetum, Avenello flexuosae-Piceetum, Seslerio autumnalis-Pinetum nigrae, Vaccinio myrtilli-Pinetum sylvestris). Plant species composition on permanent plots shows a relatively high degree of plant diversity, for 295 diverse species of pteridophytes and spermatophytes and 109 moss species were recorded on all 64 larger vegetation sub-plots in 2004. V prispevku so opisane lastnosti gozdnih tal in vegetacije na dvanajstih ploskvah, ki so namenjeni intenzivnemu monitoringu (IM) gozdnih ekosistemov v Sloveniji. Raziskovalne ploskve, velike en hektar in razdeljene na podploskve, so na izbranih lokacijah po celotni Sloveniji. Šest ploskev IM je bilo osnovanih na apnencih in dolomitih, dve na nekarbonatnih magmatskih kamninah (z bazami revnejšem granodioritu) ter štiri na matični podlagi iz nevezanih sedimentnih kamnin.V tleh smo naredili talne profile, jih vzorčili s sondiranjem, opisali njihove morfološke lastnosti in opravili laboratorijske (kemijske in fizikalne) analize talnih vzorcev. Proučena tla smo razvrstili po slovenski in mednarodni klasifikaciji WRB (2006). Na pretežno karbonatnih morenah so se razvili naslednji talni tipi: rendzine, evtrična rjava in izprana tla (oz. WRB enote: leptosol, (evtrični) kambisol, luvisol). Na ploskvi IM, ki leži na pretežno nekarbonatnih rečno-ledeniških prodih, prevladuje talni tip distrična rjava tla ((distrični) kambisol). Na ploskvi IM, kjer je matična podlaga sestavljena iz pleistocenskih sedimentov in so tla pod močnim vplivom podtalnice, smo ugotovili hipogleje in amfigleje (glejsole), na aluvialnih usedlinah pa obrečna tla (fluvisole). Raziskave vegetacije so vključevale fitocenološko opredelitev rastja in ugotavljanje rastlinske vrstne pestrosti na dvanajstih ploskvah IM. Fitocenološko smo gozdne sestoje opredelili na temelju vegetacijskih popisov, ogleda širšega območja in študija fitocenološke literature. Na polovici raziskovalnih ploskev je bukev prevladujoča drevesna vrsta. Na treh ploskvah uspevajo gozdovi asociacije Lamio orvalae-Fagetum, po eno pa poraščajo gozdovi asociacij Omphalodo-Fagetum, Seslerio autumnalis-Fagetum in Cardamini savensi-Fagetum. Na dveh ploskvah IM uspevajo sestoji nižinskega gozda doba in belega gabra (Querco roboris-Carpinetum s. lat. in Pseudostellario europaea-Quercetum roboris). Štiri ploskve IM so poraščene z drugotnimi gozdovi iglavcev (Aposerido-Piceetum, Avenello flexuosae-Piceetum, Seslerio autumnalis-Pinetum nigrae, Vaccinio myrtilli-Pinetum sylvestris). Rastlinska vrstna sestava na stalnih ploskvah kaže razmeroma visoko stopnjo rastlinske raznolikosti, saj smo na vseh 64 večjih vegetacijskih podploskvah v letu 2004 popisali 295 različnih vrst praprotnic in semenk ter 109 mahovnih vrst.

Prispevek obravnava prve rezultate sledenja učinkov troposferskega ozona na gozdni vegetaciji v povezavi z aktivnostmi intenzivnega monitoringa gozdov (IM) in na ploskvah za umerjanje v okviru programa ICP Forest Konvencije CLTRAP v Sloveniji. Na desetih ploskvah IM potekajo meritve s pasivnimi vzorčevalniki koncentracije troposferskega ozona, hkrati se na izbranem gozdnem robu v bližini merilnega mesta opravljajo opazovanja značilnih ozonskih poškodb listja gozdnega drevja in grmovja. Prvi izsledki kažejo, da so izmerjene koncentracije troposferskega ozona večje v zahodnem delu države (Fondek na Trnovski planoti, Ankaran) in na višjih nadmorskih višinah (Lontovž pod Kumom, Borovec pri Kočevski Reki, Slavnik). Poškodbe vegetacije niso zmeraj večje zaradi višjih koncentracij ozona zaradi vpliva podnebnih dejavnikov in vodnega režima rastlin. Kljub temu pa so bile opažene tipične poškodbe listja zaradi prisotnosti ozona na večini opazovanih drevesnih in grmovnih vrstah. Zaradi uporabe pasivnih vzorčevalnikov neposrednih vzročnih povezav med poškodbami listja in koncentracijami nismo mogli potrditi ozona. The article deals with the first results of monitoring of tropospheric ozone damage, observed as foliage damage on the selected forest tree and shrub species in Slovenia at the plots of ICP-Forest Level II. Foliage damage was accompanied by ozone concentration measurement, carried out by passive samplers. The first results of the monitoring showed that higher ozone concentrations were measured in the west and south-west part of the country, especially at higher elevations. Foliage damage does not always correlate withthe ozone concentration due to the interference of climate factors and water regime of plants. However, typical visible damage was found in needles and leaves of almost all observed tree and shrub species. Due to the method of monitoring we have not been able to correlate measured ozone concentrations and visible injuries in plant leaves.

The paper describes the system for measuring and logging of data on soil water content and soil temperature profile. The system was tested in a field and shows great potential for performing continuous measurements. It has several benefits including ease of manufacture, low cost, reliable performance and the ability to download the data without specialized software.

The transition of grasslands to forests influences many ecosystem processes, including water and temperature regimes and the cycling of nutrients. Different components of the carbon biogeochemical cycle respond strongly to woody plant encroachment as a consequence, the carbon balance of the invaded grasslands can change markedly. In our research, we studied the response of soil respiration (RS) to natural succession of calcareous grassland. We established two research sites, called grassland and invaded site, at each of which eddy flux measurement were also performed. Within these sites, triplicate plots were fenced for soil flux measurements. At the invaded site, measurements were performed for forest patches and grassy spaces separately. Soil respiration was strongly dependent on temperature and reached 8–12 µmol CO2 m−2 s−1 in mid-summer it was greater at the grassland than at the invaded site. RS dependence on temperature and soil water content was similar between the different vegetation covers (grassland, gaps and forest patches). At a reference temperature of 10°C, the average RS was 2.71 µmol CO2 m−2 s−1. The annual sums of RS were also similar between years and sites: 1345 ± 47 (2009) and 1150 ± 37 g C m−2 year−1 (2010) for grassland and 1324 ± 26 (2009) and 1268 ± 26 g C m−2 year−1 (2010) for the invaded site, which is at the upper range of the values reported in the literature. Cumulative RS peaked in July, with about 200 g C m−2. Large mid-summer RS rates rely on strong biological activity supported by high, but non-extreme soil temperatures and by regular summer precipitation. A coupling of photosynthesis and RS was revealed by a 24-hour measurement, which showed asymmetrical clockwise hysteresis patterns.

Purpose The objective of this study is to estimate the contribution of various sources that influence soil CO2 concentrations in calcareous grassland. Materials and methods The research was performed at the Podgorski Kras plain (45 °33′ N, 13 °55′ E, 400–430 m.a.s.l.) in the sub-Mediterranean region of Slovenia (SW Slovenia), where many meadows and pastures have been abandoned. In parallel to the measurement of soil respiration R s, soil gas was sampled for stable isotope analysis. Samples were taken biweekly at two sites, Grassland and Invaded, from July 2008 until November 2010. In addition, daily variations in concentration and stable isotope composition of soil CO2 were determined in May 2009. The partitioning of soil CO2 concentrations was performed using stable isotope mass balance calculation.

Bukev (Fagus sylvatica L.) je prevladujoča drevesna vrsta v Sloveniji in osrednji Evropi ter kot taka primeren bioindikator zračnega onesnaženja. Bukevs svojo strukturo in funkcijo odseva razmere v okolju in smiselno dopolnjuje fizikalno-kemijske meritve zračnih onesnažil. Zasavje je eno izmed bolj onesnaženih predelov v Sloveniji zaradi industrije, ki je v preteklosti zelo degradirala to območje (rudarstvo, termoenergetika, steklarska industrija, kemična industrija). Vzorčna mesta smo izbrali v bližini ekološkega informacijskega sistema Termoelektrarne Trbovlje, kjer potekajo kontinuirane meritve zračnih onesnažil in meteoroloških parametrov. Kot referenčno mesto smo izbrali Prežo v Kočevski Reki. Stanje izbranih dreves smodoločali na osnovi biokemijskih kazalcev antropogenega stresa (fotosinteznipigmenti, antioksidanti) in mineralne preskrbljenosti dreves. Rezultati so pokazali, da so drevesa v Zasavju v stresu zaradi zračnega onesnaženja, kar potrjujejo statistično značilno večje vsebnosti žvepla, vodotopnih tiolov in manjša vsebnost fotosinteznih pigmentov v listih bukve v primerjavi z referenčnim, manj onesnaženim mestom. Vsebnosti makrohranil so bile na vseh vzorčnih lokacijah zadostne ali celo optimalne. Common Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) is the prevailing tree species in Slovenia and central Europe and thus highly appropriate as air pollution bioindicator. With its structure and function it reflects the environmental conditions and represents the supplemental measurements of physical-chemical measurements of air pollutants in the environment. Zasavje area is one of the more polluted areas in Slovenia due to industry (mining, thermal power plant, glass factory,chemical industry). The sampling sites were chosen in the vicinity of ecological information system of Trbovlje Thermal Power Plant, were air pollutants and meteorological parameters are continuously measured. Preža at Kočevska Reka was chosen as reference sampling site. The condition of samplingtrees was determined by biochemical parameters of anthropogenic stress(photosynthetic pigments, antioxidants) and macronutrients supply. The result showed stress of trees due to anthropogenic pollution by statistical higher content of total sulphur, watersoluble thiols in beech leaves and lowercontent of photosynthetic pigments. The trees were well or optimally supplied by macronutrients at all sampling plots.

Data from the forest monitoring programme in Slovenia were used to assess the relationship between tree phenology, crown defoliation and meteorological conditions in Fagus sylvatica, Quercus robur and Picea abies forests in the 2004-2013 period. We hypothesized a species-specific response of first leaf unfolding, general leaf colouring, the length of the growing season to crown defoliation, air temperature, precipitation and soil water. In accordance with the hypothesis, we found a high sensitivity of first leaf unfolding to air temperature and precipitation for all species, exhibiting contrasting responses. We observed strong sensitivity of beech defoliation to precipitation and soil water conditions. Oak crown defoliation and next-year phenology were correlated, with higher crown defoliation contributing to earlier leaf unfolding, later autumn leaf colouring and longer growing season of oak in next year. Correlation between crown defoliation and phenology was found neither for beech nor spruce. V naši raziskavi smo na podlagi podatkov spremljanja stanja gozdnih ekosistemov v Sloveniji ugotavljali povezanost fenofaz dreves, osutosti krošenj dreves in vremenskih razmer v gozdovih bukve, doba in smreke v letih 2004-2013. Predpostavili smo, da je odziv fenofaz prvih listov in iglic, splošnega rumenenja listja in dolžine vegetacijskega obdobja na osutost krošenj, temperaturo zraka, padavine in vsebnost vode v tleh vrstno specifičen. Ugotovili smo veliko odzivnost nastopa fenofaze prvih listov in iglic na temperaturo zraka in padavine za vse obravnavane drevesne vrste, vendar so se odzivi razlikovali. Ugotovili smo tudi veliko odzivnost osutosti krošnje bukve na količino padavin in vsebnost vode v tleh. Osutost krošenj in fenofaze doba v sledečem letu so bile korelirane, pri čemer je večja osutost krošenj prispevala k zgodnejšemu nastopu fenofaze prvih listov, splošnega rumenenja listja in dolžine vegetacijskega obdobja za dob v sledečem letu. Nismo pa ugotovili povezanosti med osutostjo krošenj in fenofazami bukve ali smreke.

Restoration of forests affected by large-scale disturbances is a priority task of public forest service and forest owners. Damaged forests should be restored as soon as possible in order to provide their ecosystem services in full extent. This paper deals with the state and perspectives of implementation plans for restoration of forests affected by large-scale disturbances in Slovenian forests. Given the problems of forest restoration after large-scale disturbances we address the priorities of the implementation planning which should be incorporated in future legislation of the forestry sector, related to the restoration of large-scale disturbances in forests. Selected studies on alteration of forest site conditions after large-scale disturbances are presented, including forest fires in Kras, bark beetle attack and wind throw in anthropogenic spruce stand on Pohorje and windthrow in virgin forest remnant Rajhenavski Rog in Kočevski Rog. Obnova gozdov, prizadetih v poškodbah večjega obsega, je prednostna naloga javne gozdarske službe in lastnikov gozdov. Poškodovani gozdovi morajo čim hitreje ponovno opravljati svoje funkcije v največjem mogočem obsegu. Prispevek obravnava stanje in perspektive tistega dela izvedbenih načrtov za sanacije po velikih poškodbah v slovenskih gozdovih, ki se nanašajo na obnovo poškodovanih gozdov. Predstavljena je problematika načrtovanja obnove gozda povelikih poškodbah ter prednostne naloge, ki bi jih stroka morala vgraditi v bodočo zakonodajo glede obnove pri sanacijah velikih poškodb. Predstavljene so tudi raziskave o spremenjenih rastiščnih razmerah v gozdovih, prizadetih zaradi velikih poškodb na požariščih na Krasu, gradacije podlubnikov in vetroloma v antropogenem smrekovem sestoju na Pohorju ter vetroloma v pragozdnem rezervatu Rajhenavski Rog v Kočevskem rogu.

Study of developmental stages of forest trees in a long time series is of increasing importance for determination of interdependence between meteorological variables and the associated biological responses. In our study we analyzed the needle appearance and leaf unfolding of conifers and deciduous trees and the autumn colouring for broad-leaved tree species. We considered the phenological phases for oak (Quercus robur L.) in research plots Krakovski gozd and Murska šuma, beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in research plots Lontovž, Temenjak, Borovec, Fondek, Gorica; spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) in research plots Kladje and Krucmanove Konte; Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in the research plot Brdo, black pine (Pinus nigra Arnold) in the research plot Gropajski bori. On average, the needle appearance (BGS) of spruce started on the 166th Julian day. BGS of Scotch pine started on the 128th Julian Day, BGS of black pine on the 149th Julian day, respectively. The leaf unfolding (BGS) for beech started, on average, on the 128th Julian day and BGS for oak on the 117th Julian day, respectively. The autumn colouring(EGS) for beech, on average, started on the 297th Julian day, for oak on the 308th Julian day. It was assessed that BGS possibly commenced earlier for spruce, Scotch pine and black pine in all research plots during the 2004 to 2011 period. However, earlier BGS for beech and oak was noticed only in limited number of pots. Later EGS for beech could be confirmed in only two plots (Borovec in Gorica), whereas changes in EGS for oak were later only in plot Murska Šuma. There was a large variability of LGS for beech and oak over the years. Prolonged growing season (LGS) of beech was statistically significant for 3 plots (Fondek, Borovec in Gorica) during the 2004 to 2011 period. For oak prolonged LGS was not statistically significant during the observation period.

Study of developmental stages of forest trees in a long time series is of increasing importance for determination of interdependence between meteorological variables and the associated biological responses. In our study we analyzed the needle appearance and leaf unfolding of conifers and deciduous trees and the autumn colouring for broad-leaved tree species. We considered the phenological phases for oak (Quercus robur L.) in research plots Krakovski gozd and Murska šuma, beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in research plots Lontovž, Temenjak, Borovec, Fondek, Gorica; spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) in research plots Kladje and Krucmanove Konte; Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in the research plot Brdo, black pine (Pinus nigra Arnold) in the research plot Gropajski bori. On average, the needle appearance (BGS) of spruce started on the 166th Julian day. BGS of Scotch pine started on the 128th Julian Day, BGS of black pine on the 149th Julian day, respectively. The leaf unfolding (BGS) for beech started, on average, on the 128th Julian day and BGS for oak on the 117th Julian day, respectively. The autumn colouring(EGS) for beech, on average, started on the 297th Julian day, for oak on the 308th Julian day. It was assessed that BGS possibly commenced earlier for spruce, Scotch pine and black pine in all research plots during the 2004 to 2011 period. However, earlier BGS for beech and oak was noticed only in limited number of pots. Later EGS for beech could be confirmed in only two plots (Borovec in Gorica), whereas changes in EGS for oak were later only in plot Murska Šuma. There was a large variability of LGS for beech and oak over the years. Prolonged growing season (LGS) of beech was statistically significant for 3 plots (Fondek, Borovec in Gorica) during the 2004 to 2011 period. For oak prolonged LGS was not statistically significant during the observation period. Preučevanje razvojnih faz gozdnega drevja v dolgem časovnem nizu je vse pomembnejše orodje za ugotavljanje medsebojne odvisnosti vremenskih spremenljivk in z njimi povezanih bioloških odzivov. V naši raziskavi smo analizirali nastop fenofaz prvih listov in iglic ter splošnega rumenenja listja za listavce na 11 ploskvah intenzivnega monitoringa gozdnih ekosistemov v Sloveniji v letih od 2004 do 2011. Obravnavali smo fenofaze za dob (Quercus robur L.) na ploskvah Krakovski gozd in Murska šuma; bukev (Fagus sylvatica L.) na ploskvah Lontovž pod Kumom, Temenjak na Vinski gori, Borovec v Kočevski Reki, Fondek v Trnovskem gozdu, Gorica v Loškem Potoku; smreko (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) na ploskvah Kladje na Pohorju in Krucmanove Konte na Pokljuki; rdeči bor (Pinus sylvestris L.) na ploskvi Brdo pri Kranju; črni bor (Pinus nigra Arnold) na ploskvi Gropajski Bori pri Sežani. V povprečju je fenofaza prvih iglic (BGS) smreke nastopila na 166 julijanski dan. Za rdeči bor je BGS nastopila na 128 julijanski dan, za črni bor pa 149. julijanski dan. Fenofaza prvih listov (BGS) je za bukev v povprečju nastopila na 128, za dob pa 117. julijanski dan. Splošno rumenenje listov (EGS) za bukevje v povprečju nastopilo na 297, za dob pa 308. julijanski dan. Dolžina vegetacijskega obdobja (LGS) doba je bila v povprečju 75 dni daljša kot za bukev. Ugotavljamo, da se je v obdobju od leta 2004 do 2011 nakazoval zgodnejši nastop fenofaze prvih iglic (BGS) smreke, rdečega bora ter črnega bora na vseh obravnavanih ploskvah. Zgodnejši nastop prvih listov (BGS) bukve in doba smo zaznali le na posameznih ploskvah, ne pa vseh. Kasnejši nastop splošnega rumenenja listov (EGS) za bukev smo zaznali le na dveh ploskvah (Borovec in Gorica), za dob pa smo ugotovili kasnejše pojavljanje EGS le na ploskvi Murska Šuma. Značilna je velika variabilnost dolžine vegetacijskega obdobja (LGS) za bukev in dob po letih. Daljšanje LGS za bukev je statistično značilno za tri ploskve (Fondek, Borovec in Gorica), za dob pa spremembe LGS v opazovanem obdobju niso bile statistično značilne.

R is a powerful and increasingly popular programming language with strong graphical and presentation features and large expanŽdability. Although primarily intended for statistical computing, R has paved its way to the field of GIS through the development of specialized extension packages. It offers a wide range of functions at all GIS levels: data acquisition, data manipulation, graphical reŽpresentation and quantitative analysis. The paper presents R as an open source alternative to the existing commercial GIS software. It proves especially well when advanced quantitative methods on spatial data are needed (e.g. spatial modelling). We demonstrate R capabilities through spatial analysis of forest area in Snežnik (South Slovenia), where the possibilities of data import, conversion and export into various GIS formats and possibilities of geostatistics, spatial modelling and spatial visualization are demonstrated. R je zmogljiv in vse bolj priljubljen programski jezik s poudarjenimi grafičnimi in predstavitvenimi funkcijami ter veliko možnostjo razširitve. Čeprav primarno namenjen statističnemu računanju, si je R z razvojem specialnih razširitvenih knjižnic utrl pot tudi na področje GIS. Omogoča široknabor funkcij na vseh ravneh GIS: na nivoju zajemanja podatkov, na nivoju manipulacije podatkov ter na nivoju grafičnih predstavitev in kvantitativnih analiz. V prispevku predstavljamo R kot odprtokodno alternativoobstoječim komercialnim GIS- orodjem, ki se izkaže še posebno tedaj, kadar želimo na prostorskih podatkih upoŽrabiti zahtevnejše kvantitativne metode (npr. prostorska modeliranja). Prikazujemo ga na primeru prostorskih analiz gozdŽnega območja na Snežniku (južna Slovenija), kjer demonstriramo možnosti vnosa podatkov, transformiranja in shranjevanja različnih GIS-podlag, možnosti geostatistike, prostorskega modeliranja in prostorske vizualizacije.

The article presents diverse sites and vegetation in the Regional Unit Maribor. After foregoing field workshops organized by Slovenia Forest Service,RU Maribor, and Slovenian Forestry Institute in forest management units (FMU) Eastern Pohorje (2007), Lešje (2008), and Upper Drava Field (2009)we studied site conditions in FMU Selnica in 2012. The purpose of field workshops by Public Forestry Service is checking and preparation of contentualbases in the field of forest sites, soil, and vegetation needed for preparing forest management plans. Knowledge of site conditions and potential vegetation is important for appropriate forest management planning and active close-to-nature directing of forest development. V prispevku so prikazana različna rastišča in vegetacija na Območni enoti Maribor. Po predhodnih terenskih delavnicah, ki sta jih skupaj organizirala Zavod za gozdove Slovenije, OE Maribor, in Gozdarski inštitut Slovenije v gozdnogospodarskih enotah (GGE) Vzhodno Pohorje (2007), Lešje (2008) in Zgornje Dravsko polje (2009), smo leta 2012 proučevali rastiščne razmere v GGESelnica. Namen terenskih delavnic Javne gozdarske službe je preverjanje in priprava vsebinskih podlag s področja gozdnih rastišč, tal in vegetacije za potrebe izdelave gozdnogospodarskih načrtov. Poznavanje rastiščnih razmer in potencialne vegetacije je pomembno za ustrezno gozdnogospodarsko načrtovanje in aktivno sonaravno usmerjanje razvoja gozdov.

The article deals with the relations between mass of root system, branches, and stem and the above-ground size of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) on Omphalodo-Fagetum sites (Tregubov, 1957) Marinček & al., 1993 in GGE Snežnik. Fifteen silver fir trees with diameter at breast height (DBH) from 21 to 85 cmwere analyzed. Sectional measurement of the stem was performed, branches and root system mass was measured and samples of branch, stem, and root system wood for wood density determination were taken. Average density of branch woodis 595 kg/m3, of commercial stem wood 394 kg/m3, and of root system wood 365 kg/m3. The logarithm of the root system dry mass most closely correlates with the logarithm of a tree's commercial stem wood (r = 0.981; p = 0.000); weexplain 96 % of root system wood dry mass variability with the volume of a tree's commercial stem wood. The logarithm of the branch wood dry mass most closely correlates with the commercial stem wood logarithm (r = 0.883; p = 0.000); based on data about the volume of a tree's commercial stem wood we explain 76 % of a tree's branch wood dry mass variability. As related to the total dry mass (branch wood, commercial stem wood, root system wood), the share of the root system wood amounts from 16 % do 24 %, branch wood from 3 % to 14 %, and the commercial stem wood from 65 to 79 % of the total dry mass. Due to various basic wood densities of branch wood, root system wood, and commercial stem wood, the root system wood share as related to the total volume is averagely larger than root system wood share as related to the total mass. The total dry mass of commercial stem wood, branch wood, and root system wood together amounts to 261.6 t/ha (130.8 t C/ha) in the analyzed stand with the growing stock of 475.4 m3/ha. The commercial stem wood thus forms the largest share as related to mass and volume. Prispevek obravnava povezave med maso koreninskega sistema, vej in debla ter nadzemno velikostjo jelke (Abies alba Mill.) na rastiščih Omphalodo-Fagetum (Tregubov, 1957) Marinček & al., 1993 v GGE Snežnik. Analiziranih je bilo petnajst jelovih dreves prsnega premera (DBH) od 21 do 85 cm. Opravljena je bila sekcijska izmera debla, izmerjena masa vej in koreninskega sistema, za določitev gostote lesa so bili odvzeti vzorci lesa vej, debla in koreninskega sistema. Povprečna gostota lesa vejevine je 595 kg/m3, lesa tržne deblovine 394 kg/m3 in lesa panjevine 365 kg/m3. Logaritem suhe mase panjevine najtesneje korelira z logaritmom volumna tržne deblovine drevesa (r = 0,981; p= 0,000); z volumnom tržne deblovine drevesa pojasnimo 96 % variabilnosti suhe mase panjevine. Logaritem suhe mase vejevine najtesneje korelira z logaritmom volumna tržne deblovine (r = 0,883; p = 0,000); na podlagi podatkovo volumnu tržne deblovine drevesa pojasnimo 76 % variabilnosti suhe mase vejevine drevesa. Delež panjevine se glede na skupno suho maso (vejevina,tržna deblovina, panjevina) giblje od 16 % do 24 %, delež vejevine od 3 % do 14 %, delež tržne deblovine pa od 65 do 79 % skupne suhe mase. Zaradi različnih osnovnih gostot lesa vejevine, panjevine in tržne deblovine je delež panjevine glede na skupni volumen povprečju večji od deleža panjevinena skupno maso. Skupna suha masa tržne deblovine, vejevine in panjevine skupaj v analiziranem sestoju z lesno zalogo 475,4 m3/ha znaša 261,6t/ha (130,8 t C/ha). Tako glede na maso in volumen največji delež zavzema tržna deblovina.

Precipitation quality measurements, organized by Slovenian Forestry Institute (Gozdarski inštitut Slovenije -GIS), have almost twenty years of tradition in Slovenia. On the plots for intensive monitoring of forest ecosystems (IMGE), established in 2003, these measurements are continually and systematically taking place for the ninth year. In addition to measuring precipitation quantity, we at Slovenian Forestry also analyze quality of samples using the methods, prescribed by ICP Forests. On the basis of the results we estimate the input of substances into the forest (in situ data), which enables the calculation of water and substance balance for forest ecosystems. Through measurements in the open and in the stand under tree crowns we acquire input data for preparing the estimation of critical exposure of forest ecosystems topollutants. Due to a longer temporal monitoring of the deposits we detect trends in deposits of pollutants, above all ammonium and nitrate nitrogen and sulphur in the sulphate form, on individual locations. The highest deposit of nitrogen is found on the Trnovo plot, where we detect, in the open and in the stand, averagely 17 kg per ha per year, in the ammonium and nitrate form together. Sulphur deposit is the highest on the Lontovž plot, where its annual deposit amounts to around 8 kg per ha, which applies to the measurements in the open and in the stand. The most striking trend is the decrease of the ammonium nitrogen and sulphate on the Lontovž plot in the seven-year period of the measurements. Meritve kakovosti padavin v organizaciji Gozdarskega inštituta Slovenije (GIS)imajo v Sloveniji skoraj dvajsetletno tradicijo, od leta 2003 pa so osnovane ploskve intenzivnega spremljanja gozdnih ekosistemov (IMGE), kjer te meritve potekajo kontinuirano in sistematično že deveto leto. Poleg merjenja količine padavin na Gozdarskem inštitutu Slovenije vzorce analiziramo tudi kakovostno po metodah, predpisanih s strani ICP Forests. Na podlagi rezultatov ocenimo vnos snovi v gozd (in situ podatki), kar omogoča izračun vodne in snovne bilance za gozdne ekosisteme. Z meritvami na prostem in v sestoju pod krošnjami pridobimo vhodne podatke za pripravo ocen kritičnih obremenitev gozdnih ekosistemov z onesnažili. Zaradi daljšega časovnega spremljanja depozitov detektiramo trende v depozitih onesnažil - predvsem amonijevega in nitratnega dušika ter žvepla v obliki sulfata - na posameznih lokacijah. Največji depozit dušika je na ploskvi Trnovo, kjer ga na prostem in v sestoju v povprečju zaznamo 17 kg ha-1 leto-1 v amonijevi in nitratni obliki skupaj. Po depozitu žvepla prednjači ploskev Lontovž, kjer je letni depozit v povprečju dobrih 8 kg ha-1; velja za meritve na prostem in v sestoju. Najopaznejši trend je zmanjševanje depozita amonijevega dušika in sulfata na ploskvi Lontovž v sedemletnem obdobju meritev.

The article deals with the first results of monitoring of tropospheric ozone damage, observed as foliage damage on the selected forest tree and shrub species in Slovenia at the plots of ICP-Forest Level II. Foliage damage was accompanied by ozone concentration measurement, carried out by passive samplers. The first results of the monitoring showed that higher ozone concentrations were measured in the west and south-west part of the country, especially at higher elevations. Foliage damage does not always correlate withthe ozone concentration due to the interference of climate factors and water regime of plants. However, typical visible damage was found in needles and leaves of almost all observed tree and shrub species. Due to the method of monitoring we have not been able to correlate measured ozone concentrations and visible injuries in plant leaves. Prispevek obravnava prve rezultate sledenja učinkov troposferskega ozona na gozdni vegetaciji v povezavi z aktivnostmi intenzivnega monitoringa gozdov (IM) in na ploskvah za umerjanje v okviru programa ICP Forest Konvencije CLTRAP v Sloveniji. Na desetih ploskvah IM potekajo meritve s pasivnimi vzorčevalniki koncentracije troposferskega ozona, hkrati se na izbranem gozdnem robu v bližini merilnega mesta opravljajo opazovanja značilnih ozonskih poškodb listja gozdnega drevja in grmovja. Prvi izsledki kažejo, da so izmerjene koncentracije troposferskega ozona večje v zahodnem delu države (Fondek na Trnovski planoti, Ankaran) in na višjih nadmorskih višinah (Lontovž pod Kumom, Borovec pri Kočevski Reki, Slavnik). Poškodbe vegetacije niso zmeraj večje zaradi višjih koncentracij ozona zaradi vpliva podnebnih dejavnikov in vodnega režima rastlin. Kljub temu pa so bile opažene tipične poškodbe listja zaradi prisotnosti ozona na večini opazovanih drevesnih in grmovnih vrstah. Zaradi uporabe pasivnih vzorčevalnikov neposrednih vzročnih povezav med poškodbami listja in koncentracijami nismo mogli potrditi ozona.

The data of 45 soil profiles from a 16 × 16 km grid across Slovenia was analysed to develop a local pedotransfer function (PTF) for bulk density (ρb) estimation. In total, 106 soil horizons were considered. Concentration of organic carbon (OC) was found to be well correlated (r = -0.861, p < 0.001) with ρb. Two separate line segments were fitted to the data, which was partitioned into two intervals, based on OC content (below 36.0 g/kg and above 36.0 g/kg). Nearly 80 % of the variability in ρb is explained with segmented regression. The local PTF was compared with published PTFs and four validations indices (MPE, SDPE, RMSPE and R2) confirmed the highest prediction quality of the local PTF. The differences of carbon stock (Cpool) estimation, based on usage of different PTFs could be higher than 160 t OC per hectare. Prediction of carbon stocks could be substantially improved by calibration of the models coefficients with data stratified according to each unique soil type.

As a part of the Intensive Monitoring Programme (IMFE) of Forest Ecosystems inSlovenia, the bryophyte flora and vegetation have been studied. The bioindication role of bryophytes was analyzed on all 11 IM plots. On the selected IM plots (Krucmanove konte, Gorica and Murska šuma) the concentrationof N total and S total were analyzed in living parts of the bryophyte species Hypnum cupressiforme Hedw. The species diversity of bryophytes indicates the site conditions (e.g. bedrock, surface rockiness, soil conditions, micro- and regional climate, vegetation) and forest stand conditions (dominant tree species, dead wood). Analyses of mosses on the selected IMFE plots indicate that the concentration of total nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S) in mosses is the highest on the Murska šuma plot and the lowest onthe Krucmanove konte plot on Pokljuka. Comparing the results with some othercomparable investigations, the Murska šuma plot with its relative high concentrations of total N and S total in moss tissue stands out. V okviru Programa za intenzivno spremljanje gozdnih ekosistemov (IMGE) v Sloveniji smo proučevali tudi mahovno floro in vegetacijo. Na vseh enajstih ploskvah IMGE smo ovrednotili bioindikacijsko vlogo mahovnih vrst. Na treh izbranih ploskvah (Krucmanove konte, Gorica in Murska šuma) smo analizirali tudi vsebnosti skupnega dušika (N) in žvepla (S) v tkivih mahov vrste štorovo sedje (Hypnum cupressiforme Hedw.). Že glede na prisotnost mahovnih vrst lahkosklepamo na rastiščne (npr. geološko matično podlago, površinsko skalnatost, talne razmere, mikro- in regionalna klima, vegetacija) in sestojnerazmere (prevladujoča drevesna vrsta, odmrli les).Analiza mahov na izbranih treh ploskvah IMGE je pokazala, da so vsebnosti skupnega N in S v mahovih največje na ploskvi Murska šuma in najmanjše na ploskvi Krucmanove konte na Pokljuki. Ob primerjavi rezultatov z nekaterimi primerljivimi raziskavami od povprečja odstopa ploskev Murska šuma z relativno velikimi vsebnostmi skupnega N in S v mahovih.

In the mountainous terrain precipitation amount could significantly vary locally. A study of an intense orographic precipitation event in the mountainous southern part of Slovenia was executed. The analysis was based on the data from an automatic weather station on the slope of Travljanska gora (876 m a., in the framework of the intensive forest monitoring programme) and some other official meteorological stations in surroundings. Hereby we verified the reliability of the automatic weather station's measurements. By comparing them with the data from official meteorological stations of the Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia (ARSO) and Meteorological and Hydrological Service of Croatia (DHMZ), locality of orographic triggering was evidenced. Analyses proved significant local meteorological radar DSWR-88 reflectivity disturbances that originate in the specific weather situation and some disadvantages of this kind of remote sensing. V orografsko razgibanih območjih se količina padavin lahko krajevno precej razlikuje. Po nekaj več kot enem letu delovanja samodejne meteorološke postaje Gozdarskega inštituta Slovenije v okviru intenzivnega spremljanja stanja gozdov na Travljanski gori, smo podrobno proučili padavinski dogodek 8. septembra 2010. Tako smo preverili pravilnost izmerjenih vrednosti in izpostavili pomen gostote mreže meteoroloških postaj. S primerjavo z bližnjimi uradnimi meteorološkimi postajami Agencije Republike Slovenije za okolje ARSO in hrvaškega Državnega hidrometeorološkega zavoda DHMZ smo potrdili izrazito lokalnost orografskega proženja padavin. Z analizo meritev meteorološkega radarja ARSO tipa DSWR-88 smo potrdili ponekod močno odstopanje radarsko zaznanih in izmerjenih padavin, ki izhaja iz posebnosti vremenskih razmer in nekaterih slabosti daljinskega zaznavanja z meteorološkim radarjem.