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Background: Few comparative studies have been carried out into the effects of nonpharmacological interventions on reducing fatigue in hemodialysis patients. This study compared the effect of warm footbath with effleurage and petrissage massages on fatigue in hemodialysis patients. Materials and Methods: Seventy patients undergoing hemodialysis referring to two dialysis centers in 2016 were included in this clinical trial study. However, 62 hemodialysis patients finally completed the study. The patients were selected through a nonrandom sampling method, but were later assigned to one of the three groups of warmwater footbath, effleurage, and petrissage massages based on randomized blocked allocation. Using a multidimensional inventory, fatigue was assessed before the commencement of the interventions, at the end of the first and the 2nd month of the interventions. The data were analyzed using statistical software of SPSS, version 25, through descriptive statistics by running median and Friedman tests with considering 95% confidence interval. Results: Warmwater footbath, effleurage, and petrissage resulted in a significant reduction or improvement in global fatigue and types of fatigue of patients undergoing hemodialysis at the end of the first and 2nd month of the interventions (P = 0.001). The results of the between-groups comparison showed that there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in fatigue reduction among the three groups of warmwater footbath, effleurage, and petrissage massages in terms of the median index of fatigue scores. Conclusion: Warmwater footbath, effleurage, and petrissage massages have similar positive effects on fatigue in patients undergoing hemodialysis.

Aiming at the installation of prefabricated wall panels in today's assembly building, a new type of wall panel vertical machine is designed, which realizes the adjustment of the pitch position and position of the end grabbing device through the arm turnover mechanism, thus realizing the positioning and installation of prefabricated wall panels. The boom turnover mechanism belongs to the hydraulic linkage mechanism. Through the mechanical simulation analysis, it is found that the boom landing mechanism belongs to the main bearing mechanism and the driving cylinder has the largest load. Therefore, a scale optimization model is established for the boom landing mechanism to minimize the maximum load of the driving cylinder as the objective function. Based on the complex method, the optimal scale parameters of the boom turnover mechanism are obtained, and the maximum load of the driving cylinder before and after optimization is reduced by about 36%. Drive cylinder performance is significantly improved. The virtual prototype is built by Creo software and the rigid body dynamics simulation analysis is carried out. The mechanism scale optimization model is validated. Finally, the prototype development and the construction test are carried out, and the working performance of the boom turnover mechanism meets the design requirements.

Background: Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir is authorized for the treatment of COVID-19 but has several contraindications and potential drug–drug interactions (pDDIs) due to ritonavir-induced irreversible inhibition of cytochrome P450 3A4. We aimed to assess the prevalence of individuals with one or more risk factors for severe COVID-19 along with contraindications and pDDIs due to ritonavir- containing COVID-19 therapy. Methods: Retrospective observational study of individuals with one or more risk factors according to Robert Koch Institute criteria for severe COVID-19 according to German statutory health insurance (SHI) claims data from the pre-pandemic years 2018–2019 based on the German Analysis Database for Evaluation and Health Services Research. Prevalence was extrapolated to the entire SHI population using age-adjusted and sex-adjusted multiplication factors. Results: Nearly 2.5 million fully insured adults, representing 61 million people in the German SHI population, were included in the analysis. In 2019, prevalence of individuals that would have been at risk of severe COVID-19 was 56.4%. Amongst them, the prevalence of contraindications for treatment with ritonavir-containing COVID-19 therapy was approximately 2% according to presence of somatic comorbidities (severe liver or kidney disease). Prevalence of intake of medicines contraindicated for their potential interactions with ritonavir-containing COVID-19 therapy was 16.5% according to Summary of Product Characteristics and 31.8% according to previously published data. The prevalence of individuals at risk of pDDIs during ritonavir- containing COVID-19 therapy without adjustment of their concomitant therapy was 56.0% and 44.3%, respectively. Prevalence data for 2018 were similar. Conclusion: Administering ritonavir-containing COVID- 19 therapy can be challenging as thorough medical record review and close monitoring are required. In some cases, ritonavir-containing treatment may not be appropriate due to contraindications, risk of pDDIs, or both. For those individuals, an alternative ritonavir-free treatment should be considered.

Abstract Objectives This meta-analysis evaluated the Efficacy and Effectiveness of several COVID-19 vaccines, including AstraZeneca, Pfizer, Moderna, Bharat, and Johnson & Johnson, to better estimate their immunogenicity, benefits, or side effects. Methods Studies reporting the Efficacy and Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines from November 2020 to April 2022 were included. The pooled Effectiveness/Efficacy with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI) with Metaprop order was calculated. The results were presented in forest plots. Predefined subgroup analyses and sensitivity analyses were also performed. Results A total of twenty articles were included in this meta-analysis. After the first dose of the vaccine, the total effectiveness of all COVID-19 vaccines in our study was 71% (95% CI 0.65, 0.78). The total effectiveness of vaccines after the second dose was 91% (95% CI 0.88, 0.94)). The total efficacy of vaccines after the first and second doses was 81% (95% CI 0.70, 0.91) and 71% (95% CI 0.62, 0.79), respectively. The effectiveness of the Moderna vaccine after the first and second dose was the highest among other studied vaccines ((74% (95% CI, 0.65, 0.83) and 93% (95% CI, 0.89, 0.97), respectively). The highest first dose overall effectiveness of the studied vaccines was against the Gamma variant (74% (95% CI, 0.73, 0.75)), and the highest effectiveness after the second dose was observed against the Beta variant (96% (95% CI, 0.96, 0.96)). The Efficacy for AstraZeneca and Pfizer vaccines after the first dose was 78% (95% CI, 0.62, 0.95) and 84% (95% CI, 0.77, 0.92), respectively. The second dose Efficacy for AstraZeneca, Pfizer, and Bharat was 67% (95% CI, 0.54, 0.80), 93% (95% CI, 0.85, 1.00), and 71% (95% CI, 0.61, 0.82), respectively. The overall efficacy of first and second dose vaccination against the Alfa variant was 84% (95% CI, 0.84, 0.84) and 77% (95% CI, 0.57, 0.97), respectively, the highest among other variants. Conclusion mRNA-based vaccines against COVID-19 showed the highest total efficacy and effectiveness than other vaccines. In general, administering the second dose produced a more reliable response and higher effectiveness than a single dose.

Fascioliasis and toxoplasmosis are the two important zoonotic diseases that are endemic in Iran and share some common transmission routes. The present study is aimed at determining the seroprevalence of human fascioliasis and toxoplasmosis in rural and urban areas of Jolfa County, Northwest Iran. In a cross-sectional study, 600 human sera were collected randomly from humans living in Jolfa County including three cities and 13 villages from 2017 to 2018. Anti-Toxoplasma IgG and anti-Fasciola sp. IgG tests have been performed using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Four (0.7%) out of 600 human sera showed positive levels of anti-Fasciola IgG. Three out of four seropositive humans were from an urban area, and one (25%) was from rural inhabitants. Considering T. gondii infection, 45% of studied human sera were seropositive for anti-T. gondii IgG. In conclusion, this is the first study reporting Fasciola seropositivity in the area. Based on the findings, human fascioliasis is present in the studied area, Northwest Iran, granted in low prevalence. Considering T. gondii seropositivity, the prevalence is high, yet close to the reports from other regions in the province.

The ever-increasing demand for electronic systems to enhance their performance and processing speed has exponentially increased their heat generation, especially those containing microstructures with reduced surface area. Tackling these complex thermal management challenges creates an urgent need to design and model compact efficient cooling systems. In this investigation, a unique design of a microchannel heat sink with sinusoidal and absolute sinusoidal wavy walls with/without nanofluid is proposed. Heat transfer enhancement and fluid flow characteristics are numerically investigated by developing a two-dimensional finite element model for Reynolds numbers 5, 100, and 500. The periodicity of the wavy section and the different volume fractions of silver nanoparticles ranging from 0 to 4% in water are further considered. The entropy generation is analyzed using the Bejan number. The findings revealed that while the entropy generation rises in the absolute sinusoidal channel, it has a better heat transfer performance by 10.3%, 15.8%, and 16.6% than a straight microchannel for the ascending Reynolds numbers. Interestingly, the channel's heat transfer and thermal efficiency decrease when an unnecessary number of sinusoidal periods are used. The thermal efficiency improves by 3.35% compared to the straight microchannel by employing only one absolute sinusoidal wavelength along the channel.

In the years following its outbreak in 2019, COVID-19 changed the health-care system structures, the context of professional activity, and nurses’ moral performance. The present study aimed to examine the moral distress and moral courage of Iraqi nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic. This cross-sectional and correlational study was conducted in 2021 on 168 nurses selected by convenience sampling methods. Data were collected by self-reported instruments including a demographic questionnaire, the Professional Moral Courage (PMC), and the Moral Distress Scale (MDS). Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, the Spearman, Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests, and SPSS version 22. Most nurses showed a moderate level of moral distress (98.80%) and a high level of moral courage (99.40%).The dimension of multiple values had the highest mean (12.45 ± 1.47) and endurance of threats had the lowest mean (9.15 ± 1.79). There was a statistically significant correlation between moral distress and moral courage (P = 0.007, r = - 0.2), and moral distress and the dimensions of endurance of threat (P < 0.001, r = - 0.26), going beyond compliance (P < 0.001, r = - 0.037), and moral goals (P < 0.001, r = - 0.173). A statistically significant relationship was also found between moral distress and work shift, position and gender (P < 0.05), and between moral courage and position (P < 0.05). We concluded that nurses need more organizational support in terms of protective facilities, job security and organizational incentives to be able to show ethical behaviors.

IntroductionThe current cross-sectional study aimed to examine the reliability, construct validity, gender invariance and concurrent validity of the psychological control scale-youth self-report (PCS-YSR) among Iranian adolescents.MethodsA total of 1,453 high school students (49.2% boys; Mage = 15.48, SD = 0.97), who aged between 14 and 18 years old completed the PCS-YSR and the youth self-report (YSR) scale of behavior problems.ResultsReliability was established using Cronbach’s alpha and ordinal alpha for maternal and paternal psychological control. The confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) results supported the original unidimensional model of the PCS-YSR scale for both mother and father forms. Results also revealed that mother and father forms of PCS-YSR were invariant across adolescents’ gender. When comparing the mean differences, mothers were more psychologically controlling toward their sons, compared to their daughters. The mother and father forms of PCS-YSR were found to have acceptable concurrent validity through their relationship to internalizing and externalizing behavioral problems.DiscussionOverall, our findings supported the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Psychological Control Scale-Youth Self-Report among Iranian adolescents. This scale can be used as an efficient tool for parental psychological control among adolescents in Iran. The negative effect of the intrusive parenting behavior on child’ negative outcomes in Iran, irrespective of culture, was shown.

This study investigated the impact of electronic customer relationship management (e-CRM) strategies (functional and personal dimensions) on customer loyalty in the Jordanian telecommunication sector. The mediating role of perceived customer relationship quality (cognitive and an emotional dimensions) was tested in this relationship. Data was collected via online survey from 301 Jordanian online shoppers and analysed using structural equation modelling (AMOS). The results showed a significant and positive impact of the functional dimension on customer loyalty, while the personal dimension negatively affected it. However, the functional and personal dimensions had a positive effect of on perceived customer relationship (CR) quality, as it positively affected customer loyalty. Hence, CR quality is indirectly impacted the relationship between the functional dimension and customer loyalty; in other words, CR quality mediated the relationship between the personal dimension and customer loyalty. The study’s findings enhance the current understanding of the relationship between e-CRM strategies and customer loyalty in a context specific bounded to Jordan. In addition, it provides evidence of the mediating role of CR quality in the Jordanian telecommunication sector. This research suggests practical strategies for the Jordanian telecommunication industry to enhance customer loyalty.

Taking a new type of prefabricated building wall panel installation machine as the research object, the mechanism configuration and specific implementation are analyzed, the kinematic and dynamic mathematical models of the boom landing mechanism are established, and the functional relationship between the maximum load of the cylinder and the scale parameters is solved. Taking the size parameters of each component of the boom landing mechanism as the design variables, taking the minimum maximum load of the boom cylinder during the boom lifting process as the objective function, and taking the overall machine layout, mechanism singularity, geometric constraints and other constraints as the constraints, the boom is established. The scale optimization model of the landing mechanism, based on the composite shape method and iterative calculation through Matlab software, the optimal scale parameters of each component of the boom lift chain are obtained, and the maximum load of the boom lift cylinder is reduced by about 11%, effectively improving the dynamic performance of the mechanism. Based on Creo software, a virtual prototype of the prefabricated building wall panel installation machine before and after optimization is established, and dynamic simulation analysis is performed to verify the correctness of the scale optimization model. This research will be used for prefabricated building wall panel installation and provides a basis for improving the performance of the machine.

Abstract Background Addiction is a chronic and relapsing disorder characterized by compulsive drug seeking and lasting changes in the brain. Low quality of life may influence the substance craving, which leads to relapsing. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the relationship between beliefs in substance craving and quality of life among narcotics anonymous. Methods This cross-sectional study was performed on 202 narcotics anonymous in Kerman, southeastern Iran. Convenience sampling was used to select anonymous patients in the Narcotics Anonymous (NA) association in Kerman city. Narcotics anonymous completed the demographic questionnaire, the Craving Beliefs Questionnaire (CBQ), and the World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF (WHOQOL-BREF). Multiple linear regression model was used to determine the predictors of craving beliefs. The data were then analyzed using SPSS 22. Results The mean age of the participants was 38.48 ± 11.32 years. The majority of the samples were male (86.1%), married (65.4%), educated (93.6%) and urban (86.1%). The mean scores of craving beliefs and overall Quality of Life (QOL) were 77.58 ± 20.70 and 64.42 ± 23.13, respectively. Forty-two-point 1% had high level of craving beliefs. We found a significant negative and weak correlation between beliefs in substance craving, physical health domain (r = -0.16, p = 0.02), and overall quality of life (r = -0.15, p = 0.03). History of crack use, job, and physical health domain of QOL were predictors of beliefs in substance craving among the NAs. Conclusion Based on the study results, the participants had a high level of substance craving, and some aspects of the quality of life had an impact on the beliefs of addiction. However, it is necessary to conduct more studies in this field; psychological interventions and programs to increase the quality of life may reduce the substance craving.

Abstract Background The quorum-sensing molecule farnesol, in opportunistic yeast Candida albicans, modulates its dimorphic switch between yeast and hyphal forms, and biofilm formation. Although there is an increasing interest in farnesol as a potential antifungal drug, the molecular mechanism by which C. albicans responds to this molecule is still not fully understood. Results A comparative genomic analysis between C. albicans strains that are naturally unresponsive to 30 µM of farnesol on TYE plates at 37 °C versus responsive strains uncovered new molecular determinants involved in the response to farnesol. While no signature gene was identified, amino acid changes in specific proteins were shown to correlate with the unresponsiveness to farnesol, particularly with substitutions in proteins known to be involved in the farnesol response. Although amino acid changes occur primarily in disordered regions of proteins, some amino acid changes were also found in known domains. Finally, the genomic investigation of intermediate-response strains showed that the non-response to farnesol occurs gradually following the successive accumulation of amino acid changes at specific positions. Conclusion It is known that large genomic changes, such as recombinations and gene flow (losses and gains), can cause major phenotypic changes in pathogens. However, it is still not well known or documented how more subtle changes, such as amino acid substitutions, play a role in the adaptation of pathogens. The present study shows that amino acid changes can modulate C. albicans yeast’s response to farnesol. This study also improves our understanding of the network of proteins involved in the response to farnesol, and of the involvement of amino acid substitutions in cellular behavior.

The doctrine of ultra vires denotes that legal institutions must function in the preconditioned framework of competences which have been envisaged for them. This doctrine has a well-established place in the law of international organizations. In this realm, the legal superiority of the United Nations has been the dominant discourse since middle of the 20th century. By considering this legal status, fears of transgression of authority and competence by the principal organs of the United Nations (General Assembly, Security Council, Economic and Social Council, Trusteeship Council, International Court of Justice and Secretariat) will exacerbate in a way that is quite incomparable with any other international organization.The purpose of this essay is to carry out an in-depth analysis about the application of this doctrine in the legal realm of the United Nations, which involves library research process of collecting information and legal dogmatic approach in way of analyzing the issue. The particular essence of the ultra vires doctrine has a direct nexus with relative legal personality of international organizations, including the United Nations with the absolute rule of international law over their acts and decisions.

The objective of this article is to corroborate the original Dagenais-Desmarais & Savoie psychological well-being measurement instrument in the civil service in Gabon. This instrument is composed of five factors relating to lived experiences of psychological well-being in the workplace. To adapt it to the civil service in Gabon, 310 civil servants from various ministries completed a measurement tool. This was also done for nomological purposes and to assess job demands, job control, social support, and job satisfaction. Following exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, it appears that the dimensional structure of psychological well-being in the workplace (PWBW) is identical to the initial structure developed by Dagenais-Desmarais and Savoie. Moreover, the metric properties on the PWBW scale of the present research are satisfactory. The analyses confirm all the predictions of the nomological network, reinforcing the validity of the adaptation of the scale developed by Dagenais-Desmarais and Savoie to the world of public service work in Gabon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Introduction Medical devices and equipment are necessary for accurate and continuous monitoring of the patients admitted to intensive care units, one of which is alarm systems. Frequent sounds of alarms can affect nurses' concentration and accuracy when providing care. Complications such as headache, fatigue, and stress occur after repeated alarms, leading to poor quality of professional life among nurses. This study aimed to determine the relationship between quality of professional life and alarm fatigue syndrome among intensive care unit nurses. Methods This cross‐sectional study used convenience sampling to select nurses working in intensive care units from three hospitals in southern Iran in 2021 (n = 201). Data were collected using three questionnaires, including sociodemographic form, the professional quality of life questionnaire (ProQOL), and the alarm fatigue symptom (AFS) scale. Results The mean scores of compassion satisfaction (CS), burnout, secondary traumatic stress (STS) (subscales of the ProQOL), and AFS were 34.66 ± 7.54, 28.98 ± 7.59, 27.69 ± 5.87, and 13.48 ± 7.32, respectively. The majority of them had no or mild AFS, moderate CS, burnout, and STS. Among the study variables, only AFS were a significant predictor of CS and STS among ICU nurses. In addition, work experience in ICU, AFS, and a second job were significant predictors of burnout among ICU nurses. Conclusions The study results showed a significant relationship between alarm fatigue syndrome, burnout, STS, and CS. Given that more than half of the nurses in the intensive care unit in the present study experienced some degree of alarm fatigue syndrome, it is necessary to plan and implement interventions to better manage the alarms in the intensive care unit.

Objectives: As a major feature of the disease, motor-related complications, including loss of balance and reduced ability to walk were seen in multiple sclerosis (MS). The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of core stability exercises and transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS) as a non-invasive brain stimulation on balance, walking capacity, and quality of life in patients with MS. Methods: In this randomized clinical trial study with a pretest-posttest design, 29 female patients with an Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) of less than 4.5 (3.75±1.31) and a mean age of 38.36±7.99 years were purposefully selected from patients referring to MS society of Tehran during 2021 and then randomly assigned to the following three groups: core stability exercises, anodal tDCS, and sham. Variables, such as balance, walking capacity, and quality of life were measured before and after the interventions. Subjects in the core stability training group participated in core stability exercises for three weeks, and subjects in both sham and anodal tDCS groups received direct brain electrical stimulation for five sessions. Results: A significant improvement in balance and walking capacity were seen both in the anodal tDCS and the core stability training groups (P

One of the main axioms of eccentric criticism is the examination of the interrelationship between humans and the environment. This type of criticism seeks to understand how human attitudes to nature and how environmental issues are reflected in literary works and to analyze the impact that human beings have on nature and the physical and psychological properties of humans in literary works. In Moniro Ravanipour's Ahl-e-Ghargh, nature is not only regarded as the scene of events but as the main context of the story itself, the agent of events and the advancing events, directly affecting the characters and interacting with humans and their decisions. In this story, the characters sometimes find themselves exposed to the power of the sea as part of submissive wildlife, and sometimes it is nature that inevitably interferes with man and his power. In this story, the characters are sometimes frightened and wandering against nature, sometimes mingling with nature and resting in its lap.

Background. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common psychiatric disorders starting at an early age with symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and impulsivity. This study aimed to investigate the molecular alterations of the DRD4 gene, which have been linked to ADHD in previous studies with respect to the dose of methylphenidate. Methods. The study population included all ADHD patients needing drug therapy aged 5-18 years referred to Bozorgmehr psychiatric clinic in Tabriz in 2017 for one year. After diagnosis, symptoms severity was assessed using the Conners Scale for ADHD Assessment. Then, 4 ml of blood was collected from each individual and DNA was extracted using salting out method. After performing polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the products were separated using specific restriction enzymes and then polymorphisms of Ex3 VNTR and rs3758653 of DRD4 gene were analyzed in 2% agarose gel. The last dose to achieve the therapeutic response was recorded in mg/kg. Then, we investigated the relationship between the doses of drug used to achieve the therapeutic response and the existence of the mentioned polymorphisms. Results. There was no significant relationship between treatment response and type of polymorphism. Also, there was no significant relationship between the average dose of drug and the polymorphisms of three replicates, four replicates, six replicates, and more than six replicates in EX3VNTR in DRD4 gene. In addition, we witnessed no statistically significant relationship between the mean drug dose and CC, TC, and TT genotypes in DRD4rs3758653. Conclusion. There was no significant relationship between treatment response and type of polymorphism. There was no significant relationship between the average dose of drug and the polymorphisms of three replicate, four replicates, six replicates and more than six replicates in EX3VNTR in DRD4 gene. Between mean drug dose and CC, TC and TT genotypes in DRD4rs3758653, there was no statistically significant relationship. Practical Implications. Determining the reduction of ADHD symptoms by taking methylphenidate and evaluating the relationship between presence or absence of DRD4 polymorphisms and the dosage of drug to achieve a better response to treatment can collect enough evidence to determine the dose of methylphenidate according to the molecular analysis of DRD4 gene in patients with ADHD. This can reduce doctor visits, save time, and decrease the drug side effects.

Background: The polymorphism associated with liver fat content, which is well-known as PNPLA3 rs738409 (Patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3), is one of the critical subjects widely investigated in the literature regarding the prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) worldwide. The present research aimed to study the bioinformatics investigations of this polymorphism together with the in vitro analyses among patients with NAFLD. Materials and Methods: In this case-control study, after performing bioinformatics analysis, the laboratory examination was performed in several steps. Genomic DNA was extracted from the blood of 53 NAFLD patients and 107 subjects with normal liver ultrasounds. PNPLA3 rs738409 was genotyped by the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. The laboratory test results, including fasting blood sugar, triglyceride, cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase were collected from medical records. Finally, statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software, version 18.0. Results: The frequency of the G allele was 56% and 36% among patients and in the control group, respectively. The frequency of genotypes was 35.8% and 47.7% (CC), 17% and 31.8% (CG), 47.2% and 20.6% (GG) in patients and control groups, respectively. The adjusted odds ratios for PNPLA3 rs738409 C>G were 3.0 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.28-6.98, P=.011) and 0.68 (95% CI: 0.25- 1.83, P = .44) for GG and CG genotypes, respectively. Conclusion: The findings showed the association between the GG genotype and the presence of NAFLD. Furthermore, the bioinformatics findings suggested the probable risk of the disease incidence regarding the change of hydropathic characteristics resulting from the amino acid substitution.

Background: since ballads and songs make the art of music eloquent and expressive, they are considered as the connection ring and junction between these two branches of literature and art. The main objective of songs is transferring message and speech to audience, concentrating and penetrating into emotions and thoughts and imagination in the form of concepts to melody that this study has investigated commitment and people-centeredness in two illustrating elements of thought and imagination of the four poetic forms in the songs by Aref and Bahar from Constitutional Era and Rahi Mo’ayyeri and Moeini Kermanshahi. This study aims at understanding the importance of the type of purposeful and people-centered insight and thought of ballads and the poetry power of sing-writers to compose more original and more creative and more literary songs. Method: the descriptive-analytical research method based on comparing ballad works of song-writers with each other and with scientific-poetic standards has been used. Conclusion: according to scientific-literary measurement among the songs of four ballad-writers; poets had mastery over literary and poetic standards and poetic elements and their function, have composed more emotional and more pleasant songs. As far as melody has not been decorated with speech, is free from the element of thought and doesn’t enjoy poetry and literature criteria. The purpose and commitment of poet and song-writer reinforces the cultural and scientific dimensions and literary and emotional soul of ballads. The song of all four song-writers have had commitment and people-centeredness dimensions in the current study.

Background: Iliad and Shahnameh are two transnational works which are precious treasures for studying the customs and culture of two ancient nations of Iran and Greece. In this research some of the ethical specifications of the mythological gods and paladins of Iran in Shahnameh and Olympus gods and paladins of Iliad have been studied and the basic differences between two nations which stem from the differences of their culture and beliefs have been shown. The essay plans to show the Iran ancient cultural highlights and a closer look at the immensity of this ancient land. Method: The method of this research is analytical descriptive and based upon comparison of two ancient culture from the views of beliefs and ceremonies. Conclusion: The studies show that there are some differences between the human and divinely behaviors of Iliad and Shahnameh. In Iliad we see that the unethical conducts, discrimination, inclination to the front of oppression and promise breaking towards the devoted people by the Achaeans on the one hand and on the other corruption, lying and rivalries between the Olympus gods terminated to the vast carnage of Achaeans and Trojan tribes. The paladins and the heroes of Iliad in compare with the Olympus gods are more noble and are more promise leal. The Iranian gods are the symbol of ethics and the punisher of promise breakers and those who violates the others’ right. Such ethical solidarity and stability make the heroes of Shahnameh incline to cavalier. The Iranian gods hatred towards war and violation. But seriously believe in revenge and defense of their lands while the Olympus gods support the violators and they themselves are the main factor of war and massacre.

Nanostructured hematite prepared via anodic deposition has been studied as photoanode in neutral and alkaline electrolytes. The morphology of the nanostructures was characterized by SEM, XRD analysis was performed to verify the phase of the films, absorption coefficient and band gap were determined from spectrophotometric measurements and the atomic concentration of Sn in hematite film was estimated from XPS measurements. EIS measurements and photocurrent responses showed the different behavior of hematite photoanode in alkaline and neutral electrolytes. The alkaline medium favors the chemisorption of the water molecules on hematite photoanode, contributing to the diminishing of the charge transfer resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mali Médical is the property of Mali Medical, Faculte de Medecine, de Pharmacie et d'Odonto-stomatologie and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Mali Médical is the property of Mali Medical, Faculte de Medecine, de Pharmacie et d'Odonto-stomatologie and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)