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Abstract Introduction Designing, developing, and implementing a course without assessing and prioritizing instructional needs may result in inefficiency due to the disregard for the actual needs of the target population. The present study aimed to determine and prioritize medical students’ instructional needs regarding Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) at Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. Methods This survey study was carried out in three stages (2020–2021) using the Delphi technique. Purposive and snowball sampling methods were used to select the instructors. The students were selected through simple random sampling. The first round of the Delphi technique involved a questionnaire consisting of one open-ended question, completed by 49 basic/clinical faculty members and 47 senior medical students. In the second round, a 5-point Likert scale-based questionnaire was used to prioritize the instructional needs. The reliability of the questionnaire was verified by Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. In the third round, a focus group was used. A total of six expert faculty members and one senior medical student were invited to the focus group session to prioritize the needs. Data were analyzed using Friedman’s non-parametric ranking test in SPSS version 26. Results Ten instructional needs priorities were extracted, including common pharmacotherapies (antibiotics and narcotics), prescriptions, physiology, anatomy, physical examination, electrocardiography interpretation, radiography, computed tomography scans, serum electrolyte disorders, and cardiovascular and internal (endocrine and metabolic) diseases. The chi-squared calculated value (715.584) indicated a significant difference in the importance of the questionnaire’s questions (P

Oral and dental health is one of the most important factors that affect the quality of life of children. It relates to oral health and evaluates the physical, social, and psychological effects caused by the state of oral health. This study shows the impact of oral and dental health in children aged 8 to 10 years old in Shirazon their quality of life.Materials&Methods:The present descriptive-analytical study was conducted in a cross-sectional way on 315 8-10-year-oldboys and girls in Shiraz in 2017. People were clinically examined and the DMFT/dmft index was recorded for each one to evaluate their oral health status. To analyze the data, Spearman's correlation coefficient tests, T-test, and One-way ANOVA were used (p value < 0.05).Results:Mean Child-OIDP score was 11.41 with a standard deviation of 13.55.The Child-OIDP index had no significant relationship with children's age (p value =0.42). The average Child-OIDP index was not significantly different between boys and girls (p value = 0.27). There was a direct and significant relationship between the average child-OIDP index and the caries index of primary teeth (dmft) and the total caries index in the mouth (DMFT+dmft) (p value = 0.000).Conclusion:The results showed the significant impact of oral and dental diseases in reducing the quality of life of children. Therefore, to increase the quality of life-related to oral health in children, necessary measures should be taken to improve their access to treatment and prevention

Abstract Objective Proteus mirabilis is related to serious infections. The present study was designed to investigate the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) and cytotoxicity among P. mirabilis isolates recovered from clinical samples in Shiraz. Results A total of 100 P. mirabilis isolates were screened by biochemical tests and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Also, 25 (25%) and 7 (7%) isolates were positive for extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBLs) and carbapenemase, respectively. Synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by UV–vis spectrum, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and electron microscopy. The average size of AgNPs and ZnONPs in the present study is 48 and

Introduction: The advent of ChatGPT as an artificial intelligence (AI) tool has changed the classroom atmosphere among medical students leading to controversial issues in education, particularly in writing. Although some medical students exhibit strong inclination to use ChatGPT in their writing classes, most professors are still uncertain about the outcome. Methods: This study tries to assess medical students’ attitudes toward using ChatGPT in their academics writing course held in the Fall semester, 2023. An intact class of medical students from Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (SUMS) took part in this qualitative research. Two semi structured interviews were conducted at the beginning of the course, prior to the implication of ChatGPT in revising their essay writing, and after completing the course. Braun and Clark thematic analysis was applied to analyze the interview data. Results: Six main codes were identified about using ChatGPT (i.e., familiarity, speed, vocabulary range, structure, teacher’s role, plagiarism). At first, most students, whether those who were familiar with ChatGPT or those who had only heard of it, agreed with its positive effect. But after using ChatGPT, their opinions about using ChatGPT in class were changed. Conclusion: This study may provide an insight for educators who are interested in using AI in a learning environment. However, without professors’ management, using ChatGPT in higher education cannot enhance students’ writing skill efficiently. To this end, both students and their professors should increase their language knowledge and general knowledge to use it in the best and most effective way in education.

Background and Objectives: The pediatric population worldwide bears a significant morbidity and death burden due to acute respiratory infections (ARIs). Human Orthopneumovirus, sometimes referred to as the Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus (HRSV), is one of the main causes of ARIs in infants. The main goal of this study was to identify the genetic diversity of HRSV strains that were circulating in the Iranian population at a certain time of year. Materials and Methods: Two hundred youngsters less than 12 years old with acute respiratory infections had samples taken from their throat and pharynx secretions. Then, external and hemi-nested PCR were employed, using specific primers targeting the G gene region to detect HRSV. Subsequently, nine randomly selected positive samples were subjected to sequencing. The results were then compared with reference strains cataloged in GeneBank, and phylogenetic tree was constructed using Chromes and MEGA7. Results: Out of 200 samples, 34 were identified as containing HRSV. Subgroup A was predominant, accounting for 61.76% of cases, followed by subgroup BA (35.29%) and subgroup B (2.94%). Phylogenetic analysis revealed five samples associated with subtype B and four with genotype A. Genomic analysis showed three samples under the GA2 subgroup and one under GA1 for subtype A, and four samples in subgroup BA and one in GB2 for subtype B. Conclusion: In this study, subgroup A strains, particularly genotype GA2, exhibited a higher prevalence compared to subgroup B strains during the specific period under investigation, shedding light on the genetic landscape of HRSV in this region.

Background and aim: One of the indicators of the development of any country is the volume of its scientific and technological production at the national and international levels. The aim of this study was to evaluate the scientific output of postgraduate students at the Health School of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences during the period 2010-2019. Materials and methods: This descriptive-documentary study was conducted using scientometric methods. The statistical population included published articles extracted from dissertations of postgraduate students of the Faculty of Health in WOS, Scopus, Medline and other databases during 2010-2019. After extraction, data were analyzed using Excel 2013 and SPSS 21 through descriptive and inferential statistics (t-test and analysis of variance). A value level of 0.05 was considered significant. Findings: At the master's level, of 270 dissertations reviewed, 166 (61.5%) ones and at the Ph.D. level, of 30 defended dissertations, 22 (73.3%) ones resulted in the publication of articles. The number of published articles per capita of Shiraz School of Health master's and doctoral students was 0.77 (moderate) and 1.16 (acceptable), respectively. A total of 243 articles were published out of the 300 postgraduate dissertations reviewed. Of all published articles, 138 (57%), 26 (11%), 21 (8%), and 58 (24%) were published in WOS, Scopus, PubMed, and other indexes, respectively. Statistical test analysis showed that there was no significant difference between articles published per capita and gender of researchers (p= 0.666). The highest per capita percentage of articles published per dissertation was in Environmental Health Engineering (1.2), Occupational Health and Safety Engineering (1.12) and Biology and Control of Disease (1.10) Departments, respectively during 2010-2013. Conclusion: The scientific output of postgraduate dissertations at the Shiraz School of Health was average and similar to that of other universities in the country.

Women's health in any society is one of the pillars of that country's health. Women's physical, mental and social and health is the basis of society's health. the present study is to investigate the relationship between social capital and mothers’ self-perception health with children under 2 years old. The statistical population of the present study is 397 mothers. using the multi-stage cluster sampling method, information is obtained. Information required using Goldberg 28 General Health Questionnaire To measure social capital, questions were collected from the Onyx and Bolen Social Capital Scale. The data analysis has been done by SPSS software in both descriptive, inferential statistics. The results obtained from the analysis of descriptive statistics of social capital, measured in terms of social trust, social participation and social support, have shown that in assessing mothers of social trust, 82% have a high social trust level environment. In the dimension of social participation, 51% of mothers have assessed a moderate relation in social relations, but 88% have reported poor social participation. In the assessment of the social support of mothers, 68 percent of mothers have modest social support. The results of the analysis of general health components show that 84.4% of mothers have a moderate and acceptable general health. The results of the analysis of inferential statistics show the variables show that there is a significant relationship between the number of live births, high school education and diploma, study status, social class, Fars ethnicity, family income, social support, social participation and social relation with general health. ‌‌General Health, Mothers, Social Capital, Self-Assessment of Health, Shiraz City.‌‌IntroductionThe health of mothers and women in any society It is considered as one of the pillars of health of that country. Women's physical, mental, social and spiritual health is the basis of society's health. A significant part of human health is the quality of relationships with others, formal and informal groups and institutions, which is referred to as social capital. Social capital is influential as an important and common proposition that can improve health productivity. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the relationship between social capital and mothers’ self-perception health with children under 2 years old. MethodologyThe statistical population of the present study is mothers with children under two years old in Shiraz. To determine the sample size, the Cochran formula has been used. The data has been obtained using the multi-stage cluster sampling method referring to health centers in Shiraz. The sample size includes 397 mothers. This research has been carried out by survey method. Goldberg 28-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) was used to collect the required information in this study. The Onyx and Bolen social capital scales have been used to measure social capital. The data analysis has been done by SPSS software in both descriptive and inferential statistics. FindingsFor dimensions of general health, in the aspect of physical health status, 59% of mothers have moderate physical health, in the symptoms of anxiety and sleep disorders 61% have moderate symptoms, and in the dimensions of the social function of assessment 69% have moderate symptoms, and in the symptoms of depression of mothers 71% have the symptoms of poor depression. The results obtained from the analysis of descriptive statistics of social capital, measured in terms of social trust, social participation and social support, have shown that in assessing mothers of social trust, 82% have a high social trust level environment. In the dimension of social participation, 51% of mothers have assessed a moderate relation in social relations, but 88% have reported poor social participation. In the assessment of the social support of mothers, 68 percent of mothers have modest social support. The results of multivariate regression show that there is a significant relationship between the number of live births, high school education and diploma, study status, social class, Fars ethnicity, family income, social support, social participation and social relation with general health. ResultFindings from the research results Confirms the relationship between social relationships and maternal health. The role of social relationships can be seen in mothers' physical health, anxiety and disorders, social functioning and depression. According to Bourdieu, social capital is the product of a kind of individual or collective investment, conscious or unconscious which seeks to establish or reproduce social relations, which can be used directly in the short or long term. The relationship between social participation and maternal health has been confirmed in all aspects of public health. These results are consistent with Bourdieu's view that social capital is the product of potential and actual benefits that result from the ownership of a lasting network of institutionalized relationships between individuals. Putnam sees social capital as the connection between individuals and networks of civic engagement which causes a positive correlation between health variables and a sense of happiness in life. The relationship between social support and maternal health has been confirmed. According to Lane, the functions of instrumental and emotional support are considered as functions of social support.‌

AbstractUrban environmental quality as a part of the urban life quality has a special position in contemporary urban planning studies because the higher the quality of an urban environment is, the higher the potential for smart and sustainable development will be. The physical and rapid growth of cities and urban sprawl in the third-world cities like Iran has caused urban life with environmental problems and poor quality of urban environment in the 21st century. This study aimed to investigate the factors affecting the quality of urban environment in Shiraz City. This research used a practical and descriptive-analytical approach. Archival and surveying methods were utilized to collect the data through a researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical population included Shiraz citizens. A total of 384 questionnaires were completed by using Cochran’s formula. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was applied to validate the relationships between the variables and analyze them with the LISREL program. The correlation between the variables confirmed a significant relationship between the elements of residential, physical, content, and functional environments in the quality of urban environment in Shiraz. The highest correlations of functional characteristics, including health services, commercial services, recreational services, and social welfare services, with physical characteristics, including urban space, access and transportation, and spaces and buildings (0.67), followed by those of the characteristics of residential environment with physical characteristics (0.65) and then those of functional characteristics with environmental factors (0.64) were found, which showed the influences of the mentioned characteristics on the quality of urban environment in Shiraz.IntroductionThe concept of environmental quality has emerged from compatibility of the concepts of quality of life and architectural and urban planning knowledge. Urban life quality has been one of the first research topics emphasized by urban planners since the 1930s when the growth of communities started. Over the past 50 years, urban communities have faced an environmental quality decline due to rapid urbanization in Iran. Therefore, urban planning measures must be taken to improve the environmental quality of cities. Population growth in Shiraz City has been also very fast and rapid urbanization and modernization has increased the pressure on the environmental development of this city. This city has had challenges, such as physical abnormality, air pollution, noise pollution, inequality in the use of welfare services, recreation, traffic, and parks and green spaces, marginal areas (200,000 people are slum dwellers now), lack of optimal access, ecological segregation, and degradation of the quality of the environment. This article addressed prioritization of the components affecting the quality of the urban environment in Shiraz City by using the path analysis method and LISREL program. We lacked a comprehensive conceptualization in the present research. Previous studies have presented ideas about urban environmental quality, which have not investigated a wide range of the relevant dimensions; some dimensions have not been investigated by other researchers and some other dimensions have been ignored. Therefore, this study aimed to answer the following question: Which components affecting environmental quality in Shiraz City have the highest priorities with the most impact?” Methods and materials This research used a practical and descriptive-analytical approach. Archival and surveying methods were used for data collection. The present study was an applied research. Internal articles and magazines were reviewed and a researcher-made questionnaire was applied with specialized survey questions in the studied field and scored on Likert scale. The statistical population included Shiraz citizens. A total of 384 questionnaires were completed by using Cochran’s formula. The indicators related to environmental quality were analyzed. Face validity was employed to validate the indicators and Cronbach's alpha was utilized to determine the internal consistency. Analysis of the relevant questionnaire, and its data information was done usinig SPSS statistics. Then, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to validate the relationship between the variables and analyze them by LISREL. Results and discussion The current research used the 4 elements of residential, physical, content, and functional environment to investigate urban environmental quality. The element of residential environment included the 4 indicators of location, construction quality, cost, and facilities. Facilities had the highest impact (0.63) and location had the lowest impact (0.4) among the indicators of residential environment. The element of physical environment included the 3 indicators of urban space, access and transportation, and space and buildings. Space and buildings had the highest impact (0.72) and urban space had the lowest impact (0.6) among the indicators of physical environment. Content environment included the 4 indicators of restoration of place attachment, environmental health, lifestyle, and security and social relations. Restoration of place attachment had the highest impact (0.78) and security and social relations had the lowest impact (0.58) among the indicators of content environment. The element of functional environment included the 4 indicators of health services, commercial services, recreational services, and social welfare services. Health services had the highest impact (0.64) and recreational services had the lowest impact (0.48) among the indicators of functional environment. The results of the analysis of the structural model for examining the relationship between the components of the hidden variable of the research showed that there was a significant relationship between the components. According to the results, there was the highest correlation between the characteristics of functional environment, including health services, commercial services, recreational services, and social welfare services, and those of physical environment, including urban space, access, transportation, and spaces and buildings (0.67) followed by the characteristics of residential environment, which had the highest correlation with the characteristics of physical environment (0.65), and then the characteristics of functional environment with those of environmental factors (0.64), all of which showed their influences on the quality of urban environment in Shiraz City. Therefore, liveliness and vitality in the environment with the simultaneous effects of functional and physical characteristics could ultimately lead to the diversity of functions and spaces. Conclusion Today, urban environmental quality is one of the important topics that are always raised in all the cities in the world because the higher the quality of an urban environment is, the higher the potential for sustainable development will be. Various factors and priorities, including the characteristics of residential, functional, content, and physical environment, are investigated when discussing urban environmental quality. In Iran, people place more emphasis on the quality of urban environment with rapid urbanization. Air pollution, destruction of vegetation, water loss and pollution, and waste classification have limited sustainable developments in the urban environment. Analyzing the impacts of these environmental concerns is a prerequisite for implementing a sustainable urban environmental policy. This article investigated and prioritized the effective factors in the environmental quality of Shiraz City with a descriptive-analytical approach. After collecting the involved indicators from scientific articles, designing a questionnaire based on the Likert scale and distributing them among 382 households in Shiraz City, and collecting their information and the output of LISREL software, the results led to prioritization of the components of physical characteristics (0.88), content characteristics (0.84), functional characteristics (0.76), and residential characteristics (0.74) played an essential role in the environmental quality of Shiraz City. The dimensions of urban space, access and transportation, and spaces and buildings in the physical component had a greater impact on the urban environmental quality based on the path analysis test. These findings confirmed those obtained by Qashqaei et al. (2016) and Hatami and Zaker Haghighi (2017). Therefore, we could conclude that public spaces of Shiraz City played an essential role in developing social interactions and improving the quality of the environment. The results of the present research revealed that the influences of health and commercial services in the functional element were more than those of the recreational and welfare dimensions; this was consistent with the results achieved by Abron et al. (2017). The findings related to the content element indicated that the design of arrangement content factors improved readiness of the environment and strengthened the sense of place for citizens and urban space users. In general, it can be said that physical-spatial elements can play a decisive role by prioritizing the dimensions of health and commercial services, along with the content dimensions as the change factors in urban environmental quality. Keywords: Prioritization, Urban environmental quality, Quality of life, Route analysis, Shiraz References- Dace, E., Stibe, A., & Timma, L. (2019). 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Background & aim: In the present day, with the improvement of clinical care, the number of cases of premature and low birth weight babies who survive has increased. This group of babies usually achieve compensatory and faster growth than the average growth for their age and gender in the first two years of life. Also, small for gestational age (SGA) babies often have low birth weight (less than 2500 grams). These babies usually achieve compensatory growth at 2-3 years old. But if they cannot achieve this rapid compensatory growth, they may need therapeutic interventions including growth hormone administration. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to determine and investigate growth indicators as an important health assessment criterion in 2-4-year-old children with a history of prematurity and low birth weight. Methods: The present retrospective cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in 2018-2019 on 96 children between 2 to 4 years of age who were born prematurely or with a low weight (less than 2500 grams). The hospitalization records of these children hospitalized at Hafez and Namazi hospitals of Shiraz were examined. Parents were invited to participate in the study through an online application. Growth indices including head circumference, height and weight were measured by a trained physician. Body mass index and Z-score were calculated for these indices and growth indices at birth were collected from their hospital records. The collected data were analyzed using t-test, chi-score and analysis of variance. Results: 96 children were included in the study, 12.5% of children were small for their gestational age at the time of birth, and at the time of evaluation in the present study. All participants had reached the appropriate height and head circumference for their age, but 5 (41.6%) children were underweight. 45 (46.9%) children had growth disorder at the time of examination, 31 (32.3%) children were referred for laboratory evaluation and 3 (3.1%) children were treated with growth hormone. In this study, 33 (34.4%) children were underweight and 4 (4.2%) were short, 38 (39.6%) had a low body mass index (less than 2SD). Conclusion: Premature and LBW infants need more attention for growth in follow-ups. Physicians should be aware of growth delay or arrest to do the best intervention at the time. They may need to refer to a pediatric endocrinology clinic at the proper time.

Background: Helicobacter pylori found in the gastric mucosa of more than 50% of the human popula-tion, and the risk of stomach cancer increases in infected individuals. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective study, the target population was patients admitted to Namazi Hospital in Shiraz during 2009-2018. For this purpose, 3099 records of patients were analyzed with regard to history of endoscopy, age, gender, chief complaint, reason for referral, initial clinical diag-nosis, pathology result, and presence of Helicobacter pylori. Results: Among all the examined individuals, 776 (69.1%) of women and 1197 (60.9%) of men were in-fected with Helicobacter pylori. The most and the least affected individuals fell in the age group 59-36 years with 899 (0.29%) and 19-35 years with 573 (18.5%), respectively. Of the participants, 1380 (69.9%) had a history of endoscopy. The most common causes for patient's chief complaint or the reason for go-ing to the hospital or referring for hospitalization were burping (11.1%), vomiting (9.8%), hematemesis (9.8%), heartburn (9.7%) and dysphagia (9.6%). In terms of the initial clinical diagnosis, the most causes pertained to chronic gastritis (21.6%), atrophic gastritis (18.7%), gastric ulcer (16.8%) and intractable vomiting (14.0%). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori has decreased in recent years and that being infected is related to gender and age.

Background: Breast cancer, the most prevalent cancer among women, represented 25.4% of all female cancer cases in 2020. Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy has significantly enhanced survival rates and surgical outcomes. This study investigates the pathologic characteristics of breast cancer and their correlations with critical factors in Shiraz, Iran.Method: This cross-sectional study analyzed 280 pathological reports from Faghihi Hospital in Shiraz, Iran, of patients with histologically confirmed breast cancer; the Named Entity Recognition (NER) technique extracted information from unstructured reports using cancer-related keywords and staging. For structured report sections, text extraction followed specific keyword identification. A physician-supervised the keyword selection and extraction process throughout.Results: The average tumor size was 32.3 mm, with 1.4% of breast cancer cases occurring in men (female to male ratio = 70:1). Utilizing the Nottingham grading system, it was observed that most tumors were of higher grade, indicating a higher probability of recurrence. As tumors increased in size, tubular, nuclear, and mitotic indices also rose significantly (T: 0.61, N: 0.73, M: 0.73; P < 0.001), suggesting that tumor enlargement not only leads to tissue invasion but also enhances malignant cell aggressiveness. The majority of patients were classified as TNM stage IIA. Patients responding to neo-adjuvant therapy had an average tumor size of 2.13 cm, compared with 4.56 cm in non-responders, with each centimeter increase in size raising the likelihood of treatment failure by 34% (P = 0.015).Conclusion: The mean tumor size in Iran is approximately double that of some other countries, highlighting the need for an improved screening system. The relatively low female-to-male ratio suggests that male screening could benefit the Iranian demographic. Further research is warranted to establish a size-based threshold for initiating neo-adjuvant therapy.

This study investigates the architectural spaces of Shiraz University Libraries from users' viewpoints for architectural concepts and academic library standards. It also explores the architectural areas, appropriateness, and arrangement of internal communication inside the libraries and the strengths and weaknesses regarding activities performed in a typical academic library. The research method was a descriptive survey with a quantitative and qualitative approach. There were two statistical populations in this study. One was all the libraries in the faculties of Shiraz University, whose buildings have been designed for this purpose from the beginning. The other was all the students of different fields in the faculties of engineering, humanities, and educational sciences, social sciences, law, veterinary medicine, agriculture, and basic sciences of Shiraz University. The optimization method was Cochran's formula to determine the sample size. A researcher-made questionnaire for users containing fifty-four items on eight aspects of libraries, namely: the exterior space, main entrance space, circulation desk space, nonprint materials space (audio-visual resources, electronic resources, and databases), reference sources space, study hall space, hallways and service spaces and environmental issues such as air-conditioning. Another tool was a checklist based on the standards for Iranian university libraries and the fourth edition of the Sannwald Checklist published by the American Library Association. Based on this checklist, the spaces of the libraries were examined by observing and interviewing the library staff. The results obtained from the users' point of view, observation of libraries, and interviews with staff show that although some standards have been considered in the overall design of the library buildings of Shiraz University, many architectural standards and concepts have either been ignored or not fully considered in subspaces. The main problem seen in almost all libraries is the lack of a special entrance for disabled library patrons. In most cases, users' attitudes were in line with staff opinions and observations.https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.20088302.2022.20.3.10.7

Focusing on five symbolic painting works from Golchin Asha’r of the Shiraz-Behbahan school dating back to 1398, the current study attempts to approach the world of meaning of these works in light of Henry Corbin’s Phenomenological-Hermeneutical thought. It will answer the following three questions: What is the relationship between geosophy (visionary topography) and these symbolic paintings? What are the advantages of Corbin’s philosophy to interpret traditional Iranian painting, particularly the Shiraz-Behbahan school? What meanings does the world of these works present? The findings show that it is possible to apply the symbolic painting’s method of representation instead of the familiar drawing methods to present geosophy / visionary topography (geography). The visionary history and geography do not occur on the natural earth but the celestial one through the faculty of imagination. If such a world, celestial earth, is supposed to be represented, the Iranian symbolic painting will be a perfect choice. Corbin’s ideas make the interpretation of such paintings possible by decoding their visual aspect and content. Accordingly, Golchin Ash’ar’s paintings can represent geosophy, in which the question of “what” the earth turns into the question of “who” as the visionary earth replaces images of the natural earth, through some references to the Mazdic texts.

Abstract Aim The incidence of spinal cord tumors (SCTs) in a population considering sex, age, histopathology, and emplacement position of tumors is different between various regions. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the frequency of various SCTs in surgically treated patients in a reference spinal surgery center in Shiraz, Iran. Method Documented information related to 109 SCT patients surgically treated was collected from the archive of Shahid Chamran Hospital (the reference center of spinal cord surgery in the south of Iran) in Shiraz from 2012 to 2022. This information includes demographics, medical history, histology, and position of SCTs within the spinal cord. Result The population of patients included 65 men and 44 women, with a mean age of 44.7 years old. Most patients (26 cases) were in the age group of 50–59 years. Neurological function in most patients (51 cases) was equivalent to level D of the ASIA impairment scale (AIS), and the most common complaints of patients (83 cases) were related to pain. Finally, anatomic and histologic evaluations indicated that intradural and schwannoma tumors were the most common types of tumors, with 64 and 25 cases, respectively. Conclusions In the present study, most of the findings are consistent with the previous reports. Schwannoma and ependymoma tumors were the most common types of SCTs and the most common types of intramedullary tumors, respectively. The sixth decade of life was the most common age of incidence. Neurological function in most patients with SCT was equivalent to levels of D and E of AIS. However, regarding the factor of gender, our results are similar to those of the Asian population. More comprehensive studies in the future likely reveal the probable role of environmental, genetic, and hormonal factors in the etiology of SCTs.

Background & aim: WHO proposed using the Robson Ten Group Classification System (TGCS) for assessing, monitoring, and comparing cesarean section (CS) rates. This study aimed to identify which group of women have more complications after CS based on TGCS in Shiraz maternity teaching hospitals.Methods: This cross-sectional study included a sample of 1787 pregnant women who underwent cesarean section. From September to November 2018, convenience sampling was carried out at selected maternity teaching hospitals affiliated with Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Demographic, obstetric, and fertility-related data were collected through personal interviews and a review of CS records. This study employed the TGCS to classify the women based on their obstetric data. Descriptive statistical analysis was done using SPSS software (version 23).Results: Out of the 1787 patients, 455 (25.5%) had planned and 1332 (74.5%) had emergency CS. Complications of CSs included three causes: surgical, maternal, and neonatal. Surgical complications were the most prevalent in groups 5, 10, and 8; maternal complications were the most prevalent in groups 5, 2, and 10; and neonatal complications were the most prevalent in groups 5, 2, and 10. The most common CS complications were breastfeeding disorders (56.1%) and bladder adhesions to the uterus (27.5%). In total, 563 (25%) patients had surgical complications, 1077 (49.6%) had maternal complications, and 531 (24.4%) had neonatal complications.Conclusion: Most complications occurred in cases where the women had a previous history of CS (group 5). It seems essential to develop more efficient strategies to prevent unnecessary CSs.

Background: Many high-risk behaviors often co-occur during adolescents’ development and can be linked to their life patterns, beliefs, and early maladaptive schemas (EMS). This research aimed to determine the association between EMS and high-risk behaviors among teenagers in Shiraz, Iran.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2022, involving 348 adolescents aged 13 to 19 selected through a convenience sampling method in Shiraz, Iran. The Young Schema Questionnaire was utilized to assess EMS, and a researcherdeveloped self-reported checklist was used to collect demographic and behavioral data from the adolescents, including smoking, drug usage, alcohol use, and hookah use. Logistic regression assessed the association between behavioral characteristics and adolescents’ EMS aspects.Results: Among the 348 adolescents, 187 (53.7%) were male. The relative frequencies of hookah, alcohol, and drug use among boys were 31.6%, 40.1%, and 10.2%, respectively, whereas among girls, they were 11.2%, 15.5%, and 1.2%, respectively. A significant difference was observed between the two groups in terms of the relative frequencies of hookah (P=0.001), alcohol (P=0.001), and drug usage (P=0.008). A significant association was found between different domains of schemas and high-risk behaviors among the participants.Conclusion: The findings suggested that EMS may predict high-risk behaviors. Therefore, early-life interventions should be considered in line with factors contributing to controlling the negative consequences of EMS among adolescents. Further research is recommended to evaluate this population’s predisposing factors for EMS and preventive interventions.

Introduction: Employee burnout is one of the most important issues in today’s organizations because worn-out or depleted employees cannot effectively achieve organizational goals. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between psychological empowerment and job burnout with a mediating role of emotional intelligence in nurses of private hospitals in Shiraz.Methods: The present study used a cross-sectional analytical method on 256 nurses from private hospitals in Shiraz; according to the statistics of the Vice-Chancellor of Shiraz University, the total number of working nurses was around 750. To collect data, Maslach’s job burnout, Spreitzer’s psychological empowerment, and Bar-On’s emotional intelligence questionnaires were used, and the structural equation method was used to analyze the data.Results: The absolute value of the path coefficient explaining the relationship between psychological empowerment and job burnout was greater than 0.3 (0.545), and the t-statistic was higher than 1.96. Therefore, a negative relationship exists between psychological empowerment and job burnout, so with increased psychological empowerment, job burnout decreases. Also, Emotional intelligence increases the effect of psychological empowerment on job burnout. Thus, job burnout decreases with increased psychological empowerment and emotional intelligence.Conclusion: According to the results of this study, there are mutual effects between psychological empowerment, emotional intelligence, and job burnout, so it is expected that managers can promote psychological empowerment and reduce job burnout by strengthening emotional intelligence and improving the efficiency of nurses.

Introduction. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a noncommunicable disease with a high burden, including the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular events, and death. It is characterized by abdominal obesity, elevated blood pressure, increased fasting plasma glucose levels, hypertriglyceridemia, and reduced levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. MetS is preventable by modifying lifestyle and dietary patterns, which are major contributing factors. This research aimed to investigate the dietary patterns of the Shiraz Heart Study (SHS) and their associations with the occurrence of MetS and its components among middle-aged residents of Shiraz. Methods. Based on data from the Shiraz Heart Study (SHS), a prospective cohort study, the nutritional status of 1,675 participants was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Three food patterns were extracted from the analysis named as vegan, western, and carbohydrate. Subjects were categorized into three levels for three major dietary patterns: low, moderate, and high, based on their adherence to each pattern. After adjusting the effect of co-founder variables, the relationship between dietary patterns, and the risk of developing MetS was analyzed. Results. Of the 1,675 participants, 728 (43.5%) of them were male. The prevalence of MetS was 47.2%. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that high adherence to the vegan pattern was negatively associated with the occurrence of MetS (P value

Background: Classified as a group 1 carcinogen by the World Health Organization, Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is implicated in the pathogenesis of gastric carcinoma and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. Given the high prevalence of H. pylori infection and its significant association with the development of gastrointestinal malignancies, the urgency to address this health issue has intensified.Method: This cross-sectional study analyzed pathology reports of gastric samples collected from 2021 to 2023 at Faghihi Hospital in Shiraz, Iran. Chi-Square, Fischer’s exact test, and bivariate logistic regression were employed to predict the likelihood of metaplasia and occult bleeding.Results: The study included 1,954 cases, revealing a significant association between male gender and an increased incidence of metaplasia. Being male was linked to a 259% rise in the odds of testing positive for occult bleeding (OB), while each additional year of age contributed a 2% increase in the likelihood of a positive OB test. The strongest predictor of metaplasia was stomach mucosa inflammation (standardized beta: 1.45), with mild and moderate to severe inflammation elevating the chances of a positive OB test by 42% and 427%, respectively. Moreover, male gender and each additional year of age were positively correlated with a 40% and 3% increase in metaplasia occurrence, respectively. The severity of gastritis emerged as a significant predictor for metaplasia, with occurrences being 8 and 11 times higher for mild and moderate/severe gastritis, respectively.Conclusion: Despite the availability of H. pylori eradication protocols and noninvasive testing methods in Iran and globally, the prevalence of active H. pylori infection and severe gastritis remains substantial. This study underscores the significant risk of chronic iron deficiency anemia associated with gastritis and occult bleeding. Notably, gastritis severity is a critical, modifiable factor influencing metaplasia development in patients.

The development of educational-recreational complexes for children has a significant impact on their cognitive growth and behaviour. Proper site selection is essential to ensure the success of such projects. This paper aims to identify the best location for a children’s educational-recreational complex in Shiraz, Iran. The study used a descriptive-comparative and survey method to determine effective criteria for site selection. A questionnaire was administered to experts in architecture, urban design, and planning to identify appropriate sites. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method was then employed to select the best location. The hierarchical model included three levels: goal (educational-recreational site selection), criteria (natural potential, accessibility, land size, neighbourhood and social context, expansibility, appropriate land use (the neighbourhood between proposed and master plan land use)), and three alternative sites. The results showed that a site located near residential areas, green spaces, and natural elements is suitable for the development of an educational-recreational complex for children. The study recommends the use of the SWOT (strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats) - AHP method for site selection in children’s complexes. The paper highlights the need for a reliability test or table/figure to support the research findings.

The increasing demand for potable water resources worldwide due to population growth, drought, and unpredictable weather patterns resulting from climate change has led to a significant water crisis. To address this issue, it is essential to analyze domestic water consumption patterns and implement practical guidelines for water conservation programs in sustainable development.This study investigated the technical and social behavioral saving strategies affecting domestic water consumption patterns in a random survey of 100 householders in Shiraz City, Iran. The aim was to determine the public viewpoint and hindrances of water conservation methods. Technical questions in the questionnaire were related to water usage facilities and equipment, while social questions were related to people's attitudes, awareness, and hindrances toward water conservation. Three categories are used to cluster water-saving behavioral patterns i.e., curtailment, economic, and efficiency characteristics. Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) techniques, including Simple Additive Weighted (SAW) and Analytic Hierarchy Processes (AHP), were used for the analysis of the comprehensive questionnaire data.Based on the results, people seem to prioritize Social-Curtailment characteristics that align with their habits and culture, as well as Technical-Curtailment characteristics that involve high water consumption, low cost, and easy implementation. To effectively communicate the proposed technical-economic factors of low cost, low consumption, and medium implementation, they can be conveyed to the public through carefully chosen socio-curtailment indicators.

Background and aim: The aim of this study was to determine the status of national and international collaborations of researchers affiliated with Shiraz University of Medical Sciences in the Web of Science (WoS) and the impact of these collaborations on citation indicators. Materials and methods: In this applied study, to extract and analyze the data, a documentary method was used through a scientometric approach. The statistical population included all scientific outputs of researchers affiliated with Shiraz University of Medical Sciences in the WoS from 2012 to 2016. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean) and inferential statistics (Spearman correlation coefficient). Findings: Findings showed that the growth trend of scientific products of researchers of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences increased during the years under study. Examining the impact of international, national and organizational collaborations indicated that products published at the international level had the greatest impact on the citations received (10.36). After that, the products published at the national level compared to international were ranked second with an average of 4.9 (less impact), and then the scientific outputs published at the university level (3.38) were in the third place. The correlation coefficient between collaborations and the amount of citations were calculated using Spearman correlation test (0.133). The results showed that there was a positive correlation between the two variables, and this relationship was statistically significant at the 99% confidence level. Conclusion: International collaboration has more impact on article citation rates than national and organizational collaboration.

Introduction: The most important task of human resources in the organization is to help better performance to achieve organizational goals, which is one of the important areas in achieving the desired performance of municipal employees, the need to pay attention to public participation. The purpose of this article is the role of municipal employees in promoting public participation in the municipality of the second district of Shiraz and their relationship with each other.Data and Method: The present article is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The data related to the theoretical foundations of the research have been prepared in a library manner. The research tool is a questionnaire that the reliability test of the questionnaire was done through Cronbach's alpha which is equal to 0.89. The statistical population is all employees of the municipality of region two, the sample size using Cochran's formula was 153 of them. The sampling method is random. In this study, 9 indicators of the role of municipal employees in promoting public participation in the two metropolitan areas of Shiraz have been defined and using SPSS software environment and Anova test and stepwise regression have been used to analyze the data.Results: Findings of this study show that the results-based dimension with 51% is the most important factor in employee performance that plays a role in improving public participation, followed by the quality-based dimension with 7.4%, the mental dimension with 6.8%, behavioral dimension with 2.7%, characteristic dimension with 2.1% and objective dimension of 1.1% are effective in improving public participation.Conclusion: Therefore, in order to take the necessary measures to increase public participation in the municipality of District Two, strategies such as increasing staff awareness of citizens 'needs, gaining citizens' trust by the municipality, observing ethical principles and avoiding any game rules, measuring employee motivation, improving employee self-awareness and Improving the individual skills of employees is essential.

The concept of functional efficiency of space in the architecture of residential houses means minimizing the influence of unrelated activities on each other and also the spatial organization of related activities; so that their proper productivity depends on optimal service to each other. Accordingly, this study seeks to investigate the degree of functional efficiency in the architecture of houses in the first Pahlavi period of Iran based on the syntactic indicators of space in fuzzy logic and the city of Shiraz has been selected as a case study. Since in this research, the independent variables are qualitative and syntactic indicators of space in fuzzy logic and the dependent variable is the functional efficiency; the research strategy is a combination of survey types. Therefore, the set of information extracted from the syntactic method or spatial arrangement as a score obtained from syntactic relations and information extracted from qualitative concepts derived from historical and library sources and documents and their appearance in syntactic indicators are evaluated. Then, using MATLAB software and the sum of the obtained numbers for each house in a syntactic-content approach, the concept of functional efficiency of spatial configuration can be analyzed and measured. The results show that Afsharian house (type A. courtyard + four-sided), Sedaghati house (type B. yard + three-sided), Mustaghni house (type C. yard + double-sided L-shaped), Razmjoo house (type D. courtyard + bilateral reciprocal) and Zakeri house (type E. courtyard + one-sided), respectively, have higher functional efficiency and, consequently, in the "space circulation" system introduced with "accessibility", has greater accessibility and more flexibility; in the "space zoning" system introduced with "permeability" has a lower relative depth average and higher permeability; and in the "functional space" system introduced with "flexibility" have more interconnection and less relative rank, more integration and less separation.

Over two past decades, the prevalence of overweight and fatness in most developing and developed countries has increased, significantly. The current study aimed to investigate overweight and fatness in the system of meanings of women in the bodybuilding clubs of Shiraz. And for this purpose. The grounded theory has been used as one of the qualitative research methods. The participants were women who attended bodybuilding clubs in Shiraz for Wight loss. Overall, in the current study 12 participants have been selected and interviewed. Data analysis was performed using open, axial and selective coding. The result of analyzing was access to seven axial categories and one core category. Axial categories are fluid reading of overweight and fatness, the plurality of beliefs and opinions about body size and attractiveness, having dreamy images about the ideal body, social and cultural conceptuality of the body, and social perception of the otherness, body fitness medicalization. In addition, the core category is a pluralistic narrative of the ideal body. The emergence of this phenomenon has brought some consequences such as duality, ambiguity and plurality. ‌ Fatness, ‌Ideal Body, Meaning System, Shiraz Women Bodybuilder. ‌ ‌Introduction Social pressures about weight loss and widespread views on body structure have made dissatisfaction with the body and negative body image very common among people in society, especially women. Body image is a person's perception of the size and fitness of the body, which is accompanied by other people's thoughts and views about it. On the other hand, sections of Shiraz women's society are still influenced by beliefs, values and attitudes in the cultural context of Shiraz society and are dependent on traditional roles of women in society such as housekeeping, marriage, and childcare. They do not actively participate in social and cultural activities. However, as a result of the cultural changes that have taken place in recent years, many families have found different attitudes towards women's participation in social and cultural activities. Changes due to the following: increase of higher education centres in the province, access to television programs, increase in communication networks and widespread use of the Internet. Due to these changes, attitudes and beliefs about the body or fatness and overweight have changed a lot. This study will try to address the participants' views and interpretations about fatness and overweight. In this study, the main question is what is fatness and overweight in the meaning system of women in Shiraz and what kind of interpretation of causal, interventional and contextual conditions do these women have? Purpose In this study, the views and commentary contributors to overweight and fatness be addressed and the issue is that fatness and overweight in the system meaning women Shiraz how the women's interpretation of the terms of Ali, they have interventions and contexts. The secondary objectives of this study include the following: What has fatness and overweight been like in the meaning system of women in Shiraz and what is their perception of this fatness and overweight? Provide a paradigm model of fatness and overweight Provide an underlying theory of the pathways leading to fatness and overweight Understanding the bed and matrix of causal conditions - an intervention leading to fatness and overweight Development of theoretical concepts to explain the problem of fatness and overweight in Shiraz Research Methods The present study was conducted using the grounded theory method. In the present study, the research field was the city of Shiraz and the women were the bodybuilding clubs of Shiraz; After the presence of the researcher in the research field, based on the data obtained from the field, in-depth interviews were conducted with the interested people and the interviews continued until the theoretical saturation regarding the different categories of the interviewees was reached. Due to the strong gender segregation in the study area and the fact that the researcher was female, all participants were female. Due to the theoretical saturation of the categories, 12 interviews were conducted and these interviews have entered the analysis cycle. Data collected during the research and with the help of various forms of interviews were analyzed using a coding process at different stages. Overall, the data should be coded in three stages, namely open coding, axial and selective to eventually pass the information you have provided are making theory. In the present study, three techniques have been used to validate the data: the use of audit, control or validation techniques by members and analytical comparisons. Results Data analysis was performed using open, axial and selective coding, the result of which is the achievement of seven axial categories and one core category. Key categories include the fluid reading of fatness and overweight, flexibility in believing in body size and attractiveness, dream image of the ideal body, other social endorsements, social and family expectations and contexts, and inclusion of medical guidelines. The core category is also: the utility of the fluid from the ideal body. The emergence of this phenomenon has consequences such as duality and ambiguity and multiplicity, personal responsibility and stigma, attributing some problems to weight, food insecurity and emotional eating, ambiguity and scepticism about medical instructions, the paradox of style and fatness accepting some stereotypes related to Fatness and ignorance and ambiguity about risky behaviours Fatness and ambiguity in the main consequences of fatness and overweight. Discussion and Conclusion Women's narratives have shown that body image is not a fixed structure but is dynamic and fluctuating when women are confronted with new experiences and reinterpretation of old experiences. The powerful and subconscious influence of the media on body image came from women's internal contexts (self-confidence and self-criticism) and their relationships with others, such as their cohabiting partners and other women. Participants' narratives showed that there are several identities to influence the perception of body image and that they are obese and overweight. According to other body image studies, despite concerns about their weight control, participants felt that, given the weight control they were involved in, they were equally receptive to the wide range of body size and overall appearance (from Sentence hair and clothes) emphasize. Analysis of the data showed that the methods of interpretation, integration and resistance to social culture in the formation of body image of women, clarify the attitude toward fatness. From the point of view of these women, the body image is not a static structure but has several elements, it is dynamic and variable. This "fluid" display of body image seems to lie in women's experiences and perceptions of these experiences. Women's narratives show several common themes that illustrate the reciprocal cultural and social context of body image.

Statement of the Problem: The occurrence of papillary defects adjacent to teeth or dental implants causes both the dental staff and the patients to be concerned about the esthetic issues. Interdental papilla reconstruction surgery is one of the most difficult and unpredictable mucogingival surgeries.Purpose: The present study aimed to investigate the efficacy of hyaluronic acid injection in the reconstruction of the interdental papilla.Materials and Method: This clinical trial study was conducted on four patients with 20 deficient interdental papillae who met the inclusion criteria. At first, local anesthesia was applied. Afterward, 0.2 mL of 1.6% hyaluronic acid (HA) gel was injected (at the tip of the papilla and 2-3 mm below the tip of the papilla) three times every two weeks. At baseline, three, and six months later, clinical photography was taken under standard conditions. The papilla height (the distance between the interdental papilla tip and the basis), black triangle area, and the distance between the interdental papilla tip and contact point of adjacent teeth were all measured using Image J software.Results: The effectiveness of using HA gel in reducing the black triangle area was 85.06%. Furthermore, the papilla length increased by 70.256% while contact to papilla distance decreased by 83.026%. At different times, the values of the studied variables in the three levels were significantly different (p< 0.05).Conclusion: Injection of HA with 1.6% concentration at two points of the interdental papilla was effective in interdental papilla reconstruction at the aesthetic zone, especially in long-term, follow-ups (especially 6 months).

Abstract Bushehr had a high status and was of high importance among the southern entry routes and ports in Iran on the coast of the Persian Gulf during the Qajar period (1210-1344 AH/1788-1925 AD). This port city was considered the center of economic exchanges, political and cultural relations, and even military affairs. Connection of this important center with the inner cities and the capital, as well as the ongoing issues related to this connection through Bushehr-Shiraz road network, added to the need for paying more attention to this subject matter. The passage of this transportation route through the areas controlled by Mamasani tribes and their strong impacts on the security and prosperity of activities along this road or insecurity, sluggishness, and the many problems created in this regard indicated the active and reactive effects of this road network triggered by the tribal structure of inhabitants surrounding it. Considering the importance of this issue, this study aimed to investigate the effects of tribal elements on the functions of the roads through Mamasani District along Bushehr-Shiraz road network during the Qajar period. In fact, we sought to answer this question: "What effects did the Lor tribes of Mamasani District have on the functioning of the roads in this region along the important Bushehr-Shiraz road network during the Qajar period?" This research dealt with this issue through library, documentary, and field study methods. Introduction The security of Bushehr-Shiraz communication routes and the dominance of Mamasani tribes over an important part of these routes were among the socio-political factors creating tension in the region. The importance of the means of communication in fulfilling the interests of Britain, local rulers, and the central government created new socio-political and economic relations in the areas where these roads passed, as well as their surrounding areas. These new relations caused the mentioned areas to undergo new serious socio-political changes. The course of these historical developments affected an important part of the history of southern Iran. Therefore, the central subject of this research was to investigate and explain the effects of tribal elements on the functions of the roads through Mamasani District along Bushehr-Shiraz road network during the Qajar period. Moreover, the present study sought to answer this question: "What effects did the Lor tribes of Mamasani District have on the functioning of the roads in this region along the important Bushehr-Shiraz road network during the Qajar period?" Despite the importance and status of Mamasani tribes in the developments of the southern regions of Iran, little research has been conducted in this regard. Particularly, the subject of this article has not received much attention. This subject of study or other issues related to Mamasani tribes have been addressed mainly due to the historical connections of the mentioned tribes with Qashqai tribe, which has received more research attention. Some examples are the papers written by Mansour Nasiri Tayebi entitled "Pars State and Foreign Powers from Constitutionalism to the Reign of Reza Shah" and "The Role of the Qashqais in the History and Culture of Iran". Although the research paper by Ali Rasouli and Ali Shahvand entitled "Local Competitions in Pars State and Relocation of Bushehr-Shiraz Route from Shahi to Gereh Road (1909-1910 AD/1327-1329 AH) has not addressed the role of Mamasani tribes in Bushehr-Shiraz road network, it is a study about this communication route, thus dealing with the routes of this road network. Anyhow, the subject of this research was a new approach to some communication routes through this important road network. Undoubtedly, due to the lack of resources and research background regarding Mamasani tribes, the study of this subject was associated with many difficulties. Therefore, attempts were made to fill in part of the information and historical data gaps through access to private unclassified documents of some local families, as well as interviews with local informants, who were oral narrators of the news about long-lived people and their predecessors though they had not witnessed the events and happenings themselves. It should be considered that an important part of the history of tribes, which is either about the events that have not been regarded in the official and national historiography or a different narrative from the official and governmental narrative, should be recognized based on this category of oral narrations that have been passed down from generation to generation. Materials and Methods In this research, library, documentary, and field study methods were applied to determine the effects of Mamasani tribes on the functioning of roads through Mamasani region in the important Bushehr-Shiraz road network during the Qajar period. To this goal, the researcher used the private unclassified documents obtained from local informants and through interviews with them. Discussion, Results, and Conclusion During the Qajar period, especially after the Nasserite era, the British government’s attention to the strategic location of Bushehr City turned this port into a sea gate of trading and conducting Iranian foreign and cultural policies. The main transit route network for commercial goods was the royal road of Bushehr-Shiraz road network. An important part of this route overlapped with the roads that were dominated by Mamasani tribes during the mentioned period. The local government unions that were mainly affected by provision of interests and gaining revenues through unwritten contracts provided securities of the roads. The action and reaction of all the regions located along this trading route created a kind of political, social, and economic common market. They were strongly influenced by each other so that any insecurity in one region created a severe crisis on other regions. As aforementioned, the issue of insecurity on Bushehr-Shiraz trading route and domination and rioting of Mamasani tribes urged the British agents, who had come up with a comprehensive policy on the background of Mamasani tribes’ customs and their bio-social, cultural, moral, and ethnic backgrounds while performing political duties in the interests of their own government, to carefully take into account the economic, social, and cultural aspects of Mamasani region. The result of this recognition was the British government’s perception of the fact that Mamasani tribes were not following its own interests. Therefore, the British government’s strategy to get out of the crisis and provide security of the communication routes in Bushehr-Shiraz road network caused more British intervention in hope of fulfilling its political and economic interests. Mamasani District was put into crisis by Moin al-Tojjar Bushehri encroaching on its lands. This was associated with Qashqai leaders waging wars against Mamasani tribes with the central government’s support, particularly through the intervention of Britain. Eventually, all these factors caused Solat al-Dawla Qashqa'i to compete with other local rulers along the royal road, especially the routes passing through Mamasani District. The Ghavamal-Mulk dynasty, with their own political and economic motives instead of collaborating with Mamasani tribes in caravans' passing through this region to make secure the royal road and the common routes of the tribes on Qashqai and Mamasani tribes, this region proposed the winter road of Qashqai regions to the British government rather than Mamasani roads. In addition to having no economic justification, this action could not politically serve Qashqai Ilkhan’s interests. However, the Ilkhan took necessary steps in the direction of British interests to create a crisis and eliminate Mamasani tribes’ power and dominance over Bushehr-Shiraz road network.

Job pride and honor is affected by various causes. Elements of positive psychology can be pointed out as one of them that in recent years has played an important role in organizational development. Hence, this study is to provide a prediction model about the impact of hope and resilience on job pride and honor with an emphasis on mediator role of communication among faculty members of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. Background and aim: The aim of this research was to examine the effect of hope and resilience on job honor with an emphasis on the mediating role of communication. Materials and Methods: 250 faculty members of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (Clinical Science and Basic Science Departments) were selected as the sample using Cochran's formula and random stratified sampling. Data were collected using a standard questionnaire and were analyzed in Smart PLS. Findings/ Conclusion: The results of path analysis showed the significant positive effect of communications, hope and resilience on job honor. The results also indicated the significant positive effect of communication on job honor. The proposed model adequately fit the data.

Background: One of the strong tendencies in human beings is "authoritarianism" or "power-seeking" and includes people who want to dominate others in their social relations; They want to be at the top of the family power pyramid, and when they are at a higher level, they seek to dominate their subordinates. Different situations and states affect authoritarianism. One of the places where such behaviors are abundant is the prison. Aims: The aim of this study was to predict the degree of authoritarianism of clients in Shiraz Central Prison based on age, gender and marital status. Methods: This study was a descriptive correlational study. For this purpose, among the central prisoners of Shiraz, 374 people were selected by simple random sampling. Data were collected through the Skinner et al.’s (2005) authoritarianism in the family questionnaire and the Skinner et al.’s (2005) parenting style questionnaire. Then, the data were analyzed using univariate t-test, correlation coefficient and one-way analysis of variance with SPSS software. Results: The results showed that the mean score of the client’s authoritarianism variable was 3.57, which is higher than the cut-off point 3 (mean scale) and was significance level of p

Introduction: Diabetes and its consequences increase the health system costs. Therefore, prevention and early diagnosis can reduce the cost and consequences. The studies have emphasized the role of education in treatment and people’s awareness of prevention and early diagnosis. Thus, the present study aimed to assess the awareness of people referring to Shiraz health centers with diabetes.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 270 people aged 12-65 Y/O referred to Shiraz health centers in Iran in 2019. Participants completed an 18-item questionnaire with subscales of demographic data, general information about patients, causes and factors of diabetes, symptoms and diagnosis, prevention and treatment, and consequences and problems. Furthermore, other information, such as the presence of diabetic patients in the family and sources of information, was recorded. Data were analyzed using SPSS software-21.Results: The participants’ mean age was 33.96±10.05; 54.82% were female, and 45.18% were male. The main sources of information were friends and relatives. The mean score of awareness was calculated to be 15.18±5.03. Statistical tests revealed a significant relationship between job, educational levels, age, and source of information with the score of awareness (P

Statement of the Problem: Determining the prevalence of respiratory viruses' coinfection with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is essential to defining its true clinical influence.Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate co-infection rates between severe acute respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in infected patients in Shiraz, south of Iran.Materials and Method: In a cross-sectional descriptive study, oropharyngeal, nasopharyngeal aspirate (NPA), and saliva samples of 50 COVID-19 patients who were referred to Ali-Asghar hospital (Shiraz, Iran) from March to August 2020, were collected. A control group consisted of age and sex-matched healthy participants. The nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal aspirates were collected by sterile swabs. All cases were hospitalized, and all SARS-CoV-2 patients had a fever and respiratory symptoms. The samples were packed in a vial with 1 mL of transport medium and transported to the Valfagre specialty laboratory, where they were tested for RSV using a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR).Results: 100 nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal aspirates and saliva samples including 50 healthy controls (24 females, 26 males) and 50 COVID-19 patients' samples (27 males and 23 females) were studied. There was no significant difference regarding age as well as gender between both groups (P>0.05). None of the healthy subjects was infected with RSV; however, 5(10%) patients from COVID-19 group were infected with the RSV virus. Chi-square test did not show a significant difference between RSV infection in COVID-19 patients and healthy subjects.Conclusion: The outcome of present research showed that concurrent RSV with COVID 19 infection might be seen in hospitalized patients in Shiraz Southwest of Iran. For more reliable findings, further research on bigger populations, including more pathogens in several places around the country, and considering the severity of symptoms is required.

The aim of this study was to examine whether Tourist-Generated Photographs (TGP) and images shared by them, on online media channels can affect tourist destination decisions. The study conducted descriptive-survey research. The statistical population of the research included tourists who traveled to this city on 15 May 2022H15 May 2022 (Shiraz National Day). Simple random sampling was used to determine the research sample and distributed questionnaires among 415 tourists in six five-star hotels in Shiraz. The data collection tool is a researcher-made questionnaire that evaluates each dimension in the majority of the questions. According to the results, four factors, including multidimensionality, tourist involvement, uniqueness, and stimulating emotions by the photo, can have a significant effect on the impact of tourist-generated photography. Findings also revealed that three factors of service quality, media influence on tourists, and destination-specific attractions have a substantial impact on tourists’ destination choices. In the post-pandemic era cyberspace and its tourism function will be of great value, and pictures are the way tourists communicate with tourism and travel. Also, tourists’ photos in cyberspace can help destination marketing. The research findings emphasize that the tour operators of the Shiraz metropolis can take advantage of cyberspace more and better develop their tourism industry for post-pandemic travel.

One of the important factors in the beauty of Iranian architecture works in many historical periods is their decorations and designs. Meanwhile, Afifabad mansion in Shiraz is one of the valuable works of Iranian Islamic architecture in the Qajar period, in terms of decorations and especially paintings. For this reason, studying the designs of this building can lead to the recognition of cultural identity and the effective contexts in their formation. The purpose of this research is to know how the art and architecture of different periods of history affect the designs of this building. In this research, descriptive-analytical method has been used and data collection has been done in the form of libraries and documents and also the field method. The results indicate that the designs mansion, which are mostly ceiling paintings and in some parts of the building are plaster and tile reliefs, taken from ancient Iranian designs Achaemenid-Sassanid reliefs and post-period designs is from Islam and most The motifs of Western and European designs are taken from postcard architecture. because Iranian art during the Qajar period, due to the connection of this period with the West, the arrival of European countries goods and products to Iran and the presence of many artists in this period to Europe caused the spread of Western art and culture in Qajar architecture.

Yersinia enterocolitica is one of the intestinal pathogens that are transferred to human through water and food, especially infected meat. Food contamination with this bacterium causes diarrhea, vomiting, stomach pain, appendicitis syndrome, like fever and septicemia. This study aimed study the red meat supplied in Shiraz for Yersinia enterocolitica contamination. In this study, 200 samples of meat supplied in Shiraz were prepared, and were classified based on packaging and non-packaging, storage method and retention time of cart and were investigated for Yersinia enterocolitica contamination. Samples were transferred to PBS enriched environment containing sorbitol sugar and bile salts. These samples were stored in a refrigerator at 4°C for three weeks and then cultured on selected culture medium of Yersinia enterocolitica. Then, microbiological and biochemical subtraction tests were performed on samples. According to study, 13% of the collect meat samples (26 samples) was infected with Yersinia enterocolitica. The results showed no significant difference in the frequency of contamination among different groups of the samples. The studies show that a significant amount of red meat can be contaminated with bacteria when meat foods are not heated enough during cooking, and subsequent storage in the refrigerator provides the opportunity to amplification of this bacterium. Moreover, due to the lack of apparent signs of spoilage, this bacterium causes gastroenteritis and other gastrointestinal complications in consumers.

Despite scattered criticisms of the philosophical and mathematical foundations of the theory of spatial syntax and ongoing discussions about its application, this method has proven to be a powerful conceptual tool for analyzing the built environment. The main objective of this research is to answer the question of what characteristics the spatial order of contemporary housing in Shiraz has from a syntactic perspective, and how these characteristics influence the functional performance of housing. Therefore, identifying the spatial composition through the study of architectural plans is an important source. For this purpose, 384 residential plans were collected, and based on them, spatial order patterns were identified in terms of form (having both central and axial order) and space. Then, 15 samples were analyzed using software analysis, and their justification graphs were presented. In the final stage, a final analysis was conducted based on variables (continuity and depth), and ultimately the spatial value in each sample was evaluated. The results of the analyses conducted in this study demonstrate a positive relationship between the spatial configuration pattern and the functional performance level of contemporary housing layouts, through a comparative analytical method. The present research indicates that, despite the presence of division spaces and central nodes, the structure starts with a bushy configuration and a sequential performance of spaces. From a spatial perspective, it is believed that the arrangement of spaces can have a significant impact on the functional performance of those spaces, both logically and mathematically. Based on the obtained data, it can be concluded that centrally located houses are considered more efficient quantitatively and statistically. Therefore, if high levels of participatory behaviors and social interactions are desired, central systems with multiple nodes and more spatial loops, less depth, and higher coherence are more supportive of such behaviors, which aligns well with Iranian family culture.

Background: Bariatric surgery is the most effective treatment for morbid obesity, resulting in long-term weight loss and considerable improvements in coexisting conditions. We conducted a histopathologic evaluation of resected stomach specimens after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy.Methods: We evaluated the medical records of 827 patients who underwent laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy between 2015 and 2018 at two major referral hospitals in Shiraz, Iran. In this retrospective study, the pathological findings of resected stomach specimens and other variables such as age, sex, preoperative body mass index (BMI), and comorbid illnesses were evaluated. Results: 653 cases (78.9%) had chronic gastritis in some form; lymphoid follicle formation (in 197 cases), acute on chronic gastritis (in 67 cases), complete intestinal metaplasia (in 5 cases), hyperplastic polyps (in 5 cases), and gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) (2 cases) were the next most common findings. Most lymphoid follicle formation was reported in the context of gastritis. Two patients with GIST and one with submucosal lymphoma received further treatment.Conclusion: Abnormal histopathologic findings were found in 88% of sleeve gastrectomy specimens. only one case of malignancy was found, less than 15% of samples were completely normal. Results of our study indicate high rate of abnormal pathologies in reseted gastric specimens.

Interest in wastewater recycling as an alternative source has grown as a result of increased water demand, water shortage due to population increase, low rainfall, and economic and environmental issues. Water recycling from greywater can serve as a sustainable solution for water demands. Nowadays, membrane bioreactor systems have significantly improved treatment performance and have been widely used in water reuse and reclamation. However, optimization of the MBR system in greywater treatment has received less attention. In this context, an experimental investigation of the MBR for greywater reuse was considered to identify the optimal hydraulic retention time of the MBR system. The lab-scale MBR consisted of a bioreactor with a net volume of 10 L, containing one submerged polypropylene hollow fiber membrane module with an area of 0.2 m2. The lab-scale MBR was fed with greywater collected from a dormitory of Shiraz University and operated for 160 days. Four HRTs (3, 5, 7 and 9 h) were tested to investigate the performance of the MBR system on the removal of total ammonia nitrogen, organic matter, turbidity, and total suspended solid. The results showed that the MBR system could remove more than 95% of COD, 99.5% of BOD5, 99% TAN, and 99.2% of TSS from greywater. The COD, BOD5, TSS effluents, and turbidity were below 10.5 mg/L, 0.4 mg/L, 0.6 mg/L, and 0.3 NTU, respectively. The results also showed that the optimal HRT of the MBR system for greywater treatment was 3 h. In conclusion, the MBR system with optimal HRT of 3 h is highly efficient for greywater treatment and it could produce sustainable water for non-potable reuse such as toilet flushing reuse in terms of chemical–physical quality parameters.

BackgroundMental disorders are increasingly prevalent among adolescents without appropriate response. There are a variety of reasons for unmet mental health needs, including attitudinal and structural barriers. Accordingly, we investigated perceived mental health needs, using mental health services, and their barriers in adolescents.MethodThis cross-sectional study was conducted in 2022 in Shiraz, Iran. Demographic characteristics, the Adolescent Unmet Needs Checklist, and the Young Schema Questionnaire were administered to 348 adolescents aged 13–19 years. Adolescents were classified as having no needs, fully met needs, partially met needs, or wholly unmet needs. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine factors associated with perceived unmet need and refer participants to healthcare centers.Results193 (55.5%) adolescents reported perceived need for mental healthcare out of whom, 21.6% reported fully and 21.6% partially unmet needs. Noticeably, only 12.4% of needy participants reported met need. “Reluctance to seek mental healthcare” and “asked but not receiving help” were common barriers to using the services.ConclusionThe present study reveals unmet mental healthcare needs as a significant public health concern among the adolescents. To address this significant concern, reorientation of primary care, removing economic barriers from mental healthcare services, and improving health literacy in the community are recommended.

Background: Professionalism is a multidimensional and evolving structure with has socio-cultural information that affects patient satisfaction, and health care outcomes. An important part of nurses' professional behavior is formed during their student years and through education and learning. The aim of this study was assessing the professionalism in internship nursing student. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. The data collection instrument was a nursing professionalism questionnaire that was completed by 2 instructors for 70 final-year nursing students in the internship. Method of sampling used non-probability convenience sampling. The data were analyzed using SPSS, version 16, for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Descriptive statistics (mean and percentage) were used to describe demographic characteristics and mean scores of professionalisms and its dimensions. Histograms and the bias-kurtosis and Shapiro–Wilk test were used to evaluate the normality. Comparisons between the two groups were made by independent samples t-test. To compare more groups, the Kruskal–Walli’s test was used. Result: The findings of this study show that the mean score of professionalism was 75.26(±10.5), the highest mean was related to the dimension of behavior based on professional values and norms (80.36 ± 9.93) and the lowest mean was related to the dimension of professional interactions (75.00 ± 13.72). Students with perfect regular participation in their internship had a significantly higher professionalism score than other students (P-value = .0001). There was no significant relationship between students' gender and score professionalism (P

In this study, a comprehensive model has been adopted to investigate how innovation capabilities affect organizational performance and how the mediating effect of intellectual capital has also been considered. Thus, the aim of this research is to investigate the effect of production, process and administrative innovation capabilities on organizational performance, considering the mediating role of intellectual capital of Payame Noor University, Shiraz center, which is using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) based on Partial Least Squares (PLS) Was performed. The elements of innovation capabilities analysis include production capabilities, process capabilities, and administrative capabilities. The results showed that production capabilities, process capabilities, and administrative capabilities have positive effects on intellectual capital in Payame Noor University, Shiraz Center. The impact of intellectual capital on organizational performance has been significant. In sum, intellectual capital has a mediating effect on the relationship between innovation capabilities (production, process and administrative) and organizational performance in Payame Noor University, Shiraz Center. Intellectual capital is a mediating effect between innovation capabilities and organizational performance that aim to increase organizational performance.