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Management of postburn cicatricial ectroption of the upper lid is always a challenge for the oculoplastic surgeon, as they are often associated with exposure keratitis and ulceration. Traditionally, split thickness grafts have been described for upper lid reconstruction and tarsorrhaphies have been discouraged. We present a case of corneal ulceration associated with postburn cicatricial ectropion presenting 10 years following the initial trauma. The patient underwent full thickness skin grafting and tarsorrhaphy to release the ectropion with resolution of corneal ulceration.We believe that full thickness skin grafts and tarsorrhaphy are effective in correcting upper lid cicatricial ectropion, without functional compromise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyses the historical context and legal provisions controlling the pharmaceutical industry, particularly with relation to the manufacture, distribution, sale and import of drugs. The article also brings to light the inadequacies of present legislations to contain the illegal production of spurious drugs. While calling for suitable amendments to the existing laws, the author calls for stringent punishments as a deterrent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY Nitrate-N distribution in soil, root-length, rate of water uptake and flux of nitrate-N to wheat roots as influenced by moisture regime and depth of nitrogen placement were studied in 60 cm diameter by 180 cm deep metal columns filled with loamy sand soil. The contribution of the different soil depths in the root zone towards total N uptake was calculated employing a convective-diffusion model and compared with the experimentally measured N uptake by wheat plants. Under non-irrigated conditions with surface-mixing of N(Ns) concentrations of nitrate, root-lengths and water uptake rates were high only in the upper soil layers. With deep placement of N(Nd), the lower layers also contributed significantly towards total N uptake and total N uptake was greater with Nd than with Ns. In spite of many simplifying assumptions and certain estimates the predicted values of N uptake were quite close to those measured experimentally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experiment was conducted during rainy (kharif) season of 2008-09 to evaluate the reaction of 12 soybean cultivars to leaf folders, Nacoleia spp. at Kalimpong, West Bengal, India. Only two cultivars namely, JS(SH)89-2 and JS(SH)89-49 were categorized as least susceptible with less than 10 per cent leaf infestation. Three cultivars viz. JS-80-21, PK-1137 and NRC-24 were found highly susceptible to leaf folders with more than 30 per cent leaf infestation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is becoming questionable nowadays as to whether doctors know what is in the patient's best interest when it comes to delivering health care. Changes in the English law in the recent past, where the well established Bolam test has come under scrutiny, reflect that expert witness testimony is being contested in terms of its defensibility as seen in the Bolitho case that questioned the authenticity of expert knowledge to the extent that the opinion amongst expert groups may not in fact be based on sound current knowledge. This changing scenario, is likely to have its implications on the outcome of future litigations of medical negligence because the expert opinions may well be open to scrutiny and logicality and the doctrine of 'doctor knows best' may no longer be recognized by the courts. However, there have been differences of opinions in various court verdicts from time to time. This article examines some important judgments in cases of alleged medical negligence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors report a case of penetrating head injury that presented with a deceptively mild complaint. To our knowledge, it is the first report of a paintbrush penetrating the brain. The patient reported being punched in the left eye and presented with a minor headache, swelling around the left orbit, a small cut on the cheek and slightly reduced left eye abduction. After radiological evaluation, a penetrating head injury was diagnosed. Under general anesthesia, through a lateral eyelid incision a 10.5?cm long paintbrush, which had penetrated from the left orbit to the right thalamus, was removed. No post-operative infection was seen at six months follow-up. This brief report serves to highlight that penetrating brain injury can occur without neurological deficit and that a minimally invasive surgical approach was successful in avoiding any complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Third Pole (TP) is a high mountain region in the world, and is well-known for its pristine environment, but recent development activities in the region have degraded its air quality. Here, we investigate the spatial and temporal changes of the air pollutants ammonia (NH₃), sulphur dioxide (SO₂) and carbon monoxide (CO) in TP, and reveal their sources using satellite measurements and emission inventory. We observe a clear seasonal cycle of NH 3 in TP, with high values in summer and low values in winter. The intense agriculture activities in the southern TP are the cause of high NH₃ (6-8 × 10 16 molec./cm 2 ) there. Similarly, CO shows a distinct seasonal cycle with high values in spring in the southeast TP due to biomass burning. In addition, the eastern boundary of TP in the Sichuan and Qinghai provinces also show high values of CO (about 1.5 × 10 18  mol/cm 2 ), primarily owing to the industrial activities. There is no seasonal cycle found for SO₂ distribution in TP, but relatively high values (8-10 mg/m 2 ) are observed in its eastern boundary. The high-altitude pristine regions of inner TP are also getting polluted because of increased human activities in and around TP, as we estimate positive trends in CO (0.5-1.5 × 10 16  mol/cm 2 /yr) there. In addition, positive trends are also found in NH₃ (0.025 × 10 16 molec./cm 2 /yr) during 2008-2020 in most regions of TP and SO₂ (about 0.25-0.75 mg/m 2 /yr) in the Sichuan and Qinghai region during 2000-2020. As revealed by the emission inventory, there are high anthropogenic emissions of NH 3 , SO 2 and CO within TP. There are emissions of pollutants from energy sectors, oil and refinery, agriculture waste burning and manure management within TP. These anthropogenic activities accelerate the ongoing development in TP, but severely erode its environment., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

We analyse the long-term (1980-2020) changes in aerosols over the Third Pole (TP) and assess the changes in radiative forcing (RF) using satellite, ground-based and reanalysis data. The annual mean aerosol optical depth (AOD) varies from 0.06 to 0.24, with the highest values of around 0.2 in the north and southwest TP, which are dominated by dust from Taklimakan and Thar deserts, respectively. However, Organic Carbon (OC), Black Carbon (BC) and sulphate aerosols have significant contributions to the total AOD in the south and east TP. High amounts of dust are observed in spring and summer, but BC in winter. Trajectory analysis reveals that the air mass originated from East and South Asia carries BC and OC, whereas the air from South Asia, Central Asia and Middle East brings dust to TP. Significant positive trends in AOD is found in TP, with high values of about 0.002/yr in the eastern and southern TP. There is a gradual increase in BC and OC concentrations during 1980-2020, but the change from 2000 is phenomenal. The RF at the top of the atmosphere varies from -10 to 2 W/m 2 in TP, and high positive RF of about 2 W/m 2 is estimated in Pamir, Karakoram and Nyainquentanglha mountains, where the massive glacier mass exists. The RF has increased in much of TP during recent decades (2001-2020) with respect to previous decades (1981-2000), which can be due to the rise in BC and dust during the latter period. Therefore, the positive trend in BC and its associated change in RF can amplify the regional warming, and thus, the melting of glaciers or ice in TP. This is a great concern as it is directly connected to the water security of many South Asian countries., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background Emergence of antibiotic resistance among microbes contaminating the fresh meat products is a global public health concern as they can be easily transmitted to humans through their consumption and contact. Objective The current study was conducted to determine the distribution of antimicrobial resistance among Salmonella species isolated from fresh chicken liver samples with special emphasis on extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production. Method A total of 200 fresh chicken liver samples were cultivated for the isolation of Salmonella and further subcultivated to detect extended spectrum beta-lactamase production among them. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) was done by disk diffusion method using a panel of 7 antimicrobials. Result Out of 200 samples analyzed, 61 (30.5%) samples harbored Salmonella species out of which 15 (7.5%) samples showed the presence of Salmonella Typhi. A significant association was noted in the incidence of Salmonella with various factors pertaining to the butchers, such as age, sex, literacy rate, practices of washing knives and chopping board, wearing aprons and gloves and type of water used (p < 0.05). Salmonella isolates were highly sensitive to amikacin (82.0%) and least sensitive to tetracycline (3.3%). All the isolates were resistant to colistin. Sixty (98.4%) isolates were identified as multi-drug resistant (MDR). The total number of extended spectrum betalactamase producers reported among Salmonella isolates was 29 (47.5%). Conclusion The results indicate that the fresh chicken liver samples sold in Bharatpur Metropolis are reservoirs of multi-drug resistant Salmonella, including extended spectrum betalactamase producers, that could potentially be transmitted to the humans by direct contact or through inadequate cooking.