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Exochella cryptodontia n. sp. (Figs 24���26) Etymology. The species name alludes to the cryptic, minutely toothed proximal margin of the primary orifice (Greek odon, tooth). Material examined. Holotype: NIBRIV0000325941, Hwadong, Baengnyeong Island, 37.9192�� N, 124.7002�� E, southeastern coast, 24 November 2007, low tide, collected by B.S. Min and A.V. Grischenko. Paratype: NIBRIV0000711264, Dumujin, 37.9738�� N, 124.6170�� E, northwestern coast, 25 November 2007, low tide, collected by B.S. Min and A.V. Grischenko. Other material: Woosuk University collection���Baengnyeong Island: Hwadong (47 colonies), Junghwadong (3 colonies), Dumujin (106 colonies), Jinchon-ri (7 colonies), Gobongpo (8 colonies), Yeonhwa-ri (23 colonies); mostly on rocky substrata, but also on plastic debris, shell and crustose coralline algae (Clathromorphum). Cheongsan Island (1 colony) on a small rock. Description. Colony encrusting, unilaminar, small, to 40 mm in diameter. Autozooids at growing margin subhexagonal, with the angles rounded distally and proximally, and acute laterally; the overall shape less angular in older autozooids with heterozooids; arranged regularly in quincunx. Umbonuloid frontal shield not very convex, more or less smooth, with 5���7 conspicuous areolar pores along each margin. Primary orifice deep-set, proximal rim bearing 9���10 minute peg-like teeth along the proximal rim as seen from interior view. Oral spines usually 3, sometimes 4, on the distal rim of marginal zooids, proximal of which is a peristome that surrounds the rest of the orifice; middle part of peristome forming a bridge, creating a relatively large pseudospiramen, at the bottom of which the almost-concealed, minutely toothed border is just visible proximally; proximal margin of peristomial rim high, somewhat spout-like, sloping steeply to frontal shield. Oral spine bases mostly completely concealed in older or ovicellate zooids, although sometimes one can be seen adjacent to an avicularian rostrum projecting from a neighboring zooid. Avicularia paired or single, each budded from an areolar pore at widest part of zooid, the acute rostrum directed more or less laterally or slightly obliquely proximolaterally, the palatal foramen and avicularian opesia relatively large, separated by a complete crossbar. Ooecium recumbent on distal zooid, occupying much of its frontal shield, convex, smooth, subumbonate, forming a low arcuate rim around the distal margin of the maternal orifice, opening above secondary orifice. A pair of basal pore-chambers present in distal half of each zooid, with 1���2 mid-distally. Ancestrula not seen. Measurements. ZL, 276���427 (333) ��m; ZW, 152���295 (235) ��m; OrL, 80���91 (84) ��m; OrW, 87���112 (99) ��m; AvL, 75���101 (91) ��m; AvW, 37���53 (45) ��m; OoL, 142���169 (153) ��m; Oo,W 149���180 (164) ��m. Remarks. We found E. cryptodontia n. sp. not only at Baengnyeong Island but also at deeper localities (27���42 m) among the islands of the southwestern coast of South Korea. In both areas the species is relatively common and abundant, so it is surprising that it appears not to have been previously encountered. Four species names have been applied to Recent Exochella from northeast Asia and a median pseudospiramen is lacking in all four. Two of them are endemic to the region. These are Exochella japonica Ortmann, 1890, which has a median peristomial process flanked by a pair of pseudosinuses and what may be lateral linear ridges on the ooecium, and Exochella areolata Okada & Mawatari, 1937, which also has a median process, but this is not flanked by pseudosinuses (cf. Kubanin 1975). The other two species names��� Exochella tricuspis (Hincks, 1881) and Exochella longirostris Jullien, 1888 ���pertain to taxa first described from Bass Strait, Australia and Magellanic South America, respectively. Published illustrations of these species (not all using SEM) from the northeast Asian region (e.g. Mawatari 1965; Rho & Lee 1980; Seo & Min 2009) certainly closely resemble those based on topotypic material but subtle differences are evident. Since neither of these species has been noted as hull-fouling or invasive, it is possible, if not likely, that populations from northeast Asia may not be conspecific. Close comparison of Asian material from Asia and austral regions using SEM needs to be carried out. One useful character is the internal configuration of orificial structures, such as depicted by Levinsen (1909) and Gordon (1989). A fifth form from northeast Asia is Exochella longirostris var. quadricella Sakakura, 1935 from the Pleistocene Dizodo beds of Boso Peninsula, Honshu, Japan. Sakakura noted that the number of basal porechambers was four (hence var. quadricella) compared to three in E. longirostris; it remains to be determined whether var. quadricella should be raised to species rank. Like E. cryptodontia n. sp., Exochella conjuncta (Brown, 1952) has a single pseudospiramen; this has been illustrated by SEM (Gordon 1989). The latter species differs most obviously from E. cryptodontia in having a proportionally smaller, less spout-like proximal peristome and a non-denticulate inner rim., Published as part of Min, Bum Sik, Seo, Ji Eun, Grischenko, Andrei V. & Gordon, Dennis P., 2017, Intertidal Bryozoa from Korea ��� new additions to the fauna and a new genus of Bitectiporidae (Cheilostomata) from Baengnyeong Island, Yellow Sea, pp. 451-470 in Zootaxa 4226 (4) on pages 462-464, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4226.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/265060, {"references":["Ortmann, A. (1890) Die Japanische Bryozoenfauna. Bericht uber die von Herrn Dr. L. Doderlein im Jahre 1880 - 81, gemachten Sammlungen. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 56, 1 - 74, 4 pls.","Okada, Y. & Mawatari, S. (1937) On the collection of Bryozoa along the coast of Onagawa Bay and its vicinity, the northern part of Honshu, Japan. Scientific Reports of the T o h o ku Imperial University, Series 4, 11, 433 - 445, pl. 11.","Kubanin, A. (1975) Cheilostomata (Bryozoa) from Peter the Great Bay. Sbornik Rabot Institut Biologii Morya, 3, 108 - 136.","Hincks, T. (1881) Contributions towards a general history of the marine Polyzoa. VI. Polyzoa from Bass's Straits. VII. Foreign Membraniporina (third series). VIII. Foreign Cheilostomata (miscellaneous). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 5, 8, 1 - 14, 122 - 136, pls. 1 - 5.","Jullien, J. (1888) Bryozoaires. Mission Scientifique du Cap Horn 1882 - 1883, 6 (Zoologie 3), 1 - 92, 15 pls.","Mawatari, S. (1965) Bryozoa. In: Okada, Y., Uchida, S. & Uchida, T. (Eds.), New Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Fauna of Japan. Hokuryu-Kan Publishing Co. Ltd, Tokyo, pp. 585 - 626. [In Japanese]","Rho, B. J. & Lee, K. H. (1980) The marine invertebrate fauna in the Gogunsan Islands and Bian Island. Report of the Korean Association for the Conservation of Nature, 18, 115 - 124.","Seo, J. E. & Min, B. S. (2009) A faunistic study on cheilostomatous bryozoans from the shoreline of South Korean, with two new species. Korean Journal of Systematic Zoology, 25, 19 - 40.","Levinsen, G. M. R. (1909) Morphological and Systematic Studies on the Cheilostomatous Bryozoa. Nationale Forfatterers Forlag, Copenhagen, 431 pp.","Gordon, D. P. (1989) The marine fauna of New Zealand: Bryozoa: Gymnolaemata (Cheilostomida Ascophorina) from the western South Island continental shelf and slope. New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir, 97, 1 - 158.","Sakakura, K. (1935) Pliocene and Pleistocene Bryozoa from the Boso Peninsula. (I) 1. Bryozoa of the Dizodo Beds. Journal of the Faculty of Science Imperial University of Tokyo (Geology, Mineralogy, Geography, Seismology), 4, 1 - 48, pls. 1 - 7.","Brown, D. A. (1952) The Tertiary Cheilostomatous Polyzoa of New Zealand. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London, xii + 405 pp."]}

Arthropoma magniporosum n. sp. (Figs 10���13) Arthropoma cecilii: Okada & Mawatari 1936: 62; Rho & Seo 1986: 39, pl. 8; Seo 2005: 452, pls 181, 182A; Seo 2011: 77, fig. 36, pl. 27. Arthropoma n. sp.: Hirose 2010: 111, pl. 190A���C. Material examined. Holotype: MBRBKSP033, 34.5366�� N, 128.7314�� E, Hong Island (Hongdo), Gyeongsang Province, collected 1 June 1987 by J.E. Seo and J.G. Je. Paratype: MBRBKSP034, 34.4292�� N, 127.2280�� E, Dok Island (Dokdo), South Jeolla Province, collected 24 June 2008 by J.E. Seo, B.S. Min and H.J. Yang, 10��� 15 m. Other material: Woosuk University Collection���specimens from Chuja Islands, Daepo, Gapa Island, Gu Island, Mijo, Moseulpo and Seogwipo, collected by J.E. Seo, H.J. Kil and J.H. Yoo. Etymology. Latin magnus, large, and porosus, full of holes (Brown 1956), alluding to the relatively large size and distribution of the pseudopores. Arthropoma is neuter in gender, hence the species epithet is also neuter. Description. Colony encrusting, unilaminar, up to 20 mm in diameter. Zooids regularly quincuncial, the distal margin rounded or angular, more rarely truncated, the lateral margins more or less parallel-sided in many zooids. Orifice proportionately large, the anter high-arched, curving proximally to horizontal ���shoulders��� that bear thin condylar surfaces that project slightly across the entrance to the small U-shaped sinus, constricting it. Operculum with jointed sinus tab. Frontal shield convex, perforated by c. 35���46 relatively large, round pseudopores that are distributed over the most of the surface in the majority of zooids, except for an irregular, smooth narrow area midfrontally that is subumbonate or weakly carina-like in some zooids. Additional pseudopores are distributed around the orifice in an arc of 10���19 pores in an inner series, sometimes with a few other pores in an incomplete second series. No oral spines. No avicularia. Ooecium prominent, hyperstomial, apparently cleithral (subcleithral), with the zooidal operculum able to close both the ooecial orifice and the lower zooidal orifice; ooecial orifice nearly at right angles to the maternal zooidal orifice. Ectooecium wholly membranous except for a thin peripheral rim around the base; endooecium minutely and densely pitted and textured, the pits less obvious frontally. Multiporous mural septula present in lateral and distal walls. Ancestrula not seen. Measurements. ZL 480���636 (540) ��m, ZW 287���403 (360) ��m; OL 165���197 (177) ��m, OW 134���175 (158) ��m; OoL 223���310 (277) ��m, OoW 295���371 (342) ��m. Remarks. Arthropoma magniporosum n. sp. has in the past been identified as Arthropoma cecilii Audouin, 1826, a species from the Mediterranean/ Red Sea that has been accorded a wide distribution in cool-temperate to warm-temperate and tropical waters of the Atlantic and Indo-Pacific, from 25���1235 m depth (summarized by Dick & Grischenko 2017). If the species illustrated by Hayward & Ryland (1999) were to be taken as representing the species in the absence of actual type material, then it differs from A. magniporosum in several features. For example, A. cecilii has more than twice the number of frontal-shield pseudopores (c. 120���130), which are accordingly smaller and denser than in A. magniporosum. The ooecium of A. cecilii has a smoothly calcified rim around the orifice, with a mid-distal extension, and the sides of the ooecium taper more closely towards to proximal orificial rim than in A. magniporosum. Dick & Grischenko���s (2017) illustration of A. cecilii from the Mediterranean Sea area of Marseille resembles that of Hayward & Ryland (1999) from Britain (presumed, but not stated as such), but has fewer frontal-shield pores (81���96), and there are minor differences in frontal ectooecial sculpturing and placement of the proximolateral corners of the ooecium. Their conspecificity is uncertain. In either case, whether from the Mediterranean or elsewhere, the material from Europe is not the same as A. magniporosum n. sp. It is likely that A. cecilii was originally illustrated and described from Red Sea specimens (at least in part), but, in the absence of type specimens, no further conclusions can be drawn; Savigny���s drawings (d���Hondt 2006, pp. 31, 60) are inconclusive. The synonymy given above does not cite all records of A. cecilii in the northeast Asian region, only those that definitely or almost certainly refer to A. magniporosum n. sp. The record of Okada & Mawatari (1936) is included as the authors stated that their unillustrated specimen from Hatsushima, Sagami Bay, Japan, had ���very larger tremopores than the normal form���. Only a few other Recent species of Arthropoma have been described. Arthropoma inarmata Gontar, 1992 from the Kurile Islands differs in having only 21���26 pseudopores in the proportionately short frontal shield, while there is a complete double row of pores in the relatively broad area distal to the orifice. Additionally, Gontar (1992) mentioned that the pores have a radial structure, which would be exceptional among Arthropoma species, suggesting that Cribellopora Gautier, 1957 might be a more appropriate genus to accommodate A. inarmata. Arthropoma lioneli Florence, 2016 from South Africa has distinctive reniform pores. A new species from the west coast of Okinawa (Dick & Grischenko 2017) (East China Sea) has a crescentic suboral umbo that sometimes contributes to a continuous peristomial rim. As Dick & Grischenko (2017) point out, three species, none of them A. cecilii, are illustrated by Hirose (2010) from Japan. One of them corresponds to A. magniporosum n. sp. (see synonymy above). A second (Hirose 2010, pl. 189A, B) corresponds to Arthropoma mediolaevis (Ortmann, 1890). He described the taxon as a ���variety��� of cecilii, noting that it differed in the ���Glattes Feld in der Mitte der Zelle grosser���, i.e. the smooth field in the center of the zooid is greater than in cecilii. The sinus is also very narrow and the pseudopores are very small. The third species, presently undescribed (Hirose���s 2010, fig. 189C, D), differs again in having an almost subcircular sinus and in the small pseudopores occupying the entire frontal shield, or nearly so. Further, this species has a dimorphic zooid with a large orifice and a few distal-oral spines. The proportions of the dimorphic orifice differ from those illustrated by Kirkpatrick (1890) from the South China Sea, and Harmer (1957) from Indonesia, indicating that additional forms need naming as new species. Yet another unnamed species occurs in the Sagami Bay region; this was illustrated by Grischenko & Mawatari (2006, fig. 1G) as A. cecilii, but it differs from all of the forms mentioned above in having a smooth non-pitted endooecium and 3���4 rows of pseudopores between the maternal orifice and developing ooecium. Based on ooecial morphology, and using the terminology of Ostrovsky (2013, pp. 130, 131), the ooecium appears to be the subcleithral form of a cleithral orifice, i.e. having two potential operculum closure positions, with the lower position closing the zooidal orifice. Observations on living material would be required to confirm if this is the case. It is known that the sinus tab of the operculum is hinged, as reflected in the genus name; if and when the operculum closes the ooecial orifice, the sinus tab is almost at right angles to the porta (rest of operculum). Distribution. Korea: South Sea coasts, intertidal to more than 30 m. Japan: Sagami Bay and Sagami Sea, 47��� 108 m., Published as part of Min, Bum Sik, Seo, Ji Eun, Grischenko, Andrei V., Lee, Sang-Kyu & Gordon, Dennis P., 2017, Systematics of some calloporid and lacernid Cheilostomata (Bryozoa) from coastal South Korean waters, with the description of new taxa, pp. 471-486 in Zootaxa 4226 (4) on pages 479-481, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4226.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/265083, {"references":["Okada, Y. & Mawatari, S. (1936) Bryozoa fauna collected by the ' Misago' during the Zoological Survey around Izu Peninsula (II). Science Reports of the Tokyo Bunrika Daigaku, B, 3, 53 - 73, pls. 9 - 10.","Rho, B. J. & Seo, J. E. (1986) A systematic study on the marine bryozoans in Cheju-do. Korean Journal of Zoology, 29, 31 - 60.","Seo, J. E. (2005) Bryozoa. Illustrated Encyclopedia of Fauna & Flora of Korea, 40, 1 - 596. [In Korean]","Seo, J. E. (2011) Bryozoa Phylactolaemata, Stenolaemata, Gymnolaemata: Ctenostomata, Cheilostomata: Ascophora II. Bryozoans. Invertebrate Fauna of Korea, 29 (2), 1 - 107.","Hirose, M. (2010) Cheilostomatous Bryozoa (Gymnolaemata) from Sagami Bay, with notes on bryozoan diversity and faunal changes over the past 130 years. PhD Dissertation, Department of Natural History Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.","Brown, R. W. (1956) Composition of Scientific Words. R. W. Brown, Washington, D. C., 882 pp.","Audouin, J. V. (1826) Explication sommaire des planches de polypes de l'Egypte et de la Syrie, publiees par Jules-Cesar Savigny. In: Description de l'Egypte, ou receuil des observations et des recherches qui ont ete faites en Egypte pendant l'Expedition de ' Armee francaise ... Histoire naturelle. Vol. 1, Part 4. Paris, Imprimerie Imperiale, 339 pp.","Dick, M. H. & Grischenko, A. V. (2017) Rocky-intertidal cheilostome bryozoans from the vicinity of the Sesoko Biological Station, west-central Okinawa, Japan. Journal of Natural History, 51, 141 - 266.","Hayward, P. J. & Ryland, J. S. (1999) Cheilostomatous Bryozoa. Part 2. Hippothoidea - Celleporoidea. Synopses of the British Fauna (n. s.) 14, 1 - 416.","Gontar, V. I. (1992) New species of Cheilostomida from the Kuril Islands. Zoosystematica Rossica, 1, 10 - 12.","Gautier, J. Y. (1957) Bryozoaires des Iles Baleares. Vie et Milieu Supplement, 6, 205 - 222.","Florence, W. K. (2016) Some deep-water cheilostome Bryozoa from the south coast of South Africa. African Natural History, 12, 5 - 11.","Ortmann, A. (1890) Die Japanische Bryozoenfauna. Bericht uber die von Herrn Dr. L. Doderlein im Jahre 1880 - 81, gemachten Sammlungen. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 56, 1 - 74, 4 pls.","Kirkpatrick, R. (1890) Report upon the Hydrozoa and Polyzoa collected by P. W. Bassett-Smith, Esq., Surgeon R. N., during the survey of the Tizard and Maccesfield Banks, in the China Sea, by H. M. S. ' Rambler, ' Commander W. U. Moore. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 6, 5, 11 - 24, pls. 3 - 5.","Harmer, S. F. (1957) The Polyzoa of the Siboga Expedition. Part 4. Cheilostomata Ascophora. II. Siboga Expeditie, 28 d, xv, 641 - 1147, pls 42 - 74.","Grischenko, A. V. & Mawatari, S. F. (2006) On the bryozoan diversity of Sagami Bay. Memoirs of the National Science Museum, Tokyo, 40, 187 - 201.","Ostrovsky, A. N. (2013) Evolution of Sexual Reproduction in Marine Invertebrates: Example of gymnolaemate bryozoans. Springer, Dordrecht. 356 pp."]}

Phonicosia crena n. sp. (Figs 17, 18) Material examined. Holotype: NIBRIV0000325936, RV Kuklipgongwon-yeoungu 1 station I2, 34.2721° N, 126.7920° E, 30 July 2016, 27 m, southeast of Wan Island (Wando). Paratype: NIBRIV0000711265, Kuklipgongwon-yeoungu 1 station I3, 34.1585° N, 126.7689° E, 29 July 2016, 42 m, west of Cheongsan Island (Cheongsando). Etymology. Latin, crena, f., notch, rounded projection (Brown 1956), alluding to the notched suboral umbo; used as a noun in apposition. Description. Colony encrusting, unilaminar, up to 17 mm diameter. Autozooids more or less elongatehexagonal, narrowing distally and proximally, generally widest about midlength. Frontal shield smooth, with a conspicuous arcuate prominence just distal of the midpoint of the shield. A continuous line of closed pseudopores around the entire margin of the zooid except mid-distally, with additional such pseudopores from each corner of the orifice to near the widest point of the zooid, c. 30 pseudopores in total. Orifice high-arched, curving proximal with lateral margins becoming parallel. ‘Shoulders’ of orifice horizontal, bearing a long, narrow condyle, proximal to which is a parallel edge of minute denticulations on the oral rim; sinus small, U-shaped. 6 stout oral spines. Avicularia not seen. Ooecium hyperstomial, globular, acleithral, occupying most of the proximal half of the distal zooid; the ectooecium wholly membranous, the calcified endooecium with numerous minute pits everywhere except apically; 4 oral spines retained in ovicellate zooids. Basal pore-chambers present, one on each distolateral angle and one mid-distally. Measurements. ZL 332–469 (380) µm, ZW 232–347 (281) µm; OL 73–86 (81) µm, OW 69–78 (74) µm; OoL 163 µm, OoW 202 µm. Remarks. Phonicosia circinata (MacGillivray, 1869) from Australia has a frontal prominence but its sides continue to the corners of the orifice, creating a shallow concave bowl-like area; pseudopores are fewer (c. 20) and proportionally larger, and occasional frontal avicularia are present. Putative P. circinata from Japan (Hirose 2010) lacks the frontal-shield prominence, has supplementary pseudopores distributed more proximally, its spine bases are more widely separated, with an intervening pseudopore behind each pair, and the sinus is longer; it represents an undescribed species. Distribution. Korea: South Sea coasts; 27–42 m on hard substrata.

Cauloramphus dicki n. sp. (Figs 2–5) Cauloramphus ‘Korea Baeng. sp. 1’: Dick et al. 2013: 33, 40, 41. Etymology. Honorific for Dr Matthew H. Dick, Hokkaido University, Japan, who has greatly advanced knowledge of bryozoans in the North Pacific, especially the genus Cauloramphus. Material examined. Holotype: NIBRIV0000325931, Yeonhwa-ri, 37.9378° N, 124.6233° E, Baengnyeong Island, 27 November 2007, low tide, collected by B.S. Min and A.V. Grischenko. Paratypes: NIBRIV0000711262, same collection data as for the holotype. Other material: Woosuk University collection—Baengnyeong Island: Dumujin (27 colonies), Yeonhwa-ri (21 colonies), mostly on rocky substrata, but also on plastic debris, shell and crustose coralline algae (Clathromorphum). Description. Colony encrusting, unilaminar, up to 20 mm in diameter, brownish when dried. Autozooids contiguous, arranged in quincunx, more or less elongate-oval and tending to be widest in proximal half; interzooidal boundaries clearly defined by furrows. Gymnocyst very narrow laterally or not evident in frontal view, slightly developed proximally or not at all, smooth, bearing 10–16 periopesial spines; these more or less straight, obliquely angled part way across opesia; distalmost 3–5 spines stouter and more vertical; spine bases not dark. Cryptocystal rim inside and between periopesial spine bases, coarsely granular-tubercular except in distal quarter, of same width throughout except distally where it is narrowed to the point of absence. Opesia large, oval. Operculum comprising a transversely D-shaped flap, somewhat high-arched, at distal end of membranous frontal wall. Avicularia single or paired, fusiform in frontal view, asymmetrically clavate in lateral view, placed between the 2nd and 3rd, or 3rd and 4th, periopesial spines on either side, the mandibular-opesial surface steeply slanted, facing proximolaterally; rostrum and mandible acute; basal stalk of avicularium cuticular. Ooecium vestigial, comprising a small transversely arcuate structure with a flattened area of interior wall and a tiny pore, having 1–4 short distal lobes between spine bases. Communication pore areas in open-fronted pore-chambers along the base of the distolateral walls, with 1–2 such chambers mid-distally and 2–3 on each side distolaterally. Ancestrula not seen. Measurements. ZL, 358–474 (410) µm; ZW, 230–313 (276) µm; OpL, 279–341 (301) µm; OpW, 144–198 (174) µm. Remarks. Cauloramphus dicki n. sp. is very similar to material from Akkeshi Bay, Hokkaido, Japan, attributed by Grischenko et al. (2007) to Cauloramphus spinifer (Johnston, 1832), a species first described from Britain that is nominally widespread in the northern Pacific (Dick & Ross 1998; Grischenko et al. 2007). The specimens from Japan have the same total number of spines, similar avicularia (though less elongate), and the same relative proportions of gymnocyst and gymnocyst, but the vestigial ooecium is different. Whereas it is smooth and concave with a crest in putative C. spinifer from Hokkaido (Ostrovsky et al. 2007), that in C. dicki is flattened, with lobes extending between spine bases. Furthermore, in a study comparing morphological divergence with genetic distance using cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) sequences, Dick et al. (2013) showed that material from Baengnyeong Island here named as C. dicki was isolated from C. spinifer in the gene tree. It should be noted that the vestigial ooecium of C. spinifer from Europe has not been described, nor have COI sequences been obtained, so it remains to be demonstrated that this species really is in the North Pacific. [In passing, it should be noted that the specific epithet is sometimes rendered spiniferum (e.g. Hayward & Ryland 1998), but, whereas rhamphos (Greek, curved beak or bill) is neuter in gender, the Latinized form of the noun is masculine, hence spinifer is the correct spelling, as in several authors from O’Donoghue & O’Donoghue (1926) to Grischenko et al. (2007).] Distribution. Korea: Baengnyeong Island. Japan: Akkeshi Bay, Hokkaido; low intertidal on hard substrata.

Suhius n. gen. Type species. Hippothyris rubescentis Liu in Liu, Yin & Ma, 2001, by monotypy. Etymology. Honorific for Dr Chang-Hoon Suh, chairman of Woosuk University, Korea, in recognition of his service to the university. Diagnosis. Colony encrusting, unilaminar. Autozooids quincuncial with distinct margins. Orifice hoof-shaped, more or less parallel-sided, with broad, concave poster and stout condyles. No oral spines. Frontal shield nonpseudoporous, hummocky, with many marginal areolar pores. Ooecium acleithral, with fully calcified ectooecium and scattered ectooecial pseudopores; encroaching secondary calcification from neighbouring zooids forming low crests and nodules at fusion points, concealing pseudopores. Avicularia adventitious with complete crossbars, variable in size and disposition, typically lateral-oral in many younger zooids, larger and frontal in older zooids. Multiporous mural septula in lateral walls. Ancestrula tatiform. Remarks. The combination of characters in Suhius n. gen. is distinctive. On the one hand, the orifice is hoofshaped as in Hippoporella Canu, 1917 and some other genera of superfamily Celleporoidea, which explains why Androsova (1959) misattributed the type species to Hippoporella hippopus (Smitt, 1868b). On the other hand, the ooecium when first formed is typical of genera of superfamily Smittinoidea, with a smoothly calcified perforated ectooecium. Accordingly, Liu et al. (2001) included the type species in the Bitectiporidae, a family of Smittinoidea in which the frontal shields and ooecia resemble those of many Smittinidae but the orifices are non-lyrulate (Gordon 1984). Liu et al. ���s (2001) attribution of the species to Hippothyris Osburn, 1952 recognized the similarities between the two genera, but the type species of Hippothyris, Hippothyris emplastra Osburn, 1952 from deep water off Baja California, has only a small suboral avicularium, a discrete imperforate area of frontal shield surrounded by numerous pseudopores and an ectooecium with numerous pseudopores that never become wholly concealed by secondary calcification., Published as part of Min, Bum Sik, Seo, Ji Eun, Grischenko, Andrei V. & Gordon, Dennis P., 2017, Intertidal Bryozoa from Korea ��� new additions to the fauna and a new genus of Bitectiporidae (Cheilostomata) from Baengnyeong Island, Yellow Sea, pp. 451-470 in Zootaxa 4226 (4) on page 464, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4226.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/265060, {"references":["Liu, X., Yin, X. & Ma, J. (2001) Biology of Marine-Fouling Bryozoans in the Coastal Waters of China. Science Press, Beijing, 860 pp.","Canu, F. (1917) Bryozoaires. Revue Critique de Paleozoologie, 21, 29 - 37.","Androsova, E. I. (1959) Bryozoan fauna of the Yellow Sea. Trudy Sovestmoi Kitaisko-Sovietskoi Morskoi Biologicheskoi Expeditsii, 3, 41 - 70, pls 1 - 3. [in Russian]","Smitt, F. A. (1868 b) Kritisk forteckning ofver Skandinaviens Hafs-Bryozoer. (IV.). Ofversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps- Akademiens Forhandlingar, 25 (Supplement), 3 - 230, pls. 24 - 28.","Gordon, D. P. (1984) The marine fauna of New Zealand: Bryozoa: Gymnolaemata from the Kermadec Ridge. New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir, 91, 1 - 198.","Osburn, R. C. (1952) Bryozoa of the Pacific coast of America, part 2, Cheilostomata-Ascophora. Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions, 14, 271 - 611."]}

Cauloramphus spencerjonesae n. sp. (Figs 6, 7) Cauloramphus ‘Korea Baeng. sp. 2’: Dick et al. 2013: 33, 40, 41. Etymology. Honorific for Ms Mary Spencer Jones, Natural History Museum, London (NHMUK), in recognition of her unfailing helpfulness to bryozoologists in providing information and images of bryozoans in the NHMUK collection. Material examined. Holotype: NIBRIV0000325932, Yeonhwa-ri, 37.9378° N, 124.6233° E, Baengnyeong Island, 27 November 2007, low tide, collected by B.S. Min and A.V. Grischenko. Paratypes: NIBRIV0000711263, same collection data as for holotype. Other material: Woosuk University collection—Baengnyeong Island: Hwadong (11 colonies), Junghwadong (65 colonies), Dumujin (110 colonies), Jinchon-ri (28 colonies), Gobongpo (1 colony), Yeonhwa-ri (173 colonies); mostly on rocky substrata, but also on plastic debris, shell and crustose coralline algae (Clathromorphum). Description. Colony encrusting, unilaminar, up to 22 mm in diameter, brownish when dried. Zooids more or less elongate-oval, contiguous, arranged regularly in quincunx, the interzooidal boundaries well-defined by deep furrows. Gymnocyst confined to the steeply sloping sides and usually a slightly larger area proximally, smooth, often somewhat irregular in outline, bearing 12–20 periopesial spines; the distalmost 4–5 spines more or less erect, the remaining spines slightly curved, angled part way across opesia; bases dark. Cryptocystal rim coarsely granular inside and between the periopesial spine bases, of same width throughout. Opesia large, oval. Operculum comprising a transversely D-shaped flap at distal end of membranous frontal wall. Avicularia typically paired, fusiform in frontal view, clavate in lateral view, sometimes only one present, placed between the 2nd and 3rd, or 3rd and 4th periopesial spines on each side, the mandibular-opesial surface steeply slanted, facing laterally or proximolaterally; rostrum and mandible acute; short basal stalk of avicularium cuticular. Ooecium vestigial, comprising a small transversely arcuate structure at the distal end of maternal zooids, displacing the distal spines such that a distolateral pair is wider apart and a mid-distal one is obliterated or indents the distal margin. Communication pore areas in many small chamber-like recesses along the base of the lateral and distal walls. Measurements. ZL, 398–569 (459) µm; ZW, 224–350 (283) µm; OpL, 300–407 (334) µm; OpW, 157–220 (191) µm. Remarks. Cauloramphus spencerjonesae n. sp. is the second of two species from Baengnyeong Island analyzed genetically and morphologically by Dick et al. (2013). Initially, the identity of this species was unclear and it was compared with Cauloramphus variegatus (Hincks, 1881), which has been recorded from the northeastern Pacific from California to Alaska. Whereas Osburn (1950) considered C. variegatus probably to be synonymous with C. spinifer, Dick & Ross (1988) considered the two species to be distinct, and considered that while Osburn's description and illustration of C. spinifer appeared instead to represent C. variegatus, various previous northeastern Pacific records that Osburn listed in his synonymy of C. spinifer were either not C. spinifer or were questionably C. spinifer, but also were not C. variegatus. Dick and Ross (1988) noted that their own material from Kodiak Island, Alaska differed from Hincks’s (1881) description and illustration. Thanks to the courtesy of Mary Spencer Jones, we have been able to examine SEM images of unbleached C. variegatus from Santa Cruz, California, the type locality. Unlike both C. spinifer and the material from Baengnyeong Island here described as new, C. variegatus has a conspicuously pustulose cryptocyst and no gymnocyst, total spine number is 8–13, and the palate of the claviform avicularium is much less oblique, thus facing more frontally. Ooecia were not discernible in the images, in which skeletal details of most zooids were concealed by membranes. None of the three slides of specimens from Santa Cruz had been designated as the holotype, so we here select NHMUK 1899.5. 1.666 from the Hincks Collection as the lectotype, and designate specimens NHMUK 1899.5.1.665 and 667 as paralectotypes. Distribution. Korea: Baengnyeong Island; low intertidal on hard substrata.

Porella donoghueorum Dick, Grischenko & Mawatari, 2005 (Figs 19���23) Porella donoghueorum Dick, Grischenko & Mawatari, 2005: 3735, fig, 12C���H (cum syn.). Material examined. NIBRIV0000325937, Yeonhwa-ri, Baengnyeong Island. Other material: Woosuk University collction���Baengnyeong Island: Junghwadong (3 colonies), Dumujin (6 colonies), Jinchon-ri (9 colonies), Yeonhwa-ri (50 colonies); mostly on rocky substrata, but also on shell and crustose coralline algae (Clathromorphum). Description. Colony encrusting, unilaminar, up to 10 mm in diameter, whitish. Zooids contiguous, arranged regularly in quincunx, more or less rounded-hexagonal, squat or only slightly elongate. Frontal shield more or less smooth, convex, rising to suboral umbonate area associated with avicularian chamber. Internal umbonuloid area of shield occupying about half shield length. Up to 8���9 relatively large areolar pores occur around the margin, fewer, larger pores apparent in older zooids. Primary orifice somewhat sunken below peristomial rim, its proximal margin with a relatively broad short, truncate convexity that simulates a lyrula but lacks alae; a short condyle evident in each proximolateral corner. Oral spines 4, relatively short, in developing zooids at colony margin, mostly becoming immersed in calcification. Median suboral avicularium set in proximal peristomial rim, rostrum rounded-triangular, with relatively large palatal foramen; crossbar complete. Avicularian chamber originating from an areolar pore on each side, the cystid with a proximal pair of pores that are retained as further calcification merges the cystid into the zooidal frontal shield. Occasional additional frontal avicularia in older part of colony. Ooecium recumbent, with membranous ectooecium and smooth skeletal endooecium, occupying about half the frontal area of the distal zooid; proximal rim of ooecium continuous with peristome as a combined secondary orifice; ooecium opening into space above primary orifice, below level of peristome. A well-developed pair of distolateral pore-chambers present. Measurements. ZL, 297���391 (332) ��m; ZW, 180���260 (220) ��m; OrL, 63���76 (71) ��m; OrW, 113���126 (120) ��m; OoL, 101���142 (113) ��m; OoW, 129���172 (152) ��m. Remarks. The species bears a striking resemblance to some species of Aimulosia Jullien, 1888 from the Australasian region, especially Aimulosia marsupium (MacGillivray, 1869) and Aimulosia costata (Powell, 1967). Prior to transferral to Aimulosia by Gordon (1989), these species had been included in Porella (Hamilton 1898; Brown 1952; Powell 1967; Gordon 1984). Gordon���s (1989) grounds for transferring MacGillivray���s species from Porella to Aimulosia were based on examination of the type species of Aimulosia, Aimulosia australis Jullien, 1888, from magellanic South America. It has a short, rounded projection in the proximal margin of the orifice (Gordon 1989, pl. 25F, G; Hayward 1995, p. 276). For this reason, Jullien (1888) included Aimulosia in the Smittinidae (as Smittidae), as did Gordon (1984, 1989). The species from the Australasian region also clearly resemble A. australis in the external appearance of the frontal shield and ooecium. Indeed, Waters (1904) believed MacGillivray���s species was identical. They are not, but they are clearly morphologically similar. Subsequently, Gordon et al. (2009) included Aimulosia in the Buffonellodidae Gordon & d���Hondt, 1997, characterized by a lepralioid frontal shield and the same external characters that are also seen in A. australis. Although Buffonellodes Strand, 1928 has a sinusoid orifice, the short rounded lyrulate structure in A. australis does not preclude a relationship with Buffonellodes and related genera���Berning et al. (2014) described how Pseudoflustra Bidenkap, 1898 includes both lyrulate and non-lyrulate species. The ooecium in both Porella and Aimulosia has the same structure, comprising a membranous ectooecium and a smooth imperforate endooecium, and the two genera are so close one must ask what separates them. The answer is, the frontal shield, which is lepralioid in Aimulosia (Buffonellodidae) and umbonuloid in Porella (Bryocryptellidae), the latter noted by (Hayward & Ryland 1999). The interior of the frontal shield in A. australis, A. marsupium and Buffonellodes rimosa Jullien, 1888 (the type species of Buffonellodes and Buffonellodidae) is lepralioid (D. Gordon, pers. observ.), whereas it is indeed umbonuloid in P. donoghueorum. But the question remains whether the type of frontal shield is adequate to separate Porella and Aimulosia, or even Bryocryptellidae and Buffonellodidae, as it is now known that some clades contain both types of frontal shield (e.g. Adeonidae and Smittinidae), with transitional forms between the two (e.g. Gordon 2000), in presumed ancestor-descendant relationships. Dick et al. (2005) described the ancestrula of P. donoghueorum, which is oval, with a transversely Dshaped orifice surrounded by eight spines., Published as part of Min, Bum Sik, Seo, Ji Eun, Grischenko, Andrei V. & Gordon, Dennis P., 2017, Intertidal Bryozoa from Korea ��� new additions to the fauna and a new genus of Bitectiporidae (Cheilostomata) from Baengnyeong Island, Yellow Sea, pp. 451-470 in Zootaxa 4226 (4) on page 461, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4226.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/265060, {"references":["Dick, M. H., Grischenko, A. V. & Mawatari, S. F. (2005) Intertidal Bryozoa (Cheilostomata) of Ketchikan, Alaska. Journal of Natural History, 39, 3687 - 3784.","Jullien, J. (1888) Bryozoaires. Mission Scientifique du Cap Horn 1882 - 1883, 6 (Zoologie 3), 1 - 92, 15 pls.","MacGillivray, P. H. (1869) Descriptions of some new genera and species of Australian Polyzoa; to which is added a list of species found in Victoria. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, 9, 126 - 148","Powell, N. A. (1967) Polyzoa (Bryozoa) - Ascophora - from north New Zealand. Discovery Reports, 34, 199 - 393, pls. 1 - 17.","Gordon, D. P. (1989) The marine fauna of New Zealand: Bryozoa: Gymnolaemata (Cheilostomida Ascophorina) from the western South Island continental shelf and slope. New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir, 97, 1 - 158.","Hamilton, A. (1898) A list of Recent and fossil Bryozoa collected in various parts of New Zealand. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 30, 192 - 199.","Brown, D. A. (1952) The Tertiary Cheilostomatous Polyzoa of New Zealand. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London, xii + 405 pp.","Gordon, D. P. (1984) The marine fauna of New Zealand: Bryozoa: Gymnolaemata from the Kermadec Ridge. New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir, 91, 1 - 198.","Hayward, P. J. (1995) Antarctic Cheilostomatous Bryozoa. Oxford, Oxford University Press. xi + 355 pp.","Waters, A. W. (1904) Bryozoa. Resultats du Voyage du S. Y. ' Belgica', Zoologie, 4, 1 - 114, 9 pls.","Gordon, D. P. (2009) New bryozoan taxa from a new marine conservation area in New Zealand, with a checklist of Bryozoa from Greater Cook Strait. Zootaxa, 1987, 39 - 60.","Strand, E. (1928) Miscellanea nomenclatorica zoologica et paleontologica. Arkiv fur Naturgeschichte, 92 A (8), 36 - 37.","Bidenkap, O. (1898) Bryozoen von Ost-Spitzbergen. Zoologische Ergebnisse der im Jahre 1889 auf Kosten der Bremer Geographischen Gesellschaft von Dr. Willy Kukenthal und Dr. Alfred Walter ausgefuhrten Expedition nach Ost- Spitzbergen. Zoologische Jahrbucher. Abtheilung fur Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Thiere, 10, 609 - 639, pl. 25.","Hayward, P. J. & Ryland, J. S. (1999) Cheilostomatous Bryozoa. Part 2. Hippothooidea - Celleporoidea. Synopses of the British Fauna, New Series, 14, 1 - 416.","Gordon, D. P. (2000) Towards a phylogeny of cheilostomes? morphological models of frontal wall / shield evolution. In: Herrera Cubilla, A. & Jackson, J. B. C. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 11 th International Bryozoology Association Conference. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institution, Panama City, pp. 17 - 37."]}

Woosukia subhexagona (Ortmann, 1890) (Figs 8, 9) Schizoporella subhexagona Ortmann, 1890: 51, pl. 4, fig. 3. Schizobrachiella subhexagona: Harmer, 1957: 1026 (part); Hirose, 2010: 128, pl. 219A���E. Material examined. MBRBKSP032, Udo Island, Jeju-do, 21 December 2015, 20��� 25 m, collected by H.J. Yang and B.S. Min. Description. Colony encrusting, unilaminar, up to 30 mm or more in diameter. Zooids subhexagonal, arranged in regular quincunx, rounded distally, truncate or with a rounded or angled margin proximally. Frontal shield dimpled by numerous evenly distributed simple pseudopores that continue as a double or triple row around the orifice; a small area just proximal to the sinus may be devoid of pores; 78���102 (mean 93) frontal-shield pseudopores in zone of astogenetic repetition. Orifice nearly circular, or a little wider than long, the large anter curving on both sides towards obliquely sloping ���shoulders��� on which are set long narrow condyles with a slightly sinuous profile; sinus shallow and rounded, occupying about a third of the width of the proximal orificial margin. No oral spines. No avicularia. Ooecium large, generally as wide as an autozooid, occupying a considerable part of the distal zooid; the maternal orifice much wider, and a little longer, than autozooidal orifices. Female zooid about as wide and as long as an autozooid but with a shorter frontal shield suborally, the shield perforated as in autozooids. Ooecial skeletal surface endooecial, densely and variably perforated by generally irregularly shaped pseudopores, these a little larger toward to ooecial periphery, where the boundary is marked by a thin line where the membranous ectooecium attaches. Ancestrula not seen. Measurements. ZL 560���703 (622) ��m, ZW 393���521 (474) ��m; OL 184���221 (202) ��m, OrW 191���223 (203) ��m; ♀ OrL 144���201 (198) ��m, ♀ OrW 269���325 (291) ��m; OoL 347���423 (386) ��m, OoW 390���490 (378) ��m. Remarks. At least two other species have been confused with W. subhexagona, but which are very likely congeneric. Harmer (1957) illustrated material from Sumbawa, Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia. If his illustrations are accurate, then this material is clearly a different species, having far fewer frontal-shield pseudopores (c. 60) and, as also mentioned in the description, a central (not merely suboral) imperforate area. Harmer (1957) noted that Ortmann (1890) illustrated pores all over the frontal shield of specimens from Sagami Bay, and this is certainly the case in lectotype material illustrated by Hirose (2010) from D��derlein���s collection. The material from Indonesia also differs in the porosity of the ooecium, having radial slit-like pores arranged around the periphery. Since Harmer mentioned other material from Indonesia that showed an intermediate or mixed expression of ooecial pores, perhaps the radial slits are found in older ooecia or maybe yet another species is involved. In an encyclopedia of fauna from Japan, Mawatari (1965) depicted an ooecium like that in material from Indonesia, but his stylized drawing looks like it may have been adapted from Harmer (1957). Wass & Yoo (1983) illustrated a similar type of ooecium in material from the southern Australian continental shelf. Although having radial slits, the ooecium has a broad proximofrontal band of smooth ectooecium. The autozooidal frontal shield has only about 40 pseudopores, as well as a centrally imperforate area. Given the morphological differences among these forms and the unlikelihood of the same species being distributed from Honshu to southern Australia, especially since there is no record of invasive ability, it seems that at least three species are involved. Distribution. Korea: Jeju Island region; Japan: Sagami Bay and Sagami Sea; 20���270 m on hard substrata., Published as part of Min, Bum Sik, Seo, Ji Eun, Grischenko, Andrei V., Lee, Sang-Kyu & Gordon, Dennis P., 2017, Systematics of some calloporid and lacernid Cheilostomata (Bryozoa) from coastal South Korean waters, with the description of new taxa, pp. 471-486 in Zootaxa 4226 (4) on pages 477-479, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4226.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/265083, {"references":["Ortmann, A. (1890) Die Japanische Bryozoenfauna. Bericht uber die von Herrn Dr. L. Doderlein im Jahre 1880 - 81, gemachten Sammlungen. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 56, 1 - 74, 4 pls.","Harmer, S. F. (1957) The Polyzoa of the Siboga Expedition. Part 4. Cheilostomata Ascophora. II. Siboga Expeditie, 28 d, xv, 641 - 1147, pls 42 - 74.","Hirose, M. (2010) Cheilostomatous Bryozoa (Gymnolaemata) from Sagami Bay, with notes on bryozoan diversity and faunal changes over the past 130 years. PhD Dissertation, Department of Natural History Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.","Mawatari, S. (1965) Bryozoa. In: Okada, Y., Uchida, S. & Uchida, T. (Eds.), New Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Fauna of Japan. Tokyo, Hokuryu-Kan Publishing Co. Ltd. pp. 585 - 626. [In Japanese]","Wass, R. E. & Yoo, J. J. (1983) Cheilostome Bryozoa from the southern Australian continental shelf. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 34, 303 - 354."]}

Suhius rubescentis (Liu in Liu, Yin & Ma, 2001) (Figs 27���30) Hippoporella hippopus: Androsova 1959: 64, pl. 2, fig. 11; Huang 1994: 616. (Non Smitt, 1868b). Hippothyris rubescentis Liu in Liu, Yin & Ma, 2001: 579, pl. 44, figs 3, 4. Material examined. MBRBKSP030���Jinchon-ri, Baengnyeong Island. Other material: Woosuk University collection���Baengnyeong Island: Hwadong (2 colonies), Junghwadong (54 colonies), Dumujin (7 colonies), Jinchon-ri (69 colonies), Gobongpo (10 colonies), Yeonhwa-ri (53 colonies); mostly on rocky substrata, but also on crustose coralline algae (Clathromorphum). Description. Colony encrusting, unilaminar, up to 80 mm in maximum breadth, beige to orange in life. Autozooids more or less elongate-rectangular and somewhat parallel-sided to weakly elongate-pentagonal, arranged regularly in quincunx with distinct slightly raised margins. Orifice hoof-shaped, parallel-sided or nearly so, tending to be slightly wider proximad, the two parts of the orifice delimited by a pair of stout articular condyles that are slightly curved in a proximal direction. No oral spines. Frontal shield centrally imperforate, 6���10 areolar septular pores along each lateral margin, developing weak ribbing between the pores; this ribbing extending onto the frontal shield, converging near its center at one or more short tubercles or umbones that develop concurrently as loci of secondary calcification. Multiporous mural septula present in lateral walls. Ooecium relatively large and prominent, acleithral; the ectooecium initially smooth with 4���6 scattered pores, its surface rapidly becoming encroached upon by a thin layer of secondary calcification contributed by adjacent zooids, the boundaries between the contributions marked by thin raised lines; further calcification results in short tubercles and other irregularities. Avicularia adventitious, varying in shape, size and orientation. Autozooids in the zone of astogenetic repetition may lack avicularia or a lateral-oral avicularium may develop on one side of the orifice; this expands laterally away from the orifice to a thin, rounded rostral rim, the palatal foramen separated from the avicularian opesia by a very thin crossbar. In some zooids this avicularium may be replaced by a larger avicularium subjacent to the orifice; its rostrum is directed obliquely frontally and is acutely triangular with a slightly elevated tip; the crossbar is thin. In the zone of reproductive zooids, larger such avicularia develop on the frontal shield, proximal or centrally, and vary in orientation. Measurements. ZL, 398���496 (448) ��m; ZW, 221���342 (276) ��m; OrL, 115���130 (124) ��m; OrW, 121���139 (128) ��m; AvL, 59���69 (64) ��m/ AvW, 64���66 (65) ��m (small rounded avicularium); AvL, 81���108 (95) ��m/ AvW, 62���85 (76) ��m (larger acute avicularium); OoL, 202���214 (209) ��m; OoW, 249���267 (275) ��m. Remarks. Liu et al. (2001) described the ancestrula and early astogeny. The ancestrula is tatiform, with a subcircular opesia occupying two-thirds of the frontal area and surrounded by 10 marginal spines. Periancestrular zooids have 4���5 oral spines. Hippoporidra daedala Gontar, 1982 from the Kurile Islands has features that may ally it with Suhius n. gen. Her line drawing of the species shows a similar office, frontal shield and placement of avicularia, but no fully formed ooecia. What she described as ���triangular structures on the proximal surface��� (one illustrated) are apparently incipient ooecia in the process of forming. Distribution. Liu et al. (2001) recorded this species from the coastal waters of China south of the city of Huangdao, north to the northern Yellow Sea (Korea Bay), from at least 5 m to 60 m depth. [One of their datum points seems to be in error as the coordinates, well within Korean waters, do not coincide with the stated depth of 4 m.] Androsova (1959) reported it (as Hippoporella hippopus) from the Qingdao area. It is not surprising that it should be found at Baengnyeong Island, where it is common intertidally., Published as part of Min, Bum Sik, Seo, Ji Eun, Grischenko, Andrei V. & Gordon, Dennis P., 2017, Intertidal Bryozoa from Korea ��� new additions to the fauna and a new genus of Bitectiporidae (Cheilostomata) from Baengnyeong Island, Yellow Sea, pp. 451-470 in Zootaxa 4226 (4) on page 465, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4226.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/265060, {"references":["Liu, X., Yin, X. & Ma, J. (2001) Biology of Marine-Fouling Bryozoans in the Coastal Waters of China. Science Press, Beijing, 860 pp.","Androsova, E. I. (1959) Bryozoan fauna of the Yellow Sea. Trudy Sovestmoi Kitaisko-Sovietskoi Morskoi Biologicheskoi Expeditsii, 3, 41 - 70, pls 1 - 3. [in Russian]","Huang, Z. (1994) Marine Species and their Distributions in China's Seas. Ocean Press, Beijing, 764 pp. + 141 pp.","Smitt, F. A. (1868 b) Kritisk forteckning ofver Skandinaviens Hafs-Bryozoer. (IV.). Ofversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps- Akademiens Forhandlingar, 25 (Supplement), 3 - 230, pls. 24 - 28.","Gontar, V. I. (1982) New species of the order Cheilostomata (Bryozoa) from the region of Kurile Islands. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 61, 543 - 553. [in Russian]"]}

Hippothoa imperforata Liu in Liu, Yin & Ma, 2001 (Figs 8���11) Hippothoa imperforata Liu in Liu, Yin & Ma, 2001: 533, 792, pl. 35, figs 4, 5 (cum syn.). Material examined. MBRBKSP029���Dumujin, Baengnyeong Island. Other material: Woosuk University collection���Baengnyeong Island: Dumujin (7 colonies), on rocky substrata; Wan Island (1 colony), on a dead bivalve shell. Description. Colony uniserial, ramifying, up to 25 mm in overall colony spread. Autozooids very elongated, comprising an elongate-oval dilatation and long filiform cauda that is stolon-like and of variable length, from 0.7 to 3 or more times dilatation length. Gymnocystal frontal shield smooth, convex but with no carina, often with fine longitudinal and transverse striae. Budding of daughter zooids generally more or less cruciform, with a pair of zooids budded laterally from narrow triangular pore-chambers, within the lateral walls, distal to the midpoint of the dilatation; budding also mid-distally. Orifice at highest point of zooid, anter high-arched, with a broad, deep, rounded V-shaped sinus one fifth of orifice length, a pair of short rounded condyles in the corners between anter and sinus. Measurements. ZL 231���288, (260) ��m; ZW, 128���156 (142) ��m; OrL, 47���70 (59) ��m; OrW, 42���54 (48) ��m. Remarks. Female zooids were seen but inadvertently lost during preparation for SEM; they were noted by light microscopy as having an imperforate apex. Ancestrulae were not encountered. Liu et al. (2001) noted the similarity of this species with cosmopolitan Hippothoa flagellum Manzoni, 1870 and concluded that previous records of H. flagellum in the region pertained to H. imperforata. He noted that, whereas the ancestrula of H. flagellum is kenozooidal, that in H. imperforata is tatiform. Further, H. flagellum has a narrower V-shaped sinus (Morris 1980) and a single mid-distal communication pore (Gordon 1984), whereas the sinus of H. imperforata is more rounded and there are two distal communication pores (Liu et al. 2001). Distribution. China: Southeast of Hainan to the East China Sea southwest of Kyushu, Japan, 4��� 139 m. Korea: Baengnyeong Island to south coast, 0��� 80 m., Published as part of Min, Bum Sik, Seo, Ji Eun, Grischenko, Andrei V. & Gordon, Dennis P., 2017, Intertidal Bryozoa from Korea ��� new additions to the fauna and a new genus of Bitectiporidae (Cheilostomata) from Baengnyeong Island, Yellow Sea, pp. 451-470 in Zootaxa 4226 (4) on page 457, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4226.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/265060, {"references":["Liu, X., Yin, X. & Ma, J. (2001) Biology of Marine-Fouling Bryozoans in the Coastal Waters of China. Science Press, Beijing, 860 pp.","Manzoni, A. (1870) Bryozoi fossili italiani. Terza contribuzione. Sitzungsberichte der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Abt. 1, 60, 930 - 944, pls. 1 - 4.","Morris, P. A. (1980) The bryozoan family Hippothoidae (Cheilostomata-Ascophora) with emphasis on the genus Hippothoa. Allan Hancock Monographs in Marine Biology, 10, 1 - 115.","Gordon, D. P. (1984) The marine fauna of New Zealand: Bryozoa: Gymnolaemata from the Kermadec Ridge. New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir, 91, 1 - 198."]}

Retevirgula asiana n. sp. (Figs 4���7) Material examined. Holotype: MBRBKSP031, RV Kuklipgongwon-yeoungu 1 Station I3, 34.1585�� N, 126.7689�� E, 29 July 2016, 42 m, west of Cheongsan Island (Cheongsando). Etymology. Derivative of the old Latin name Asia, the region east of Europe. Description. Colony encrusting, unilaminar, reticulate, up to 10 mm in diameter. Autozooids more or less elongate-oval, highly disjunct, arranged in quincunx, with 8���12 tubular connections to adjacent autozooids and/or heterozooids leaving large spaces between them. Gymnocyst most developed proximally, with lateral walls sloping steeply to substratum. Cryptocyst extremely narrow, smooth, the inner margin weakly scalloped between adjacent spine bases. 10���14 articulated periopesial spines, the 4 distalmost spines more erect, the others angled steeply part way across the membranous frontal wall; spine length c. 80���135 ��m. Kenozooids mostly subvicarious, occasionally as large as an autozooid, generally abundant, of variable zooidal and opesial size, connected by 7���8 tubes to zooids, with a relatively large circular to subcircular opesia encircled by a smooth cryptocystal shelf; 0���2 frontal spines. Avicularia rare, smaller than and occupying the place of a kenozooid in a subvicarious position, longer than wide, the shape of the rim somewhat like a figure 8 but much less constricted; with elevated rostral rim and large combined foramen, no crossbar or pivot bars. Ooecium not seen. Ancestrula not seen. Measurements. ZL 341���479 (375) ��m, ZW 169���224 (203) ��m; OpL 261���286 (275) ��m, OpW 109���154 (141) ��m; AvL 70 ��m, AvW 56 ��m. Remarks. This is the first record of a species of Retevirgula in Korean waters. Mawatari & Mawatari (1980), however, illustrated three species of Retevirgula in modern Japanese seas. These were all originally described elsewhere, and conspecificity is unlikely owing to differences in geographic and temporal distribution, as well as character differences. Retevirgula areolata (Canu & Bassler, 1923), reported by Mawatari & Mawatari (1980) from Shirayama, Wakayama Prefecture, Honshu, was originally described from the Pleistocene of California. Subsequently, Kataoka (1961) identified it in the Pleistocene of southern Japan. Retevirgula periporosa (Canu & Bassler, 1928), likewise reported from Shirahama, was originally described from Cuba, Florida and the Gulf of Mexico. Subsequently, Hayami (1970) identified it in the Miocene of Hokkaido. Retevirgula triangulata (Sil��n, 1941), reported by Mawatari & Mawatari (1980) from Atami in Shizuoka prefecture, Honshu, was originally described from the Ryukyu (Bonin) Islands. Retevirgula asiana n. sp. differs from the fossil found in California and living R. areolata in having slightly fewer spines, a proportionally smaller avicularium, not found distal to an autozooid, more numerous kenozooids and larger interzooidal spaces. Retevirgula periporosa from Cuba has more spines (16���18) than R. asiana (12���14), but other characters appear similar. Based on Sil��n���s (1941) illustrations and description, R. triangulata has a proportionally larger avicularium with a circular rostral/opesial area. Of the mainland records for Japan, R. periporosa and R. triangulata, both sensu Mawatari & Mawatari (1980), have similar spine numbers to R. asiana and either could be conspecific. Curiously, neither Mawatari & Mawatari (1980) nor Sil��n (1941) mentioned interzooidal kenozooids in any of the material they described, though they must presumably have been present; perhaps some were mistaken for avicularia. In general appearance, R. asiana n. sp. appears closest to Retevirgula akdenizae Chimenz, Nicoletti & Boncambi, 1997, from the Aegean Sea area of Turkey, which has a similar-shaped avicularium. This species is the only known Retevirgula from the vast area of Europe, Africa and the Indian Ocean and may possibly be an immigrant to the Mediterranean. In spite of its similarity to R. asiana, it differs in having larger zooids (mean length 470 ��m, mean width 260 ��m) with granules on the thin cryptocystal rim; additionally, it has 13���16 periopesial spines that are longer (300���400 ��m) than in R. asiana. Avicularia are larger and may bear a spine, and the kenozooids have up to six spines. The attribution of Retevirgula to the resurrected family-rank taxon Ellisinidae (Vigneaux 1949) is explained by Gordon (in press). Inter alia, the ooecium in ellisinid genera is always associated with a heterozooid, either an avicularium or a kenozooid, both ooecial layers are calcified (some species of Retevirgula have, however, a small ectooecial foramen), and the zooidal cryptocyst is minimally developed, with no shelf. Distribution. Korea: South Sea; 42 m depth on rock., Published as part of Min, Bum Sik, Seo, Ji Eun, Grischenko, Andrei V., Lee, Sang-Kyu & Gordon, Dennis P., 2017, Systematics of some calloporid and lacernid Cheilostomata (Bryozoa) from coastal South Korean waters, with the description of new taxa, pp. 471-486 in Zootaxa 4226 (4) on pages 475-476, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4226.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/265083, {"references":["Mawatari, S. & Mawatari, S. F. (1980) Studies on Japanese anascan Bryozoa 5. Division Malacostege [sic] (3). Bulletin of the Liberal Arts and Science Course, School of Medicine of Nihon University, 8, 21 - 114.","Canu, F. & Bassler, R. S. (1923) North American later Tertiary and Quaternary Bryozoa. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 125, i - viii, 1 - 302, 47 pls.","Kataoka, J. (1961) Bryozoan fauna from the \" Ryukyu Limestone \" of Kikai-jima, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan. Science Reports of the Tohoko University, ser. 2, Geology, 32, 213 - 272, pls. 25 - 37.","Canu, F. & Bassler, R. S. (1928) Fossil and Recent Bryozoa of the Gulf of Mexico region. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 72 (14), 1 - 199, 34 pls.","Hayami, T. (1970) Miocene Bryozoa from southwest Hokkaido, Japan. Transactions and Proceedings of the Palaeontological Society of Japan, n. s., 79, 316 - 336, 2 pls.","Silen, L. (1941) Cheilostomata Anasca (Bryozoa) collected by Prof. Dr. Sixten Bock's expedition to Japan and the Bonin Islands 1914. Arkiv for Zoologi, 33 A (12), 1 - 130, 9 pls.","Chimenz, C., Nicoletti, L. & Lippi Boncambi, F. (1997) First record of the genus Retevirgula in the Mediterranean Sea, with description of R. akdenizae sp. n. (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata). Italian Journal of Zoology, 64, 279 - 282. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 11250009709356209","Vigneaux, M. (1949) Revision des Bryozoaires neogenes du Bassin d'Aquitaine et essai de classification. Memoires de la Societe Geologique de France, n. ser. 28, 1 - 153, 11 pls."]}

Crassimarginatella kumatae (Okada, 1923) (Figs 1���3) Membranipora kumatae Okada, 1923: 223, figs 19, 20. Crassimarginatella kumatae: Harmer 1926: 224; Sil��n 1941: 24, fig. 19; Androsova 1958: 105, fig. 14; Mawatari & Mawatari 1980: 62, fig. 17 (cum syn.); Hirose 2010: 31, pl. 50A, B. Crassimarginatella crassimarginata: Rho & Seo 1986: 37, pl. 3; Seo 2005: 313, pls 33B, 34; Seo 2010: 26, fig. 10. Non Membranipora crassimarginata Hincks, 1880. Material examined. NIBRIV0000325934��� RV Kuklipgongwon-yeoungu 1 stations I2, I3, J3, on small rocks and pebbles; Seogwipo, Jeju-do. Description. Colony encrusting, unilaminar, up to 42 mm in diameter. Autozooids changing in proportion from squat and more or less suboval towards the colony center, longer and more elongate-oval in outer parts of colony; contiguous, arranged in regular quincunx, the boundaries between zooids marked by thin lines in shallow furrows. Gymnocyst smooth, moderately developed proximally, narrowing laterally and especially distally. Cryptocyst narrow, granular, of even width around the entire opesia. Periancestrular zooids with 4���5 slender spines, these rapidly diminishing in number to 2 on many zooids, with no spines on zooids in peripheral part of colony; some zooids with oral spines also have a medial spine on gymnocyst immediately proximal to cryptocyst. Avicularium subvicarious, less than half the size of an autozooid, surrounded by 4 autozooids; distal side elevated, cowl-like, proximal face steeply inclined, almost equally divided into rostral and opesial halves, separated by a robust pair of proximally angled acute condyles; proximal cryptocyst granular. Ooecium hyperstomial, ectooecium mostly membranous except for a narrow circumferential band of calcification; endooecium extensive, granular. Ancestrula tatiform, more or less circular, with large round opesia and 11 evenly spaced gymnocystal spines. Measurements. ZL 265���402 (320) ��m, ZW 152���308 (224) ��m; OpL 189���271 (214) ��m, OpW 137���179 (161) ��m; OoL 136���156 (148) ��m, OoW 152���197 (169) ��m; AvL 183 ��m, AvW 163 ��m; AnL 142 ��m, AnW 129 ��m. Remarks. Rho & Seo (1986) first recorded this species in Korean waters from Jeju Island, South Sea, as Crassimarginatella crassimarginata. This species, originally described from the Mediterranean Sea (Hincks 1880), was also reported in Japanese waters by Mawatari & Mawatari (1980), although their material is neither conspecific with C. crassimarginata nor with that from Korea���s South Sea coasts. The species reported for South Korea is C. kumatae, first described from the Straits of Korea (Okada 1923), whereas that of Mawatari & Mawatari (1980) may represent an undescribed species���it differs most notably from C. crassimarginata in having an ooecium with a membranous ectooecium and a large skeletal surface of granular endooecium. Harmelin (1973) illustrated C. crassimarginata from the Mediterranean Sea as having a skeletally smooth ectooecium with a narrow transverse slit frontally. The marked difference in the frontal appearance of the ooecium in these taxa raises the question of the scope of the genus Crassimarginatella, as noted by Gordon (2014). On the one hand, the type species of the genus, C. crassimarginata, has as mentioned above a calcified ectooecium with a transverse slit. Some other species have a similar ooecium, in which there is either a narrow slit, e.g. Crassimarginatella papulifera (MacGillivray, 1882), or a broad furrow in which a smooth narrow exposure of endooecium can be seen, e.g. Crassimarginatella vincularia Gordon, 1984. On the other hand, there is a cluster of species, predominantly in northeastern Asian waters but extending to New Zealand, which have a largely membranous ectooecium, with only a narrow peripheral band of calcification, and a large frontal exposure of granular endooecium, e.g. Crassimarginatella japonica (Ortmann, 1890), C. kumatae (Okada, 1923) and Crassimarginatella spinifera Sil��n, 1941 from the northwestern Pacific, and Crassimarginatella cucullata (Waters, 1898) from New Zealand. This latter group is cohesive morphologically although some characters vary���avicularia may have either a complete cross-bar or only pivots, and there may or may not be oral and opesial spines. Could this cluster of species, which has every appearance of being a clade of genetically related taxa, be split off from Crassimarginatella sensu stricto ? The problem is that of intermediate, or seemingly intermediate, morphological grades. For example, Crassimarginatella calva (Brown, 1952) [inadvertently named and illustrated as Crassimarginatella electra Gordon, 1984] has an ooecium in which about half the ectooecium is calcified, leaving a fairly large area of endooecium, although this is smooth, not granular. Furthermore, like C. kumatae, this species has a widely separated pair of oral spines and a median gymnocystal spine. Evolutionarily, heterochrony could account for differences in expressions of the relative amounts of calcified ectooecium vs endooecium. Avicularian morphology seems to vary independently of ooecial morphology, inasmuch as vicarious and subvicarious forms, with or without complete cross-bars, are found in species with frontal ooecial fissures or large areas of granular endooecium. Our conclusion is that, until genetic information is available for a wide variety of Crassimarginatella species, it would be premature to split off a new genus that may render Crassimarginatella paraphyletic. Distribution. Korea: South Sea coasts; Japan: Straits of Korea, Sagami Bay, Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands; 27��� 300 m on various hard substrata., Published as part of Min, Bum Sik, Seo, Ji Eun, Grischenko, Andrei V., Lee, Sang-Kyu & Gordon, Dennis P., 2017, Systematics of some calloporid and lacernid Cheilostomata (Bryozoa) from coastal South Korean waters, with the description of new taxa, pp. 471-486 in Zootaxa 4226 (4) on pages 473-475, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4226.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/265083, {"references":["Okada, Y. (1923) On a collection of Bryozoa from the Straits of Corea. Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses, 10, 215 - 234, 1 pl.","Harmer, S. F. (1926) The Polyzoa of the Siboga Expedition. Part 2. Cheilostomata Anasca. Siboga Expeditie, 28 b, viii, 181 - 501, pls. 13 - 34.","Silen, L. (1941) Cheilostomata Anasca (Bryozoa) collected by Prof. Dr. Sixten Bock's expedition to Japan and the Bonin Islands 1914. Arkiv for Zoologi, 33 A (12), 1 - 130, 9 pls.","Androsova, E. I. (1958) Bryozoa of the order Cheilostomata of the northern part of the Sea of Japan. Issledovaniya dal'nevostochnikh Morei SSSR, 5, 90 - 204. [In Russian]","Mawatari, S. & Mawatari, S. F. (1980) Studies on Japanese anascan Bryozoa 5. Division Malacostege [sic] (3). Bulletin of the Liberal Arts and Science Course, School of Medicine of Nihon University, 8, 21 - 114.","Hirose, M. (2010) Cheilostomatous Bryozoa (Gymnolaemata) from Sagami Bay, with notes on bryozoan diversity and faunal changes over the past 130 years. PhD Dissertation, Department of Natural History Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.","Rho, B. J. & Seo, J. E. (1986) A systematic study on the marine bryozoans in Cheju-do. Korean Journal of Zoology, 29, 31 - 60.","Seo, J. E. (2005) Bryozoa. Illustrated Encyclopedia of Fauna & Flora of Korea, 40, 1 - 596. [In Korean]","Seo, J. E. (2010) Bryozoa: Gymnolaemata: Cheilostomata: Inovicellata, Malacostega, Flustrina, Ascophora. Bryozoans. Invertebrate Fauna of Korea, 29 (1), 1 - 149. [In Korean]","Hincks, T. (1880) Contribution towards a general history of the marine Polyzoa. I. Madeiran Polyzoa. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 6, 6, 69 - 92, pls 9 - 11.","Harmelin, J. - G. (1973) Les Bryozoaires des peuplements sciaphiles de Mediterranee: Le genre Crassimarginatella Canu (Chilostomes Anasca). Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 14, 471 - 492.","Gordon, D. P. (2014) Apprehending novel biodiversity-fifteen new genera of Zealandian Bryozoa. Journal of The Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 94, 1597 - 1628.","MacGillivray, P. H. (1882) Descriptions of new, or little-known, Polyzoa. Part I. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, 18, 115 - 121, 1 pl.","Gordon, D. P. (1984) The marine fauna of New Zealand: Bryozoa: Gymnolaemata from the Kermadec Ridge. New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir, 91, 1 - 198.","Ortmann, A. (1890) Die Japanische Bryozoenfauna. Bericht uber die von Herrn Dr. L. Doderlein im Jahre 1880 - 81, gemachten Sammlungen. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 56, 1 - 74, 4 pls.","Waters, A. W. (1898) Observations on Membraniporidae. Journal of the Linnean Society, Zoology, 26, 654 - 693, pls. 47 - 49. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1898. tb 01741. x","Brown, D. A. (1952) The Tertiary Cheilostomatous Polyzoa of New Zealand. London, Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). xii + 405 pp."]}

Flustrellidra armata sp. nov. (Figs 2–4) Diagnosis. Colony erect, branching, bilamellar, arising from an encrusting, unilaminar basal portion, the erect flabellate lobes undulating along their margins, which are lined by kenozooids with conical spines. Autozooids elongate, arranged alternately, with subterminal transversely oval bilabiate orifice; interspersed with small kenozooids with simple, pointed spines, 1–6 along each lateral margin. Mature zooids with one to three similar kenozooids separating maternal and daughter zooids. Large, vicarious kenozooids with long spines scattered throughout colony, their spines tubular, weakly branched. Encrusting basal portion composed of spineless, inflated kenozooids of irregular shape. Type material. Holotype: NIBRIV0000100504, one intact colony, collected 30 August 1996 at rocky shore of Mijo by J. E. Seo, H. J. Kil and J. H. Yoo. Paratype: NIBRIV0000100505, one intact colony, same data as for holotype. Additional material examined. One specimen, intertidal, Mipo, 23 December 1976, collected by J. W. Lee. One specimen, intertidal, Mipo, 10 December 1981, collected by J. E. Seo. One specimen, intertidal, Samcheonpo, 23 September 1984, collected by B. J. Rho, J. H. Park, S. Shin, and J. E. Seo. Twenty-six specimens, intertidal, Mokdo, 11 August 1995, collected by J. E. Seo. Three specimens, intertidal, Mijo, 30 August 1996, collected by J. E. Seo, H. J. Kil and J. H. Yoo. Four specimens, intertidal, Sangju, 30 August 1996, collected by J. E. Seo, J. H. Yoo, and H. J. Kil. Two specimens, intertidal, Cheokdo, 13 June 1999, collected by J. E. Seo. Twenty-two specimens, intertidal, Daechilgido, 13 June 1999, collected by J. E. Seo. Thirty-three specimens, intertidal, Jangji, 18 August 2000, collected by J. E. Seo, S. J. Seo, and Y. H. Gong. One specimen, intertidal, Seosang, 3 November 2002, collected by J. E. Seo. Three specimens, intertidal, Songgo, 18 August 2000, collected by J. E. Seo, S. J. Seo, and Y. H. Gong. Three specimens, depth 10–15 m, rocky bottom, Jisimdo, 17 October 2007, collected by B. S. Min using SCUBA. Seventy-three specimens, depth 10–15 m, rocky bottom, Naedo, 17 October 2007, collected by B. S. Min using SCUBA. Fifty-three specimens, depth 10–15 m, rocky bottom, Oedo, 17 October 2007, collected by B. S. Min using SCUBA. Seventy-five specimens, depth 20 m, rocky bottom, Namyeodo, 19 October 2007, collected by B. S. Min using SCUBA. Etymology. The species name derives from the Latin armatus (protected), referring to the armament of colony provided by numerous kenozooidal spines. Description. Colony erect, branching, flexible, with numerous strap-shaped to flabellate lobes, rounded and undulate at growing margins (Fig. 2 A, B); up to 12.5 cm in height, but usually 6.5–8.5 cm; attached to substratum by encrusting, unilaminar basal plate, up to 1.4 x 2.2 cm in size. Up to 7 closely appressed stalks arranged in parallel planes can arise from single basal plate (Fig. 2 B). Branches of independent trunks mutually interlaced, giving bushy appearance to colony. Young colonies are yellowish, grayish, or pale brown, with whitish zone comprising 3–5 generations of developing zooids on periphery of terminal branches. Mature colonies brownish to flesh-coloured, with dark-brown to reddish fringing zone of marginal kenozooids along entire periphery, except for stalk. Branches slender, 5–17 mm wide, 1.1–1.8 mm thick (without spines). Lobes bilamellar without interposed medullary kenozooidal layer. Zooids oval to rounded-rectangular, elongate, arranged alternately in distinct series. Grooves distinct between young zooids, when not occupied by kenozooids (Fig. 4 A). Frontal surface smooth, inflated, semitransparent, yellowish to brownish, chitinous. Orifice (Fig. 4 B) subterminal, raised, transversely elongate, bilabiate, roughly oval to rectangular in outline, with thickened, chitinous proximal labium, brown in color. Along each lateral zooidal margin are small kenozooids with circular to oval base and a sharp simple spine directed upwards or slightly tilted toward zooid. Young zooids (Fig. 4 A, B) have 1–2 pairs of distal kenozooids, each with a sharp spine pointing upwards, flanking orifice; 1–3 similar kenozooids successively developing more proximally along each lateral margin (Fig. 4 C, D). Zooids in mature colony regions (Fig. 4 E, F) interspersed with single or double series of 4–6 kenozooids each, with parallel or alternating arrangement and with pointed, straight or slightly tilted spines; in addition, there are 1–3 small kenozooids, each with a minute, slightly curved spine, between maternal and daughter zooids. Thus, old zooids can be entirely surrounded by small kenozooids. With age and increasing chitinization, all kenozooidal spines acquire a dark-brown color that contrasts with the zooidal surface. Large vicarious kenozooids scattered throughout colony, these oval, hexagonal, or rhombic in shape with strongly convex frontal surface (Fig. 3 B); occasionally arranged as compact groups in limited areas on colony surface (Fig. 3 A). A hollow, tubular spine (Fig. 3 A–C, F, G), dark brown in color, sharply contrasting with brownish colony surface, originates from center of each vicarious kenozooid. Spines straight to slightly curved in middle, orientated vertically or tilted slightly distally or distolaterally. Majority of spines weakly branching terminally into 2–5 short spurs, without secondary branches; some lack distinct ramifications and have a slightly pointed or blunt tip. Most spines gradually taper from base to tip, but some are enlarged in middle and appear spindle-shaped; others are entirely elongate-cylindrical. Occasionally, a spine narrows moderately in middle and is secondary enlarged near tip, at point of ramification. Bases of large kenozooids flanked by 2–5 minute kenozooids along each lateral margin, each with short, pointed spine directed laterally and upwards. Marginal kenozooids very irregular in shape and size, arranged along entire lateral and terminal margins of branches (Fig. 3 D–F). At terminal end of growing branches, kenozooids fringe the zone of developing zooids (Fig. 3 B). Along margins, kenozooids of opposite layers develop complementarily, side by side (Fig. 3 D), and partly overlap each other; each has a conical spine with pointed tip, oriented 20–80 ° from frontal plane. Encrusting basal plate and stalk of colony (Fig. 4 G, H) composed entirely of inflated kenozooids that are hexagonal, oval, roughly quadrangular, or irregular in shape, with distinct raised boundaries, not intercalated with small, spinous kenozooids. Polypide with 18 tentacles. Measurements. ZL, 0.62–1.03 (0.81 ± 0.09). ZW, 0.32–0.51 (0.39 ± 0.05). OrL, 0.14–0.23 (0.18 ± 0.02). OrW, 0.27–0.35 (0.31 ± 0.02). Kz(s)L, 0.05–0.20 (0.12 ± 0.04). Kz(s)W, 0.04–0.15 (0.09 ± 0.03). Kz(l)L, 0.45–0.83 (0.64 ± 0.12). Kz(l)W, 0.35–0.58 (0.45 ± 0.06). Kz(m)L, 0.22–0.43 (0.31 ± 0.07). Kz(m)W, 0.18– 0.35 (0.27 ± 0.06). Kz(bp)L, 0.37–0.63 (0.51 ± 0.07). Kz(bp)W, 0.26–0.43 (0.33 ± 0.05). Kzs(s)L, 0.13–0.42 (0.25 ± 0.09). Kzs(l)L, 0.67–1.62 (1.19 ± 0.27). Kzs(m)L, 0.30–0.97 (0.53 ± 0.19). Remarks. Flustrellidra armata most resembles its Japanese congener F. stolonifera (Okada, 1921) in having a similar erect, branching, strap-shaped colony form; zooids interspersed by small lateral kenozooids with sharp, simple spines; and very large vicarious kenozooids bearing tubular branching spines. However, F. armata differs from the latter in the following combination of characters: (1) the number of minute, spiny kenozooids separating neighboring zooids along the lateral margins successively increases in F. a r m a t a with age from one or two to five or six, whereas F. stolonifera has only one pair of angular kenozooids flanking the orifice, and rarely one additional pair proximolaterally; (2) the double series of kenozooids between zooids in mature regions of the F. a r m a t a colony is absent in F. stolonifera; (3) the proximal kenozooids that separate maternal and daughter zooids of F. a r m a t a have not been reported in F. stolonifera; (4) branch margins of F. armata are fringed along their whole length with marginal kenozooids having a conical spines, while the margins are edged with spineless zooids in F. stolonifera; (5) spines of the vicarious kenozooids of F. a r m a t a are scarcely branched and only at the very tip, without secondary ramification, whereas the homologous spines in F. stolonifera are divided into two to six tine-like branches (see Okada 1921, text-fig. 1; Mawatari 1953, text-fig. 3). An eastern-Pacific species, F. s p i n i f e r a (O’Donoghue & O’Donoghue, 1923), also forms erect colonies, having strap-shaped bilamellar lobes and large kenozooids with long, sparsely branched spines (holotype specimen illustrated by d’Hondt 1983, pls 1, 2), some of which are superficially similar to those in F. a r m a t a. However, the spine branches are always longer and the ramification is deeper than in the vicarious kenozooidal spines of F. armata. In addition, all kenozooids of F. spinifera are of the same type, located distally to each zooid, whereas in F. a r m a t a large vicarious kenozooids are scattered over the colony surface and small, circular kenozooids with a simple spine are always present. Ecology. The majority of colonies of F. a r m a t a collected intertidally support a diverse association of other sessile benthic forms. Most colonies observed were covered with hydroids, sponges, tubes of sabellid polychaetes, barnacles, ascidians, brachiopods, green and red algae (including articulate coralline algae), and other bryozoans, including species of Lichenopora, Alcyonidium, Cauloramphus, Figularia, Hippothoa, Watersipora, Fenestrulina, Microporella, Pacificincola, Celleporaria, and Celleporina. Among the bryozoans, colonies of Celleporaria were the most frequent and abundant, forming thick nodules around the branch stems of F. a r m a t a. Occasionally, errant polychaetes, pycnogonids, and the shells of juvenile gastropods and oysters were noticed between the appressed branch trunks of colonies. We observed in the field that populations of F. a r m a t a are patchy in the upper subtidal zone but have a high of coverage of substrata on rocky bottoms at depths of 10–20 m at some sites. These deeper colonies likewise provide a habitat for a variety of subtidal benthic organisms. We saw dozens of caprellid and other amphipod crustaceans associated with colonies of F. a r m a t a. The majority of colonies were densely covered by hydroids, green and red algae (both encrusting and articulate coralline algae), sponges, barnacles, tubes of sabellid polychaetes, and other bryozoans, including species of Crisia, Lichenopora, Alcyonidium, Cellaria, Beania, Catenicella, Escharoides, Pacificincola, Celleporaria, and Celleporina. In some cases, we found juvenile mytilids, oysters, decapods, errant polychaetes, and pycnogonids between branches of of F. a r m a t a colonies, and groups of small scleractinians attached to the basal region of colonies. Distribution. Flustrellidra armata is currently known along more than 300 km of the southern shoreline of the Korean Peninsula, facing the western passage of the Korea Strait, between Mipo (35 ° 36 ’ N, 129 ° 27 ’ E) in the northeast and Mokdo (34 ° 10 ’ N, 126 ° 34 ’ E) in the southwest. Accordingly, F. a r m a t a can be categorized as a Pacific-Asian, low-Boreal to Subtropical, intertidal to upper-subtidal species.