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The objective of this study was to compare the performance of four-breed combination under semiintensive management system. The experiment used 160 females and 40 males chickens as parents. Artificial insemination was performed to produce the experimental chicken of the four breed combinations (1. Sabu x Sabu, 2. Sabu x Semau, 3. Sabu x KUB, 4. Semau x KUB). The chickens were fed with chick starter crumb sad libitum from day old to 4 weeks of age. From 4-8 weeks of age, chickens were allowed to scavenge during the day, and also given commercial grower pellets + rice bran + corn (5:4:1). Combination of Sabu x KUBfrom 4-8 weeks of age were significantly heavier (P < 0.05) than the other combination breeds. Feed intake in the Sabu x KUB group was the lowest, and their weight gain was the highest among the others group(P < 0.05). The combination Sabu x KUB also had the highest egg production, and hatchability. However, the percentage of abdominal fat of Sabu x KUB were higher than others groups. In conclusion, combination Sabu x KUB had the best growth performance and egg production performance, but not for the percentage of abdominal fat.

Endoparasitic infestations tend to occur in all cattle breeding systems with different level of infection at spatial scale. This study aimed to distinguish the prevalence of endoparasites of cattle raised under intensive and semi-intensive systems at Klumpang Kebon Village, Hamparan Perak District, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Fresh dung samples were collected from 40 cattle and pre-treated with glass beads sedimentation method to obtain the endoparasite suspensions. The results showed that majority of cattle (35 out of 40) were infected by four endoparasitic species identified from the dung samples, namely Buxtonella in the class of Ciliata, Dicrocoelium, Fasciola, and Paramphistomum in the class of Trematoda with the absence of Fasciola in the semi-intensive breeding system. The percentage of infected cattle was higher in semi-intensive farm (100%. 20/20) than in intensive farm (75%. 15/20) in which the highest infestation of endoparasites were recorded from Paramphistomum (88.6%), followed by Buxtonella (65.7%), Fasciola (37.1%), and Dicrocoelium (2.8%). Most cattle were mostly found with two co-infecting endoparasites and higher percentage was recorded in semi-intensive breeding system. Based on the highest endoparasites prevalence there is a need to apply a parasitic control program to both breeding systems to prevent further infections.

This study aimed to determine the prevalence of white feces disease (WFD) infections in vannamei shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in semi-intensive ponds in Aceh Besar District, Aceh Province. The study was conducted in August 2019 in the subdistrict of Masjid Raya and Lhoong. A total of 10 sampled shrimps were randomly selected from each location. Observation of clinical symptoms of WFD infected shrimps was subjected to the intestines, hepatopancreas and feces. The results showed that the prevalence of WFD infected vannamei shrimp within subdistrict of Masjid Raya and Lhoong was 20–40%.

Selection of optimal hybrid of Pekin duck and housing system could improve yield and quality of duck meat. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of two rearing systems (intensive vs semi-intensive housing) on growth performance, carcass quality, and selected physical meat quality traits of two commercial strains of Pekin ducks. The study was performed on 240 one-day-old Pekin ducklings of two different strains (120 ducklings of STAR 53 medium hybrid and 120 ducklings of SM3 heavy hybrid) during a 49-day period. Half the birds (120) were reared in a complete confinement system on a floor (intensive system), while the remaining 120 ducks had access to land outside (semi-intensive system). Growth performance of ducks was determined by BW, weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio (FCR), carcass quality by dressing percentage, percentage of basic cuts in carcasses, and content of various tissues in basic cuts, while meat quality was determined by pH, drip loss, cooking loss, Warner-Bratzler shear force, and color (L*, a*, and b*) values. At the end of the study, SM3 heavy hybrid and STAR 53 hybrid Pekin ducks achieved similar BWs. Higher final BW and lower overall FCR were found in ducks reared in the intensive system than in ducks kept in the semi-intensive system. Higher dressing percentage, weight and percentage of breast, but also a lower percentage of back with pelvis in the carcasses were determined in SM3 hybrid ducks than in STAR 53 hybrid ducks. The strain of duck did not affect meat pH, drip loss, or L* color value. Moreover, housing system affected the physical meat quality of the ducks, since breasts from ducks reared in the semi-intensive system had higher initial meat pH, higher percentage of EZ-drip loss and cooking loss, and higher L*, a*, and b* values than did breasts from intensively-reared ducks. In conclusion, SM3 ducks were more suited for broiler production due to their better carcass quality than STAR 53 ducks. Furthermore, ducks reared in the intensive system had better growth performance results and better physical meat quality traits than did ducks from the semi-intensive system.

This study was piloted in Jimma Horro District of Kellem Wollega Zone, through the objective of evaluating smallholders’ chicken managing system of the area. An organized questionnaire and Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) approaches significant to Small holder chicken management were used to collect data. A study stayed piloted on the designated Households relating Small Holder Chicken Controlling Structure. The most leading chicken running classification in the survey part was a survival extensive method which is constructed on native and better chickens with hunting besides periodic additional breast-feeding of home-based particles then home nutrition rejections. As the views of respondent’s home chicken is basis of revenue that profits females subsequently around 99.4% poultry coverage of the District are described to be kept through females who remain supposed to be accountable for creation nearly entirely the main directions regarding chicken. About 86.7% of the respondents have no separate chicken household. Serious limitations of the smallholder chicken manufacture in the revision area were moderately due to the dominant lowly supervision observes, in specific disease, predator, absence of appropriate vigor attention, and lowly accommodation. It was decided that exertions have to be finished to move the manufacture standard to semi intensive aiming on business concerned with invention founded on searching with a universal care of facilities such as well-being, covering, delay, credit and selling to make it fruitful and supportable.

The study aimed to compare the egg production and hatchability of local ducks under different management systems, namely semi-intensive and extensive. The research conducted was an experimental one-way classification with two treatments. Each treatment used 15 male and 120 females (mating ratio 1:8), and ducks aged 13-14 months. Eggs production was recorded during three weeks period. About 300 eggs were selected from each treatment to be hatched. Fertility was observed at 4 th days of hatching process using egg candler. Data of eggs production, eggs weight, fertility, and hatchability were analyzed using unpaired two sample Student ’ s t-test. The results showed that average of egg weight, fertility and hatchability were not different under two management system, but egg production in the semi-intensive maintenance was significantly higher (P

A study was carried out on 12 male lambs of Dumbi sheep breed reared under two management systems at the Department of Livestock Management Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University Tando jam. The lambs of Dumbi breed were randomly divided into two groups i.e. group A and B (6 lambs in each group). The group A was reared under semi intensive management system (concentrate and open grazing) whereas animals in group B were kept under intensive management system (concentrate and green fodder). The experiment was lasted for (8) weeks and the observations for body weight and body conformation traits (girth, height and length) were recorded on weekly basis. The result indicated that the average body weight of lambs in group A (12.5 kg) was statistically higher (P

The study was conducted to assess some morphometrical traits and calculate structural indices of Garole rams and ewes reared at some selected villages of Joynagar, Mandirbazar and Mahishadal blocks of West Bengal (India). The results of the study indicated that the Garole sheep is reared under semi intensive condition sustaining by grazing on unimproved and degraded pasture, inundated lands or just besides the road sides. The results indicated variation across the studied locations for most of the traits studied, the variation was observed among both the rams and ewes. The observations of the structural indices indicated that most of the traits varied (P

The continued success of shrimp farming will rely on improved feed management and reductions in labor costs. Shrimp are omnivorous, eating many small meals with limited stomach capacity for food storage. Hence, increased performance may be obtained by spreading feed through multiple meals. Initial work has demonstrated that moving from two feeding per day into multiple feeding systems increases growth rate and production. Further advances have been made with on-demand (satiation) feeding systems. The goal of this work was to continue the development of standard feeding protocol's (SFP) for automatic feeding systems to maximize growth rates in semi-intensive pond production of shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. For this work a 13-week pond production trial was performed in 16, 0.1 ha outdoors ponds, stocked at a 26 shrimp/m2, and fed 1.5-mm 40% crude protein for the first four weeks, and 2.4-mm protein soy optimized feed (35% crude protein) for last nine weeks, both produced by Zeigler Inc. Four treatments including: three fixed feeding treatments of 130, 145 and 160% of a SFP (SFP + 30%, SFP + 45%, SFP + 60%, respectively) were offered using automatic timer-feeders, and a fourth treatment utilized on-demand AQ1 acoustic feeding system. No statistical differences were found between treatments for survival (ranging 75.2–81.4%) and FCR (ranging 0.96–1.11). In general, increased feed inputs resulted in higher production. The best response was with the AQ1 system which adjusted feed inputs in real time and ended up offered higher feed inputs resulting in larger shrimp and yields. Based on results of this work and previous trials, standard feeding protocols for automated systems can be developed but to date, automated feedback systems which operate in real time out perform the standardized practices.

The study aimed at determining the profile of the beef cattle farmers with semi-intensive and intensive production systems in South Konawe district. It was expected that the results of the study could be information source for stakeholders and policymakers in developing farming resources. It was conducted in July-August 2019 using participatory rural appraisal method and involved 105 farmers selected using purposive sampling and considering production system and minimum cattle ownership. Data were quantitatively described and analyzed using independent T-test. The mean age, the cattle farming experience, the number of family members, and the cattle ownership of the farmers were not significantly different. The cattle farming motivations as savings and insurance were higher among the farmers with semi-intensive production system (P

Milkfish (Chanos chanos) is a commodity that has the highest increase in consumption value, which is 24.55%. Milkfish production centers in Indonesia have developed such as in East Java, South Sulawesi, West Java, Central Java, and Southeast Sulawesi (DJPB, 2015). The technology of enlargement and seeding has been mastered and developed in the community, for example modular, semi-intensive and intensive systems. The difference in the growth of modular and semi-intensive milkfish systems has been observed in the Center for Brackish Water Aquaculture (BBPBAP) Jepara, Central Java on 19 December 2018 until 19 January 2019. Since 1 month, milkfish was observed with long, heavy growth parameters, life velocity of milkfish, and water quality. Milkfish enlargement techniques are preparation of ponds, liming, fertilization, stocking of milkfish logs, management of water quality, pest and disease control, and harvesting. Based on observations made, the growth in length and weight of milkfish develops faster using semi-intensive systems compared to modular systems. The semi-intensive system also speeds up the harvest of milkfish, which are generally 6 months to 4 months.

Eighteen post-weaned male Barbari kids (10.68±1.63 kg BW) were divided into three equal groups viz. T1, T2 and T3 to study the effects of supplementation of concentrate mixture under a semi-intensive as well as intensive system of management. The kids under T1 and T2 were allowed 5–6 h of grazing daily. Additionally, the kids were supplemented with either barley grain alone (T1, control) or a concentrate mixture (CP 18.87%, TDN 70.33%) both at 2% of BW (T2). The kids under T3, reared undertheintensive system, were fed with the same concentrate mixture as of T2 (at 2% of BW) along with gram straw and green fodder provided ad libitum. The ADG of the kids was similar (P>0.05) among the three groups. The TDN intake was significantly (P

A study was conducted to assess the behavioral repertoire of two commercial layer strains under free range (FR), semi intensive (SI) and intensive (I) rearing system. In total, 150 pullets (18 wk old) comprising two strains (Hy-line and Bovans), 75 from each, were randomly assigned to 6 treatment groups in a 2 (strain) × 3 (rearing system) factorial arrangement under a randomized complete block design (RCBD). Each treatment group was replicated 5 times with 5 birds in each. Wing flapping (WF), walking (W), jumping (J) and aggressiveness (A) parameters were evaluated. The results indicated increased wing flapping, walking and jumping behaviors in free range and more aggressive behaviors in intensive rearing system. Interaction of strains and rearing systems also showed variations (P ≤ 0.05) in behavior repertoire. In conclusion, free range rearing could be introduced as substitute for the currently used systems to ameliorate positive behavior and minimize stress on layers.

The objective of this study was to characterize the reproductive cycle both endocrinologically and behaviorally in ewes. Blood samples were analyzed by EIA for progesterone (P4), and RIA for estradiol in order to determine the breeding strategy of non-pregnant (n = 11) and pregnant (n = 9) White Karaman throughout the year in the Middle Anatolia (39.570N, 32.530W), Turkey. Estrous cycle lengths and estrous lengths were 18.36 ( 1.03 days and 35.16 ( 5.95 hours, respectively. The breeding season durations were 283 ( 63.36 days and 229.64 ( 63.74 days according to hormonal and behavioral data respectively (p ( 0.01). The highest and lowest data of estrous occurrence frequency was observed in October and June-July, respectively. P4 levels ranged from 0.01 to 9.0 ng mL-1 throughout the year and from 0.01 to 0.16 ng mL-1 during anestrous. Mean plasma estradiol levels were 8.42 ( 2.51 pg mL-1 during the estrous cycle. Postpartum anestrous durations were 134.8 ( 18.5 and 120.78 ( 29.89 days (n = 9) according to behavioral observation and hormonal data, respectively. P4 concentration for the months 1 - 5 of the gestation period ranged from 4.54 to 15.08 ng mL-1. P4 concentrations in 4th and 5th months of gestation were higher than the other months (p ( 0.01). White Karaman reproductive activity is characterized by an extended breeding season and their relatively insensitivity to photoperiod stimulation allows for efficient out of season lamb production. RESUMO. O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar o ciclo reprodutivo, endocrinológico e o comportamento de ovelhas Karaman. Análises de sangue foram analisadas pelo EIA para progesterona (P4) e RIA para estradiol para determinar as estratégias de reprodução do Karaman Branca de não gestantes (n = 11) e de gestantes (n = 9) durante o todo o ano, em Anatólia, Turkia. O Ciclo estral e a duração do estro foram 18.36 ( 1.03 dias e 35.16 ( 5.95 horas, respectivamente. As durações da época de reprodução foram de 283 ( 63.36 e 229.64 ( 63.74 dias de acordo com os dados hormonais e comportamentais, respectivamente (p ( 0.01). Os maiores e menores dados de frequência do estro ocorreram em outubro e junho-julho, respectivamente. Os níveis de P4 variaram de 0.01 para 9.0 ng ML-1 ao longo do ano e 0.01 - 0.16 ng mL-1 durante o cio. Níveis médios do plasma de estradiol foram 8.42 ( 2.51 pg mL-1 durante o ciclo estral. As durações do pós-parto foram de 134.8 ( 18.5 dias e 120.78 ( 29.89 dias (n = 9) de acordo com a observação do comportamento e os dados hormonais, respectivamente. Concentrações de P4 durante os meses 1 até o 5 do período de gestação variou de 4.54 para 15.08 ng mL-1. Concentrações de P4 no quarto e quinto mês de gestação foram maiores do que nos outros meses (p < 0.01). A atividade reprodutiva do White Karaman é caracterizada por um período de reprodução estendido e relativa insensibilidade à estimulação do fotoperíodo permite a produção eficiente de cordeiros fora de época.

This stu d y w a s to know the e f f e c t of the B ull on conception r a te a nd birth w e i g ht of B a li c a t t le r a i s e d with s e m i - in t e nsivel y . This stu d y uses a n entir e l y r a ndom iz e d d e si g n ( CR D ) w i t h fo u r t r ea t m e nts wi t h unb a lan c e d a ta. The survey c ondu c ted duri n g a thr e e m o nths p e riod of D ec e mber 2012 to Fe b r u a r y 2 013, a t the L a b o r a to r y of b ee f c a t t le P rodu c t i on, Fac ul t y of Animal S c ien ce , H a s a nuddin Univ e rsi t y , M a k a s s a r. Mat e ri a ls o f the stu d y w ere a s four bul l s of d a ms B a li c a t t le with a ge from 2.5 to 4 y e a rs,12 B a li cows, a nd 55 ca lv e s born f r om 2005 t hrough 2012. The a ni m a ls hous e throughout the y ea r a nd th e y w e re e x ercise a nd g r a z in g , a ppro x i m a te l y 4 hours in the d a yt i me u nt i l a ft e rnoon. I n the h o us e , the a ni m a ls w e re f e d usi n g elephant g ra ss, a ddi t ional f e e d ( ri c e b r ian ) , s a lt, a n d w a ter a dl i bi t u m . The r e sul t s of th i s stu d y show e d t h a t conception r a t e a nd ca lv i ng r a te of B a li cattle r a ised s e m i - in t e nsive w a r e 95 . 62% a nd 86.25% r e sp e c t i v e l y . The a v e rage b irth w e i g ht w a s 13 , 06 k g . I t ca n be c o n c luded that t h e conception r a te a nd birth w e i g ht is a f fec t e d b y them al e s, while the ca lv i ng r a te no sign i fi ca nt e f f e c t of B ul l .

Artemia biomass and cysts can be produced in intensive as well as semi-intensive and extensive conditions. Intensive production is performed in indoor tank systems under completely controlled conditions. The fertilization program in Artemia ponds needs to be adjusted to optimize the availability of phytoplankton. In fertilized ponds, operated under optimal conditions sexual maturity may already be attained 7 to 10 days after inoculation. In pond systems, cyst production is often observed when the population is exposed to high salinities. Strain selection can be based on the available data of growth and production performance, reproductive characteristics, anion concentration tolerance, and especially temperature/salinity tolerance. Successful production of Artemia in seasonal solar-salt fields involves minor pond modifications to increase the water depths in the future Artemia ponds to a minimum level of about 40 to 50 cm. Most artisanal saltfarms are designed to permit intake of sea water by tide.

A study was conducted to evaluate the influence of three lighting programs (23L: 1D), (18L: 6D), and (12L: 12D) on live weight changes of American Bronze turkeys by Profile analysis technique. The F-statistics and Wilk’s Lamba statistics for testing group-response interaction or similar profiles suggested that there was a significant interaction effect (p

The aim of this study was to assess the accumulation and seasonal variations of 20 toxic and trace elements in the abdominal and dorsal muscle (DM), liver and gut contents (GCs) of Cyprinus carpio, and in the sediments and zooplankton from semi-intensive aquaculture ponds during a six-month production season (from May to October). Sediments showed the highest concentrations of the measured elements, followed by zooplankton, fish GCs and livers, while the lowest levels were present in fish muscles. Correspondence analysis revealed that the elemental composition of the fish GCs was mostly similar to that of the sediment and zooplankton. The element concentrations of carp liver and muscles were more similar to each other. Overall, the results indicate that fish liver was the main target organ accumulating Cu, Se and Zn, regardless of their initial amounts in the environment. A seasonal decrease of a range of elements in fish liver (Al, Co, Fe, Li, Mn, Ni, Pb and Sr) was evident towards the end of the investigation period. In addition, the fish DM showed a seasonal accumulation of Sr and Li. However, toxic elements i.e. As, B, Ba Hg and V did not show such a seasonal variation, and were evenly distributed between fish liver and muscles. The concentrations of some elements, such as As, in fish tissues were similar or even higher than in literature data from polluted sites, but none of them exceeded the maximum acceptable concentrations prescribed by Serbian legislation or by FAO or EU regulation.

The poultry industry has an important position in the provision of animal protein (meat and egg) to man and plays a vital role in the national economy as a source of revenue. Ectoparasites received little attention in almost all the production systems. Thus, the study was conducted in 2014 with the objectives to estimate prevalence and species of chicken ectoparasites, their predilection sites and to assess potential risk factors associated with their infestation. The present study shows that the prevalence of various ectoparasites in both local and exotic chicken that are reared under both extensive and semi intensive management systems, in eastern Hararghe, Haramaya district. The direct stereomicroscopic identification of poultry ectoparasites identified five species of parasites belonging to the orders of Acarina, Arachnida, Sinophthera and Phthinapthera. The overall prevalence of the ectoparasites in freely scavenging chicken in Haramaya district was 55.47%, which may hinder the productivity of the subsector. Hence, awareness creation should be made to producers to put in place better control and preventive measures to gain the expected output from the growing sector.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feeding behavior of sheep Santa Ines in semi-intensive farming system, fed concentrated and bulky. The experiment was conducted at Fazenda entanglement Latitude, 4th 45'15. 50' '5 S, Longitude 440° 00' 54 85'' The Cajazeiras in district 45 km from the city of Codo - MA. 12 aged male sheep were used at the beginning of the experiment between 4-5 months and at the end with 5-6, which were previously weighed and wormed (Allpar), divided into pasture and housed in open shed, covered with ceramic tiles and concrete floor with individual stalls of 12.00 m2 each, equipped with feeder and drinker. The mass bit and bit rate was no significant difference between treatments, and the supplementation showed a higher average (p

The present study was carried out to investigate the status of different reproductive parameters of Black Bengal in a rural area of Mukterpur under Charghat Upazilla of Rajshahi district during the period of July to December/2012. A total of 200 Black Bengal goats under both semi-intensive (n=100) and extensive condition (n=100) were selected on the basis of age, weight, body shape and conformation. The average age at puberty was 197.82±12.58 days and age at first conception was 292.96±0.50 days under semi-intensive condition whereas 208.82±12.60 days and 287.65±0.52 days under extensive condition. Age at first kidding was 448.26±25.48 days under semi-intensive condition whereas under extensive condition it was 450.07±22.43 days. Average litter size in the first, second and third parity was 1.06, 1.76 and 1.96, respectively under semi-intensive condition whereas under extensive condition, these were 1.01, 1.76 and 1.96, respectively. The average kidding interval of goats under semi-intensive and extensive conditions were 190.2±20 and 178.23±.50 days, respectively and the difference between these two was statistically significant (p

Stocking density is considered one of the important factors affecting fish growth. The study was aimed to compare the growth parameters of Vietnamese Koi (Anabas testudineus ) at various stocking densities. The experiment was carried out during the period from 01 September to 30 November 2014. Three stocking densities were used as 150, 250 and 350 fries/dec and designated as treatment T 1 , T 2 and T 3 respectively each having two replicates. The average size of each pond was 33 decimal with an average depth of 5 feet. Quality fish feed was used three times daily throughout the culture period. From this experiment, it was found that the highest net profit was BDT 32,690 in T 1 followed by BDT 36,104 in T 2 and BDT 38,450 in T 3 . That time the market price was BDT 130/kg fish. Culture of Vietnamese koi at stocking density (150 fish/dec) showed higher benefit in short period of time. The benefit cost ratio was 1.7, 1.63 and 1.56 in T 1 , T 2 and T 3 , respectively. From the present experiment, it was found that the total production was increased with the increase of stocking density. But the individual fish growth rate was decreased with the increase of stocking density. Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.2(2): 335-341, August 2015

Thirty six ejaculates from 6 adult Barbari bucks (2–4 years old) maintained at C.I.R.G under semi intensive management system were used to find out the freezability of buck semen at different levels of vitamin C (0.0 μM, 45.42 μM, 56.78 μM, 68.13 μM) by conventional method of freezing. The ejaculates were collected twice at weekly intervals by artificial vagina. The semen samples were diluted with tris–citric acid fructose diluents having 10% (v/v) egg yolk and 6% (v/v) glycerol as cry protectant agent. The semen samples were extended to maintain sperm concentration approximately 100–120 million per dose. Filling and sealing of straws were done at 5 °C in cold handling cabinet after 4 h of equilibration period, then straws were vapour frozen for 10 min above 2 cm of liquid nitrogen and finally stored into liquid nitrogen container. Post thaw motility, live sperm count, abnormalities, acrosomal integrity and hypo osmotic swelling test were conducted to check the freezability. Post thaw motility, live sperm count, acrosomal intergrity and hypo osmotic swelling positive spermatozoa differed significantly among groups and they were the highest in 1% group. The result indicated that vitamin C at the level of 56.78 μM can be used as an antioxidant in semen diluter in routine freezing process for better post thaw recovery of buck semen.

The purpose of this article was to examine the performance Simental cattle and crossbreed ongol (CO) in Fattening Beef Cattle Semi Intensive Systems Based Cassava Waste. Research was to use of 10 heifer divided into two groups; simental and crossbreed ongol (CO) strain. Heifer were given feed treated with the main feed ingredient cassava waste of skin and combined with the concentrate. The research that was heifer simental better response in Fattening Beef Cattle Semi Intensive System for the increase of body weight 43.7 kg and average daily gain 0.73 crossbreed ongol (CO) 33.3 kg and 0.59 Average daily gain. In this study Simental cows have a better response in feedlot beef cattle kereman system using cassava peel waste as compared to cow's main food ingredients hybrid ongol.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v13i1.23961Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2015). 13 (1): 53-56

The study was aimed to determine the income for semi intensive native chicken farming and todetermine the factors influence it. The study was conducted by survey method and direct interview usingquestionnaire to 35 members of farmers group “Poyuyanan” in Poyowa Besar Village, SouthKotamobagu Dstrict North Sulawesi Province. Data were analyzed by using descriptive and quantitativeanalysis using multiple regression analysis of Cobb-Douglass model. The result showed that farmer withan average ownership of 8 hens could obtain income equivalent to 37.9 kg of rice per month. Theregression analysis showed that altogether the dependent variables had effect to income as much 81.2%(R2 = 0.821). Partially variables that could increase farmers’ income were hatching rate, number ofproductive hen, cost of production and number of eggs hatched. Mortality was the only variable thatdecreased farmers’ income. Cost of production in semi intensive native chicken farming which mainlyfor buying feed could increase the production and income for farmers that in turn would support foodavailability of rural communities in Poyowa Besar Villages

To establish the sustainable aquaculture practices of climbing perch koi, Anabas testudineus experiments were conducted for a rearing period of 100 days in nine earthen ponds having an area of 0.35 ha each. The fry was stocked at 0.1976, 0.2470, and 0.2964 million ha−1 in different farms of Mymensingh district, Bangladesh for treatment T1, T2 and T3. Fish fries having 1.82 ± 0.01 cm in length and 1.52 ± 0.04 g in weight were considered for experimentations initially. Under favourable conditions yield rate was noted highest in treatment T1 and lowest in treatment T3. Final length, final weight and survival of A. testudineus also followed the same trends as weight gained. Individuals in treatment T1 produced significantly higher specific growth rate than treatments T2 and T3. Feed conversion ratio was significantly higher in treatment T1 followed by treatment T2 and T3 in that order. Fish production in treatments T1, T2 and T3 were 31758.66 ± 88.01, 31350.16 ± 98.07 and 28646.56 ± 100.50 kg ha−1 day−100, respectively. Significantly higher production was recorded in treatment T1 than in treatments T2 and T3, respectively. Consistently higher net benefit was found also from treatment T1 than from treatments T2 and T3. Significantly higher economically benefit was also recorded in treatment T1 than in treatment T2 and T3 respectively. Overall, highest growth, survival and net benefit of climbing perch were obtained from treatment T1 at a density of 0.1976 million individual ha−1. Among three treatments, treatment T1 appears to be most sustainable aquaculture practice for koi, A. Testudineus in 100 days rearing system. The present findings indicate the feasibility of establishing sustainable aquaculture of koi in Bangladesh.

Semi-intensive Indian Major Carp (IMC) culture was practised in polythene lined dugout ponds at the Aquacultural Farm of Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal for 3 consecutive years at three different stocking densities (S.D), viz., 20,000, 35,000 and 50,000 numbers of fingerlings per hectare of water spread area. Fingerlings of Catla, Rohu and Mrigal were raised at a stocking ratio of 4:3:3. Total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) value along with other fishpond water quality parameters was monitored at 1 day intervals to ensure a good water ecosystem for a better fish growth. Water exchange was carried out before the TAN reached the critical limit. Field data on TAN obtained from the cultured fishponds stocked with three different stocking densities were used to study the dynamics of TAN. A developed model used to study the nutrient dynamics in shrimp pond was used to validate the observed data in the IMC pond ecosystem. Two years of observed TAN data were used to calibrate the spreadsheet model and the same model was validated using the third year observed data. The manual calibration based on the trial and error process of parameters adjustments was used and several simulations were performed by changing the model parameters. After adjustment of each parameter, the simulated and measured values of the water quality parameters were compared to judge the improvement in the model prediction. Forward finite difference discretization method was used in a MS-Excel spreadsheet to calibrate and validate the model for obtaining the TAN levels during the culture period. Observed data from the cultured fishponds of three different S.D were used to standardize 13 model parameters. The efficiency of the developed spreadsheet model was found to be more than 90% for the TAN estimation in the IMC cultured fishponds.

portuguesDescreve-se um surto de pneumonia intersticial atipica diagnosticado no Sul do Rio Grande do Sul, afetando 15 bovinos da raca Angus, entre 7 e 30 meses de idade, de um total de 400 animais. Os bovinos estavam em campo nativo e recebiam farelo de bolacha proveniente de uma fabrica de produtos alimenticios. Os sinais clinicos caracterizaram-se por dispneia e respiracao abdominal. Nove animais apresentaram apatia e dificuldade respiratoria morrendo em 24 horas, em tres bovinos a evolucao clinica foi de 36 a 48 horas e outros tres morreram sem observacao de qualquer sinal clinico. As principais lesoes macroscopicas foram observadas nos pulmoes, que nao colapsavam na abertura da cavidade toracica e apresentavam consistencia elastica. Na superficie de corte o orgao era firme e vermelho escuro com acentuada distensao dos septos interlobares e interlobulares por edema. Histologicamente, havia espessamento dos septos interlobulares pulmonares, edema e enfisema intersticial, infiltrado inflamatorio discreto de celulas mononucleares, eosinofilos e neutrofilos, areas de proliferacao de pneumocitos tipo II e espessamento das paredes alveolares. Havia fibrina na luz alveolar e formacao de membranas hialinas. As lesoes macroscopicas e histologicas, associadas aos dados epidemiologicos, permitiram o diagnostico de pneumonia intersticial atipica. Apesar de nao ter sido identificada a causa da enfermidade acredita-se que o farelo de bolacha, com ingredientes nao adequados a alimentacao animal e em forma de farelo, possa ter desencadeado a doenca. Palavra-chave: edema e enfisema pulmonar; disturbio respiratorio; bovinos; hipersensibilidade; pneumonia intersticial EnglishThe aim of the present study was to describe an outbreak of atypical interstitial pneumonia affecting 15 Angus cattle aged 7-30 months in the south of Rio Grande do Sul. The clinical course of the disease was approximately 1-3 days. The cattle were kept in the native field and had received feed containing the remains of wafers from a food factory before the outbreak. Clinical signs included dyspnea and abdominal breathing, with a clinical evolution period of up to 3 days. Nine animals presented apathy and respiratory difficulty and died within 24h, while three animals exhibited a clinical evolution period of 36-48h. Three other animals died without any clinical signs. The main macroscopic lesions were observed in the lungs, which did not collapse at the opening of the thoracic cavity and showed a rubbery consistency. On the cut surface, the organs were firm and dark red, with marked distension of the interlobular septa due to edema. Histopathological analysis revealed thickening of the interlobular pulmonary septa; interstitial edema and emphysema; mild mononuclear cell, eosinophil, and neutrophil infiltration; areas of type II pneumocyte proliferation, and thickening of the alveolar walls. Fibrin was observed in the alveolar lumen with the formation of hyaline membranes. On the basis of macroscopic and histological examinations and epidemiological data, a final diagnosis of atypical interstitial pneumonia was made. Although, the cause of the disease has not been identified, it is believed that the bran wafer meal contained ingredients that were not suitable for animals, consequently triggering the disease. Key words: pulmonary edema; emphysema; respiratory disorder; cattle; hypersensitivity; interstitial pneumonia

This study’s objective was to investigate the income and R / C of sheep business. This research was conducted on Cilawan Village,Pantai Cermin Sub District, Serdang Bedagai Regency, Sumatera Utara Province for 2 months starting from September until November 2017. The study was a survey which used Determination Method. Number of samples were 30% of total number of breeder in research area; there were 8 respondents whose intensive breeders and 30 respondents whose semi intensive breeders. The data used in this research were primary data and secondary data. Primary data were the result of interviews with respondents and secondary data were obtained from the Central Bureau of Statistics. The results showed that intensive breeder earned income smaller compared to semi intensive breeder. Income on every sheep sale was Rp 3.468.241,-on intensive and Rp 5.794.982,- on semi intensive breeder and the value of R/C was 0.144. The conclusion of this study that sheep breeding system in Celawan Village Regency consisted of two maintenance system, intensive and semi intensive system which gave different effect to farmer's income. This was because intensive maintenance systems required more costs for feed and labor costs compared to semi intensive system.

The present study was carried out to compare the growth performance and carcass yield of broiler chickens reared in semi-intensive and conventional systems (Ross 308, n=120). Chickens were raised in a pen on wooden shavings for 21 days. On day 21 of age, chicks were assigned to 2 treatments (indoor treatment and semi-intensive treatment). The experiment was conducted at until 6 weeks of age. Production system has a significant effect on wing (P less than 0.05) and heart weight (P less than 0.01), but has no any effect on final body weight, hot or cold carcass weight, thigh, breast, back and neck, gizzard, liver and abdominal fat weights (P>0.05). The final body weight, hot and cold carcass weight, thigh, wings and heart weights were affected by sex of birds (p less than 0.05) while breast, back, liver, gizzard and abdominal fat were not affected by sex (P>0.05). The nutrient level of carcass parts was not influenced by production system or sex (P>0.05). In our study, breast of birds reared under semi-intensive system had significantly lower ‘L’ (P less than 0.05), higher ‘a’ statistically different (P less than 0.01); while ‘b’ value was significantly (P less than 0.01) higher in skin of semi-intensive reared birds

In aquaculture system, 40-60% cost comes from the production of fish regarding feed. Hence, there is a need in future to further reduce the cost of the feed and its utilization in aquaculture with low input for growth and high survival of fish. Concerning the former the most obvious approach to reducing the cost of feed is to decrease the amount of the most expensive ingredient in the feed i.e. fishmeal, through substitution with a suitable low-cost alternative ingredients, while ensuring that such substitution will not compromise the growth and quality of the cultured stock. Previously, few attempts have been made on the mixed feeding schedule in carps and other species in aquaculture. There is a need to undertake the effect of mixed feeding schedule with suitable feeding strategies i.e. alternate feeding strategies with the different combination of protein variation in the diet. This study will throw light in the low cost feed formulation, feeding strategies, reduction in pollution load in pond and minimize the cost of fish production in aquaculture of Indian major carps and other cultured species in the country and it will improve the economic status and benefits of farmers in the generation of income and employment opportunities.

Patients in critical units require intensive care and constant monitoring, as their health condition is critical. Among the various care, the hydride control is fundamental, which is also known as control of gains and losses This care measures and records the total of fluids ingested and eliminated over a period of 24 hours. This article presents an application able to record and calculate the hydride control of patients in critical condition, hospitalized in intensive care units and/or semi-intensive. This application requires users with knowledge in the care area with patient (nurses, nursing technicians and medical) because it ensures the consistency of the information recorded and provide reliable data to an appropriate medical conduct. The application was developed to assist in the treatment of critical patients and to improve to working time of the users.

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the carcass characteristics of Salem Black kids under intensive and semi-intensive systems of management. Sixteen weaned kids were selected at random and they were placed in two treatments comprising of eight kids in each group. The dressing percentage of intensive and semi-intensively reared kids differed highly significantly(P less than 0.01). The primal cuts percentage did not differ significantly for leg, loin, rack, breast and fore shank and the neck and shoulder. The loin eye area was highly significant (P less than 0.01) between intensive and semiintensively reared kids. The kidney and omental fat was significantly (Pless than0.05 and P less than 0.01 ) higher in intensive system when compared compare to semi-intensive system of rearing.

People rural same have local, it is one of species livestock not RAS (BURAS). Purpose have is to increase knowladge people so that residue farm to become food livestock. Raise in ceneral do traditional that is left prowl without food and stable. Raise to can do that semi intensive or intensive. Semi intencive is left during in the day and stabled in the night, while so that intencive is stabled all day and food although drink can control. For overcome problem society in raise the so do activity mixed woof herbal to livestok . This Acitivity do in kelurahan Ujung, kecamatan Lilirilau, kabupaten Soppeng South Sulawes. The target this activity are increase scale ownership, can exploited a material local as woof livestock and surface this activity are increase knowladge and income sociaty. Keyword: woof herbal, chicken local.

This study explored the variation in physiological oxidative status of West African Dwarf (WAD) goats as the rainy season progressed in a humid climate in south-west Nigeria. A total of 24 growing WAD bucks, averaging 10.5 kg + 0.78 liveweight, were reared under intensive and semi-intensive management systems during the rainy season. Twelve (12) bucks were used for each management system. Animals raised intensively were fed Megathyrsus maximus hay ad libitum , while those reared semi-intensively were allowed to graze freely in a fenced paddock. Their diets were supplemented with a maize grain-based concentrate. Blood samples were collected at the onset of the experiment and fortnightly throughout the 16-week experimental period. Oxidative stress biomarkers in blood were measured and analysed separately for each rearing system using repeated measures analysis. Means of oxidative stress biomarkers measured at the beginning and end of the rainy season were compared using a T-test. Results showed that intensively managed goats had significantly higher levels of bilirubin and uric acid in the early season than in the late rainy season. In semi-intensively managed goats, bilirubin, uric acid, and glutathione (GSH) levels were significantly higher at the start compared with the end of the rainy season. It could be concluded that the antioxidant capacity of WAD goats was greater early in the rainy season compared with the late rainy season under both management systems. Thus, during the early raining season WAD goats tend to have higher antioxidant capacity and, consequently, better immune responses, while the opposite is true during the late rainy season. Keywords: bucks, immune response, season

The study was carried out to know the present status of Macrobrachium rosenbergii culture in Bagerhat district, Bangladesh from March 2012 to January 2013. Education levels of farmers were found as illiterate (12.3%), primary (36.19%), secondary (20%), SSC (13.33%), HSC (12.38%) and graduate (5.71%). M. rosenbergii culture was the primary and secondary occupation of 80% and 20% farmers respectively. Average stocking density and production in extensive, improved extensive and semi-intensive culture were 9609, 11502 and 22847 per ha and 193, 284 and 488 kg/ha/year respectively; rearing period ranges from 6-10 months and survival rate varied from 55 to 60%. In improved extensive and semi-intensive culture 82.86% and 71.43% farmers applied farm-made feed instead of company feeds respectively and 11.43% and 37.14% farmers used both feeds. 91.43%, 80% and 68.57% respondents responded on normal to high mortality in extensive, improved extensive and semi-intensive culture respectively. Lack of finance and appropriate technology, scarcity of quality PL, diseases and inadequate extension work were major problems of prawn culture.

We estimated the impact on economic risk associated with the prevalence of white spot disease in shrimp farms in the State of Sinaloa, Mexico. Farms located in the jurisdiction of Local Aquaculture Health Boards (LAHBs) were used for preparing estimates during 2008–2010. Probability distributions of economic losses were calculated by comparing net revenues obtained under normal operations and operations affected by the disease, using Monte Carlo simulation, to estimate the impact of prevalence on losses in absolute and relative terms, probability of losing and loss per unit risk at USD$484.27/ha, 28.9%, 72.9% and 0.20. Regression analysis allowed estimating that, by an increases of 1% in prevalence, there were increases in the estimators of risk of USD$11.49/ha, 0.96%, 0.47% and 0.005. Correlation analysis showed that there were significant differences in prevalence among LAHBs districts and years. The higher prevalence coincided with the districts and years that exhibited higher risk. The source of water and use of nursery systems were the main differences in operating conditions among the districts, possibly determining to a large extent the differences in economic risk calculated for the districts. Sensitivity analysis indicated that prevalence was the main factor determining risk. A significant inverse relationship was found between shrimp prices and prevalence, as a consequence of speculative market conditions. The possibility of using this relationship for syndromic surveillance is considered. We propose the use of the estimators employed in this study for assessment of economic risk associated with white spot disease (and possibly others) and standardization of results for future research.

OBJECTIVE: to assess the effectiveness of the chlorhexidine antimicrobial dressing in comparison to the gauze and tape dressing in the use of central venous catheters.METHOD: a randomized clinical trial was conducted in the intensive care and adult semi intensive care units of a university hospital in the south of Brazil. The subjects were patients using short-term central venous catheters, randomly assigned to the intervention (chlorhexidine antimicrobial dressing) or control (gauze and micro porous tape) groups.RESULTS: a total of 85 patients were included: 43 in the intervention group and 42 in the control group. No statistically significant differences were found between dressings in regard to the occurrence of: primary bloodstream infections (p-value = 0.5170); local reactions to the dressing (p-value = 0.3774); and dressing fixation (p-value = 0.2739).CONCLUSION: both technologies are effective in covering central venous catheters in regard to the investigated variables and can be used for this purpose. Registry ECR: RBR-7b5ycz. OBJETIVO: avaliar a efetividade do curativo antimicrobiano de clorexidina, comparando-o com o de gaze e fita.MÉTODO: realizou-se um ensaio clínico randomizado nas unidades de terapia intensiva e semi-intensiva de um hospital universitário da Região Sul do Brasil. Os sujeitos foram pacientes em uso de cateter venoso central de curta permanência, randomizados para comporem os grupos intervenção (curativo antimicrobiano de clorexidina) e o grupo controle (curativo de gaze e fita microporada).RESULTADOS: foram incluídos 85 pacientes, dos quais 43 no grupo intervenção e 42 no grupo controle. Não houve diferença estatística significativa entre os curativos com relação à ocorrência de: infecção primária de corrente sanguínea (p-valor=0,5170), desenvolvimento de reação local ao curativo (p-valor=0,3774) e fixação do curativo (p-valor=0,2739).CONCLUSÃO: ambas as tecnologias pesquisadas são efetivas para cobertura de cateter venoso central, no que diz respeito às variáveis analisadas, e podem ser empregadas com essa finalidade. Registro ECR: RBR-7b5ycz. OBJETIVO: evaluar la efectividad del curativo antimicrobiano de clorhexidina comparándolo con el de gasa y esparadrapo.MÉTODO: se realizó un ensayo clínico aleatorio en las unidades de terapia intensiva y semi-intensiva de un hospital universitario de la región sur de Brasil. Los sujetos fueron pacientes que utilizaban catéter venoso central de corta permanencia, escogidos aleatoriamente para componer los grupos de intervención (curativo antimicrobiano de clorhexidina) y de control (curativo de gasa y esparadrapo microporosa).RESULTADOS: fueron incluidos 85 pacientes, de los cuales 43 en el grupo de intervención y 42 en el grupo de control. No hubo diferencia estadística significativa entre los curativos con relación a la ocurrencia de infección primaria de la corriente sanguínea (p-valor = 0,5170); desarrollo de reacción local al curativo (p-valor = 0,3774) y de fijación del curativo (p-valor = 0,2739).CONCLUSIÓN: las dos tecnologías investigadas son efectivas para cobertura del catéter venoso central, en lo que se refiere a las variables analizadas, y pueden ser empleadas con esta finalidad. Registro ECR: RBR-7b5ycz.

Gastrointestinal nemathelminths affect productive as well as reproductive performance of a wide range of ruminants. To assess the impact of anthelmintic treatment on gain in body weight (b. wt.) of sheep and goat, a study was conducted using two different flocks of sheep and goats each maintained in semi intensive system. Infected animals in both the flocks were divided into three groups each. Group I and II in each flock were treated with levamisole (@7.5 mg/kg b. wt. subcutaneously) and fenbendazole (@5 mg/kg b. wt. orally), respectively. Animals of group III were kept as untreated control. Individual b. wt. and faecal egg count were recorded up to 42nd day post treatment. Results showed 100 % reduction in faecal egg count of sheep on day 7 after treatment with levamisole and on day 10 after treatment with fenbendazole. In goats, the reduction in faecal egg count was 82.60 % after treatment with levamisole and 78.87 % after treatment with fenbendazole on day 14 post treatment. The study also revealed mean increase of 29.57 and 22.67 % in b. wt. of sheep treated with levamisole and fenbendazole respectively 42nd day post treatment whereas mean b. wt. of infected untreated control groups decreased by 7.14 %. Similarly, there was an increase of 10.71 and 14.47 % in mean b. wt. of goats 42nd day post treatment with levamisole and fenbendazole, respectively whereas mean b. wt. of untreated control group decreased by 15.38 %. More weight gain was recorded in sheep as compare to goats after treatment as compared to the untreated control group, which may be due to some drug resistance in goat and required clarification by further studies in these ecological zones of Udham Singh Nagar.

The aims of this research were to evaluate the zootechnical performance and dietary cost for the marine shrimp ( Litopenaeus vannamei ) cultured in a superintensive biofloc system and a conventional semi-intensive system using diets containing different protein levels. Four different diets, with crude protein (CP) contents of 24.3, 30.3, 32.9 and 36.7% were produced. In the laboratory, experimental culture in the biofloc system was performed in twelve experimental units at a density of 250 shrimp m − 3 , the four treatments were performed in triplicate. The semi-intensive culture system was applied at the commercial farm in eleven ponds containing 15.5 shrimp m − 2 . After 49 days, the zootechnical performance of the shrimp was rated, and the cost per kilogram of shrimp was produced by both culture systems. In the semi-intensive system, the shrimp fed with a diet containing 32.9% CP showed a higher final weight and weight gain and a lower dietary cost. In the biofloc culture, a higher final weight, weight gain, growth rate and productivity were observed in shrimp fed diets containing 30.3, 32.9 and 36.7% CP compared with those fed a diet containing 24.3% CP. The lowest dietary cost of shrimp farming in the biofloc system was registered in the shrimp fed the 30.3% CP diet, whereas, in the semi-intensive system, the highest final weight, highest weight gain and lowest cost were observed in shrimp fed the 32.9% CP diet.

As a result of the concern and debate about the impacts of intensive aquaculture development on biodiversity, semi-intensive aquaculture is being considered as an alternative. Although the biophysical impacts of aquaculture on biodiversity have been examined, there is only limited understanding of the social and economic impacts of aquaculture on biodiversity, and especially the impacts of the shift from intensive to semi-intensive systems. The purposes of this article are twofold: (1) to identify and discuss the social and economic impacts of aquaculture on biodiversity, and (2) to examine the impacts while moving from intensive to semi-intensive systems. After discussing the findings of our study, we provide some recommendations as to how to minimize social and economic impacts of aquaculture on biodiversity by moving to a lower intensity aquaculture system. The integrated agriculture-aquaculture farming systems, stakeholder involvement in management, and well defined basic rights are aquaculture system...

An evaluation was conducted of the suitability for fattening in a semi-intensive system (mainly with fodders from permanent grassland) and the slaughter value of 15 young bulls of the Polish Red (PR) breed and 10 each of the White-Backed (WB) and Polish Black-and-White (BW) breeds. The reference group consisted of young bulls of the Black-and-White variety of the Polish Holstein- Friesian (HF) breed and the Simmental (SIM) breed, fattened on the same farms. Control fattening was carried out until the age of 18 months. Mean daily weight gain in the bulls of the native breeds during the control fattening period (which lasted 314-358 days) was 0.9 kg, similarly to HF, but significantly lower (P≤0.05) than in the Simmentals (986 g). During the entire fattening period, i.e. from birth to the age of 18 months, daily weight gain was 832 g in PR and 889-919 g in WB and BW. Dressing percentage was lowest in PR bulls (51.69%), and higher in WB (53.1%) and BW (53.49%), with values similar to the reference group, i.e. young bulls of the Simmental (52.97%) and HF (53.29%) breeds. The difference between PR and BW (1.8%) and HF (1.6%) was statistically significant (P≤0.05). In the EUROP classification system, the carcasses of the young bulls of the native breeds were most often placed in classes R- and O+ (conformation) and 2+ and 3- (fat cover), as in the case of young HF bulls. Carcasses of young Simmental bulls were assigned to much higher classes. The young bulls of the three Polish native breeds evaluated are good material for fattening in a semi-intensive system (mainly with fodder from permanent grasslands), while the young PR bulls were the least suitable