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Determination of seismic safety of existing buildings is a time consuming and challenging process. Instead, rapid survey methods were developed which identify deficient structures from a large building stock in a city or town. This paper presents a comparison and critical review of existing rapid visual survey methods used for seismic assessment of existing reinforced concrete buildings. The study focuses on rapid visual survey methods developed for the safety assessment of reinforced concrete buildings in the Indian subcontinent and a widely used method in the United States. Comparison is carried out in various ways. Initially, a direct comparison is made based on vulnerable parameters and damage grades proposed by each method. Later, a scoring system is developed to highlight the differences and rank the selected methods. This system considers the general description, physical parameters, and damage description. Finally, as a case study, a rapid visual survey was conducted on 100 reinforced concrete buildings in each of the three cities (i.e., Pithoragarh, Gangtok, and Agartala) in India. These cities have different seismic, geological, and topographical conditions. The results show that all five methods give different outputs for the same sample surveyed buildings in each city. It was observed that there are many uncommon vulnerability parameters amongst each selected method. The results show a considerable variation in the weights assigned to each vulnerable parameter in all five methods.

Вибухові роботи при видобуванні корисних копалин у Криворізькому залізорудному басейні є причиною численних просадок основ, руйнування фундаментів та несучих елементів будівель та споруд Кривого Рогу. Вона посилюється водоносними пісками, що відклалися здебільшого території міста. Вони залягають на глибинівід 1,5 до 30 метрів і перекриті пластичними глинами низької здатності, що несе.Частота просадок фундаментів, руйнувань фундаментів та тріщин у стінах та прольотах споруд, розташованих у місцях інтенсивних вибухових робіт, у два рази вища, ніж у віддалених районах. Від 40 до 65 відсотків будівель та споруд перебувають у зоні сейсмічної активностісилою 3-6 балів, що дорівнює аварійності двохтрьох землетрусів силою 7-8 балів на рік.Спектральний аналіз сейсмограм показує, що частотний спектр вибухів у 9,1-24,7 разів перевищує спектр перших частот власних коливань будівель. Тому вибухи надають руйнівний вплив не так на будівлі загалом, але в окремі їхелементи. Протягом певного часу пошкодження накопичуються, а потім проявляються видимими дефектами фундаментів та конструкцій, що несуть.Розроблено заходи щодо посилення будівельних конструкцій, що функціонують у складних інженерно-геологічних та сейсмічних умовах.Огляд досліджень у галузі промислової сейсміки здійснили Щербина С.В., Несмашний Є.А., Кутас В. В., Бойко В.В., Кузьменко А.А., Бойко В.В., Ісаханов Г.В., Мельник-Мельников П.Г., Чирва В.Н. &nbsp, Blasting at mining and quarrying in the Krivoy Rog iron ore basin is the cause of numerous subsidence of bases, destruction of foundations and load-carrying members of buildings and constructions in Krivoy Rog. It is aggravated with water-bearing sands deposited under the major part of city area.They occur at a depth of between 1.5 and 30 meters and overlapped by plastic clays of low load-carrying capacity. The frequency of base subsidence, foundation destructions and cracking in walls and spans of installations located in places of intensive blasting is two times higher than that in remote districts. 40 to 65 percent of buildings and constructions are situated in the zone of seismic activity with the magnitude of 3- balls, which is equal to failure of two or three earthquakes of the magnitude 7-8 balls per year.Spectrum analysis of seismograms shows that frequency spectrum of explosions is 9.1 to 24.7 times higher than that of the first frequencies of natural oscillations of buildings. Therefore the explosions exert destructive influence not on buildings as a whole, but on their separate elements. During adefinite time the damages are being accumulatedand then manifested with visible defects of foundations and load-carrying constru-ctions.The measures are worked out of to reinforce building constructions functioning under complicated geological engineering and seismic conditions.Review of the researches in the field of industrial seismic was realized by Shcherbina S.V., Nesmashny Е.А., Kutas В. В., Boyko V.V., Kuzmenko, А.А., Boyko V.V., Isakhanov G.V., Melnik- Melnikov P.G., Chyrva V.N/

Through the centuries, earthquakes represent one of the main causes of damage and losses of cultural heritage, both monumental buildings and historic centers, affecting the development of many countries around the world. The Portuguese housing stock consists of several building typologies, some of which present a poor seismic performance like the masonry buildings built before the enforcement of the first seismic code (RSCCS) in 1958, only designed to withstand gravity loads. The research carried out in this thesis aims to contribute to the seismic safety and risk assessment of existing masonry buildings in Portugal. For this purpose, the seismic performance of these constructions is characterized through fragility and vulnerability curves, and tools are also made available to support the technical community regarding the seismic safety assessment of existing masonry buildings. The first part of the thesis (Chapter 2) is devoted to the historical appraisal review of pre-code masonry buildings, providing a detailed description of their main structural features. Subsequently (Chapter 3), a review of the literature on the seismic behavior of masonry buildings is presented, and the basic concepts for the seismic vulnerability and risk assessment based on probabilistic analysis are introduced. Then, a case study is conducted in Chapter 4 regarding the seismic vulnerability assessment of an aggregate of pre-code masonry buildings, in order to explore different modelling strategies and discuss the interaction between adjacent buildings in their seismic behavior and the need for intervention. Chapter 5 focuses in a comprehensive survey on the geometry of masonry buildings built until 1960, and the respective statistical treatment, allowing to define representative archetypes of the building stock. Chapter 6 employs the above statistical information, together with the variability of material properties, to generate a large synthetic database of representative masonry buildings, consisting of 18.000 structures up to five stories high. Based on non-linear static analyses performed on the entire database, the influence of geometry on the seismic behavior of structures is discussed and the uncertainty in their capacity is quantified. Furthermore, seismic fragility curves are derived, and mechanistic vulnerability functions are provided, which can be used in seismic risk/loss studies or for a code-based seismic assessment. Based on the above results, the seismic risk (Chapter 7) of masonry buildings in the Metropolitan Area of Lisbon (MAL) is evaluated using probabilistic methods and considering different states of conservation/degradation of the structures. Finally, in Chapter 8, novel and expeditious methods are derived through reliability-based analyses for seismic assessment of the masonry buildings in all Portuguese territory. The proposed methods are calibrated with the seismic safety assessment procedures preconized within part 3 of Eurocode 8 (EC8-3) to be easily applied by the technical community. Ao longo dos séculos, os terremotos têm representado uma das principais causas de danos e perdas do património, tanto de edifícios monumentais como de centros históricos, afetando o desenvolvimento de inúmeros países. O parque habitacional português é constituído por várias tipologias de edifícios, sendo que algumas destas apresentam comportamento inadequado face à ação dos sismos; como é o caso da maioria dos edifícios de alvenaria construídos antes da publicação do primeiro regulamento contra a ação dos sismos (RSCCS) em 1958. A presente tese tem por objetivo contribuir para a segurança sísmica e avaliação do risco de edifícios antigos de alvenaria existentes em Portugal. Para o efeito, o desempenho sísmico destas construções é caracterizado através de curvas de fragilidade e vulnerabilidade, sendo também disponibilizadas ferramentas de apoio ao meio técnico para avaliação da segurança sísmica de edifícios existentes em alvenaria. A primeira parte do trabalho (Capítulo 2) é dedicada à revisão histórica destes edifícios, construídos antes da publicação do RSCCS, e à descrição das respetivas características estruturais que influenciam a sua reposta à ação dos sismos. Posteriormente (Capítulo 3), segue-se a revisão da literatura acerca do comportamento sísmico de edifícios de alvenaria, em geral, e introduzem-se os conceitos básicos para a avaliação da vulnerabilidade sísmica com base em análises probabilísticas. Posteriormente, é analisado um caso de estudo de edifícios antigos dispostos em banda (Capítulo 4), onde se compara diferentes técnicas de modelação numérica e discute-se a influência do comportamento em conjunto e a necessidade de intervenção. O Capítulo 5 diz respeito ao levantamento geométrico de edifícios em alvenaria até 1960 e o respetivo tratamento estatístico, com o intuito de definir arquétipos representativos do parque habitacional. No Capítulo 6 utiliza-se a informação estatística anterior, em conjunto com a variabilidade dos materiais, para gerar um banco de dados de edifícios representativos, constituído por 18.000 estruturas até cinco pisos. Com base em análises estáticas não lineares discute-se a influência da geometria no comportamento sísmico das estruturas e quantifica-se a incerteza na capacidade das mesmas. Propõem-se curvas de fragilidade para diferentes tipologias de edifícios, que poderão ser utilizadas em estudos de risco sísmico, e definem-se funções de vulnerabilidade mecanicistas para a avaliação da segurança sísmica. Com base nos resultados anteriores, avalia-se o risco sísmico (Capítulo 7) dos edifícios de alvenaria na Área Metropolitana de Lisboa (AML) através de métodos probabilísticos e considerando diferentes estados de conservação/degradação das estruturas. Por fim (Capítulo 8), são propostos procedimentos simplificados (expeditos) para avaliação sísmica de edifícios em alvenaria em todo o território português, obtidos com recurso a análises de fiabilidade. Os métodos propostos são calibrados com os procedimentos de avaliação de segurança sísmica preconizados na parte 3 do Eurocódigo 8 (EC8-3) de forma a serem facilmente aplicados pela comunidade técnica em alternativa ao disposto no EC8-3. Programa Doutoral em Engenharia Civil

Extensive analytical and experimental research has been done by the authors directed to mitigation of the effects of earthquakes on structures. The research results mainly represent parts of the realized several related international projects. A selected part of the analytical studies directed to comparison between conventional and seismically isolated frame structures is presented in this paper. The responses of the applied newely developed advanced seismic isolation system HC-RMS-GOSEB to the simulated input excitation of three representative earthquakes of intensity 0.50g, have shown that it is very effective for construction of vibro-isolated and seismically resistant buildings, providing activated multistage seismic response and globally optimized seismic energy balance. Its application achieves an increase in the vibration period of the structure, far enough from the dominant period of seismic excitation. The results of the research confirm that this system is a potential solution for achieving low-cost and highly efficient protection of buildings.

The study of the relationship of local ground conditions with the parameters of seismic vibrations carried out by the section of engineering seismology called seismic microzonation. In this branch of applied science radical changes have taken place at the end of the last century. The Commission on Seismic Safety of the National Institute of Building Sciences of the United States has developed new recommendations, which are significantly different from all that used in the world practice of anti-seismic construction. The main provisions of this NEHRP (National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program) classification adopted in many national building codes, including Eurocode 8. At the same time, a number of papers appeared in subsequent years criticizing the use of the NEHRP soil classification. This article examines in detail and, most importantly, comprehensively the shortcomings of the NEHRP classification.

The article presents the results of calculations of buildings for seismic effects, selected preschool educational institutions in Fergana, as well as some recommendations for their further safe operation.

In actual practice, reduction of seismic impact of blasts down to safe level is based on standard technical documentation as well as on recommendations developed by research institutions and specialized agencies. Chiefly, these regulations are concerned with limitation of explosive mass. In the meanwhile, blasting efficiency is governed by strength of rock, various degrees of rock mass fracturing and watering, as well as by different seismic stability of close-spaced facilities, which requires application of different kinds of explosives. This article presents a case-study of seismically safe blasting design and justification for Mikashevichi granite quarry based on the PPV prediction in the basement of guarded objects. The quarry zoning is accomplished by the criterion of allowable explosive mass per one delay interval. The probabilistic PPV prediction method is described. The residential and industrial facilities within the seismic impact zone of blasting in Mikashevichi quarry can experience adverse effect of seismic waves during mining advance, which requires introduction of differentiated limitation of allowable explosive mass per one delay interval. The probabilistic approach to blasting pattern design with regard to theoretical distribution of seismicity coefficients ensures the seismic safety of blasting. The developed chart of seismically safe explosive charges per delay interval ensures integrated safety of all guarded objects at the natural stone quarry, with allowance for closer spaced blasting operations and subsequent mining advance.

This study presents a numerical investigation on the seismic behaviour of aged concrete gravity dams under near source and far source ground motions. Two-dimensional formulation of a concrete gravity dam is carried out implementing the finite element technique, considering full reservoir and rigid base condition. Degradation of concrete properties due to hydro-chemo-mechanical effects and the influence of sediment layers are taken into account to calculate the response of the dam-reservoir coupled system at different ages. Two near source and far source ground motions from real earthquake events are selected for time-history analysis. Seismic performance evaluation is also carried out to assess the probable damage level of the dam. The outcomes of this study show the variation of seismic response of the dam over the ages and the necessity of considering the aging effect, e.g. degradation of concrete and influence of sediment layers, in the inspection of seismic safety issues of concrete gravity dam. This study also reveals the critical effect of near source ground motions on concrete gravity dams at later ages.

This paper describes the seismic test and numerical stress analysis of a 170 kV Gas-insulated switchgear (GIS) to see the structural and operational safety. Both the seismic test and numerical FEA (finite element analysis) are performed according to the procedure of Korean and International (IEC-62271) seismic standards. The GIS is mounted on the shaking table for a seismic test at KIMM (Korea Institute of Machinery and Material) to see the stress level and safety under earthquake loading conditions. The FEA analysis is performed to compare with the seismic test. Both the natural frequency (NF) and stress results from the numerical computation and seismic test are close and show adequate electrical and structural safety margin.

This paper discusses critical and potentially controversial issues related to the seismic safety of tall concrete dams. These include the seismic input at a dam site, the effective treatment of the damage-rupture process, and the consideration of compressibility of reservoir water for hydrodynamic pressure. Major challenges to currently popular but questionable treatments of these critical problems are presented. Insights and additional research on these critical challenges are emphasized and explained based on prior published works of the author. More reasonable alternatives to dealing with these potentially controversial problems are provided in light of engineering practice in China. First, the design seismic input at depth as deconvoluted from an arbitrarily selected recorded accelerogram at a control point of an artificially developed free-field surface with the elevation of the dam crest is difficult for engineering projects to accept as appropriate. It may be more reasonable to use the design seismic incident motions as half of the ground surface motions from seismic safety analyses obtained from deterministic or probability approaches conducted by seismologists according to approved standards or guidelines. Second, since seismic damage to the dam must be estimated separately following uniaxial tensile and compressive experimental damage evolution rules, a simplified and realistic nonlinear elastic model is proposed as an alternative to the plastic-damage coupling model, which is very complex and includes assumptions based on a number of uncertainties. Finally, the effect of the reflection coefficient for compressibility of reservoir water on hydrodynamic pressures is very sensitive. The notion that the applied unified reflection coefficient at the reservoir bottom could be frequency-dependent and exhibit a significant variability in space as confirmed by field tests is questionable. To neglect the compressibility of reservoir water it may be closer to engineering practice at present.

Since November 2016, the new Regulatory Guideline NP 306.2.208-2016 “Requirements for Seismic Resistance Design and for Evaluation of Seismic Safety of Ukrainian NPPs” [1] has been in force in Ukraine. This Guideline was developed to improve requirements for NPP site seismic hazard assessment, NPP seismic resistance design and assessment/review of Ukrainian NPP seismic safety. Energoatom developed the Organizational and Technical Measures for Implementation of NP 306.2.208-2016 [2] approved by State Nuclear Regulatory Inspectorate of Ukraine to perform NP 306.2.208-2016 [1] requirements. The paper considers the status of Energoatom in implementation of the main organizational and technical measures [2] on increasing seismic resistance of Ukrainian NPP units according to NP 306.2.208-2016 [1]. In particular, these measures are the following: specification of NPP site seismicity considering results of new studies; introduction of changes into classification (seismic categorization) of systems and components; analysis of necessity to consider additional load combinations with seismic loads, specification of assessing seismic resistance of structures, systems and components; seismic probabilistic safety assessment of NPP units.

For the first time in Mexico, a comprehensive data gathering and analysis project on the seismic performance of school buildings in the aftermath of the 2017 earthquakes was developed. Aimed at supporting the planning and decision-making of the Mexican government’s reconstruction program, school performance was observed and measured in the field. To further evaluate building performance, numerical modeling of archetypical buildings was carried out. Calculated performance was consistent with observed structural damage. Numerical analysis indicated that pre-1985 masonry and concrete buildings are more likely to exhibit damage that could compromise the structural stability. In contrast, recent structures are very likely to attain the immediate occupancy (IO) performance level that is implicitly assumed in school design. Studies indicated that rehabilitated school buildings through wall jacketing in masonry buildings and by adding new concrete shear walls and masonry infills to concrete structures are likely to comply with IO. From the lessons learned, policy, technical, implementation, and sustainability and outreach recommendations are proposed to implement a multiannual, systematic, incremental, and integral strategy for reducing earthquake risk of school buildings in Mexico.

Structural safety and environmental sustainability are major factors in investment decisions for building systems, but are rarely considered simultaneously. Recent research efforts have redressed this by developing assessment methodologies and technical solutions for integrated energy efficiency and seismic performance. These studies are typically limited to existing buildings and retrofit interventions at global building scale, whereas an effective framework could and should be part of the design process of either new or existing buildings at both building and component scales. This paper proposes a probabilistic-based assessment framework to assess the building performance in terms of integrated economic losses and support the selection of resilience-enhanced solutions. The proposed methodology is validated through its application to reinforced concrete case-study buildings consisting of traditional vs low-damage earthquake-resistant technologies coupled with energy efficiency strategies. Seismic and energy risk assessment analyses are performed accounting for both modelling uncertainties and earthquake/weather variability. Probabilistic distributions of the integrated economic losses are finally derived to compare the design solutions in terms of risk and reliability. The research outcomes demonstrate the effectiveness of the probabilistic approach for decision-making in building projects. Specifically, it is found that the economic losses can be highly underestimated (greater than40 %) in the single domains (energy or seismic); greater savings and return on investment can be achieved when the seismic safety is involved in the design process; probabilistic distributions and reliability/risk values can represent an effective tool to assess and compare design solutions.

Тема выпускной квалификационной работы: «Интегрированная система устойчивости на атомной электростанции при Ð¾Ð¿Ð°ÑÐ½Ñ‹Ñ Ð³ÐµÐ¾Ñ„Ð¸Ð·Ð¸Ñ‡ÐµÑÐºÐ¸Ñ ÑÐ²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸ÑÑ Â».Данная работа посвящена исследованию Ð°Ñ‚Ð¾Ð¼Ð½Ñ‹Ñ ÑÐ»ÐµÐºÑ‚Ñ€Ð¾ÑÑ‚Ð°Ð½Ñ†Ð¸Ð¹ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¾Ð´ÑÑ‰Ð¸ÐµÑÑ в зоне сейсмической активности, прокалывании линии трубопровода в Ð¾Ð¿Ð°ÑÐ½Ñ‹Ñ Ð³ÐµÐ¾Ñ„Ð¸Ð·Ð¸Ñ‡ÐµÑÐºÐ¸Ñ Ñ€Ð°Ð¹Ð¾Ð½Ð°Ñ , которые имеются на планете Земля и разработка рекомендаций по совершенствованию системы безопасности на атомной электростанции. Задачи, которые решались в Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ðµ исследования:Изучение особенностей прокладывания трубопровода в ÑÐµÐ¹ÑÐ¼Ð¸Ñ‡ÐµÑÐºÐ¸Ñ Ñ€Ð°Ð¹Ð¾Ð½Ð°Ñ ;Изучение международного стандарта по обеспечению безопасности на атомной электростанции;Выявление проблем при укладки магистральной линииРазработка Ð´Ð¾Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð½Ð¸Ñ‚ÐµÐ»ÑŒÐ½Ñ‹Ñ Ñ€ÐµÐºÐ¾Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ð´Ð°Ñ†Ð¸Ð¹ по обеспечению безопасности на атомной электростанции с помощью анализа методов укладки трубопровода.В результате работы проведён анализ Ð½Ð¾Ñ€Ð¼Ð°Ñ‚Ð¸Ð²Ð½Ñ‹Ñ Ð´Ð¾ÐºÑƒÐ¼ÐµÐ½Ñ‚Ð¾Ð², СНиПов по укладки труб в Ð·Ð°Ñ‚Ñ€ÑƒÐ´Ð½Ñ‘Ð½Ð½Ñ‹Ñ Ñ€Ð°Ð¹Ð¾Ð½Ð°Ñ . Прописаны способы прокладывания магистрального трубопровода в Ñ€Ð°Ð¹Ð¾Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð³ÐµÐ¾Ñ„Ð¸Ð·Ð¸Ñ‡ÐµÑÐºÐ¸Ñ Ð¾Ð¿Ð°ÑÐ½Ñ‹Ñ ÑÐ²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ð¹. Разработаны рекомендации по направлению обеспечения безопасности на атомной электростанции.В результате были разработаны рекомендации по совершенствованию интегрированной системы безопасности атомной электростанции., The theme of the final qualification work: «Integrated stability system at a nuclear power plant in the presence of dangerous geophysical phenomena».This work is devoted to the study of nuclear power plants located in the zone of seismic activity, the piercing of a pipeline line in dangerous geophysical regions that exist on planet Earth and the development of recommendations for improving the safety system at a nuclear power plant. Tasks that were solved in the course of the study:1. Studying the features of laying the pipeline in seismic regions;2. Study of the international standard for ensuring safety at a nuclear power plant;3. Identification of problems when laying the main line4. Development of additional recommendations for ensuring safety at a nuclear power plant through analysis of pipeline laying methods.As a result of the work, an analysis of regulatory documents, SNiP for laying pipes in difficult areas was carried out. The ways of laying the main pipeline in areas of geophysical hazardous phenomena are prescribed. Recommendations have been developed on the direction of ensuring safety at a nuclear power plant.As a result, recommendations were developed to improve the integrated safety system of the nuclear power plant.

On August 21st 2017 an earthquake of magnitude Mw = 3.9 occurred in the Ischia Island (Italy), causing numerous damages to ordinary and monumental buildings and two casualties. Immediately after the earthquake, teams from the Universities of Napoli Federico II and ‘Parthenope’, carried out inspections on the churches of the island in two phases: the first was developed in the post-emergency and was mainly aimed to assess the overall damage and the usability checks through the A-DC form (MiBACT 2015); the second phase was preparatory to the vulnerability assessment of each church, carried out by filling in the GNDT form (GNDT 2010). Based on the available data, a database made of 27 churches was created to individuate the most representative typologies, to perform a territorial vulnerability assessment, to carry out a detailed analysis of the recorded damages and to construct damage probability matrices. Moreover, for a homogenous class of churches, a predictive formulation of the mean damage was assessed and compared with other formulations available in the literature. Finally, simplified methods for assessing the seismic safety of the inspected churches were applied to the database, in order to confirm the homogeneity of the Ischia churches in terms of seismic vulnerability.

Die vorliegende Bachelorarbeit befasst sich mit dem erdbebengerechten Bauen von Hochbauten aus Holz. Zudem werden in dieser Arbeit die Auswirkungen von Erdbeben beschrieben und es wird im spezifischen auf die Anforderungen im Holzbau eingegangen. Das Ziel dieser Bachelorthese ist die Beantwortung der Forschungsfrage: „Wie können Holzbauten ingenieurmäßig gegen seismische Aktivität ausgelegt werden und welche normativen Regelungen sowie Berechnungsmöglichkeiten sind anzuwenden?“. Um diese Frage zu beantworten, wurden die wichtigsten Inhalte anhand einer Literaturrecherche zusammengefasst und die Grundzüge des Eurocodes 8 beschrieben. Die Arbeit gliedert sich in fünf Abschnitte. Die ersten beiden Kapitel beinhalten die grundlegenden Einwirkungen und Einflussfaktoren der Erdbebensicherheit. Das dritte und vierte Kapitel ist jeweils an die normativen Regeln und Berechnungen angelehnt. Im fünften Teil werden mögliche Umsetzungen in die Praxis anhand von gängigen Holzbauweisen und ihren Verbindungen erläutert. Es werden Themen, wie etwa Grundsätze der Seismizität, der Tragwerksentwurf der Gebäude sowie für den Holzbau wichtige Konzepte näher erklärt. Im Zuge dieser Bachelorarbeit wird ersichtlich, dass Faktoren, wie etwa die Fähigkeit Energie durch plastische Verformungsprozesse umzuwandeln, die Erdbebensicherheit beeinflussen. Daher soll darauf geachtet werden, dass je nach Einsatzge-biet und Bauweise die bestmögliche Balance zwischen Tragwiderstand, Steifigkeit und Dukti-lität gefunden wird. Diese Vorgangsweise ermöglicht eine resiliente Bauweise, welche einen hohen Widerstand gegen Erdbebeneinwirkungen bewirkt. This bachelor thesis deals with the earthquake-resistant construction of wooden buildings. The effects of earthquakes are described, and the specific requirements of timber construction are addressed. The aim of this work is to answer the following question: "How can timber buildings be designed to withstand seismic activity and which normative regulations and calculation options should be applied? In order to answer this question, the most important contents of a literature research were summarised, and the main features of Eurocode 8 were described. The work is divided into five sections. The first two chapters contain the basic actions and influencing factors of earthquake safety. The third and fourth chapters are based on the normative rules and calculations. In the fifth part possible implementations in practice are explained on the basis of common timber construction methods and their connections. Topics such as the principles of seismicity, the structural design of buildings and important concepts for timber construction are explained in more detail. In the course of this bachelor thesis, it becomes apparent that factors such as the ability to convert energy through plastic deformation processes influences seismic safety. Therefore, it is important to find the best possible balance between loadbearing resistance, stiffness and ductility, depending on the area of application and construction method. This approach enables a resilient construction method, which results in a high resistance to earthquake effects. eingereicht von: Maximilian Albrecht Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers Bachelorarbeit FH JOANNEUM 2022

Cellular lightweight concrete (CLC) block masonry has gained popularity in the masonry market with the growing demand in the modern construction industry due to its various advantages, including a positive impact on the environment. Subsequently, the detailed characterization of its vital engineering properties should be studied for the development of the mathematical model, analysis, evaluation, and design of structures made of CLC block masonry. The present study investigates the variability in two important strength properties of CLC block masonry and proposes the most appropriate models for their statistical distribution to support probability-based structural analysis and design. This study shows that the assumption of a normal distribution in the absence of an appropriate uncertainty model can result in an inaccurate estimate of the seismic risk of an RC frame building infilled with CLC block masonry. The paper further assesses the seismic safety of a typical RC framed building infilled with CLC block masonry in relation to traditional brick masonry, considering the proposed uncertainty model. Although CLC block masonry results in a higher seismic risk compared with traditional brick masonry, it can be used as an infill material in high seismic areas because it results in a probability of failure within the acceptable limit.

The seismic safety assessment of large concrete dams remains a significant challenge in dam engineering, as it requires appropriate analysis methods, modern performance criteria, and advanced numerical models to simulate the dam seismic behavior. This paper presents a method for seismic safety assessment of arch dams based on Endurance Time Analysis (ETA), using tensile and compressive damage results from a robust formulation for seismic analysis considering joint opening/sliding and concrete non-linear behavior (finite element program DamDySSA, under development in LNEC). The seismic performance is evaluated by controlling the evolution of the damage state of the dam, according to predefined performance criteria, to estimate acceleration endurance limits for tensile and compressive damage. These acceleration limits are compared, respectively, with the peak ground accelerations prescribed for the Operating Basis Earthquake (OBE) and Safety Evaluation Earthquake (SEE), aiming to evaluate the dam seismic performance relative to both earthquake levels efficiently, using a single intensifying acceleration time history. The ETA-based method is applied to the cases of Cabril Dam (132 m-high) and Cahora Bassa Dam (170 m-high), confirming its usefulness for future seismic safety studies, while the potential of DamDySSA for non-linear seismic analysis of arch dams is highlighted.

Seismic safety of concrete arch dams are of significant concern as it may exhaust the social and economic wellbeing of humanity. Dam –Foundation and Dam- Reservoir interactions greatly influenced the dynamic behavior of arch dams. Under earthquake excitations, geological features of dam systems behave rigorously. Therefore, the evaluation of concrete arch dam involves the comprehensive inquisition of responses from the far–field and free-field boundaries. Models developed so far with simplified assumptions explicit the need for the identification of factors in the analysis and design of dam structures. Traditional analytical methods result in over-rigid dam structures that can upshot over-estimated stresses and strains. In the earlier researches, the foundation rocks were assumed massless. It easily simplifies the uncertainty in inertia and damping but gives inaccurate solutions. Thus, approximations in the dam-water-foundation system by ignoring the mainframe parameters play a crucial role in analyzing structure. Finite Element Method with relevant factors under consideration brings up the solution with most negligible errors. FE model calibrated with appropriate parameters will predict the exact behavior of dam structures under seismic excitations. This paper presents the review of research conducted on the concrete arch dam focusing on dam-foundation, dam–water interactions, massed and massless foundation, water compressibility, thermal variations, spatial variations in the ground motion, etc.

The seismic safety of existing building stock has become a very critical issue in recent years, mainly in earthquake-prone South Europe where most of the buildings were designed before the enforcement of seismic standards. Therefore, the concept, development and testing of efficient and cost-effective seismic retrofitting technologies are nowadays strongly needed, both for the society and for the scientific community. This study deals with the seismic assessment of a new RC-framed skin for retrofit intervention of existing buildings, evaluated through nonlinear static (pushover) analyses. A preliminary description of the proposed technology is provided, then numerical modeling of a typical RC existing building before and after retrofitting intervention is performed within the OpenSees framework. The results revealed that the proposed retrofitting technology improves the seismic performance of the RC building, also modifying the failure mode from a brittle soft-story mechanism to a more ductile one. The presented study, dedicated to the structural aspects of the system, is part of the TIMESAFE research project, where the thermo-hygrometric and acoustic performances achievable by the proposed RC-framed skin are also investigated.

This paper describes the development and present status of seismic evaluation and seismic retrofit of existing buildings mainly for low-rise and medium-rise reinforced concrete buildings in Japan. First, since the seismic evaluation of existing buildings has close relationships with the seismic design of new buildings, a brief history of the development of seismic design, seismic evaluation, and seismic retrofit is provided in terms of major earthquake disasters mostly in Japan and associated with some major events in the U.S. Then, the development of seismic evaluation and retrofit is reviewed, focusing on the items in which the author has been deeply involved. This provides insight into previous earthquake damage, methodologies for seismic evaluation, the basic concept of the Standard for Seismic Evaluation of Existing Reinforced Concrete Buildings, studies on the demand criteria for seismic safety, and the present status of seismic evaluation and retrofit. Finally, the typical methods of seismic retrofit and some examples of retrofitted buildings in Japan are explained.

Aim of the research. Investigation of fire danger of seismic expansion joints, which have recently become almost the main component of seismic protection of buildings and structures. Identify the degree of fire danger of the building structure. Develop preventive measures to ensure fire safety of buildings and structures where seismic expansion joints are used. The relevance of this problem lies in the fact that the destruction of deformation seismic joints in seismic conditions for the spread of combustion (usually secondary occur in earthquakes) from one compartment of the building to another (protected by partitions, fire compartments, locks). That is, combustion opens the possibility to bypass special protections put in its way, in order to avoid its spread. Methods. Antiseismic deformation joints have been studied from the point of view of fire safety. The work mainly deals with the expansion joints used in the installation of aluminum panels for the design of buildings and structures. The connection of fire danger of antiseismic joints combined with technological and operational errors of performers is shown. Tests of various seismic protection joints for fire danger have been carried out. Results. It is concluded that it is necessary to develop a special regulatory documentation that introduces specific rules for the execution of expansion joints, especially designed to improve the seismic safety of buildings and structures.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to estimate the cost of seismic resilience of identified vulnerable lifeline public buildings in earthquake-prone Himalayan province of Uttarakhand in India. Design/methodology/approach Built area of the identified vulnerable lifeline buildings together with prevalent rate of construction has been considered for assessing the cost of seismic resilience while improvised rapid visual screening (RVS) technique, better suited to the built environment in the region, has been used for assessing seismic vulnerability. Findings Investment of US$250.08m is assessed as being required for ensuring seismic safety of 56.3, 62.1, 52.9, 64.6, 71.9 and 61.7% surveyed buildings, respectively, of fire and emergency services, police, health, education, local administration and other departments that are to become non-functional after an earthquake and result in a major socio-political turmoil. A total amount of US$467.71m is estimated as being required for making all the buildings of these departments seismically resilient. Research limitations/implications Actual investment estimates and reconstruction/retrofitting plans have to be prepared after detailed investigations as RVS technique only provides a preliminary estimate and helps in prioritising buildings for detailed investigations. Practical implications This study is intended to provide a snapshot of the state of seismic vulnerability together with the financial resources required for corrective measures. This is to help the authorities in planning phased mobilisation of financial and technical resources for making the built environment seismically resilient. Social implications This study is to bring forth awareness on this important issue and consequent public opinion in favour of safety of public facilities to ensure allocation of appropriate financial resources together with changes in techno-legal regime for the cause of earthquake safety. At the same time, this study is to motivate masses to voluntarily assess safety of their neighbourhood and undertake corrective measures. Originality/value This study is based on primary data collected by the authors.

The objective of this study, which consists of a pair of articles, is the structural rehabilitation of a vaulted ruin located on the historical peninsula of Istanbul, dated to the Middle Byzantine period, and a masonry building constructed at a later date on top of the structure. The present article, which constitutes the first part of the study, examined the seismic performances of the historical ruin structure considering the states; (i) before the construction of the masonry building, (ii) after the construction of the masonry building and (iii) after the strengthening of the masonry building. Fieldwork and numerical analyses were conducted to this end. In this study, initially, the situations where the masonry building is present or not were compared, and the effects of the construction of masonry building on the seismic performance of the historical ruin structure are investigated. Then, the effect of the strengthening application on the masonry building to the historical ruin structure is revealed. For all of the three cases, the seismic strength of the historical ruin structure is found to be insufficient. The masonry building, which was built on the ruin in a later period caused a significant increase in the stresses and their distribution. A strengthening methodology to be applied to the historical ruin structure before the strengthening of the masonry building is proposed for the historical ruin structure to achieve its sufficient seismic strength. The findings of the study are significant in terms demonstrating the interaction between historical ruins and buildings constructed above them, and in defining the necessary strengthening applications required to achieve seismic safety in such structures. In addition, the primary motivation of the study is to present the necessary structural precautions needed for the preservation of ruins dated to the Middle Byzantine period through the structural analysis.

Improving of seismic safety of rocky deposits underground mining is an important scientific and social task. Among possible methods of its solving, application of new explosive materials occupies an important place. Main scientific and practical results of the study in this area presented. An analysis of previous studies and control observations, instrumental measuring of an explosion seismic action by devices and apparatus accomplished. It was shown, that seismic safety improving and efficiency of explosive work at mines increase reached by intensification of technological processes with application of high productivity selfpropelled and small-size charging machinery of new generation, such as machines of ЗЭВС-1 model and portable chargers of ЗЭП15 model, used for explosion operations mechanization. Application of pouring ecologically clean trotyl-free emulsion explosive materials of “Украинит-ПП-2” (Ukranit-PP-2) type also favors to the improving of seismic safety. Their characteristics and purpose presented, peculiarities of application considered. Analysis of methods and technical means for seismic measurements accomplished. Elaboration of seismic monitoring system with application of state-of-the-art automation systems and electronic seismographs proposed, that will allow decreasing level of seismic action on buildings and constructions in an explosion action zone down to requirements of seismic safety standards.

Natural stone masonry is a building technology largely used all over the world, since the dawn of humankind. At present day stone masonry buildings, beyond being naturally characterized by intrinsic building physics performances, allow to reconsider the use of natural stone masonry (together with new technological supports, components and materials), as a promising “new trend” for both newly developed buildings and renovation of existing buildings, in particular where it is a priority to retrieve the historical identity of the urban landscape. In this paper, energy performance and structural-acoustic properties of stone masonry buildings, in compliance with seismic safety criteria, are investigated and discussed on the basis of current technical standards and scientific literature. Related performances are evaluated by means of accurate calculation models. The results show that stone masonry buildings can offer often higher performance than those normally attributed to it.

Lead-rubber bearing (LRB) is a well developed and implemented isolation technology. One of the design challenges is to prevent LRBs from buckling during strong earthquake shaking. Although detailed component behavior of LRB under combined axial and shear loads has been well investigated, the seismic performance of base-isolated buildings with LRBs has not been systematically examined. In this study, the robust finite element model of the LRB, which accounts for the axial and shear coupling, has been used to examine the seismic performances of two prototype buildings, each with different LRB geometric properties, structural periods, and axial loads. The results of nonlinear dynamic analyses show that the axial and shear coupling response of the LRB play an important role in the safety of base-isolated buildings. A simple amplification factor of 2.5 is proposed to increase the axial capacity of the LRB when the shear deformation reaches the maximum total displacement. The results show that such a simple amplification factor can produce low probability of failure of LRB buildings during strong earthquake shaking.

Within this currentstudy, in order to be safe of school buildings against an earthquake, shearwall ratio, must have been a plan, was determined depending on floor type. Inorder to determine these approach, three types of model building formwork planswith 4, 6 and 8 classrooms were selected. Shear wall- frame systems have beencreated by placing 4 reinforced concrete shear walls symmetrically on bothsides of each of the 3 selected formwork plans. Each of the 3 types of selectedformwork plans were modeled as 2, 3, 4 and 5 stories. Each of the modelbuildings was built for 2 types of material combination. Thereby, a total of 24types of school buildings were taken into account in the calculations.Performance evaluation of the 24 model school buildings produced was made byusing nonlinear analysis method. The smallest reinforced concrete shear walldimensions, provided the predicted performance level, are obtained byincreasing by 5 cm the reinforced concrete shear walls in both directions. Thisprocess was carried out until each of the selected 24 model buildings providedthe minimum target performance levels based on the probability of exceeding occurrence. Shear wall dimensions were determined by dividingspecified curtain wall dimensions into floor areas.These shear wall ratiosdepend on floor type., Bu çalışma kapsamında,okul türü binaların depreme karşı güvenli olabilmesi için planda bulunmasıgereken perde duvar oranı kat adetine bağlı olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu amaçla 4,6 ve 8 derslikli üç tip model bina kalıp planı seçilmiş ve her birinin her ikiyönüne simetrik 4 adet perde duvar yerleştirilerek perdeli çerçeveli sistemleroluşturulmuştur. Seçilen 3 tip kalıp planının her biri 2, 3, 4 ve 5 katlıolarak modellenmiştir. Model binaların her biri 2 tip malzeme grubu içinoluşturulmuştur. Böylece hesaplamalarda toplamda 24 adet tip okul binasıdikkate alınmıştır. Üretilen bu model okul binalarının doğrusal elastik olmayanhesap yöntemiyle performans değerlendirilmesi yapılmıştır. Seçilen 24 adetmodel binanın her biri aşılma olasılığına göre hedeflenen minimum hedefperformans seviyelerini sağlayana kadar perde duvarlar hesap yapılan doğrultuda5’er cm artırılarak öngörülen performans seviyesini sağlayan en küçük perdeduvar boyutları her iki doğrultu için elde edilmiştir. Belirlenen bu perdeduvar boyutları kat alanlarına bölünerek kat adetine bağlı olarak perde duvaroranları belirlenmiştir.

A nonlinear 3D analytical model, experimentally validated by seismic shaking table tests of a large-scale bridge model constructed with upgraded seismically isolated system with space flange devices, representing an advanced USI-SF seismic protection system, is presented. Seismic protection advances of USI-SF system are demonstrated through comparative analysis of the model prototype with the proposed new system. Technological options for qualitative upgrading of various types of isolated bridges are made possible with structural generalization of SF-ED devices.

In order to increase the seismic safety of nuclear power plant (NPP) structures, a technique to reduce the seismic load transmitted to the NPP structure by using a seismic isolation device such as a lead-rubber bearing has recently been actively researched. In seismic design of NPP structures, three directional (two horizontal and one vertical directions) artificial synthetic earthquakes (G0 group) corresponding to the standard design spectrum are generally used. In this study, seismic analysis was performed by using three directional artificial synthetic earthquakes (M0 group) corresponding to the maximum-minimum spectrum reflecting uncertainty of incident direction of earthquake load. The design basis earthquake (DBE) and the beyond design basis earthquakes (BDBEs are equal to 150%, 167%, and 200% DBE) of G0 and M0 earthquake groups were respectively generated for 30 sets and used for the seismic analysis. The purpose of this study is to compare seismic responses and seismic fragility curves of seismically isolated NPP structures subjected to DBE and BDBE. From the seismic fragility curves, the probability of failure of the seismic isolation system when the peak ground acceleration (PGA) is 0.5 g is about 5% for the M0 earthquake group and about 3% for the G0 earthquake group.