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Abstract Technological developments are changing how users pay for goods and services. In the context of the COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) pandemic, new payment systems have been established to reduce contact between buyer and seller. In addition to the pandemic, the future is payment processing is also uncertain due to the new EU security regulations of the Payment Services Directive (PSD2). Biometric payments one option that would guarantee the security of transactions and reduce the risk of contagion. This research analyses the intention to recommend the use of the mobile phone as a tool for collecting payments in a shop using iris reading as a biometric measure of the buyer. The moderating effect of the fear of contagion in the proposed relationships was also analysed. An online survey was carried out, which yielded a sample of 368 respondents. The results indicate that the main antecedents of intention to use, which precedes intention to recommend, are perceived trust, habit, personal innovativeness and comfort of use. Additionally, the moderating effect of COVID-19 was checked among users with a higher perception of risk. The results obtained have interesting implications for purchase management among manufacturers and retailers.

Presentación

Desde 1970, en las diferentes leyes generales de Educación se ha orientado al profesorado de Ciencias Sociales a asumir planteamientos innovadores, encaminados a conferir mayor practicidad a su acción docente. Desde esta perspectiva, este artículo se plantea analizar las visiones de los futuros profesores de Historia y Geografía sobre los métodos de enseñanza, indagando en el pasado disciplinar a través de su memoria como discentes. El estudio se ha realizado en las Universidades de Murcia y Valladolid, en la especialidad de Geografía e Historia del Máster de Formación del Profesorado durante el curso 2020/2021, con un total de 55 participantes. El diseño de investigación se corresponde con un enfoque cualitativo y para la obtención de datos se ha utilizado un cuestionario abierto. Las narrativas resultantes han sido analizadas inductivamente con el software Nvivo. Los resultados recogen que, aunque hay algunas diferencias según el marco legislativo en el que se cursó la ESO, la mayoría de los participantes guarda recuerdos negativos de su experiencia como alumnos de geografía e historia, ligados a métodos docentes tradicionales como la lección magistral, el dictado de apuntes, el uso del libro de texto y la práctica ausencia del fomento del pensamiento crítico. De ahí que la clave para una auténtica transformación en la metodología docente parece estar más en una buena formación inicial, así como en una revisión de la extensión de los contenidos curriculares, que en el cambio de las leyes generales de educación.

Fragaria chiloensis (Chilean strawberry) is a native species that produces fruit with an exotic pinkish color and a fruity aroma. It has a non-climacteric pattern of fruit ripening, and it is the mother of the commercial Fragaria x ananassa. The ripening of F. chiloensis fruit seems stimulated by ABA, and a complete set of genes participate in its softening, color, and aroma development. In addition, a set of transcription factors regulate the entire process, but few of them have been described. Over the last two decades, RNA-seq was used to identify genes at three fruit development/ripening stages, named C2 (unripe, large green) to C4 (full ripe), in whole fruit and fruit without achenes. A total of 204,754 contigs were assembled considering all samples, obtaining an N50 of 1.125 bp. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between two samples were identified, obtaining a total of 77,181 DEGs. Transcripts for genes involved in ABA biosynthesis present high and differential expression during the C2, C3, and C4 stages. Besides, contigs corresponding to ABA receptors, which interact with a regulatory network, are also differentially expressed. Genes associated with cell wall remodeling and those involved in flavonoid synthesis were also differentially expressed. An interaction network was built considering differentially expressed genes for the phenylpropanoid and flavonoid molecular pathways and having FcMYB1 as a transcription factor regulator. Identifying key genes could give an option to control the ripening of this non-climacteric fruit.

The Internet of Things (IoT) technology is growing rapidly, while the IoT devices are being deployed massively. However, interoperability with information systems remains a major challenge for this accelerated device deployment. Furthermore, most of the time, IoT information is presented as Time Series (TS), and while the majority of the studies in the literature focus on the prediction, compression, or processing of TS, no standardized representation format has emerged. Moreover, apart from interoperability, IoT networks contain multiple constrained devices which are designed with limitations, e.g., processing power, memory, or battery life. Therefore, in order to reduce the interoperability challenges and increase the lifetime of IoT devices, this article introduces a new format for TS based on CBOR. The format exploits the compactness of CBOR by leveraging delta values to represent measurements, employing tags to represent variables, and utilizing templates to convert the TS data representation into the appropriate format for the cloud-based application. Moreover, we introduce a new refined and structured metadata to represent additional information for the measurements, then we provide a Concise Data Definition Language (CDDL) code to validate the CBOR structures against our proposal, and finally, we present a detailed performance evaluation to validate the adaptability and the extensibility of our approach. Our performance evaluation results show that the actual data sent by IoT devices can be reduced by between 88% and 94% compared to JavaScript Object Notation (JSON), between 82% and 91% compared to Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) and ASN.1, and between 60% and 88% compared to Protocol buffers. At the same time, it can reduce Time-on-Air by between 84% and 94% when a Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN) technology such as LoRaWAN is employed, leading to a 12-fold increase in battery life compared to CBOR format or between a 9-fold and 16-fold increase when compared to Protocol buffers and ASN.1, respectively. In addition, the proposed metadata represent an additional 0.5% of the overall data transmitted in cases where networks such as LPWAN or Wi-Fi are employed. Finally, the proposed template and data format provide a compact representation of TS that can significantly reduce the amount of data transmitted containing the same information, extend the battery life of IoT devices, and improve their lifetime. Moreover, the results show that the proposed approach is effective for different data types and it can be integrated seamlessly into existing IoT systems.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyse the effects of brand trust and online brand community (OBC) trust on consumer repurchase intention and the positive electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) intention of OBC members. Design/methodology/approach – The research model was assessed using data from a sample of 628 OBC users using partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). Findings – The results show that brand trust positively affects repurchase intention and positive eWOM intention, both directly and indirectly through OBC trust. The total effect of brand trust on the results is greater than that of OBC trust. Originality/value – This research contributes to marketing theory and practice by analysing the combined effect of OBC trust and brand trust on the consumer–brand relationship in the context of OBCs.

The accurate processing of contrast is the basis for all visually guided behaviors. Visual scenes with rapidly changing illumination challenge contrast computation because photoreceptor adaptation is not fast enough to compensate for such changes. Yet, human perception of contrast is stable even when the visual environment is quickly changing, suggesting rapid post receptor luminance gain control. Similarly, in the fruit fly Drosophila, such gain control leads to luminance invariant behavior for moving OFF stimuli. Here, we show that behavioral responses to moving ON stimuli also utilize a luminance gain, and that ON-motion guided behavior depends on inputs from three first-order interneurons L1, L2, and L3. Each of these neurons encodes contrast and luminance differently and distributes information asymmetrically across both ON and OFF contrast-selective pathways. Behavioral responses to both ON and OFF stimuli rely on a luminance-based correction provided by L1 and L3, wherein L1 supports contrast computation linearly, and L3 non-linearly amplifies dim stimuli. Therefore, L1, L2, and L3 are not specific inputs to ON and OFF pathways but the lamina serves as a separate processing layer that distributes distinct luminance and contrast information across ON and OFF pathways to support behavior in varying conditions.

Despite vaccines are the main strategy to control the ongoing global COVID-19 pandemic, their effectiveness could not be enough for individuals with immunosuppression. In these cases, as well as in patients with moderate/severe COVID-19, passive immunization with anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulins could be a therapeutic alternative. We used caprylic acid precipitation to prepare a pilot-scale batch of anti-SARS-CoV-2 intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIg) from plasma of donors immunized with the BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) anti-COVID-19 vaccine (VP-IVIg) and compared their in vitro efficacy and safety with those of a similar formulation produced from plasma of COVID-19 convalescent donors (CP-IVIg). Both formulations showed immunological, physicochemical, biochemical, and microbiological characteristics that meet the specifications of IVIg formulations. Moreover, the concentration of anti-RBD and ACE2-RBD neutralizing antibodies was higher in VP-IVIg than in CP-IVIg. In concordance, plaque reduction neutralization tests showed inhibitory concentrations of 0.03–0.09 g/L in VP-IVIg and of 0.06–0.13 in CP-IVIg. Thus, VP-IVIg has in vitro efficacy and safety profiles that justify their evaluation as therapeutic alternative for clinical cases of COVID-19. Precipitation with caprylic acid could be a simple, feasible, and affordable alternative to produce formulations of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IVIg to be used therapeutically or prophylactically to confront the COVID-19 pandemic in middle and low-income countries.

In a society in which access to information is direct, immediate and without filters, it is absolutely essential that, from the educational system, and more specifically from the teaching of social sciences, students are provided with the necessary tools so that are able to question all the information they receive and can create their own opinion about it. However, the teaching model that, in general, is used in history classes is not usually aimed at creating that critical reasoning or fostering historical thinking. To mitigate these deficiencies, the use of problem-based learning is proposed so that, using the scientific method of history itself, students learn the compulsory contents that mark the curriculum, while solving a very controversial issue: Was Columbus a genocidal?

Radiological findings in chest radiography and respiratory symptomatology represent a great challenge of interpretation during the COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) pandemic, as their patterns can generate uncertainty at the time of diagnosis. This case highlights the importance in achieving an adequate correlation between diagnostic imaging and the clinical picture. We present a male adult who was admitted for 8 days of respiratory symptoms. Management with steroids was initiated according to the RECOVERY (Randomized Evaluation of COVID-19 Therapy) protocol and later confirmation of SARS-CoV-2 infection was received. In the following weeks, he deteriorated slowly and progressively clinically, without reaching respiratory failure. Imaging showed a thick-walled cavitation in the right lower lobe. Tuberculosis was suspected and confirmed. The uniqueness of this case of COVID-19 coinfection in a patient with undiagnosed tuberculosis, represents a diagnostic and clinical management challenge, where the proper interpretation of chest radiology is a fundamental tool.

Peri-urban landscapes (PULs) play an important role in the supply of ecosystem services (ES), which support development and well-being in urban and rural areas. Understanding the impacts of policy actions on the supply of ES and how they might contribute to the achievement of a range of sustainable development goals (SDG) is a key challenge, especially for spatial planning. The aim of this article is to explore the links between the ES supply from PULs and how they support different SDGs from a global perspective. For this, we implemented a review of the literature oriented to identify (1) the most relevant ES provided by PULs at a global level, (2) how they support the achievement of different SDG, and (3) the type of policy interventions and actors related to PULs. We identified the supply of 17 different ES by PULs and a relationship to 12 SDGs. In 58% of the cases, the SDGs were related to two ES sections, where regulation and maintenance was dominant. Pure research was the main type of intervention, mainly at the municipal scale. Increasing the cooperation between science and policy and expanding the scale of analysis beyond municipal boundaries are critical aspects.

Este trabajo se centra en el análisis de la adquisición de la empatía histórica, una de las dimensiones de las llamadas competencias históricas, por parte de un grupo de alumnos de 2.º de Bachillerato de un centro educativo de la Región de Murcia. A partir de la realización de un juego de rol evolutivo ambientado en la Guerra Civil y el Franquismo, se ha realizado un estudio descriptivo con metodología cualitativa a partir de los datos obtenidos de la aplicación de varios instrumentos (relatos elaborados por el alumnado y un cuestionario), que estaban orientados a evaluar el nivel de adquisición de esa dimensión del pensamiento histórico. En este caso, aunque los resultados avalan la eficacia del programa (el 75% de los alumnos alcanza un nivel medio o alto de comprensión empática), las implicaciones en la mejora del rendimiento académico del alumnado son relativas.

En este estudio se plantea cómo la literatura infantil y juvenil (LIJ) puede convertirse en una herramienta apropiada para que el alumnado de Educación Primaria avance en el desarrollo de una ciudadanía democrática. Dentro de la LIJ se ha abordado el género álbum ilustrado, siguiendo investigaciones previas, como las de Encabo, López y Jerez (2012), o las de los trabajos compilados por Johnston y Bainbridge (2013), entre otras. Se ha procurado, no obstante, superar las limitaciones de estos antecedentes. En el presente trabajo se ha incidido tanto en la mejora de las competencias sociales y cívicas como en un mayor conocimiento del género álbum. Se ha seleccionado para la lectura la obra Eric, de Shaun Tan. La propuesta se ha concretado con catorce participantes de cuarto a sexto curso de Educación Primaria. Se ha utilizado como método principal el grupo de discusión, además de un cuestionario.

El cuento clásico o tradicional ha sido uno de los cimientos principales en los que ha sustentado su desarrollo el género álbum ilustrado. Partiendo de esta premisa, el objetivo del presente trabajo ha sido analizar la relación entre el cuento clásico y el álbum ilustrado postmoderno, en el caso concreto de una obra radicalmente metaficcional: Sin título, de Hervé Tullet (2013). Para llevar a cabo el análisis se han considerado instrumentos ya existentes, como los de Propp (1927), Silva-Díaz (2005) o Goldstone (2002). No obstante, al no tratarse de un texto narrativo propiamente dicho, las categorías se han extraído de la propia obra. Los resultados del análisis muestran el fuerte vínculo existente entre los dos géneros, aunque no se trata de una mera transposición de elementos, sino de todo un trabajo reflexivo y creativo

Despite the fact that User-Generated-Content (UGC) has emerged as a widely implemented practice in many disciplines and industries, including tourism and hospitality, academic research lacks a measurement method for hotels’ managerial responses to UGCReviews (UGC-R). Based on data from a survey of 335 hotels, this article validates a 32-item UGC-Review scale that, through a battery of exploratory factorial analysis tests, comprises 6 constructs: identification of the reputation landscape; assessment of changes in the company´s ratings and rankings over time; determination of the publication reach; comparison with industry competitors; review and comparison of ranking methodologies and increased reputational scores. The results show that the proposal scale demonstrates reliability and dimensionality. The proposed UGC-R scale is a strategic tool for business managers aiming to improve their marketing strategies and to gain insig

In recent years, the official authorities in Chile have reported transgressions in the maximum residue levels of pesticides in fresh vegetables. There is no official information about traceability, pesticide levels, and potential health risks. The aim of this study was to analyse pesticide residues and their corresponding dietary risk assessments in tomatoes from supermarkets in the Metropolitan Region. Pesticides were extracted using the Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe, QuEChERS method, and their concentrations were determined by using chromatography with HPLC-FL/UV and GC-MS/ECD/NPD, following the Analytical Quality Control and Method Validation Procedures for Pesticides Residues Analysis in Food and Feed, SANTE guide and ISO 17025:2017 standard. In addition, a dietary risk assessment was carried out by comparing Chilean data to international references. The results reported that 9% of the samples had pesticide residue levels above the maximum residue levels permitted in Chile. All the scenarios evaluated revealed the highest estimated daily intake and hazard quotients for methamidophos and chlorpyrifos. Both the active substances used were acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and were neurotoxic under chronic risk assessment. The results showed the highest chronic hazard index in the Chilean scenario for all age groups and genders. The evidence obtained revealed that methamidophos, methomyl, and chlorpyrifos should be restricted for their use in Chilean agriculture.

Tourists usually configure and develop ideas about possible destinations based on information previously gathered from both social media and the official web of the destination management organization (DMO). In spite of the relevance of said information sources, there have not been many studies evaluating how these different sources influence the destination image. This research proposes a model intended to explain the image creation process of a destination taking into account both the DMO’s online platforms and the perceived psychological distance. The proposed model is tested with an empirical study including a questionnaire which collects data from 264 participants. The validity of the model is reviewed through PLS analysis. Results show that the psychological distance does not influence the overall destination image. In addition, the overall destination image can be estimated to a larger extent when tourists approach social media as their main source of information. Implications and conclusions are discussed.

El descubrimiento de Neptuno fue uno de los mayores logros de la astronomía del siglo XIX. Armados con las herramientas del cálculo y con las observaciones del movimiento anómalo de Urano, Adams y Le Verrier determinaron, independientemente, la posible ubicación y masa de un hipotético planeta, lo que llevaría a su descubrimiento observacional. En este artículo me propongo demostrar que los métodos empleados por estos estaban influenciados por el método de análisis y síntesis de Newton. Mostraré, además, algunos principios epistemológicos generales de la astronomía que se pueden extraer cuando consideramos estos métodos de investigación.

La evaluación es una parte fundamental del proceso de enseñanza-­‐aprendizaje. Sin embargo, una concepción tradicional de la misma restringe su uso a los resultados de aprendizaje del alumnado, mientras que otra percepción más actual engloba en su campo de actuación, además del aprendizaje discente, la labor docente del profesorado, el propio proceso de enseñanza-­‐aprendizaje y hasta la propia evaluación. Ambas ideas coexisten a día de hoy en la realidad de las aulas. Para conocer cuál es la más extendida entre el profesorado de Geografía e Historia que imparte docencia en ESO, hemos llevado a cabo un estudio cualitativo, basado en entrevistas y grupo de discusión con catorce docentes, que pretende sacar a la luz las concepciones y las prácticas de evaluación de los profesores en lo relativo a los momentos en los que esta se lleva a cabo y los instrumentos que utilizan para ello. Los resultados nos dicen que, aunque existe diversidad a la hora de entender la evaluación por parte de los docentes, la mayoría se decanta por posicionamientos más actuales que dejan, no obstante, amplio margen de mejora.

Rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus are two highly prevalent autoimmune diseases that generate disability and low quality of life. The innate immune system, a long-forgotten issue in autoimmune diseases, is becoming increasingly important and represents a new focus for the treatment of these entities. This review highlights the role that innate immune system plays in the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. The role of the innate immune system in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus pathophysiology is not only important in early stages but is essential to maintain the immune response and to allow disease progression. In rheumatoid arthritis, genetic and environmental factors are involved in the initial stimulation of the innate immune response in which macrophages are the main participants, as well as fibroblast-like synoviocytes. In systemic lupus erythematosus, all the cells contribute to the inflammatory response, but the complement system is the major effector of the inflammatory process. Detecting alterations in the normal function of these cells, besides its contribution to the understanding of the pathophysiology of autoimmune diseases, could help to establish new treatment strategies for these diseases.

Sensory systems sequentially extract increasingly complex features. ON and OFF pathways, for example, encode increases or decreases of a stimulus from a common input. This ON/OFF pathway split is thought to occur at individual synaptic connections through a sign-inverting synapse in one of the pathways. Here, we show that ON selectivity is a multisynaptic process in the Drosophila visual system. A pharmacogenetics approach demonstrates that both glutamatergic inhibition through GluClα and GABAergic inhibition through Rdl mediate ON responses. Although neurons postsynaptic to the glutamatergic ON pathway input L1 lose all responses in GluClα mutants, they are resistant to a cell-type-specific loss of GluClα. This shows that ON selectivity is distributed across multiple synapses, and raises the possibility that cell-type-specific manipulations might reveal similar strategies in other sensory systems. Thus, sensory coding is more distributed than predicted by simple circuit motifs, allowing for robust neural processing.

Testicular cancer is one of the most commonly occurring malignant tumors in young men with fourfold higher rate of incidence and threefold higher mortality rates in Chile than the average global rates. Surgery is the initial line of treatment for testicular cancers, and is generally followed by chemotherapy, usually with combinations of bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin (BEP). However, the adverse effects of chemotherapy vary significantly among individuals; therefore, the present study explored the association of functionally significant allelic variations in genes related to the pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of BEP and DNA repair enzymes with chemotherapy-induced toxicity in BEP-treated testicular cancer patients. We prospectively recruited 119 patients diagnosed with testicular cancer from 2010 to 2017. Genetic polymorphisms were analyzed using PCR and/or qPCR with TaqMan®probes. Toxicity was evaluated based on the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, v4.03. After univariate analyses to define more relevant genetic variants (p < 0.2) and clinical conditions in relation to severe (III–IV) adverse drug reactions (ADRs), stepwise forward multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed. As expected, the main severe ADRs associated with the non-genetic variables were hematological (neutropenia and leukopenia). Univariate statistical analyses revealed that patients with ERCC2 rs13181 T/G and/or CYP3A4 rs2740574 A/G genotypes are more likely to develop alopecia; patients with ERCC2 rs238406 C/C genotype may develop leukopenia, and patients with GSTT1-null genotype could develop lymphocytopenia (III–IV). Patients with ERCC2 rs1799793 A/A were at risk of developing severe anemia. The BLMH rs1050565 G/G genotype was found to be associated with pain, and the GSTP1 G/G genotype was linked infection (p < 0.05). Multivariate analysis showed an association between specific ERCC1/2 genotypes and cumulative dose of BEP drugs with the appearance of severe leukopenia and/or febrile neutropenia. Grades III–IV vomiting, nausea, and alopecia could be partly explained by the presence of specific ERCC1/2, MDR1, GSTP1, and BLMH genotypes (p < 0.05). Hence, we provide evidence for the usefulness of pharmacogenetics as a tool for predicting severe ADRs in testicular cancer patients treated with BEP chemotherapy.

This research develops a model to predict the effect of advertising a socially responsible activity on perceived corporate social responsibility (CSR) and its influence on consumer loyalty. It examines the relationships between company-cause congruence, corporate credibility, altruism attribution and perceived CSR, and CSR with consumer loyalty, and analyzes the moderating effect of the type of communication medium (i.e. traditional medium vs. social medium). This study is original because it fills the gap in the CSR communication literature in the evaluation of how the use of one or another type of medium to advertise a cause related marketing activity influences the effect of perceived CSR on consumer loyalty. An empirical study was conducted with two samples of consumers, each of which was exposed to the same advertisement, inserted in either a newspaper or posted on a social network. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. The results carry implications for CSR activities and communications management as they validate the proposed model that integrates the antecedents of perceived CSR and its influence on loyalty, and show that the traditional medium model has a better fit and its overall effect is greater than the social medium model. From a practical perspective, this study has several implications regarding the importance of communicating CSR activities.

Hotel booking decisions are increasingly influenced by consumer feedback available on social media sites. Using data submitted by customers on TripAdvisor, this study analyzes the customer satisfaction ratings posted for 2,211 hotels. The study provides four key contributions to our knowledge on this subject. Firstly, a comparative analysis was conducted of customer ratings for hotels located on the Spanish coast and Portugal’s southern coast. Secondly, significant differences were found in the number of comments and average online review ratings, which showed a correlation to the tourism destinations’ geographical locations. Thirdly, the study found that customers tend to rate their hotel experiences positively. Fourthly, the customers’ overall level of satisfaction with a hotel tends to increase proportionately based on the number of customer feedback comments posted for that hotel. Consequently, one of this study’s findings is that hotels should encourage their customers to post comments on customer review websites to balance out any negative feedback.

Artificial membranes are models for biological systems and are important for applications. We introduce a dry two-step self-assembly method consisting of the high-vacuum evaporation of phospholipid molecules over silicon, followed by a subsequent annealing step in air. We evaporate dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) molecules over bare silicon without the use of polymer cushions or solvents. High-resolution ellipsometry and AFM temperature-dependent measurements are performed in air to detect the characteristic phase transitions of DPPC bilayers. Complementary AFM force-spectroscopy breakthrough events are induced to detect single- and multi-bilayer formation. These combined experimental methods confirm the formation of stable non-hydrated supported lipid bilayers with phase transitions gel to ripple at 311.5 ± 0.9 K, ripple to liquid crystalline at 323.8 ± 2.5 K and liquid crystalline to fluid disordered at 330.4 ± 0.9 K, consistent with such structures reported in wet environments. We find that the AFM tip induces a restructuring or intercalation of the bilayer that is strongly related to the applied tip-force. These dry supported lipid bilayers show long-term stability. These findings are relevant for the development of functional biointerfaces, specifically for fabrication of biosensors and membrane protein platforms. The observed stability is relevant in the context of lifetimes of systems protected by bilayers in dry environments.

La conformación de las identidades y sus relaciones con la formación de la ciudadanía son problemas relevantes dentro de las sociedades actuales, que están siendo también abordados desde la perspectiva de la educación patrimonial, tanto en la educación formal, como no formal e informal. Este trabajo analiza las relaciones entre identidad, ciudadanía y patrimonio, centrándose en el tratamiento didáctico que se desarrolla desde esta perspectiva en los museos. Para ello, se contrastan, empleando una metodología cualitativa, tablas de categorías, de observación y registro de datos, las propuestas educativas de museos del ámbito norteamericano con las de museos españoles. Se ponen de manifiesto dos formas diferentes de articular este discurso, reflexionando sobre las diferencias encontradas entre ambos contextos culturales y los obstáculos detectados para desarrollar propuestas educativas dentro del marco de referencia teórico, simbólico-identitario, holístico, participativo y socio-crítico, del que se parte.

Middle school students´ perception of the assessment of the history courses they take allows us to analyze the relationship between the way history is taught and competent learning that develops historical thinking. This quantitative exploratory study presents the results of a survey conducted among 1,117 students in the 3rd and 4th levels of Obligatory Secondary Education in the Region of Murcia (Spain), who expressed their opinion of the instruments and criteria of evaluation by responding to a questionnaire. The results showed the need to change the cognitive model used for teaching history and to find a form of assessment that will promote and evaluate historical thinking, since the current approach consists basically of memorizing facts and answering repetitive questions, instead of learning how to identify the significance of historical events, explain their causes and consequences, and form reasoned judgments about the past independently.

Algunos especialistas de Newton han sostenido que la metodología con la que éste demuestra la existencia de la fuerza se fundamenta en el tratamiento matemático de los fenómenos del movimiento, lo que se ha convertido en la lectura clásica del asunto. No obstante, esta interpretación presenta amplias limitaciones si se examina a la luz de la lectura que intérpretes como Guicciardini y Guerlac proponen. Este artículo muestra las limitaciones de la lectura clásica a la luz de esta lectura más reciente, explorando los aspectos metodológicos de la demostración de la fuerza.

El análisis de las comunidades virtuales de marca (CVM) está en un continuo crecimiento, gracias a su capacidad de fortalecer las relaciones con los distintos públicos de la empresa y de mejorar la imagen de marca. Son muchos los estudios que se han centrado en el análisis de sus ventajas para las organizaciones, fundamentalmente como herramienta de comunicación y de soporte a otras acciones comerciales. Hasta el momento se han analizado comunidades de productos de muy diversa naturaleza, desde marcas de alta preferencia (p. ej.: Apple), hasta productos de conveniencia (p. ej.: Nutella). Las marcas de automoción han sido el centro de parte de estos estudios (Harley-Davidson, Mini, Yamaha, etc.) poniendo de manifiesto el interés de las empresas de este importante sector económico, por reforzar la lealtad a la marca. No obstante, hasta el momento no ha sido estudiado el uso conjunto de las comunidades virtuales por las empresas de un sector sino que se han analizado casos independientes. Para responder a este vacío en el conocimiento de las comunidades virtuales de marca en el sector de automoción, el presente artículo analiza los usos que de ellas hacen 19 marcas de automóviles y de motocicletas, como medios de comunicación. La investigación concluye que las CVM se están utilizando principalmente para la comunicación de eventos, acciones y promociones, tal vez excesivamente, sin que se visualice claramente el fortalecimiento de la imagen, la interactividad ni la identificación de los usuarios con la comunidad, por lo que no se aprovecha convenientemente el potencial de este canal de comunicación. Se sugieren algunos cambios para mejorar el uso de las CVM.

El objetivo de este artículo es reflexionar sobre la construcción del conocimiento histórico y su influencia en los procesos de enseñanza y aprendizaje a través del dossier “Historia y Pensamiento Histórico”. Este trabajo incide en la necesidad de adentrarse en la epistemología de la disciplina para conectar con el significado de la comprensión histórica. Contrariamente a la creencia popular, saber historia no equivale a la acumulación memorística de hechos, conceptos o fechas del pasado. La comprensión histórica implica unos complejos procesos de pensamiento que permitan interpretar esos contenidos (conceptos de primer orden), a través de estrategias propias de la disciplina (conceptos estratégicos o de segundo orden). Para adquirir estas habilidades es necesario la participación de los alumnos en la práctica del historiador. Este artículo realiza un repaso de la literatura temática sobre el pensamiento histórico para buscar los elementos comunes que permitan introducir estos procesos de aprendizaje en las aulas. Para desarrollar esta cuestión es necesario que los docentes posean tanto un conocimiento teórico sólido sobre la epistemología de la disciplina (qué es la historia), como del aprendizaje y búsqueda de marcadores de progresión cognitiva en los alumnos (qué significa la comprensión histórica y pensar históricamente) Palabras clave: Pensamiento histórico; Epistemología; Enseñanza de la historia.

It has been demonstrated, in order that the school excursions develop all his didactic potential (this is, in order that they serve to stimulate the “guided discovery” learning), have to be framed in didactic itineraries and with it, to be considered as an integral part of the didactic programming of the course. The curricular integration of the school excursions is one of the principal problems which the teacher meets at the moment of putting in practical this important didactic resource. With this work we claim, beside showing many possibilities that there has the museum of “The Enchanted House” of Briones (section ethnology of the Museum of La Rioja) for the learning of the history in Primary Education, to indicate how they can integrate in the curriculum the visits to the museum in each of three cycles that shape this educational level.

La planificación y realización de talleres de divulgación científica para escolares ha sido experimentada en el contexto de la formación de futuros docentes de los niveles de la Educación Primaria. Se presenta la valoración de este trabajo desde el punto de vista de los docentes en ejercicio, los alumnos participantes y los estudiantes de Magisterio que se formaron y actuaron como monitores.

El propósito de este artículo es aclarar la distinción entre cualidades primarias y secundarias en la filosofía de Locke, a la luz de las tradiciones que sobre el asunto éste tenía a la mano. En primer lugar, contrastaré sus afirmaciones acerca de las cualidades primarias y secundarias con el enfoque claramente mecanicista de la filosofía de Boyle y con la caracterización que hace Descartes de la extensión como substancia de los cuerpos y del pensamiento como substancia del alma. Finalmente, pondré la posición de Locke a la luz de la filosofía experimental de Newton y de su particular comprensión sobre las cualidades de la materia, tal como se encuentra descrita en sus Principia. A partir de ello podré concluir que la distinción entre cualidades primarias y secundarias en el Essay de Locke describe las condiciones de nuestra comprensión de la naturaleza, más no de lo que sean los objetos en sí mismos. Lo que implica que la distinción es meramente operacional, más que una descripción de la naturaleza de los objetos de nuestro conocimiento.

Este artículo investiga el uso que los profesores de ciencias sociales dan a los diferentes elementos que constituyen el patrimonio cultural. Para ello, partimos de un estudio de caso realizado sobre el Departamento de Geografía e Historia del IES Azorín, radicado en Yecla (Murcia). La finalidad de este estudio es determinar las metodologías, perspectivas y valoraciones que realiza el profesorado de estos elementos patrimoniales, así como su introducción en el proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje de las ciencias sociales. Esta investigación está organizada a partir de una serie de entrevistas semiestructuradas donde nos centramos en reconocer las estrategias, apreciaciones y propuestas de mejora planteadas por los profesores del centro.

Con el análisis de la familia Ferro Verdín, mercaderes murcianos de origen genovés, pretendemos mostrar que el dinero, en la Castilla moderna, era un elemento necesario, pero no suficiente, para ascender socialmente. Intentamos así revisar la poca importancia que, en los procesos de promoción social, algunas investigaciones recientes han otorgado al factor honorífico, relegado a un plano secundario frente al factor económico. Se estudian cinco generaciones de esta familia, en el transcurso de las cuales los Ferro, para ser reconocidos como miembros de la elite local murciana, tuvieron que abandonar la actividad comercial y adoptar todas las señas de identidad de dicho grupo social. La elite local hacía negocios con ellos, pero se mostraba remisa a emparentar con una familia de mercaderes. No sería hasta la cuarta generación cuando consiguen enlazar con la oligarquía linajuda: hasta ese momento sólo logran casar con miembros de los estratos intermedios de la oligarquía o de elites foráneas. No cabe duda que la posesión de riqueza facilitó, vía obtención de honras y oficios prestigiosos, el ascenso social de numerosas familias. Pero ni siquiera en el caso de una familia tan rica y bien situada en la administración regia y la Iglesia como la que nos ocupa, la posesión de estos capitales suponía una fácil y rápida integración en una elite tan «tradicional» como era la de la ciudad de Murcia.

En los últimos años, varios países europeos han modificado sus currículos escolares. Ese ha sido el caso de España, en la que en diciembre de 2013 aprueba la LOMCE, y Portugal, que desde el año 2012 está introduciendo cambios en su plan de estudios a través de las Metas Curriculares. Estas modificaciones han afectado, lógicamente, también a la enseñanza de las Ciencias Sociales, lo que nos ha llevado a plantearnos si los nuevos currículos han supuesto una mejora en el tratamiento dado a la educación patrimonial. En particular, nos hemos centrado en estudiar el caso de la Educación Primaria en España y la Educación Elemental portuguesa, en las que hemos analizado cuál es el concepto de patrimonio propuesto en las nuevas regulaciones, qué ámbitos del patrimonio están siendo priorizadas, y qué objetivos son perseguidos por la educación patrimonial en estos nuevos textos legales. Para contestar estas preguntas realizamos un análisis de contenidos del currículo de Educación Primaria de la Región de Murcia (utilizado como ejemplo de los currículos autonómicos españoles), y de su homólogo portugués, para más tarde proceder a su comparativa. Los resultados destacaron que hay un desfase significativo entre el potencial didáctico del patrimonio para la enseñanza de las ciencias sociales, y su presencia en las directrices de los planes de estudios analizados. Independientemente de algunas diferencias entre los datos de los documentos españoles y portugueses, en ambas situaciones subsiste una visión limitada y parcial de la educación patrimonial.

Ante las insistentes críticas del mecanicismo continental que caracterizaban la fuerza gravitacional como una “cualidad oculta” Newton redactó en el “Escolio general” una breve respuesta en la que se afirmaba que la fuerza era real y era suficiente la explicación que había dado de ella en los Principia para sostenerla como tal. Al respecto dos interpretaciones han pretendido explicar cuáles son los aspectos metodológicos y matemáticos de esta respuesta de Newton. En el artículo se muestra que la lectura más reciente permite comprender algunas de las limitaciones de la interpretación clásica, al acentuar el carácter metodológico de la demostración, resaltando la relación entre matemáticas y filosofía natural planteada en el “Prefacio al lector” de la primera edición de los Principia de Newton.