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Objective To explore the effect of schisandra chinensis fruit ethanol extract on nephrin and desmin expression in adriamycin(ADR) induced podocyte injury in vitro. Methods Conditionally immortalized mouse podocytes were treated with ADR for 24 h in vitro, then the medium was changed to medium with SE(250 mg/L) for 24 h. Podocytes were divided into four groups: control group, model group, SE intervention group and SE group. The expression of nephrin in podocytes was detected by immunofluorescence. Western Blot was employed to assess nephrin and desmin expression. Transcription level of nephrin and desmin were determined by qRT-PCR. Results Nephrin expression was distributed along the cell membrane in linear or granular pattern in control group and SE group. Fluorescence intensity in model group was lower than that of control group SE group and SE intervention group. There was no significant difference of nephrin and desmin protein and mRNA level between control group and SE group. Compared with the model group, protein and mRNA level of nephrin was lower than that of control group and SE intervention group. The protein expression and mRNA transcription of desmin in model group was higher than those in control group and SE intervention group (P < 0.05). Conclusion SE(250 mg/L) has no harmful effect on the podocytes in vitro. SE can protect the podocytes from damage by adriamycin in vitro. SE not only upregulate the expression of nephrin, but also down-regulate of desmin expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a study on the isolation, structural elucidation, and evaluation of cytotoxic activities of one new dibenzocyclooctane lignan and six known compounds from the leaves of the medicinal plant Kadsura induta. Topics covered include the heteronuclear multiple-bond correlations (HMBC) between methylene protons, the effects of compounds 3-6 on the growth of human cancer cell lines, and structures of isolated compounds 1-7 from the leaves of the plant.

Abstract: A high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) method was successfully developed for the preparative separation and purification of deoxyschizandrin from Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus in one step. The purity of deoxyschizandrin was 98.5%, and the structure was identified by MS, UV and NMR. This method was simple, fast, convenient and appropriate to prepare pure compound as reference substances for related research on Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Heilaohu, the roots of Kadsura coccinea, has been used in Tujia ethnomedicine to treat rheumatic arthritis (RA). Heilaohuacid G (1), a new 3,4-seco-lanostane type triterpenoid isolated from the ethanol extract of Heilaohu, whose structure was determined using HR-ESI-MS data, NMR spectroscopic analyses, and ECD calculations. In this study, our purpose is to elucidate the mechanisms of Heilaohuacid G in the treatment of RA by inhibited proliferation of rheumatoid arthritis-fibroblastoid synovial (RA-FLS) cells and inhibited the inflammatory reactions in LPS-induced RA-FLS and RAW 264.7 cell lines via inhibiting NF-κB pathway. The biological activity screening experiments indicated that Heilaohuacid G significantly inhibited proliferation of RA-FLS cells with IC 50 value of 8.16 ± 0.47 μM. CCK-8 assay, ELISA, flow cytometry assay, and Western blot were used to measure the changes of cell viability, apoptosis, and the release of inflammatory cytokines. Heilaohuacid G was found not only induced RA-FLS cell apoptosis, but also inhibited the inflammatory reactions in LPS-induced RA-FLS and RAW 264.7 cell lines via inhibiting NF-κB pathway. Furthermore, Heilaohuacid G (p.o.) at doses of 3.0, 6.0, and 12.0 mg/kg and the ethanol extracts of Heilaohu (p.o.) at doses of 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg both were confirmed antiinflammatory effects on xylene-induced ear mice edema model., (© 2022 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Two new Germacrane-type sesquiterpenoids 1 and 2 together with three known sesquiterpenoids were isolated from the methanol extract of the leaves of Illicium lanceolatum , which is indigenous to the southern part of China. The structures and absolute configurations of 1 and 2 were elucidated through comprehensive spectroscopic analyses as well as ECD data and DP4 computational results. Compounds 1 and 2 are new Germacrane-type sesquiterpenoids with an oxatricyclo[6.4.0.0.4,5] structure and a 7-membered ether ring, respectively. In particular, compound 1 is the first natural product with an oxatricyclo [6.4.0.0.4,5] structure. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The roots of Kadsura coccinea is commonly used in Tujia ethnomedicine, named "heilaohu", having the effect of treating rheumatic arthritis (RA). Chemical investigation on the ethanol extract of heilaohu led to the isolation of one undescribed cuparane sesquiterpenoid, heilaohusesquiterpenoid A, one undescribed carotane sesquiterpenoids, heilaohusesquiterpenoid B, and eighteen sesquiterpene derivatives. Their structures were subsequently determined based on their 1D and 2D-NMR, HR-ESI-MS, and ECD spectroscopic data. Gaultheriadiolide was the most cytotoxic compound against the proliferation of rheumatoid arthritis-fibroblastoid synovial (RA-FLS) cells with an IC 50 value of 9.37 μM. In the same line, nine compounds exhibited significant inhibition effects against TNF − α and IL-6 release in the LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells with IC 50 values ranging between 1.03 and 10.99 μM. The potential molecular mechanisms of the active compounds against RA were established through pharmacological network analysis based on the initial screening results. Experimental validation showed that gaultheriadiolide suppressed inflammation by inhibiting the NF- k B and JAK2/STAT3 pathways. This study enriches the structural diversity of sesquiterpenes in K. coccinea and lays a foundation for further anti-RA and anti-inflammatory studies. [Display omitted] • Two undescribed sesquiterpenes were isolated from roots of K. coccinea. • Nine compounds exhibited significant anti-inflammation effects. • Compound 19 was good cytotoxic against RA-FLS cells with an IC 50 value of 9.37 μM. • The potential molecular mechanisms established by pharmacological network analysis. • Compound 19 suppressed inflammation by inhibiting the NF-κB and JAK2/STAT3 pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three new 7,8-secolignans, schisandlignans A–C (1,2, and4), one new dibenzocyclooctadiene lignan, schisandlignan D (5), together with nine known lignans 3′,4′-dimethoxybenzoic acid (3″,4″-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-methyl-3-oxobutyl ester (3), gomisin J (6), rubrisandrin A(1b) (7), interiotherin B (8), schisantherin D (9), ( − )-machilusin (10), ganschisandrine (11), henricine A (12), and (+)-1-hydroxy pinoresinol (13), were isolated from the rattan ofSchisandra sphenanthera. Their structures were determined by analysis of 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic data. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Context: The diethyl ether extract of the stems of Schisandra pubescens Hemsl. et Wils. (Schisandraceae) was found to exhibit cytotoxic activity in vitro. However, investigations of the bioactive constituents of this plant have been very limited. Objective: Elucidation of the cytotoxic constituents of S. pubescens was performed. Methods: Repeated silica gel column chromatography and preparative TLC were used for the chemical investigation of the diethyl ether extract of S. pubescens stems. All isolates were evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxicity against A549, PC-3, KB and KBvin human cancer cell lines. Results: Nine known compounds were obtained, including four lignans, epischisandrone ( 1), tigloylgomisin P ( 2), cagayanone ( 3) and (−)-gomisin L2 ( 4), together with five triterpenoids, micranoic acid B ( 5), lancifodilactone H ( 6), coccinic acid ( 7), schisanlactone B ( 8) and anwuweizonic acid ( 9). Compounds 2- 6 and 8 showed moderate to marginal cytotoxicity, with GI50 values of 11.83-35.65 μM. Conclusion: The isolation of 1- 9 from S. pubescens and the cytotoxicities of 3- 6 are first reported. Compounds 2- 6 and 8 could be the active principles responsible for the anticancer effects of S. pubescens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Delayed selfing has been considered the best-of-both-worlds response to pollinator unpredictability because it can provide reproductive assurance without decreasing outcrossing potential. According to this hypothesis, selfing rates in delayed selfing species should be highly variable in fluctuating pollinator environments. To test this prediction, as well to explore the consequences of delayed selfing on genetic patterns, we compared two sister species that grow in the high Andes of Chile: Schizanthus grahamii that exhibits delayed selfing and Schizanthus hookeri, which is self-compatible but requires pollinators for seed set. We estimated genetic diversity within and among five populations of each species using six shared microsatellites. Our results indicated that selfing rates in S. grahamii (range 0.07-0.81) were significantly more variable than in S. hookeri (range 0-0.26). The highest levels of selfing were found in the populations of S. grahamii located at highest altitudes (r = 0.78) and at northern margin range, where pollinators are probably more scarce. These populations also showed the lowest allelic richness and heterozygosity values. Southern populations of S. grahamii had mixed mating, and showed heterozygosity and diversity values close to those detected for S. hookeri along all the sampled range. Selfing in this species results from geitonogamy, and did not covary with altitude. Schizanthus grahamii showed greater population differentiation than S. hookeri. Overall, our results indicated that selfing rates were widely variable in S. grahamii, with some populations predominantly selfing and others showing mixed mating. This pattern may be associated with the strong fluctuations in pollinator service that typically occur in the high Andes of Chile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Demographic variation of gender expression among four natural populations and one cultivated in a monoecious species, Schisandra chinensis (Schisandraceae), was studied over three consecutive years in a bid to clarify its sexual system and to better understand reproductive strategies in monoecious plants. We found that gender expression was more variable in the natural populations than in the cultivated one. In the natural populations, plant size was positively correlated with flower production (total, male and female) but not with the female ratio, whereas shade intensity was negatively correlated with the female ratio. In the cultivated population, plant age was positively correlated with flower production and the female ratio within an age range. Hence, gender expression and reproductive output in Schisandra chinensis was found to be age-dependent. The female ratio varied with age; young and old plants had lower female ratios. Our study confirmed the sexual system in the species to be monoecy as opposed to dioecy, and supported the hypothesis that monoecious plants can regulate gender expression by altering quantities of pistillate and staminate flowers at the individual plant level to maximize fitness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Schizandra lignans were examined in extracts from in vitro cultures of Schisandra chinensis. [•] The studies included also extracts from biomass from cultures with high degree of organogenesis (shoot-differentiating callus cultures). [•] Deoxyschizandrin and γ-schizandrin have been identified in extracts in high quantities. [•] Schisandra chinensis in vitro cultures can be proposed as potential rich biotechnological source of deoxyschizandrin. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Three novel C19 homolignans, taiwankadsurins D (1), E (2) and F (4), and two new C18 lignans kadsuphilins N (3) and O (5) were isolated from the aerial parts of Taiwanese medicinal plant Kadsura philippinensis. The structures of compounds 1-5 were determined by spectroscopic analyses, especially 2D NMR techniques. The structure of compound 5 was further confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis. Compounds 1 and 2 have a 3,4-{1'-[(Z)-2''-methoxy-2''-oxoethylidene]}-pentano(2,3-dihydrobenzo[b]furano)- 3-(2'''-methoxycarbonyl-2'''-hydroxy-2''',3'-epoxide) skeleton. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Six new lignans, schisphenlignans F–K (1–6), together with ten known ones, were isolated from the leaves and stems of Schisandra sphenanthera. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic methods, including extensive NMR, MS and CD spectra. In addition, some compounds were tested for their acute activity on insulin sensitivity in 3T3-L1 differentiated adipocytes and anti-HIV-1 activity. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

All Illicium spp. have explosive fruits, which is a unique character among the basal grade of angiosperms. Illicium fruits consist of several ventrally dehiscing follicles developing from conduplicate carpels, with a prominent, slightly postgenitally fused ventral slit. The closure of the ventral slit is also secured by two mirror-symmetrical massive longitudinal sclerenchymatous bands in the mesocarp along the edges and by turgor pressure. The pericarp differentiates into a fleshy (or coriaceous) peripheral zone (exocarp and mesocarp) with numerous ethereal-oil-containing cells and a sclerenchymatous (single-layered, palisade) inner zone (endocarp). Dehydration of the fleshy zone of the pericarp and partial compression of the epidermal sclereids with U-shaped wall thickenings lining the ventral suture are instrumental in explosive fruitlet dehiscence. Generally, the fruit structure of Illicium differs dramatically from those in other early diverging angiosperms. Gynoecium and fruit structure (and a probable early Cretaceous divergence from the Schisandra- Kadsura clade) provide evidence for treatment of Illicium as separate from Schisandraceae s.s. © 2013 The Linnean Society of London [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytochemical investigation of an ethanolic extract of stems of Schisandra neglecta led to the isolation and identification of two new dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans, designated neglschisandrins E (1) and F (2), and thirteen known lignans. All structures and stereochemistries were determined by spectroscopic methods, including 2D-NMR techniques. The isolates were evaluated for in vitro cytotoxic activity. Among them, compounds 2-6 exhibited moderate to weak cytotoxicity against the human colorectal carcinoma HCT-8 cell line with EC50 values of 7.33∼19.8 μg/mL. In addition, compounds 2-4 also exhibited marginal cytotoxicity against the human lung carcinoma A549 cell line with EC50 values of 11.8∼15.0 μg/mL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Habitat requirements and spatial distribution of species are essential to biological conservation and management as well as ecosystems conservation and restoration. For some wild species, lacking of explicit criteria of suitable habitat condition is a limitation in their preliminary conservation and management. Schisandra sphenanthera Rehd. et Wils., a wild herb plant mainly located in Qinling Mountains has undergone dramatic drop as its growing market demand and exceeded harvesting, is now endangered. In this study, we collected samples of S. sphenanthera in Qinling Mountains by field work, and examined the content of schisantherin A with high efficiency liquid chromatography (HPLC). Combining the fuzzy membership functions, maximum entropy modeling and geographical information system (GIS), we obtained the suitable range of each factor affecting plant growth and spatial distribution of habitat suitability assessment. Moreover, the model we built is applicable to habitats besides Qinling Mountains by validation. The weight of each factor suggested that the amount of available light, temperature of growth period and content ratio of organic carbon played major roles in the habitat suitability of S. sphenanthera. The spatial distribution suggested that overall Qinling Mountains are suitable habitat for S. sphenanthera, where suitable habitat ratio amounts to 70.80%. This research will provide an effective, easy-operating and resources-saving method to determine the species habitat requirements and spatial habitat distribution. The results from this research will be influential in the future ecological conservation and management of S. sphenanthera in Qinling Mountains, and they would be taken as a reference for habitat suitability assessment research of other species. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Cyanidin-3-O-xylosylrutinoside (cya-3-O-xylrut), a major pigment in Schizandra chinensis Baillon, was effectively removed by gamma irradiation of greater than 2kGy, whereas quercetin, the most abundant of the flavonoids and has anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic effects, could be generated by degradation of cya-3-O-xylrut. In the present study, we investigated the effect of combination treatment of gamma irradiation and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) on the formation of quercetin through the degradation of cya-3-O-xylrut. Cya-3-O-xylrut was significantly degraded (∼93%) by gamma irradiation at 2kGy and it was completely removed by a combination treatment (0.2% H2O2 and 2kGy gamma ray). The formation of quercetin was significantly appeared at 2kGy of gamma ray, together with disappearance of cya-3-O-xylrut. The quercetin formation by gamma ray is 3.2μg/ml and combination treatment is 7.7μg/ml. Therefore, the combination treatment of H2O2 and gamma ray is more effective to convert cya-3-O-xylrut into quercetin than gamma irradiation only. In conclusion, gamma ray combined with H2O2 would be a promising tool for bio-conversion of organic compounds. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Five new cycloartane triterpenoids, schiglausins K–O (1–5), including one hexanortriterpenoid (1) and one octanortriterpenoid (2), as well as two known compounds (6–7), were isolated from the stems of Schisandra glaucescens Diels. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic methods, including extensive NMR spectra. Compounds 2–7 were tested for their FXR agonistic and antagonistic effects. Compound 7 exhibited significant antagonistic effect against FXR with IC50 of 1.50μM. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

To assess the effect of the drug combination of Schisandra sphenanthera extract (SchE) and Rapamycin (RAPA), 18 healthy subjects were given oral treatments of RAPA alone and with SchE. Pharmacokinetic investigations and indexes of hepatic and renal functions, as well as other indices of oral RAPA administration (2 mg), were performed both before and after the SchE treatment period. Whole-blood RAPA concentrations were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The research found that the mean whole-blood RAPA AUC0-∞, Cmax, and tmax increased almost 2-, 2.1-, and 1.3-fold, respectively, and CL/F (-38.0%) decreased almost 1.6-fold in these subjects when RAPA was administered with SchE compared with oral RAPA administered alone. The results of this study proved that SchE can increase the oral bioavailability of RAPA and will add important information to the interaction area between drugs and herbal products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Premise of the study: Apocarpous plants possess carpels that are separated in the gynoecium. Extragynoecial compita, commonly occurring in basal angiosperms, have been proposed to have the potential to increase offspring quantity in apocarpous species through the intercarpellary growth of pollen tubes. To date, the impact of an extragynoecial compitum on fruit or seed set has not been studied in any species. This study investigated the pollen tube pathway between adjacent carpels and its contribution to fruit set in Schisandra sphenanthera. Methods: We investigated the fruit set ratio in the field and collected hundreds of gynoecia at their full flowering stage. Pollinated carpel ratio and pollen tube pathway observations were performed using fluorescence optics. Key results: Pollen grains germinated and tubes extended along the pseudostyle surface. Some of them turned and entered the ovules at the end of the stigmatic crest, whereas others subsequently grew into neighboring carpels through promontory connections located at the base of the unfused carpels. No tubes were found growing on the surface of the receptacle. More than 24 carpels could be fertilized by pollen tubes from one carpel through hand pollination. The pollinated carpel ratio was significantly lower than the fruit set ratio under natural conditions. Conclusions: Pollen tubes from one carpel can easily cross in the extragynoecial compitum between the adjacent carpels of S. sphenanthera, and this intercarpellary growth of pollen tubes can significantly increase the fruit set of apocarpous species, at least in S. sphenanthera. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contents of free phenolic acids and cinnamic acid were determined using an HPLC method in methanolic extracts from biomass of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. (Chinese magnolia vine) at different stages of organogenesis, cultured in vitro on a few variants of Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium, containing different concentrations of plant growth regulators 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) (from 0.1 to 3.0 mg/l) and in extracts from overground parts of plants growing in vivo. Six of 12 analysed compounds were detected in all extracts: chlorogenic, p-coumaric, p-hydroxybenzoic, protocatechuic, salicylic and syringic acids. Total contents of the examined metabolites in biomass of shoot-differentiating callus culture cultivated on six MS medium variants were dependent on concentrations of growth regulators in the media and ranged from 14.90 to 60.05 mg/100 g d.w. Total contents of the compounds in biomass extracts from undifferentiating callus culture maintained only on two of six MS medium variants were higher and amounted to 74.54 and 78.24 mg/100 g d.w. Maximum total contents of phenolic acids in both types of in vitro cultures were greater than in fruits (55.73 mg/100 g d.w.) and leaves (4.55 mg/100 g d.w.) of plants gowning in vivo. Chlorogenic acid and salicylic acid were the main compounds identified in biomass extracts of shoot-differentiating callus cultures (max 22.60 and 21.17 mg/100 g d.w., respectively), while chlorogenic acid (max 38.43 mg/100 g d.w.) and protocatechuic acid (max 20.95 mg/100 g d.w.) prevailed in the extracts from undifferentiating callus cultures. Other compounds dominated in fruits, namely p-coumaric acid (23.36 mg/100 g d.w.) and syringic acid (14.96 mg/100 g d.w.). This is the first report on biochemical potential of cells from S. chinensis in vitro cultures to produce the biologically active phenolic acids. These are the first results on the analysis of this group of metabolites in overground parts of plants growing in vivo, too. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Further phytochemical investigation of Kadsura angustifolia and Kadsura coccinea led to the isolation of six lignans and one flavonoid, including two new lignans named kadangustin L (1) and kadcoccilignan (2). The structures and stereochemistry of 1 and 2 were elucidated by analysis of spectroscopic data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Homogeneous ionic liquid microextraction (HILME) was developed for the extraction of schizandrin, schisantherin A and deoxyschizandrin from Schisandra chinensis and Schisandra sphenanthera. 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([C4MIM][BF4]) aqueous solution was used as extraction solvent, and ammonium hexafluorophosphate ([NH4][PF6]) was used as ion-pairing agent. 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([C4MIM][PF6]), which is barely soluble in water, was formed in situ, and was used as sample solution. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was employed for separation and determination of the analytes. The calibration curve showed good linear relationship (r >0.9998). The recoveries were between 69.71% and 88.33% with RSDs lower than 4.86%. External standard method was adopted in the proposed method, and internal standard method was applied for the evaluation of the proposed method. The two methods were compared and the results indicated that the proposed method was acceptable and simple. The HILME is free of volatile organic solvents, and represents lower expenditures of sample, extraction time and solvent, compared with ultrasonic and Soxhlet extraction. There was no obvious difference in the extraction yields of active constitutions obtained by the three extraction methods. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Summary [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fruits of Schisandra sphenanthera (dioecious) are used to produce ' Nan-Wuweizi', an important Chinese medicine. However, long-term exploitation and habitat destruction have threatened these plants in nature. Knowledge of the reproductive biology of S. sphenanthera is essential to help formulate a conservation strategy for these plants. Field studies were conducted at Jigong Mountain (JGM) and Jinji Valley (JJV) in Henan and Hubei Provinces, China. The reproductive biology of S. sphenanthera was analyzed at these sites, including population structure, pollination, floral morphology, and natural fruit set. The 11 populations at two sites were male biased. The primary floral visitors were gall midges ( Resseliella sp., Cecidomyiidae; Diptera) and thrips ( Thrips flavidulus; Thysanoptera). Floral visitor exclusion experiments and pollen load analysis indicate that gall midges are the primary pollinators. Pollen was the only floral reward for the gall midges. Female flowers attracted pollinators using deceit. The natural fruit set ratio in the cut forest site (JJV) was significantly lower than that at the JGM site, where habitats of S. sphenanthera were well preserved. This indicates that the life cycles of S. sphenanthera and the pollinating insects are vulnerable in disturbed (or cut) habitats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A petroleum ether extract of Kadsura longipedunculata enhanced the GABA-induced chloride current (I GABA) by 122.5±0.3% (n =2) when tested at 100μg/ml in Xenopus laevis oocytes expressing GABA A receptors (α1β2γ2S subtype) in two-microelectrode voltage clamp measurements. Thirteen compounds were subsequently identified by HPLC-based activity profiling as responsible for GABA A receptor activity and purified in preparative scale. 6-Cinnamoyl-6,7-dihydro-7-myrceneol and 5,6-dihydrocuparenic acid were thereby isolated for the first time. The determination of the absolute stereochemistry of these compounds was achieved by comparison of experimental and calculated ECD spectra. All but one of the 13 isolated compounds from K. longipedunculata potentiated I GABA through GABA A receptors composed of α1β2γ2S subunits in a concentration-dependent manner. Potencies ranged from 12.8±3.1 to 135.6±85.7μM, and efficiencies ranged from 129.7±36.8% to 885.8±291.2%. The phytochemical profiles of petroleum ether extracts of Kadsura japonica fruits (114.1±2.6% potentiation of I GABA at 100μg/ml, n =2), and Schisandra chinensis fruits (inactive at 100μg/ml) were compared by HPLC-PDA-ESIMS with that of K. longipedunculata. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Construction of 6/7 fused bicycles featuring C/D rings of micrandilactone C and rubrifloradilactone B is reported through IMDA reaction of properly designed substrates. Also a route to the construction of a tricycle having A/B ring of nortriterpenoids of schisandra family is reported using RCM and a bromonium ion initiated cycloetherification reaction as the key steps. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Two new lanostane triterpenoids, schiglauzic acid ( 1) and schiglaucyclozic acid ( 2), together with two known ones, anwuweizic acid ( 3) and manwuweizic acid ( 4), were isolated from the stems of Schisandra glaucescens. Their structures were determined on the basis of extensive spectroscopic methods, including two-dimensional NMR techniques, and were further confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Two new spirobenzofuranoid dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans, kadsulignans O (1) and P (2) were isolated from the stems of Kadsura oblongifolia, together with five known same type lignans, kadsulignans C (3), E (4), F (5), G (6), and heteroclitin J (7). Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectral evidences and comparisons with literatures. Compounds 3–7 were isolated from this plant for the first time. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article discusses a study which described Schisandra macrocarpa, a species of subgenus Sphaerostema in Yunnan Province, China. Particular focus is given to the major clades found in Schisandraceae, including one composed of Schisandra species and another containing both Schisandra and Kadsura Kaempf. ex Juss. species. Results of the study showed that the new species has T type cuticular intrusions between the ends of guard cells.

A new highly oxygenated nortriterpenoid, 2β-hydroxy-micrandilactone C (1), and three related known triterpenoids (2-4) have been isolated from the leaves and stems of Schisandra chinensis. The structure of the new compound was elucidated by means of NMR and MS spectroscopic analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Scanning electron microscope (SEM) is necessary to demonstrate presence or absence of pit membranes in possible perforations or the type of pit membrane remnants in perforations in vessel element end-walls of angiosperms, but it was unconfirmed and questionable whether pit membrane absence in pits was affected by the processing and handling before SEM observations. To solve this question, the secondary xylem of four woody species from primitive angiosperms, Illicium henryi Diels. (Illiciaceae), Schisandra rubriflora (Franch.) Rehd. et Wils. (Schisandraceae), Tetracentron sinensis Oliv. and Trochodendron aralioides Sieb. & Zucc. (Trochodendraceae) was chosen and the following techniques were used: (1) fresh materials were examined in low-vacuum with ESEM. (2) Air-dried materials were examined both in low- and high-vacuum with ESEM. (3) Fresh materials fixed in several different fixatives were observed in low-vacuum, respectively. (4) Smooth surface of the material by paraffin section methods was examined in high-vacuum. (5) Materials treated by Jeffrey''s Fluid were observed in high-vacuum. Pit membranes and remnants in perforations of fresh material were little different from that of treated materials. Absence of the pit membrane in perforations (pits) in the end-wall was not attributed to the processing and handling. Information of pit membranes and remnants in perforations in end-wall based on the SEM observation might be validly claimed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Three novel triterpenoids, henrischinins A−C (1−3), featuring the unique motif of a 3-one-2-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]-octane, were isolated from the leaves and stems of Schisandra henryi. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, and the absolute configuration of 2was confirmed by a single crystal X-ray diffraction. Compounds 1and 2showed weak cytotoxicity against HL-60 cell lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We determined the kind of seed dormancy in Schisandra arisanensis, an ANA grade ([A]mborellales [N]ymphaeales [A]ustrobaileyales) angiosperm with medicinal value. Seeds have small underdeveloped embryos, and following seed maturity their length increased approximately 360% before radicle emergence. Germination was delayed 6-8 weeks, and the percentage and rate were much higher at 15/6, 20/10 and 25/15°C than at 30/20°C. For seeds incubated at 5/5°C (8 weeks) → 15/6°C (4 weeks) → 20/10°C (8 weeks) → 25/15°C (12 weeks) → 20/10°C (5 weeks), embryos grew at 15/6°C → 20/10°C, and almost all seeds that germinated (89%) did so at 20/10°C → 25/15°C. When seeds were incubated in a complementary temperature sequence, 25/15°C (12 weeks) → 20/10°C (8 weeks) → 15/6°C (4 weeks) → 5/5°C (9 weeks) → 15/6°C (4 weeks), embryos grew at 25/15°C → 20/10°C. Nearly all seeds that germinated (93%) did so at 25/15°C → 20/10°C and at 15/6°C following 9 weeks at 5/5°C. Based on the temperature requirements for embryo growth and seed germination, seeds of this species have non-deep simple morphophysiological dormancy (CB). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents aspects regarding the possibilities for the propagation of species Schisandra chinensis (Turz.) Baill, as well as its reaction in the pedo-climatic conditions of the Republic of Moldova. Situated in the Lianarium of the Botanical Garden (Institute) AŞM since 1975, Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. grows, develops and fructifies abundantly every year. It is propagated vegetatively and generatively with some difficulty. In the case of generative propagation, in order to obtain a high germination percentage, the seeds are stratified in three phases, at different temperatures and are sown in spring. Germination percentages of 80-90% were obtained. Schisandra chinensis is also propagated by greenwood cuttings, semi-hardwood or hardwood cuttings, by layering or by division. The best results were obtained by using semi-hardwood and hardwood cuttings taken in summer, in June-July, from younger plants. The potential for in vitro propagation of this species was also tested. The explants consisting of apical meristems inoculated on MS medium + 0.5 mg/l BAP evolved the best. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A new dibenzocyclooctane lignan, schisanbicolorin A, together with fifteen known lignans, were isolated from the stems of Schisandra bicolor Cheng. Their structures were identified as (aS,6R,7S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2,3,13-trimethoxy-6,7-dimethyldibenzo[3,4]cycloocta [1,2-f][1,3]benzodioxol-1-ol (1), neglschisandrin C (2), angeloylgomisin R (3), schisantherin D (4), gomisin F (5), schisantherin B (6), tigloylgomisin Q (7), gomisin G (8), interiotherin B (9), schisandrin (10), angeloylgomisin H (11), benzoylgomisin H (12), gomisin H (13), angeloyl−(+)−gomisin K3 (14), deoxyschizandrin (15), and (+)-gomisin K3 (16), respectively, based on spectroscopic analysis and by comparison of their spectral data with those reported previously in the literature. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objectives The aim was to determine the chemical composition of the essential oil of Kadsura longipedunculata and the biological activity of the oil and its major components. Methods The essential oil from stem bark of Kadsura longipedunculata was analysed by capillary gas chromatography (GLC/FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GLC/MS). The ability of the oil to reduce diphenylpicrylhydrazine (DPPH•) was used to evaluate the antioxidant activity. Inhibition of both lipoxygenase and prostaglandin E2 was used to assess the anti-inflammatory activity. Antimicrobial activity was studied in vitro against a range of bacteria and fungi using diffusion and microdilution methods. Inhibition of trypanosome proliferation was assessed using resazurin as vital stain. The in-vitro cytotoxicity of the essential oil on six human cancer cell lines (HepG2, MIA PaCa-2, HeLa, HL-60, MDA-MB-231 and SW-480) was examined using the MTT assay. Key findings Fifty compounds, representing 97.63% of total oil, were identified. δ-Cadinene (21.79%), camphene (7.27%), borneol (6.05%), cubenol (5.12%) and δ-cadinol (5.11%) were found to be the major components of the oil. The oil exerted a good antimicrobial activity against all Gram-positive bacteria tested, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis. Streptococcus pyogenes and S. agalactiae were the most sensitive bacteria with a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 60 µg/ml oil. The essential oil showed a moderate fungicidal activity against yeasts, but it did not show any activity against Gram-negative bacteria. The essential oil showed a good trypanocidal activity in Trypanosoma b. brucei with an IC50 value of 50.52 ± 0.029 µg/ml. Radical scavenging activity had an IC50 value of 3.06 ± 0.79 mg/ml. 5-Lipoxygenase inhibition (IC50 = 38.58 µg/ml) and prostaglandin E2 production inhibition (28.82% at 25 µg/ml) accounted for anti-inflammatory activity of the oil. The oil exhibited some degree of cytotoxic activity against MIA PaCa-2, HepG-2 and SW-480 cell lines with IC50 values of 133.53, 136.96 and 136.62 µg/ml, respectively. The oil increased caspase 3/7 activity (an indicator of apoptosis) 2.5-4 fold in MIA Paca-2 cells. Camphene and borneol did not show antioxidant activity. However, both compounds exhibited some degree of antimicrobial, trypanocidal, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activity. Conclusions This investigation provided evidence for, and confirmed the efficacy of, K. longipedunculata, a traditionally used Chinese medicinal plant for the treatment of inflammation and infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Premise of study: Flower heating is known from a few species in 11 of the c. 450 families of flowering plants. Flowers in these families produce hear metabotically and are adapted to beetles or flies as pollinators. Here, we focus on the Schisandraceae, an American/Asian plant family known to exhibit flower heating in some species, but not others, raising the question of the adaptive function of heat production. • Methods: We used field observations, experiments, and ancestral trait reconstruction on a molecular phylogeny for Schisandraceae that includes the investigated species. • Key results: At least two Chinese species of Illicium are exclusive pollinated by gall midge that use the flowers as brood sites (not for pollen feeding). Continuous monitoring of flower temperatures revealed that the highest temperatures were attained after the flowers' sexual functions were over, and experiments showed that post-anthetic warming benefited larval development, not fruit development. Midge larvae in flowers with trimmed tepals (and hence a lower temperature) died, but fruit set ratios remained unchanged. Based on the DNA phylogeny, gall midge pollination evolved from general fly/beetle pollination several times in Schisandraceae, with some species adapted to flower-breeding midges, others to pollen-feeding midges. • Conclusions: Flower heating may be an ancestral trait in Schisandraceae that became co-opted in species pollinated by flower-breeding midges requiring long-persistent warm chambers for larval development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]