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Cometary activity is a manifestation of sublimation-driven processes at the surface of nuclei. However, cometary outbursts may arise from other processes that are not necessarily driven by volatiles. In order to fully understand nuclear surfaces and their evolution, we must identify the causes of cometary outbursts. In that context, we present a study of mini-outbursts of comet 46P/Wirtanen. Six events are found in our long-term lightcurve of the comet around its perihelion passage in 2018. The apparent strengths range from −0.2 to −1.6 mag in a 5″ radius aperture and correspond to dust masses between ∼10 ^4 and 10 ^6 kg, but with large uncertainties due to the unknown grain size distributions. However, the nominal mass estimates are on the same order of magnitude as the mini-outbursts at comet 9P/Tempel 1 and 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, events that were notably lacking at comet 103P/Hartley 2. We compare the frequency of outbursts at the four comets, and suggest that the surface of 46P has large-scale (∼10–100 m) roughness that is intermediate to that of 67P and 103P, if not similar to the latter. The strength of the outbursts appear to be correlated with time since the last event, but a physical interpretation with respect to solar insolation is lacking. We also examine Hubble Space Telescope images taken about two days following a near-perihelion outburst. No evidence for macroscopic ejecta was found in the image, with a limiting radius of about 2 m.

The purpose of this study is to assess the use of grade V titanium mini transitional implants (MTIs) immediately loaded by a temporary overdenture. For this, a histomorphometric analysis of the bone area fraction occupancy (BAFO) was performed by backscattered scanning electron microscopy (BS-SEM). Four female patients were submitted to surgery in which two MTIs were installed and immediately loaded with a temporary acrylic prosthesis. During the same surgery, two regular diameter implants were placed inside the bone and maintained without mechanical load. After 8 months, the MTIs were extracted using a trephine and processed for ultrastructural bone analysis by BS-SEM, and the regular-diameter implants were loaded with an overdenture device. A total of 243 BAFOs of MTIs were analyzed, of which 94 were mainly filled with cortical bone, while 149 were mainly filled with trabecular bone. Bone tissue analysis considering the total BAFOs with calcified tissues showed 72.13% lamellar bone, 26.04% woven bone, and 1.82% chondroid bone without significant differences between the samples. This study revealed that grade V titanium used in immediately loaded MTI was successfully osseointegrated by a mature and vascularized bone tissue as assessed from the BAFO.

La clasificación etiológica de la American Diabetes Association (ADA) de la diabetes incluye el grupo de “Otros tipos específicos de diabetes”, constituido por 8 subgrupos, que en su totalidad son de baja frecuencia. Del largo listado, los Maturity Onset Diabetes in the Young (MODY) y las inducidas por fármacos, las que vemos en la práctica clínica; la diabetes lipoatrófica, las asociadas a hemocromatosis y a síndrome de Down, entre otras, se presentan ocasionalmente; y de las “formas infrecuentes de diabetes mediadas por inmunidad” solo tenemos conocimiento por la literatura. En las “Diabetes Atípicas” (no incluidas en la clasificación ADA), se mencionan la DM tipo 2 en niños y adolescentes, favorecida por el aumento de la obesidad y del sedentarismo; la diabetes propensa a la cetosis, que debutan en cetoacidosis, con etiopatogenia y evolución de DM2; los Latent Autoinmune Diabetes of Adults (LADA), DM tipo 1 de lenta aparición y la diabetes postrasplante.

The interest of the food industry in replacing artificial dyes with natural pigments has grown recently. Cyanobacterial phycobiliproteins (PBPs), phycoerythrin (PE) and phycocyanin (PC), are colored water-soluble proteins that are used as natural pigments. Additionally, red PE and blue PC have antioxidant capabilities. We have formulated a new food prototype based on PBP-fortified skim milk. PBPs from Andean cyanobacteria were purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, ion-exchange chromatography, and freeze-drying. The stability of PE and PC was evaluated by changes in their absorption spectra at various pH (1−14) and temperature (0−80 °C) values. Purified PBPs showed chemical stability under pH values of 5 to 8 and at temperatures between 0 and 50 °C. The antioxidant property of PBP was confirmed by ABTS (2,2′-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt radical ion scavenging, and FRAP (Ferric Antioxidant Power) assays. The absence of PBP toxicity against Caenorhabditis elegans was confirmed up to 1 mg PBP/mL. Skim milk fortified with PE obtained a higher score after sensory tests. Thus, a functional food based on skim milk-containing cyanobacterial PBPs can be considered an innovative beverage for the food industry. PBPs were stable at an ultra-high temperature (138 °C and 4 s). PBP stability improvements by changes at its primary structure and the incorporation of freeze-dried PBPs into sachets should be considered as alternatives for their future commercialization.

Niemann−Pick disease type C (NPC) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by abnormal accumulation of free cholesterol and sphingolipids in lysosomes. The iminosugar miglustat, which inhibits hexosylceramide synthesis, is used for NPC treatment, and 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD), a cyclic oligosaccharide derivative, is being developed to treat NPC. Moreover, therapeutic potential of 2-hydroxypropyl-γ-cyclodextrin (HP-γ-CD) was shown in NPC models, although its mechanism of action remains unclear. Here, we investigated the effects of HP-β-CD, HP-γ-CD, and their homolog 2-hydroxypropyl-α-cyclodextrin (HP-α-CD) on lipid accumulation in Npc1-null Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells compared with those of miglustat. HP-β-CD and HP-γ-CD, unlike HP-α-CD, reduced intracellular free cholesterol levels and normalized the lysosome changes in Npc1-null cells but not in wild-type CHO cells. In contrast, miglustat did not normalize intracellular free cholesterol accumulation or lysosome changes in Npc1-null cells. However, miglustat decreased the levels of hexosylceramide and tended to increase those of sphingomyelins in line with its action as a glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor in both Npc1-null and wild-type CHO cells. Interestingly, HP-β-CD and HP-γ-CD, unlike HP-α-CD, reduced sphingomyelins in Npc1-null, but not wild-type, cells. In conclusion, HP-β-CD and HP-γ-CD reduce the accumulation of sphingolipids, mainly sphingomyelins, and free cholesterol as well as lysosome changes in Npc1-null, but not in wild-type, CHO cells.

La agenda social y el rol del Estado en Latinoamérica se han caracterizado en las últimas décadas por un compromiso sistemático por desarrollar la equidad y la justicia sanitaria, no obstante, la región continúa presentando las mayores brechas de desigualdad…

Phylogenetic study of the genera of South American Austral Trichopterygini (Lepidoptera: Geometridae, Larentiinae): a new classification. In this work, we evaluate the taxonomy of the Trichopterygini in Chile based on a phylogenetic analysis of the morphological attributes. In our analysis, we used Tatosoma and Sauris as outgroups. Two approaches were used to evaluate phylogenetic relationships: 1) parsimony criterion, and 2) Bayesian inference. Parsimony analysis was conducted in PAUP software, and Bayesian analysis with Markov chain Monte Carlo using the BayesPhylogenies software. Our results based on the phylogenetic hypothesis suggest a new taxonomic order for Trichopterygini of the Andean Region of Southern South America. The valid genera are: Arrayanaria Parra, Butleriana Parra, Danielaparra Kemal & Kocak, Fueguina Parra, Hoplosauris Butler, Lagynopteryx Berg, Llampidken Parra & Santos-Salas, Pachrophylla Blanchard, Parapachrophylla Parra, Rindgenaria Parra, Tomopteryx Philippi, Triptila Warren, Triptiloides Parra & Santos-Salas, Warrenaria Parra. The main changes with respect to the previous taxonomic order are: 1) the genus Lagynopteryx Berg is subordinated under the Trichopterygini; 2) Toxopaltes Warren is a junior synonym of Lagynopteryx; 3) Hoplosauris moesta is transferred to the genus Llampidken; 4) Llampidken valdiviana is a junior synonym of L. moesta; 5) Oparabia arenosa is newly combined with the genus Arrayanaria; 6) Danielaparra viridis is a junior synonym of D. fragmentata; 7) Lobophora imbricaria is newly combined with the genus Danielaparra; 8) Triptiloides fasciata is a junior synonym of T. randallae; and 9) Parapachrophylla michelleae Parra n. sp. is described. Andean Region species are more closely related to the genus Tatosoma from New Zealand, the synapomorphies that demonstrate this are: swollen metaepimeron and hypertrophy of the second abdominal segment. A checklist of the genera and species of the tribe in the region, and the figures of adults and genitalia of some species are included.

El presente artículo explora algunos de los factores que explican el desempeño escolar. Para ello se identificaron y caracterizaron perfiles de estudiantes chilenos de octavo grado de primaria (media 13.65 años de edad/DS 0.74), en función de su desempeño académico en la prueba de Historia, Geografía y Ciencias Sociales, y variables de contexto. La base de datos fue generada por el Sistema de Medición de la Calidad de la Educación de Chile (simce). La investigación se orientó desde el enfoque cuantitativo correlacional predictivo, utilizando el árbol de clasificación y regresión (cart). Las altas expectativas educacionales de la familia son el factor diferenciador más importante en el rendimiento escolar. Se discuten los resultados en función de la investigación y literatura generada respecto de estos temas.

Latitudinal gradient effect on the wing geometry of Auca coctei (Guérin) (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). When the environmental conditions change locally, the organisms and populations may also change in response to the selection pressure, so that the development of individuals may become affected in different degrees. There have been only a few studies in which the patterns of wing morphology variation have been looked into along a latitudinal gradient by means of geometric morphometrics. The aim of this work was to assess the morphologic differentiation of wing among butterfly populations of the species Auca coctei. For this purpose, 9 sampling locations were used which are representative of the distribution range of the butterfly and cover a wide latitudinal range in Chile. The wing morphology was studied in a total of 202 specimens of A. coctei (150 males and 52 females), based on digitization of 17 morphologic landmarks. The results show variation of wing shape in both sexes; however, for the centroid size there was significant variation only in females. Females show smaller centroid size at higher latitudes, therefore in this study the Bergmann reverse rule is confirmed for females of A. coctei. Our study extends morphologic projections with latitude, suggesting that wing variation is an environmental response from diverse origins and may influence different characteristics of the life history of a butterfly.

El siguiente índice consta de dos secciones: l ARTICULOS Y NOTAS. Ordenado alfabéticamente por autor. Indica la nacionalidad. II RESEÑAS DE LIBROS. Ordenado alfabéticamente por autor. Los autores de las reseñas van indicados entre paréntesis.

Señor editor: Entre los problemas más complejos que enfrenta Latinoamérica se encuentra la ausencia de acceso universal a servicios públicos básicos,como la salud. En México, la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2012 indicó que se percibe una mejora en la cobertura efectiva; no obstante,persiste la necesidad de servicios de salud más equitativos y sensibles a las expectativas de los usuarios...

A partir de un recorrido histórico de los principales hitos de la formación de profesores en Chile, desde la Colonia hasta la actual sociedad del conocimiento, se pasa a analizar el concepto de profesionalización e identidad docente, en términos de sus características y evolución. Se establece que los cambios en la educación en Chile aún no han sido suficientes para mejorar la calidad de los procesos formativos de los profesores; tampoco se ha dado un espacio y opciones sistemáticas para el desarrollo de la profe-sionalización docente, de manera que se fortalezca su identidad y autonomía, y a la vez es prioritario repensar los currículos de formación y los procesos de la formación de profesores en el país, responsables, en definitiva, junto a las definiciones de políticas públicas, deformar a las nuevas generaciones.A partir de uma visão histórica da formação de professores no Chile desde os tempos coloniais até a atual sociedade do conhecimento, se examina o conceito de profissionalização e identidade docente desde a perspectiva de suas características e seu desenvolvimento. Ele indica que as mudanças na educação no Chile não foram suficientes para melhorar a qualidade dos processos deformação docente nem existe um espaço e opções sistemáticas para o desenvolvimento profissional de professores, de modo a reforçar a sua identidade e autonomia. Se deve enfatizar em repensar os currículos e os processos de formação de professores no país, com os quais, em última instância, com as definições das políticas públicas se formam as novas gerações.Based on a historical review of the major milestones in teacher training in Chile, from the Spanish colonial era to the current body of knowledge, this article analyzes the concept of teaching professionalization and teacher identity from the standpoint of their characteristics and evolution. The indication is that changes in education in Chile have not been sufficient to improve the quality of processes for teacher training, nor have opportunities and systematic options for professional development in teaching been created to strengthen its identity and autonomy. Reconsidering and revising teacher training curricula and processes in Chile is a priority. In concert with the definition of public policy, these elements clearly are responsible for training new generations of teachers.

Este artículo tiene como objetivo conocer las características generales del formador de profesores, identificando como dimensiones de análisis, las competencias docentes, las características personales, las características profesionales y las funciones asociadas al docente universitario. La metodología consideró la realización de entrevistas semiestructuradas a catorce académicos pertenecientes a tres universidades tradicionales de la Región del Bio Bio, las cuales fueron analizadas a través de las etapas de codificación abierta y axial propuestas por el método de comparación constante adscrito a la teoría fundamentada. Los resultados generales indican que los docentes reconocen que un formador de profesores, principalmente, debe ser una persona comprometida con su profesión, debe estar bien preparada en su campo disciplinar, tiene que tener dominio didáctico, ser capaz de desarrollar investigación y extensión académica y relacionarse adecuadamente con sus estudiantes.

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O bloqueio femoral contínuo (BFC) é utilizado na analgesia pós-operatória das substituições articulares de quadril e joelho com bom resultado. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a utilidade do BFC, comparando três esquemas de administração de bupivacaína após reconstrução do ligamento cruzado anterior (LCA) do joelho por artroscopia. MÉTODO: Estudo prospectivo controlado de 90 pacientes estado físico ASA I e II. Os pacientes foram divididos em três grupos: Grupo 1 (n = 30): 10 mL.h-1 em infusão contínua (IC) de bupivacaína 0,125% + clonidina 1µg.mL-1 (B + C); Grupo 2 (n = 30): 5 mL.h-1 em IC + 2,5 mL de B + C em PCA a cada 30 min; Grupo 3 (n = 30): 5 mL.h-1 de B + C em PCA cada 30 min. A anestesia foi por via subaracnóidea. A dor pós-operatório foi registrada às 2, 4, 6, 24 e 48 horas após a operação avaliada pela Escala Analógica Visual (VAS). Anotou-se também consumo de bupivacaína e morfina. RESULTADOS: Não foram registradas diferenças nas variáveis demográficas entre ambos os grupos. O VAS pós-operatório entre 2 e 48 horas não mostrou diferenças. O consumo de morfina entre 4 e 48 horas foi similar nos três grupos (p = 0,07). No grupo em que só foi utilizado o modo PCA, o consumo de bupivacaína foi significativamente menor (p < 0,001). CONCLUSÕES: O bloqueio femoral contínuo foi uma técnica útil para o manuseio da dor pós-operatória na reconstrução de LCA do joelho. Um débito de apenas 5 mL.h-1 em IC ou em bolos PCA assegurou uma excelente analgesia pós-operatória.JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: El bloqueo femoral continuo (BFC) se utiliza en la analgesia postoperatoria de los reemplazos articulares de cadera y rodilla con buen resultado. El objetivo es evaluar la utilidad del BFC, comparando 3 esquemas de administración de bupivacaína en reconstrucción de ligamento cruzado anterior (LCA) de rodilla asistida por artroscopía. MÉTODO: Estudio prospectivo controlado de 90 pacientes estado físico ASA I y II estables. Los pacientes fueron divididos en tres grupos. El Grupo 1 (n = 30): 10 mL.h-1 en infusión continua (IC) de bupivacaína 0,125% + clonidina 1µg.mL-1 (B + C); Grupo 2 (n = 30): 5 mL.h-1 en IC + 2,5 mL de B + C en PCA a cada 30 min; Grupo 3 (n = 30): 5 mL.h-1 de B + C en PCA cada 30 min. Los pacientes fueron intervenidos bajo anestesia espinal. Se registró dolor posquirúrgico a las 2, 4, 6, 24 y 48 horas mediante Escala Visual Análoga (EVA), consumo de morfina y bupivacaína. RESULTADOS: No se registraron diferencias en las variables demográficas entre ambos grupos. El EVA postoperatorio entre las 2 y 48 horas no mostró diferencias. El consumo de morfina entre las 4 y 48 horas fue similar en los 3 grupos (p = 0,07). En el grupo en que sólo se utilizó modo PCA, el consumo de bupivacaína fue significativamente menor (p < 0,001). CONCLUSIONES: El bloqueo femoral continuo es una técnica útil para el manejo del dolor postoperatorio en la reconstrucción de LCA de rodilla. Un débito de sólo 5 mL.h-1 en IC o en bolos PCA asegura una excelente analgesia postoperatoria.BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Continuous femoral nerve block (CFNB) is used in postoperative analgesia of hip and knee replacement surgeries with good results. The objective of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of CFNB, comparing 3 administration schedules of bupivacaine in the arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) repair of the knee. METHODS: A prospective, controlled study with 90 stable patients, physical status ASA I and II was undertaken. Patients were divided in three groups: Group 1 (n = 30): continuous infusion (CI) at a rate of 10 mL.h-1 of 0.125% bupivacaine + clonidine 1 µg.ml-1 (B+C); Group 2 (n = 30): CI at a rate of 5 mL.h-1 + PCA with 2.5 ml of B+C every 30 minutes; Group 3 (n = 30): PCA with 5 mL.h-1 of B+C every 30 minutes. Patients underwent spinal anesthesia. Postoperative pain at 2, 4, 6, 24, and 48 hours, using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and consumption of morphine and bupivacaine were recorded. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences regarding the demographic data in both groups. The postoperative VAS between 2 and 48 hours did not show any differences. Morphine consumption between 4 and 48 hours was similar in all 3 groups (p = 0.07). The consumption of bupivacaine was significantly lower in the group that used only PCA (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Continuous femoral nerve block is a useful technique to manage postoperative pain after ACL repair. A rate of 5 mL.h-1 in CI or PCA boluses assures excellent postoperative analgesia.

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O bloqueio femoral contínuo (3-em-1) é usado para a analgesia pós-operatória de artroplastia de quadril e joelho com bons resultados, apresentando vantagens sobre outras técnicas de analgesia locorregional ou sistêmica e com baixa incidência de complicações. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar clinicamente a utilidade do bloqueio femoral contínuo em comparação com a analgesia por via venosa na reconstrução do ligamento cruzado anterior. MÉTODO: Foi realizado um estudo prospectivo, controlado, com 60 pacientes com estado físico ASA I. Os paciente foram divididos em dois grupos: Grupo 1 (n = 30): bloqueio femoral contínuo com infusão de bupivacaína e clonidina; Grupo 2 (n = 30): infusão por via venosa de cetoprofeno. A intervenção cirúrgica foi realizada sob raquianestesia e sedação. O tratamento da dor pós-operatória foi feito com analgesia controlada pelo paciente (PCA) usando morfina. A dor pós-operatória foi registrada 2, 4, 6, 24 e 36 horas após a intervenção cirúrgica usando a Escala Visual Analógica (VAS). O consumo de morfina, a satisfação dos pacientes e as complicações também foram registradas. RESULTADOS: No Grupo 1, o VAS pós-operatório entre 4 e 48 horas após a intervenção cirúrgica foi de 21 mm ± 2 e no Grupo 2 foi de 45 mm ± 4 (p < 0,001). O uso de morfina no período de 4 a 48 horas no Grupo 1 foi de 4,5 mg ± 1,5 e no Grupo 2 foi de 25,5 mg ± 3 (p < 0,001). No Grupo 1, 6,7% dos pacientes apresentaram náusea ou vômito no pós-operatório (NVPO) comparado com 20% no Grupo 2. CONCLUSÕES: O bloqueio 3-em-1 com bupivacaína e clonidina em infusão contínua forneceu analgesia mais eficaz, maior satisfação do paciente, reduziu o consumo de morfina por via venosa e apresentou menor incidência de NVPO do que a analgesia sistêmica.JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: El bloqueo femoral continuo (tres-en-uno) se usa para la analgesia postoperatoria de artroplastia de cadera y rodilla con buenos resultados, presentando ventajas sobre otras técnicas de analgesia loco regional o sistemica y con baja incidencia de complicaciones. El objetivo de este estudio fue el de evaluar clínicamente la utilidad del bloqueo femoral continuo en comparación con la analgesia intravenosa en la reconstrucción del ligamento cruzado anterior. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo controlado con 60 pacientes de estado físico ASA I. Los pacientes fueron divididos en dos grupos: Grupo 1 (n = 30): bloqueo femoral continuo con infusión de bupivacaína y clonidina; y Grupo 2 (n =3 0): infusión intravenosa de cetoprofeno. La intervención quirúrgica se hizo bajo raquianestesia y sedación. El tratamiento del dolor postoperatorio se hizo con analgesia controlada por el paciente (PCA) usando morfina. El dolor postoperatorio fue registrada 2, 4, 6, 24 y 36 horas después de la intervención quirúrgica usando la Escala Visual Analógica (VAS). El consumo de morfina, la satisfacción de los pacientes y las complicaciones también fueron registrados. RESULTADOS: En el Grupo 1, el VAS postoperatorio entre 4 y 48 horas trás de la intervención quirúrgica fue de 21 mm ± 2 y en el Grupo 2 fue de 45 mm ± 4 (p < 0.001). El uso de morfina en el período de 4 a 48 horas en el Grupo 1 fue de 4,5 mg ± 1,5 y en el Grupo 2 de 25,5 mg ± 3 (p < 0.001). En el Grupo 1, 6,7% de los pacientes presentaron náusea o vómito en el postoperatorio (NVPO) comparado con 20% del Grupo 2. CONCLUSIONES: El bloqueo 3-en-1 con bupivacaína y clonidina en infusión continua suministró analgesia más eficaz, mayor satisfacción del paciente, redució el consumo de morfina intravenosa y presentó una menor incidencia de NVPO que la analgesia sistemica.BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Continuous femoral block (three-in-one) is used for postoperative analgesia in hip and knee replacements with good results, with advantages over other locoregional analgesic or intravenous techniques having low incidence of complications. The aim of this study was to clinically evaluate the utility of continuous femoral block compared with intravenous analgesia in reconstruction of anterior cruciate ligament. METHODS: Controlled prospective study of 60 patients ASA I. Patients were divided into two groups: Group 1 (n = 30): continuous femoral block with an infusion of bupivacaine and clonidine; and Group 2 (n = 30): intravenous ketoprofen infusion. Surgery was performed under spinal anesthesia and sedation. Postoperative pain management with morphine patient controlled analgesia (PCA). Postoperative pain recorded at 2, 4, 6, 24 and 36 hours after surgery using Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Morphine consumption, satisfaction's score and complications are registered. RESULTS: In Group 1 postoperative VAS between 4 and 48 hours was 21 mm ± 2 and in Group 2 was 45 mm ± 4 (p < 0.001). Morphine consumption between 4 and 48 hours in Group 1 was 4.5 mg ± 1.5 and in Group 2 was 25.5 mg ± 3 (p < 0.001). In Group 1, 6.7% of patients presented postoperative nausea or vomiting (PONV) compared to 20% in Group 2. CONCLUSION: The three-in-one block with bupivacaine and clonidine in continuous infusion provides more efficient analgesia, patient satisfaction and less consumption of intravenous morphine and PONV than intravenous analgesia.

In order to evaluate the present distribution patterns of salmonids and their potential effects on native fish, we sampled 11 large lakes and 105 streams, encompassing a total of 13 main hydrographic watersheds of southern Chile (39° to 52°S). Overall, trout (Salmo trutta and Oncorhynchus mykiss) accounted for more than 60 % of total fish abundance and more than 80 % of total biomass, while 40 % of the streams sampled did not have native fish. Salmon, introduced for aquaculture, such as O. kisutch, Salmo salar, and O. tshawytscha, were only present in lakes with salmon farming and did not seem to be reproducing naturally in affluent streams. We tested the effect of river geographic origin (Andes mountains, central valley, or Coastal range) on fish abundance and found that rainbow trout was more restricted to the Andean streams with higher water discharge, while brown trout was widely distributed and did not relate to any of several catchment attributes measured. The abundance of native fish was greater in lakes than in streams and the highest native fish biodiversity occurred in streams of the central valley. The most common native species were Galaxias maculatus, G. platei, Brachygalaxias bullocki, Aplochiton zebra and Basilichthys australis. Streams with higher conductivity, larger pool areas, more fine sediments, and low brown trout densities were more suitable for native fish. Thus, catchments with higher anthropogenic disturbance appeared as refuges for native species. Given the descriptive nature of our study we can only presume the negative impacts of trout and salmon on native fish; an effect which should be superimposed on biogeographical conditioning of present distribution. Yet based on the present abundance and distribution patterns of salmonids and native fish, negative effects are very likely. Conservation of native fish biodiversity in central valley streams, far from protected areas or national parks and fully exposed to human perturbations represents a great challenge. We propose to enhance conservation by exerting a stronger sport fishing pressure on trout in those streamsPara evaluar la distribución y abundancia actual de salmónidos y peces nativos muestreamos 11 lagos grandes y 105 arroyos, cubriendo 13 cuencas principales en el sur de Chile desde 39° a 52°S. En general las truchas (Salmo trutta y Oncorhynchus mykiss) representaron más de 60 % de la abundancia total de peces y más de 80 % de la biomasa total, además 40 % de los arroyos muestreados no presentaron peces nativos. Los salmones traídos para acuicultura tales como O. kisutch, Salmo salar, y O. tshawytscha solo estuvieron presentes en lagos que tenían salmonicultura, aun cuando no parecen reproducirse exitosamente en los arroyos afluentes. Pusimos a prueba el efecto del origen de los arroyos (cordillera de los Andes, valle central o cordillera de la Costa) sobre la abundancia de las especies y encontramos que la trucha arco iris estuvo más restringida a los arroyos preandinos con mayor descarga, mientras la trucha café se distribuyó ampliamente no respondiendo a otras características o atributos específicos de las cuencas que se midieron. La abundancia relativa de peces nativos fue mayor en los lagos que en los arroyos, en tanto la mayor biodiversidad de peces nativos se encontró en arroyos del valle central. Las especies más comunes fueron Galaxias maculatus, G. platei, Brachygalaxias bullocki, Aplochiton zebra y Basilichthys australis. Arroyos con mayor conductividad, más áreas de pozones, más sedimentos finos y con bajas densidades de trucha café fueron más adecuados para peces nativos. Es así que cuencas con mayor disturbio antropogénico parecen ser refugio para los mismos. Dada la naturaleza descriptiva de nuestro estudio solo podemos presumir los efectos negativos de truchas y salmones sobre los peces nativos, efecto que debiera estar sobreimpuesto a los condicionantes biogeográficos de la distribución actual. Aun así, basado en las presentes distribuciones de salmónidos y peces nativos, los efectos negativos son muy probables. La conservación de la biodiversidad de peces nativos plenamente expuestos a perturbaciones humanas en el valle central, lejos de áreas protegidas y parques nacionales, presenta un gran desafío. Proponemos incentivar la conservación ejerciendo una mayor presión de pesca deportiva sobre las truchas en esos ambientes

Sophora toromiro (Phil) Skottsb. is a species that has been extinct in its natural habitat Easter Island (Rapa Nui) for over 50 years. However, seed collections carried out before its extinction have allowed its persistence ex-situ in different botanical gardens and private collections around the world. The progenies of these diverse collections have been classified in different lines, most of them exhibiting high similarity as corroborated by molecular markers. In spite of this resemblance observed between the different lines, one of them (Titze) has dissimilar floral elements, thus generating doubts regarding its species classification. The floral elements (wing, standard and keel) belonging to three different S. toromiro lines and two related species were analyzed using geometric morphometrics. This method was applied in order to quantify the floral shape variation of the standard, wing, and keel between the different lines and control species. Geometric morphometrics analyses were able to distinguish the floral elements at both intra (lines) and inter-specific levels. The present results are on line with the cumulative evidence that supports the Titze line as not being a proper member of the S. toromiro species, but probably a hybridization product or even another species of the Edwardsia section. The reintroduction programs of S. toromiro should consider this information when assessing the authenticity and origin of the lines that will be used to repopulate the island.

The conservation of data deficient species is often hampered by inaccurate species delimitation. The galaxiid fishes Aplochiton zebra and Aplochiton taeniatus are endemic to Patagonia (and for A. zebra the Falkland Islands), where they are threatened by invasive salmonids. Conservation of Aplochiton is complicated because species identification is hampered by the presence of resident as well as migratory ecotypes that may confound morphological discrimination. We used DNA barcoding (COI, cytochrome b) and a new developed set of microsatellite markers to investigate the relationships between A. zebra and A. taeniatus and to assess their distributions and relative abundances in Chilean Patagonia and the Falkland Islands. Results from both DNA markers were 100% congruent and revealed that phenotypic misidentification was widespread, size-dependent, and highly asymmetric. While all the genetically classified A. zebra were correctly identified as such, 74% of A. taeniatus were incorrectly identified as A. zebra, the former species being more widespread than previously thought. Our results reveal, for the first time, the presence in sympatry of both species, not only in Chilean Patagonia, but also in the Falkland Islands, where A. taeniatus had not been previously described. We also found evidence of asymmetric hybridisation between female A. taeniatus and male A. zebra in areas where invasive salmonids have become widespread. Given the potential consequences that species misidentification and hybridisation can have for the conservation of these endangered species, we advocate the use of molecular markers in order to reduce epistemic uncertainty.

BackgroundEffects of urbanisation on diabetes risk appear to be greater in indigenous populations worldwide than in populations of European origin, but the reasons are unclear. This cross-sectional study aimed to determine whether the effects of environment (Rural vs. Urban), adiposity, fitness and lifestyle variables on insulin resistance differed between individuals of indigenous Mapuche origin compared to those of European origin in Chile.Methodology/principal findings123 Rural Mapuche, 124 Urban Mapuche, 91 Rural European and 134 Urban European Chilean adults had blood taken for determination of HOMA-estimated insulin resistance (HOMA(IR)) and underwent assessment of physical activity/sedentary behaviour (using accelerometry), cardiorespiratory fitness, dietary intake and body composition. General linear models were used to determine interactions with ethnicity for key variables. There was a significant "ethnicity x environment" interaction for HOMA(IR) (Mean±SD; Rural Mapuche: 1.65±2.03, Urban Mapuche: 4.90±3.05, Rural European: 0.82±0.61, Urban European: 1.55±1.34, p((interaction)) = 0.0003), such that the effect of urbanisation on HOMA(IR) was greater in Mapuches than Europeans. In addition, there were significant interactions (all pConclusions/significanceUrbanisation, adiposity, physical activity and sedentary behaviour influence insulin resistance to a greater extent in Chilean Mapuches than Chileans of European descent. These findings have implications for the design and implementation of lifestyle strategies to reduce metabolic risk in different ethnic groups, and for understanding of the mechanisms underpinning human insulin resistance.

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Copyright of Formación Universitaria is the property of Centro de Informacion Tecnologica (CIT) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Páginas de la Educación is the property of Universidad Catolica del Uruguay Damaso Antonio Larranaga and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)