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Background Globally, allergic diseases are very common in childhood and may affect children’s quality of life. This study aimed to explore health-related quality of life of elementary school students with allergy symptoms using the EQ-5D-Y and to examine the validity and feasibility of the EQ-5D-Y. Methods The study subjects were the students within 50 elementary schools which voluntarily participated in research project. In this sample population, the EQ-5D-Y questionnaire was self-administered by the students, and demographic and health information were collected from the student’s parents. The parents’ information was used to investigate the proportion of students with allergic symptoms (wheezing, runny or blocked nose, and itchy rash) in the past 12 months. In addition, we analyzed the correlation of symptom reporting and EQ-5D-Y including EQ-VAS. Results The overall return was 9117 responses, of which 198 (2.2%) lacked responses on the EQ-5D-Y dimension and 1258 (13.8%) on the VAS score. There were significant differences in symptom reporting in all EQ-5D-Y dimensions between groups with or without allergic symptoms. Particularly, there was a large difference in reporting rates in ‘having pain or discomfort’ and ‘feeling worried, sad or unhappy’ dimensions. As the number of allergic symptoms increased, in all dimensions also the problem reporting rate tended to increase. Conclusions As expected, the presence of allergic symptoms is inversely correlated with the quality of life of children. The EQ-5D-Y instrument proved to be useful in terms of feasibility and construct validity in assessing the quality of life of Korean elementary school students.

Conformational isomers of hydroquinone and their 1:1 clusters with water have been spatially separated using a Stark deflector in a supersonic jet. trans-Hydroquinone (HyQ) conformer with zero dipole moment is little influenced by inhomogeneous electric fields, whereas cis conformer with nonzero dipole moment (2.38 D) is significantly deflected from the molecular beam axis into the direction along which the strong field gradient is applied. Resonant two photon ionization carried out by shifting the laser position perpendicular to the molecular beam axis after the Stark deflector then gives an exclusive S1–S0 excitation spectrum of the cis conformer only, making possible immaculate conformer-specific spectroscopy and dynamics. As the spatial separation is apparently proportional to the effective dipole moment strength, conformational assignment could be absolute in the Stark deflector, which contrasts with the hole-burning spectroscopic technique where identification of a conformational isomer is intrinsic...

Due to physical impairments of stroke patients oral health tends to deteriorate, which may have an impact on the oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL). Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the OHRQoL and analyze its related factors among stroke patients cared for at home in Korea.OHRQoL of 549 stroke patients aged over 50 who received care at home was assessed by Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14) in a City, Korea, from May to June 2009. Trained researchers and five nurses conducted interviews with patients or caregivers in their homes using structured questionnaires. Demographic, general health, stroke, and oral health related variables were surveyed. Statistically, t-test, an analysis of variance (ANOVA), and multiple regression analyses were used to evaluate the relationship between OHRQoL and various covariates.Mean of total OHIP-14 score was 35.7 ± 10.0. Age, activity of daily living (ADL) (p0.001), subjective general and oral health status (p0.001), degree of disability (p0.001), frequency of tooth brushing (p0.001), use of dental floss (p0.01), missing teeth, and use of denture (p0.001) showed significant association with the OHIP-14 scores. In multiple regression analyses, ADL, frequency of tooth brushing per day, subjective general status, and oral health status were identified as significant factors with the OHIP-14 scores in stroke patients who received care at home.Among strong patients who received care at home, participants who had more severe physical disability, poorer oral hygiene and more missing teeth showed poorer OHRQoL.

Surface crossing of bound (S1, ππ*) and continuum (S2, πσ*) states has been observed in the ultrafast S–D bond dissociation reaction of thiophenol-d1. It is manifested by an unanticipated variation of fragment angular distribution as a function of the excitation energy. The anisotropy parameter (β) of +0.25 at the S1 origin decreases to −0.60 at ∼600 cm–1 above the S1 zero-point level, giving a broad peak in β with a bandwidth of ∼200 cm–1. The peak in β is ascribed to the in-plane S-D bending mode excitation by which the nuclear configuration in the proximity of the S1/S2 conical intersection seam is directly accessed, showing a mixed character of parallel (S1–S0) and perpendicular (S2–S0) transition dipole moments at the same time. As a result, the dynamic aspect of the conical intersection is experimentally revealed here through direct access to the nuclear configuration on the multidimensional conical intersection seam.

Conical intersection as a dynamic funnel in nonadiabatic transition dictates many important chemical reaction outputs such as reaction rates, yields, and energy disposals especially for chemical reactions taking place on electronically excited states. Therefore, the energetics and topology of conical intersections have been subjected to intensive theoretical and experimental studies for decades as these things are the keys to understanding and controlling nonadiabatic transitions which are ubiquitous in nature. In this article, we focus on πσ*-mediated photodissociation reactions of thiophenols and thioanisoles. Interestingly, for these chemical systems, the nonadiabatic transition probability can be precisely measured as a function of the excitation energy, giving a great opportunity for spectroscopic characterization of the multi-dimensional conical intersection seam that governs the nonadiabatic transition dynamics of polyatomic molecules. The passage of the reactive flux in the proximity of the conica...

Looking into temporal dynamics of the reactive flux that is precisely located at the well-characterized conical intersection has been one of chemists' longstanding goals. We report here real-time nonadiabatic bifurcation dynamics in the S-CH3 bond predissociation of thioanisole (C6H5SCH3) in the first electronically excited state (S1). It is found that two distinct adiabatic and nonadiabatic reaction pathways are activated simultaneously only when the vibronic state near the first conical intersection is optically accessed. Our time-resolved measurement of the product state distribution could separate two different dynamic channels unambiguously, unraveling the detailed dynamic mechanism of the nonadiabatic reaction taking place in the vicinity of the conical intersection. The nonadiabatic channel, where the reactive flux funnels through two consecutive conical intersections along the reaction coordinate, is found to be significantly faster than the adiabatic channel along the minimum energy reaction pathway. The kinetic energy release ratio and the nonadiabatic transition probability are found to be much higher for the nonadiabatic channel than those of the adiabatic channel, giving insights into the bifurcation dynamics occurring at the conical intersection.

Synechocystis salt-responsive gene 1 (sysr1) was engineered for expression in higher plants, and gene construction was stably incorporated into tobacco plants. We investigated the role of Sysr1 [a member of the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) superfamily] by examining the salt tolerance of sysr1-overexpressing (sysr1-OX) tobacco plants using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reactions, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and bioassays. The sysr1-OX plants exhibited considerably increased ADH activity and tolerance to salt stress conditions. Additionally, the expression levels of several stress-responsive genes were upregulated. Moreover, airborne signals from salt-stressed sysr1-OX plants triggered salinity tolerance in neighboring wild-type (WT) plants. Therefore, Sysr1 enhanced the interconversion of aldehydes to alcohols, and this occurrence might affect the quality of green leaf volatiles (GLVs) in sysr1-OX plants. Actually, the Z-3-hexenol level was approximately twofold higher in sysr1-OX plants than in WT plants within 1–2 h of wounding. Furthermore, analyses of WT plants treated with vaporized GLVs indicated that Z-3-hexenol was a stronger inducer of stress-related gene expression and salt tolerance than E-2-hexenal. The results of the study suggested that increased C6 alcohol (Z-3-hexenol) induced the expression of resistance genes, thereby enhancing salt tolerance of transgenic plants. Our results revealed a role for ADH in salinity stress responses, and the results provided a genetic engineering strategy that could improve the salt tolerance of crops.

Activating JAK2 point mutations are implicated in the pathogenesis of myeloid and lymphoid malignancies, including high-risk B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). In preclinical studies, treatment of JAK2 mutant leukemias with type I JAK2 inhibitors (e.g., Food and Drug Administration [FDA]-approved ruxolitinib) provided limited single-agent responses, possibly due to paradoxical JAK2Y1007/1008 hyperphosphorylation induced by these agents. To determine the importance of mutant JAK2 in B-ALL initiation and maintenance, we developed unique genetically engineered mouse models of B-ALL driven by overexpressed Crlf2 and mutant Jak2, recapitulating the genetic aberrations found in human B-ALL. While expression of mutant Jak2 was necessary for leukemia induction, neither its continued expression nor enzymatic activity was required to maintain leukemia survival and rapid proliferation. CRLF2/JAK2 mutant B-ALLs with sustained depletion or pharmacological inhibition of JAK2 exhibited enhanced expression of c-Myc and prominent up-regulation of c-Myc target genes. Combined indirect targeting of c-Myc using the BET bromodomain inhibitor JQ1 and direct targeting of JAK2 with ruxolitinib potently killed JAK2 mutant B-ALLs.

In this work, we have investigated nonadiabatic dynamics in the vicinity of conical intersections for predissociation reactions of partially deuterated thioanisole molecules: C

Background and ObjectiveThe Korean version of the EQ-5D-Y was launched in 2015 by the EuroQol group. Currently, there is no HRQOL data obtained by using the EQ-5D-Y in Korea. This study aimed to measure health-related quality of life of Korean elementary school students using the EQ-5D-Y.MethodsElementary school students were recruited from 11 primary schools in Gyungbuk, South Korea. The EQ-5D-Y was self-administered in the sample population. Demographic characteristics were collected from the subjects’ parents or guardians. The percentage of respondents reporting problems and VAS scores were calculated. Feasibility of the EQ-5D-Y was assessed by analysing the proportion of missing responses. The percentage of reported problems on the dimensions and VAS score between groups were compared by demographic factors.ResultsA total of 2,494 questionnaires were collected. There were 24 (0.96%) missing responses on the EQ-5D-Y and 187 (7.5%) missing VAS score responses. The proportion of reported problems ranged from 2.3% on the mobility dimension to 9.8% on the “having pain or discomfort” dimension. There was no significant difference in the proportion of problems by age group in male participants. However, in females, the older group reported significantly more problems on the “having pain or discomfort” and “feeling worried, sad, or unhappy” dimensions compared to the younger group. Students living with parents with the lowest educational level reported significantly more problems on the “looking after myself” and “doing usual activities” dimensions than did those living with parents with higher levels of education.DiscussionThis study showed the distribution of health-related quality of life and explored the feasibility of the EQ-5D-Y for measuring health-related quality of life in Korean elementary school students. Further studies are required to examine other psychometric properties of the Korean EQ-5D-Y.

A novel miniaturized near-infrared spectrometer readily mountable to wearable devices for continuous monitoring of individual’s key bio-markers was proposed. Spectrum is measured by sequential illuminations with LED’s, having independent spectrum profiles and a continuous detection of light radiations from the skin tissue with a single cell PD. Based on Tikhonov regularization with singular value decomposition, a spectrum resolution less than 10nm was reconstructed based on experimentally measured LED profiles. A prototype covering first overtone band (1500-1800nm) where bio-markers have pronounced absorption peaks was fabricated and verified of its performance. Reconstructed spectrum shows that the novel concept of miniaturized spectrometer is valid.

The Engineering ceramics have some excellent properties as materials for modern mechanical and electrical components. It is, however, not easy to polish them efficiently because they are strong and hard. This study is carried out to obtain a mirror surface on engineering ceramics by surperfinishing with high efficiency. To achieve this, we conducted a series of polishing experiments using representative engineering ceramics, such as Al₂O₃, SiC, Si₃N₄ and ZrO₂, using diamond abrasive film from the perspective of oscillations peed, the rotational speed of the workpiece, contact roller hardness, contact pressure and feed rate. Furthermore, the polishing efficiency and characteristics for engineering ceramics are discussed on the basis of optimal polishing time and surface roughness. Our results confirmed that efficient superfinishing conditions and polishing characteristics of engineering ceramics can be determined.

A decrease in the left hip joint medial rotation range of motion (ROM) was observed more often than a reduction in the right hip joint medial rotation ROM. However, similar number between right and left side was observed in ground reaction force more weighted. The coefficient between the passive hip joint medial rotation symmetry rate and the weight loading symmetry ratio was -0.19 (p < 0.05). †Corresponding Author : ryu3091@cu.ac.krThis is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

In island and backcountry areas, electrical power is usually supplied by diesel generators. It is difficult for small scale diesel generators to have an economy of scale owing to the usage of fossil fuels to produce electricity. Also, there is a problem of carbon dioxide emissions that brings some environmental pollution to the entire region of the area. For solving those, this paper proposes a design method of autonomous micro-grid to minimize the fossil fuels of diesel generator, which is composed of diesel generator, wind turbine, battery energy storage system and photovoltaic generation system. The proposed method was verified through computer simulation and micro-grid operation system.

Due to the increase of power consumption, it is difficult to construct an accurate prediction model for daily peak power demand. It is very important work to know power demand in next day to manage and control power system. In this research, we develop a daily peak power demand prediction method based on Extreme Learning Machine(ELM) with fast learning procedure. Using data sets between 2006 and 2010 in Korea, the proposed method has been intensively tested. As the prediction results, we confirm that the proposed method makes it possible to effective estimate daily peak power demand than conventional methods.

Wireless power transmission technology has been studied variety. Recently, wireless power transmission technology used by resonance and magnetic induction field is applied to various fields. However, magnetic resonance and inductive coupling are have drawbacks - power transmission distance is short. Microwave transmission and accept techniques have been developed to overcome short distance. However, improvement in efficiency is required. This paper, propose a high-efficiency microwave energy acceptor IC(EAIC). Suggested EAIC is consists of RF-DC converter and DC-DC converter. Wide Input power range is -15 dBm ~ 20 dBm. And output voltage is boosted up to 5.5 V by voltage boost-up circuit. EAIC can keep the output voltage constant. Available efficiency of RF-DC converter is 95.5 % at 4 dBm input. And DC-DC efficiency is 94.79 % at 1.1 mA load current. Fully EAIC efficiency is 90.5 %.

Slow electron velocity-map imaging (SEVI) has been employed for the ionization spectroscopic study of the jet-cooled 5-methylpyrimidine in the first singlet 1(nπ∗) excited state. Resonant-enhanced two-color two-photon (1 + 1′) ionization spectrum gives well-resolved S1 vibrational structures up to ∼2400 cm−1 above the origin whereas spectral bands becomes completely broadened in the higher energy region as coupling of individual S1 bands to dark states becomes significant. Ionization of the S1 5-methylpyrimidine with different ionization wavelengths at several different delay times reveals the property of low-lying 3(ππ∗) triplet dark state which is prepared by fast nonadiabatic transition. SEVI spectra taken via various S1 intermediate states provide the detailed vibrational structures of the 5-methylpyrimidine cation (D0), also giving the adiabatic ionization energy of 9.1052 ± 0.0030 eV (73 438 ± 24 cm−1). Geometrical changes in the S0–S1–D0 transitions are discussed from Franck-Condon simulations based on calculations by (time-dependent) density functional theory.

The photoionization of Cr at excited states is investigated using a velocity-map photoelectron imaging technique. Benzene chromium carbonyl or bis(η(6)-benzene) chromium was used as a precursor for the generation of excited Cr atoms. The a (5)S2 → x (5)P°3 and a (5)D3 → y (5)D°2 transitions are then employed for the preparation of resonant intermediate states in a two-color two-photon ionization process, in which an electronic configurational change from 3d(4)((5)D)4s4p((1)P°) to 3d(4)4s((6)D(J+)) occurs. The photoelectron kinetic energy distribution is found to be very sensitive to the ionization energy and the total angular momentum quantum number of the chromium ion (J(+)). Anisotropy parameters associated with departing electrons also show significant variation depending on the energy and total angular momentum quantum number, suggesting that direct and/or indirect ionization should be quantum-mechanically mixed, manifesting the complicated nature of angular momentum couplings in the ionization continuum.

We present a sensitive and reproducible surface acoustic wave (SAW) immunosensor that uses an internal reference sensor. A sandwich immunoassay was performed on the working sensing area of the SAW sensor that is able to specifically capture and detect cardiac troponin I (cTnI), while an immunoassay comprising rabbit IgG and anti-rabbit IgG was carried out on the reference sensing area. The analyte in human plasma was captured on gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) that were conjugated in advance with detection antibody. Introduction of these complexes as well as AuNPs conjugated with anti-rabbit IgG into the capture antibody-immobilized working sensor surface and its adjacent rabbit IgG-immobilized reference sensor surface resulted in a classic AuNP-based immunoassay format on both sensing areas. In order to achieve signal enhancement, a gold staining method was performed. Normalized sensor response (a ratio of working sensor response to reference sensor response) due to gold staining varied as a function of applied cTnI concentration. Furthermore, introduction of the internal reference sensor with the normalization technique reduced the coefficient of variation (CV) of the assay by a factor of 4–12, improving reproducibility of the SAW immunosensor. To validate the accuracy of the SAW system, correlation with a commercial system (Centaur ® XP, Siemens) was investigated using the plasma of 21 patients and exhibited good agreement with a correlation coefficient ( r ) of 0.986 and a slope of 0.8 for SAW/Centaur ® XP.

Effect of chemical substitution at the para-position of the thiophenoxyl radical has been theoretically investigated in terms of energetics, structures, charge densities and orbital shapes for the ground and first electronically excited states. It is found that the adiabatic energy gap increases when CH3 or F is substituted at the para-position. This change is attributed to the stabilization of the ground state of thiophenoxyl radical through the electron-donating effect of F or CH3 group as the charge or spin of the singly-occupied molecular orbital is delocalized over the entire molecule especially in the ground state whereas in the excited state it is rather localized on sulfur and little affected by chemical substitutions. Quantitative comparison of predictions based on four different quantum-mechanical calculation methods is presented.

Adaptive refinement techniques have local error estimators to determine regions where the mesh size needs to be reduced (h-refinement) or the representation order should be increased (p-refinement). Several conventional error estimators are investigated, and implemented with the EFIE. The Pearson correlation coefficient is introduced and applied to the error estimators. The correlation coefficient with distribution plots provide analytical tools to evaluate error estimators' accuracy and efficiency.

Fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (FAdV-4) is the causative agent of hydropericardium syndrome (HPS), a highly pathogenic disease in poultry. In the present study, hexon, penton base, and fiber-2 genes encoding major capsid proteins were analyzed in four FAdV-4 isolates from HPS-affected chickens in Korea. Nucleotide sequences of the entire hexon (2811 bases), penton base (1578 bases), and fiber-2 (1425 bases) genes from the Korean isolates were 97.5–99.3, 99.1–99.7, and 95.5–99.0 % identical, respectively, to those of foreign FAdV-4 isolates. In the N-terminal tail region of fiber-2, the KRP motif predicted to be the nuclear localization signal was identified in the Korean isolates, whereas KRP/A was detected in other isolates. The VYPF motif in fiber-2, which is known to interact with the penton base, was present in the same region of all FAdV-4 isolates that were compared. Amino acid variations in fiber-2 for HPS and non-HPS isolates revealed that D219 and T300 were conserved among ten HPS isolates from five countries, including Korea. T380 in fiber-2, previously found in HPS isolates, corresponded to A380 in the Korean isolates, indicating that T380 is not relevant for increased virulence. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the four Korean FAdV-4 isolates were more related to MX-SHP95, a Mexican FAdV-4 isolate of HPS origin, than to FAdV-4 isolates of Indian and Chinese origin, suggesting that the genetic relationship among FAdV-4 isolates is independent of geographic distribution. The molecular features of these genes will provide valuable information for vaccine development against HPS in the future.

This study was to present the proper probability distribution models that based on the data for sur-veys of food cold storage temperatures as the input variables to the further MRA (Microbial risk assessment). Thetemperature was measured by directly visiting 7 food plants. The overall mean temperature for food cold storages inthe survey was 2.55 ± 3.55 o C, with 2.5% of above 10 o C, −3.2 o C and 14.9 o C as a minimum and maximum. Tempera-ture distributions by space-locations was 0.80 ± 1.69 o C, 0.59 ± 1.68 o C, and 0.65 ± 1.46 o C as an upper (2.4~4 m), mid-dle (1.5~2.4 m), and lower (0.7~1.5 m), respectively. Probability distributions were also created using @RISKprogram based on the measured temperature data. Statistical ranking was determined by the goodness of fit (GOF) todetermine the proper probability distribution model. This result showed that the LogLogistic ( −4.189, 5.9098, 3.2565)distribution models was found to be the most appropriate for relative MRA conduction. Key words: cold food storage, temperature distribution, MRA (microbial risk assessment), probability distribution model

This paper proposes the 16-channel LED Driver IC for Full color LED display system. The proposed LED driver IC in this paper can draw current independent of temperature and supply voltage in each channel. Current flow in the channel is configurable via an external resistor. LED brightness is adjusted by 12-Bit PWM(Pulse Width Modulation) and 8-Bit DC(Dot Correction). A real-time monitoring of IC temperature () and LED status (open/short) is provided by LED driver IC and the user can receive warning and get information on problems. A 16-channel LED driver IC is produced using 0.35 um BCD process and the size is . In this paper, channel current characteristic and channel current control function were measured in order to verify am embodied 16-channel LED driver IC by producing a single IC test board.

Vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) mass-analyzed threshold ionization (MATI) spectrum of supersonically cooled methylcyclohexane has been obtained to give the precise adiabatic ionization energy of 9.6958 ± 0.0025 eV for the chair equatorial conformer. Vibrationally resolved MATI spectrum has been analyzed with the aid of density functional theory and Franck–Condon calculations. The MATI spectrum reflects the structural change upon ionization and its origin is discussed by inspecting the shapes of the valence orbitals involved in the ionization process. The spectroscopic implication of the structural interconversion above the certain energy level is discussed with theoretical calculations of molecular structures and energetics.

We present a rapid and sensitive surface acoustic wave (SAW) immunosensor that utilizes gold staining as a signal enhancement method. A sandwich immunoassay was performed on sensing area of the SAW sensor, which could specifically capture and detect cardiac markers (cardiac troponin I (cTnI), creatine kinase (CK)-MB, and myoglobin). The analytes in human serum were captured on gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) that were conjugated in advance with detection antibodies. Introduction of these complexes to the capture antibody-immobilized sensor surface resulted in a classic AuNP-based sandwich immunoassay format that has been used for signal amplification. In order to achieve further signal enhancement, a gold staining method was performed, which demonstrated that it is possible to obtain gold staining-mediated signal augmentation on a mass-sensitive device. The sensor response due to gold staining varied as a function of cardiac marker concentration. We also investigated effects of increasing operating frequency on sensor responses. Results showed that detection limit of the SAW sensor could be further improved by increasing the operating frequency.

Four strains of fowl adenovirus (FAdV) were isolated from 4 flocks of broiler or layer chickens affected by hydropericardium syndrome in Korea. These FAdVs were classified as serotype 4 by restriction fragment length polymorphism patterns of hexon genes and whole genomes. The virus exhibited cytopathic effects consisting of rounding, ballooning and clustering in primary chicken embryo liver cell cultures. In transmission electron microscopy, virus particles in hexagonal shape aggregated exclusively in the nuclei of hepatocytes of the chickens as the typical appearances in adenovirus infections. Buoyant density of the virus in cesium chloride (CsCl) was 1.34 g/mL. The virus was stable to chloroform, ether, 50~70% ethanol, acidic condition at pH 3, 0.25% trypsin (1: 250), heat at 50oC for 30 min, but labile to 100% ethanol, heat at 52~60oC for 30 min, 1 M MgCl2 at 50oC for 1 h, 1: 2,000 formalin (37%). All of the physicochemical properties pertained to the characteristics of adenoviruses. Eight viral polypeptides were determined in CsCl-purified virus by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

A total of 107 volunteers among 136 employees at a hotel in Gyeongju, Korea were enrolled in this study between December 2009 and March 2010. The Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were used to assess anxiety and depression, respectively. Blood pressure was measured using a 24-h ambulatory BP monitoring system.

Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles were prepared in neat deionized water by laser ablation with various ablation times (10–40 min), fluences (50–130 mJ/pulse), and wavelengths (1064, 532, and 355 nm). The size and shape of the nanoparticles were affected only slightly by the ablation time and fluence at a wavelength of 1064 nm, which was explained by a dynamic formation mechanism with surface charge effects. The nanoparticles formed by ablation at 355 nm had a distinctive wire-shape with a small diameter, which was attributed to a continuous fragmentation and formation mechanism.

목적: 뇌졸중으로 인한 장애인이 증가하고 있으나 이들을 대상으로 질보정수명을 구한 연구가 없었다. 이 연구의 목적은 일개 시에서 뇌졸중 장애인을 대상으로 EQ-5D로 그들의 건강 관련 삶의 질 수준을 평가하고, 우리나라 전체 뇌졸중 장애인의 QALYs 감소분을 추정하기 위하여 수행하였다. 방법: 2008년 3월을 기준으로 경주시 장애인 등록현황에서 50세 이상인 장애인 중 뇌졸중이 원인으로 파악된 982명을 대상으로 설문조사자들이 방문하여 대면면접조사를 통해 일반적 특성, 임상적 특성, EQ-5D 등의 자료를 수집하였다. 제4기 국민건강영양조사 에서 일반인구집단과 동반질환이 없는 군을 건강비교군으로 선정하여 성별, 연령별 표준화를 통해 비교함으로써 효용 가중치 차이를 구하였다. 이 효용 가중치 차이를 우리나라 전체 뇌졸중 장애인에 적용하여 전체 QALYs 감소분을 추정하였다. 결과: 대상자 982명 중 조사응답자는 566명으로 응답률은 57.6%였다. 여성, 70대 이상군에서 EQ-5D 지표값이 남성이나 60대 이하군에 비해 더 낮았고, 상대 비교군과의 차이도 크게 나타났다. 건강비교군과 일반인구집단 비교군과의 비교에 따른 전체 QALYs 감소분은 각각 연간 67,011.6 QALYs와 54,167.1 QALYs로 추정되었다. 결론: EQ-5D로 우리나라 전체 뇌졸중장애인의 QALYs 감소분을 추정하였고, 이 연구를 바탕으로 뇌졸중 장애인을 대상으로 한 공중보건정책의 집행이나 평가를 수행하여 보다 근거에 기반한 장애인 정책을 수행할 수 있을 것으로 생각한다.

The air pollutants from vehicle exhaust gas are affected by many factors including fuel qualities, engine and vehicle technologies, driving patterns. In particular, fuel qualities and after-treatment devices could directly affect the emission level of pollutants. The pollutant reduction characteristics that caused by enforced fuel quality standard were analyzed. Three types of test fuel were selected in accordance with Korean automotive fuel standard in 2006, 2009, 2012 and used for vehicle emission test in chassis dynamometer. European COPERT correction equation of fuel impact was considered as reference information to quantify the vehicle emission test results. The contribution rates of exhaust emission by COPERT correction equation showed that aromatic compounds and oxygen contents in gasoline fuel was most important. In case of diesel fuel, cetane index and polycyclic aromatic compounds accounted for the greater part. The exhaust emission effects by COPERT correction equation revealed that CO and VOC was increased 0.86%, 1.57% respectively in after 2009 gasoline when compared to before 2009 gasoline fuel. In case of light-duty diesel vehicle CO, VOC and PM were decreased in range of 3~7%. The result from this study could be provided for developing future fuel standards and be used to fundamental information for Korean clean air act.