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The problem of the removal of brines from underwater sand pits is studied. The intensity of the removal of brines from the pits due to the changes in the hydrological regime of the river is calculated in three-dimensional approach. It is found that for the flow rates typical for the summer, the removal of brines collected in underwater pits does not occur. At flow rates typical for the spring, there is a fairly intensive removal of accumulated brines. Numerical experiments have shown that the underwater pits can serve as brines batteries, becoming an additional source of river pollution under certain hydrological conditions.

The aim of the study was to elucidate the distribution and possible transmission routes of Toxocara spp. infection in Estonia. Out of 454 faecal and sand samples collected from park lawns and sandpits in the town of Tartu, 19 were Toxocara positive (4.2%). Out of the 45 sandpit samples 17.8% were Toxocara positive. Cat faeces was found in 21 sandpit samples. Parasitological necropsies were performed on 41 euthanised stray dogs and 27 cats in the Tallinn Dog Home. Additionally, 13 wild free-roaming brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) were captured from the Tallinn Dog Home territory, necropsied and studied for the presence of Toxocara larvae. Toxocara canis adults were found in 14.6% of the dogs and Toxocara cati (syn. mystax) adults in the small intestines of 48.2% of the cats examined. Larval infection was detected in the kidney and liver in 5 dogs (12.2%). Our study demonstrated only low-level larval Toxocara infections in adult dogs. Toxocara larvae were not found in cats and brown rats. According to the results of this study, cats more often carry Toxocara infection than dogs. Under our conditions, stray and free-roaming cats are the main contaminators of the environment with Toxocara eggs. Children playing in sandpits are the main risk group for larval toxocarosis.

Don’t limit equipment in your sandpit to buckets and spades – introduce cars and other vehicles as well. Your child will love discovering the tracks they can make

The concentration of 7-methyljuglone was studied in the round-leaved sundew Drosera rotundifolia L. collected from different regions in Northern Finland. Samples for analysis were collected from peat bogs and sandpit habitats. The mean concentration of 7-methyljuglone varied from 1.0 to 2.3% of dry weight. Variation between years in the amount of 7-methyljuglone was significant in plants growing on sand, and in the northernmost region studied. Overall, the variation in the production of 7-methyljuglone among different populations of round-leaved sundew in Northern Finland was rather low. The variation between years in the production of 7-methyljuglone was more significant.

In this study, the results of both laboratory studies and a field study, conducted to evaluate the effects of different curing conditions on the strength properties and maturity development of pavement concrete, are presented. Further, a laboratory study was performed to evaluate the maturity concept in relation to the degree of hydration of cement. Concrete specimens, beams and cylinders, were prepared in the field study. The specimens in the field were cured in one of four curing conditions: lime bath, sandpit, air, or by temperature match curing. Specimens were tested for flexural strength and compressive strength, respectively. The temperature of the specimens was recorded and maturity calculated for specimens as well as for the pavement in the field study. The results indicate that there is no difference between the maturity development of beam and cylinder specimens. Also, Curing of specimens in lime bath and in the sandpit produced specimens with similar flexural strengths. Further, specimens cured in the sandpit most closely match the maturity development in the pavement. Beams and cylinders were also made in the laboratory studies. Specimens were cured using temperature match curing. The technique was able to accurately replicate the maturity development in the pavement. Paste cubes were prepared and samples of hardened paste were taken to determine the degree of hydration at different ages (by determination of non-evaporable water). While the specimens were cured (in either lime bath, sandpit, or air) the temperature of the specimens was recorded and the maturity of the specimens was subsequently determined. The study indicated that a good correlation exists between the maturity development of cement paste and the degree of hydration of cement. This correlation was valid only if sufficient moisture was available for continuous hydration of the specimens. The maturity development of the cement paste was also found to be similar to the maturity development of the concrete.

This paper introduces the notion of the Designers’ Sandpit. It presents the proposed user interface, a preliminary view of a Proactive DFA methodology and the geometric reasoning functionality required to support it. In previous work1 a prototype assembly-oriented design environment incorporating DFA and assembly planning has been developed, integrated with CAD and supported by geometric reasoning algorithms. However, another opportunity to enhance the capabilities of the Sandpit is through the incorporation of functional representations. Functional modelling aims to bridge the gap between conceptual and detailed design and when addressed in a general context is a challenging research subject. Here, a functional modelling approach is proposed in the context of assembly-oriented CAD to facilitate the evaluation of product design in terms of manufacture, assembly and cost, before the geometry is defined.

This spring, 30 scientists met for 5 days of intense discussion about synthetic biology under the auspices of the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) and the U.K. Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council. The scientists—equally split between the United States and the United Kingdom and drawn from several disciplines—assembled into 10 teams and came up with specific research proposals. Each team presented its idea to the larger group, received instant feedback, made revisions, and presented it again—six times in all. By the end of the week, officials from the two government agencies—each of which had agreed to put up $5 million to fund the best ideas—verbally signed off on five of the 10 proposals.

This brief comment of Roos et al.'s [Roos, P.C., Hulscher, S.J.M.H. & de Vriend, H.J., 2008. Modelling the morphodynamic impact of offshore sandpit geometries. Coast. Eng. doi:10.1016/j.coastaleng.2008.02.019] paper is aimed at supporting the validity of idealized process-based models as a valuable tool for the design of sand pits. The discussion moves from a brief description of the capabilities of an already existing idealized process-based model [Blondeaux, P. and Vittori, G. 2005a Morphological development of shallow sand pits. Proceedings 29th International Conference Coastal Engineering 2004, World Scientific (Jane McKee Smith ed) ISBN 981-256-995-2 pp. 2581–2593; Blondeaux, P. and Vittori, G., 2005b. Flow and sediment transport induced by tide propagation: part 2: the wavy bottom case. J. Geophys. Res., Vol. 110, No. C8, C08003] which can predict the morphological time development of sand pits. Then, the differences between Blondeaux & Vittori's model and Roos et al.'s model are analysed to give to the potential user an idea of the range of applicability of the different models, also in relation to practical applications.

During a survey of keratinophilic fungi from soil and children’s sandpit samples in city park of Nitra and Nova Baňa (Slovakia) three noteworthy Chrysosporium species, namely Ch. europae, Ch. fluviale and Ch. minutisporosum were encountered. The species are briefly characterized here with respect to their identification, ecology and distribution. They represent newly recorded fungal taxa from Slovakia.

The defecation habits of cats and dogs in three sandpits in urban public parks were observed by camcorder. Cats were the main cause of fecal contamination of these sandpits. Most (80%) feline defecations occurred at night between 6:00 pm and 6:00 am. Each of the sandpits was used habitually as a defecation site by 4–24 cats, but these cats seemed to defecate elsewhere, as well. Fecal deposits within the sandpits were evenly distributed and did not tend to be concentrated in one area, suggesting that the cats avoided previously deposited feces when choosing a place to defecate. One sandpit was strongly contaminated and two were weakly contaminated with Toxocara eggs. Because sandpits are widely used as play areas for young children, effective sanitation measures should be implemented to prevent the contamination of sandpits by Toxocara eggs.

The effect of steam on sandpit disinfection was investigated by supplying steam into sandpits covered with a sheet cover. To evaluate the effect, total number of viable bacteria, number of aerobic sporeforming bacteria, coliforms and fecal coliforms were measured four weeks before, just before, immediately after, two and four weeks after the disinfection. Disinfection of coliforms and fecal coliforms was accomplished when temperature of sand reached more than 60 degrees C. Total number of viable bacteria and number of aerobic sporeforming bacteria also reduced by disinfection with steam. However, after 2 and 4 weeks of disinfection, number of coliforms and fecal coliforms recovered to the same level before disinfection, and total viable count also restored its number. In addition, a significant increase in the number of aerobic sporeforming bacteria was noted both after 2 and 4 weeks of disinfection. These results indicate that the effect of steam disinfection in transient and can not be used for the routine method of disinfection in sandpit.

We investigated measures to prevent Toxocara egg contamination of sandpits. Replacement of contaminated sand was not effective because 1-9 new fecal deposits per sandpit were found daily, with eggs reappearing in the sand 6-9 weeks after the replacement. When the sandpit was covered with a clear vinyl sheet, the temperature of the sand to a depth of 3 cm was 42 degrees C or more for 3 hr when the air temperature was higher than 30 degrees C. This procedure prevented contamination by fecal deposits and also resulted in the destruction of existing eggs because the sandpit was kept dry on rainy days. The method seemed safe and inexpensive. The effectiveness of a fence around a sandpit depended on user behavior, which could not be relied upon. Therefore, a practical method for the prevention of Toxocara egg contamination of sandpits is to cover the sandpit with a clear vinyl sheet at night and on rainy days.

Introduction In the autumn of 2007, a large housepit consisting of three rooms encircled by a bank was found in the archaeological survey of Virolahti Parish (Fig. 1). In Finland, such structures are previously known mostly from central and northern Ostrobothnia and to a lesser extent from the inland Lake District. Multi-room housepits are also known from the Republic of Karelia in Russia, but not previously from the coastal area of southern Finland. [FIGURE 1 OMITTED] The Meskaartty site is located on top of a small moraine hillock. A local farmer was in the habit of extracting coarse sand moraine from the site for building land-drains in his fields, and consequently the northernmost room of the housepit has been almost totally destroyed. Due to moraine extraction on the site, several finds were easily collected from the brink of the sandpit. Meskaartty is a unique site on the coast of the Gulf of Finland for several reasons. First, Meskaartty is the only known multi-room housepit found in the area. Second, the ceramics found at the site display a number of atypical features as compared to both the material usually found in Finland and material associated with housepits. Third, the dating and interpretation of the site are of great importance for the understanding of Late Neolithic cultural development around the eastern part of the Gulf of Finland. The objectives of this article are twofold. These are to introduce the Meskaartty site and to evaluate Late Neolithic phenomena as seen from the Meskaartty site. The article begins with a description of the Middle and Late Neolithic cultural contacts observable in the material culture of the extreme south-eastern corner of Finland. Next, the Meskaartty site is introduced through a description of the dwelling structure and finds and by presenting an AMS-date for the site. Lastly, the cultural aspects of multi-room housepits and Middle/Late Neolithic cultural contacts are discussed in a wider context. This article is based purely on material and data gathered on surveys and during an excursion to carry out 3D documentation of the Meskaartty site during the years 2007-2008. Much of this article could have been written without introducing any specific site. Nevertheless, writing on this type of subjects is always easier with concrete data on hand. Overlapping cultures in the south-eastern corner of Finland One of the main characteristics of the Middle and Late Neolithic (1) materials found in the south-eastern corner of Finland is the presence of artefacts deriving from different areas. In this region, several overlapping cultural elements are on the fringes of their distribution. This has been recognized in previous studies (see e.g. Ayrapaa 1952b, 22.23; 1973, 207; Edgren 1997, 155; Mokkonen & Seitsonen 2007). Middle and Late Neolithic materials found on the south-east coast of Finland bear witness to lively contacts and some degree of interaction in all directions. Northern influences are most clearly seen in asbestos-tempered Kierikki and Polja ceramics, the main distribution of which is in the inland Lake District and in coastal Ostrobothnia north of the city of Vaasa (e.g. Carpelan 1999). However, these ceramics are also well in evidence on the shores of the Gulf of Finland, east of the Kymi River estuary (Pesonen 1999). Eastern influences are represented by Eastern Pit-Comb Ware, which is occasionally found on the Finnish coast east of the Kymi River (Miettinen 1998, 42). Otherwise, Eastern Pit-Comb Ware is found in the Vuoksi River Basin in Eastern Finland (Carpelan 1999, 257, fig. 3; Kokkonen 1978; Pesonen 1999). There are also some other artefacts of eastern origin, for example, an anthropomorphic flint figurine found at the Mattilan VPK-talo dwelling site in Virolahti parish (Kivikoski 1961, 58; Huurre 1998, 294-295; Mokkonen & Seitsonen 2007, 23). The southern influences include material common in Estonia, on the southern shore of the Gulf of Finland. …

On the outskirts of the city of Bochum (FRG) about 10 m from the residential area is an old dump containing toxic wastes. Fortunately, the waste is positioned well above the groundwater level in an old, 16 m deep sandpit which was surrounded by loamy soil. However, because the soil has a very low permeability a 7 m deep layer of leachate had formed in the bottom of the pit. This build up of leachate had to be stopped before it contaminated the groundwater which was 3–4 m below the botton of the pit. The surface of about 2,2 ha is covered by 1–2 m soil and used for crop growing purposes.

Being able to build devices from the bottom up has been the dream of nanotechnologists since Eric Drexler first put forward the idea in 1981. Drexler and his followers say that such an ability, could, for example, reduce the size of computers by as much as a factor of 1012 over today's devices. Now, to try and at least start turning this vision into reality, an interdisciplinary group of about 30 researchers will gather in the UK next month. Their ultimate aim is to construct a "matter compiler", a device that converts designs encoded in software into macroscopic objects by manipulating individual atoms and molecules.

Toxocara spp. eggs were detected from 30 (75%) out of 40 sandpits of parks, in Osaka city. This prevalence was higher compared to those reported other areas of Japan. Since we examined a large quantity of sample, this could have resulted to higher prevalence. The number of eggs recovered decreased following fence construction around sandpits, but it did not sufficiently prevent the contamination of eggs. Improvement of fence design and education of sandpit users are necessary when contemplating fence construction around sandpits as a measure against contamination with Toxocara spp. eggs.

The nesting behavior of >300 females of Oxybelus bipunctatus was studied for 15 straight weeks in a sandpit in central New York during late spring-summer 1985. Cool and rainy weather in late spring induced moldy conditions in the cells that caused much larval mortality. Successive generations of wasps emerged in the field and laboratory every four to six weeks. Cells were always excavated in moderately damp sand. Cell depth varied inversely with soil moisture as tied to the amount of rainfall. Female cocoons were larger and heavier than male cocoons, but they did not occupy deeper or shallower cells. One-celled nests were predominant in this species. The number of prey per cell was rather uniform throughout the nesting season despite much variation in the prey fly families. Individual and aggregate prey weight per cell decreased slightly through the summer. Male Cyclorrapha were preyed upon more than any other taxon.

Seasonal changes of some organic and mineral components of the two dominant macrophytes in a sandpit were investigated. Both species — Ceratophyllum demersum L. and Elodea canadensis Michx. — occur in two distinct forms: the normal vegetative form in summer and the dormant form in winter. Samples were regularly obtained by means of SCUBA diving. Chemical analyses showed that carbon, nitrogen, protein and starch fluctuated with season. Preceeding vegetative growth and during this growth in spring, a high percentage of the nitrogen is available in the form of protein, pointing to a high rate of enzyme synthesis. Starch is accumulated in winter and metabolized during growth in spring. The ATP content is higher in summer than in autumn and winter. The content of total carbohydrate is variable with a minimum in summer. The calcium and manganese contents are dependent on season, but iron and magnesium are not.

Three pot experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that the growth ofAcacia spp. in stockpiled soil from two mineral sand mines, could be increased by the addition of phosphorus (P) or inoculation with VA mycorrhizal fungi. In soils from North Stradbroke Island, the dry weight of shoots ofAcacia concurrens was increased by P and by VA mycorrhizal fungi in tailings sand, while in less adsorptive topsoil dry weight was only increased at low levels of applied P. WhenA. concurrens was grown in a layer of topsoil placed over tailings sand, shoot dry weight increased, in response to inoculation with VA mycorrhizal fungi banded between the soil layers.

1. 1. Diurnal studies have been executed on carotenoid content of zooplankton of the sandpit Lake Maarsseveen and of the mountain lake, Lac Pavin. 2. 2. With the vividly red-pigmented zooplankton of Lac Pavin conclusive evidence was found for a distinct 2.5-fold day/night rhythm in the content of carotenoid pigments, showing minima around midday and maxima around midnight. A comparable, less pronounced 1.7-fold diurnal change was detected for the content of keto-carotenoid pigments of the zooplankton of Lake Maarsseveen. 3. 3. In addition to the previously reported differences in quantitative and qualitative aspects of carotenoid pigmentation of the zooplankton of the two lakes, the amplitude of diurnal changes in carotenoid content would also indicate a more elaborate carotenoid metabolism with the zooplankton of Lac Pavin. 4. 4. Explanations as to the complexity of the more or less irregular diurnal patterns are discussed. It is suggested that diurnal changes in carotenoid content, whether or not interacting with diurnal rhythms in accumulation and consumption of lipid reserves, are a manifestation of some circadian physiological periodicity in planktonic crustaceans, and are closely associated with diurnal vertical migration and feeding periodicity.

The emplacement of a Late Miocene basalt flow at Harper Hills caused brittle fracture and rotation of underlying tuffaceous beds. Structures in the brecciated beds indicate lava flow toward the southeast.

The La Tene Iron Age Culture of northern Champagne, France, has hitherto been known almost exclusively from cemeteries there being at least i18 reported for the La Tene Ia phase alone with hardly anything known from habitations. This state of research inevitably gives a distorted picture of Marnian life and has severely limited the kinds of inferences that could be made, including the testing of hypotheses concerning Marnian migrations. A Marnian village site has been revealed at Chassemy (Aisne) 'Le Saule Baillot' as a consequence of sandpit exploitation. Because of the immediate danger to some house remains by these operations, the authors, under the supervision of Circumscription Director Professor Ernest Will, excavated the house described here, and the junior author tested some others during the summer of 1964. This research, conducted under the auspices of the American School of Prehistoric Research, was supported by grants from the US National Academy of Science and the Department of Anthropology and Peabody Museum of Harvard University. This site is located I2 km. east of Soissons (Aisne) in the commune of Chassemy and is only 0o5 km. from the long-known cemetery of Chassemy 'La Fosse Chapelet' (fig. 27) containing burials dating from Hallstatt IIb through La Tene II (Calland 1869; Fleury I877; Moreau i888; Hubert i9o2; Piette I925) including a chariot burial, still incompletely published, said to date from La Tene Ia (Bretz-Mahler and Joffroy 1959: 29). Both 'Le Saule Baillot' and 'La Fosse Chapelet' lie in beds of the Vesle River just before it flows into the Aisne. The houses at 'Le Saule Baillot' had been silted over by the Vesle, and then were preserved more or less intact. Before sandpit operations the place had been protected by forest, but there had been some disturbance of the village area by recent military entrenchments, probably made during World War I. Other occupational remains were found between 'Le Saule Baillot' and the cemetery. As in the Marne, no evidence for fortifications was detected.

The Gloppa (spelt ‘Glopa’ on the Ordnance map) is a small farm, about two miles north-east of Oswestry, situate on the eastern slope of the ridge of Carboniferous rocks (Millstone Grit) which forms the western boundary of the Northern Shropshire and Cheshire Plain, and upon this and adjacent farms the gravels and sands are spread out. The main mass is comprised in a ridge of eskers about 1000 yards long, and appears to rest immediately upon the Millstone Grit, the beds of which formation crop out directly to the westward, and dip here about 20° to 25° E. and S.E., the average slope of the hill being about 10°. The portion of the deposit worked out forms but a small part of the whole, although about 33,000 tons of material have now been extracted. A pit was opened here in the year 1888 for the purpose of getting sand for the filter-beds on the Oswestry works of the Liverpool Vyrnwy Waterworks, and since that date I have had it under observation; it is not now being worked. The deposit ranges here from about 900 to 1160 feet above sea-level, but the main mass is from 1000 to 1150 feet, the sandpit worked being 1070 to 1130 feet. The highest point at which I have found marine shells in the drift is 1120 feet; the other recorded instances of such drift at similar heights in Great Britain being Moel Tryfaen (1330 to 1360 feet), Prestwich9s Patch, Macclesfield (1150 feet); and in

The glacial sands of Comiston near Edinburgh have long been used for building purposes, and were also of use at one time in furnishing the city with part of its supply of water. Before the sand-pit, which is the subject of these notes, was opened, the supply of sand for building was obtained from an extensive pit on the east side of the public road from Edinburgh to Fairmilehead. When the supply became exhausted, the present one was opened on the west side of the road, and opposite to the old pit. The quarrying of the sand at first was carried on eastwards towards the road. Here rock, most probably in situ , began to appear coming up through the sand, and the quarrying was stopped in this direction and diverted westwards. About three years ago the workings exposed a sheet or mass of rock of volcanic origin lying horizontally on the top of the current-bedded sand and gravel. It varied from 4 to 8 or 9 ft. in thickness, and a length of 45 or 50 yds. in an east and west direction was at one time exposed. The appearance at the present time is somewhat different. The diagram (Fig. 1) shows the contours of the ground near Comiston, and also indicates roughly the extent of the sands and gravels. It will also serve to show the probable method of their formation. We must suppose that a lake was dammed on one side by the margin of the ice-sheet which

Die Formengemeinschaft der Hochgebiete des Bayerischen Waldes ist oberhalb von etwa 1 000 m Höhe gekennzeichnet durch die Vergesellschaftung von Karen, Steilhängen, steilen Muldentalschlüssen, bandförmigen Hangversteilungen sowie Wasserfällen und Flußschnellen. Diese Formen kommen auch unterhalb der in der Literatur aufgeführten mächtigen Blockmoränen vor und sind Zeugnisse einer weitreichenden Vergletscherung. Die C14-Bestimmung einer Probe aus dem Grundmoränenkomplex im Aufschluß bei der Schustersäge im Reschwassertal gab ein Alter von etwa 40800 Jahren. Es lassen sich drei würmeiszeitliche Stadien unterscheiden: das Maximalstadium, das Blockmoränenstadium und das Karmoränenstadium. Die Schneegrenzen der Stadien betrugen etwa 1060, 1140 und 1230 m. Im Regengebiet bei Zwiesel gibt es Aufschlüsse mit Stauchungserscheinungen in hochgelegenen Terrassen. Diese Vorkommen sind älter als die letzte Eiszeit und werden entsprechend den Befunden im Schwarzwald als Spuren einer noch ausgedehnteren rißeiszeitlichen Vergletscherung gedeutet. Die Karte der Verbreitung der würmeiszeitlichen Gletscher gibt für die tschechischen Gebiete nur eine extrapolierte Verbreitung an, die auf Grund von Karteninterpretationen entstand und nicht im Gelände überprüft werden konnte., research

FIG. 1. Exposure at PIrezletice, near Prague, 1967; at the base, about 4.0 m. below the surface, is dark layer 6. DETAILED INVESTIGATION since 1965 by the Central Geological Survey in Prague of fauna from Pirezletice has brought to light not only a number of primitive stone tools and stratigraphically identifiable species of mammals of the Early Pleistocene, but also extremely important human skeletal remains. The earliest human remains in Europe have previously been represented by a lower mandible found in a sandpit at Mauer, southeast of Heidelberg, Germany, in 1907 (Schoetensack 1908) and by the occipital portion of an. adult skull (Homo II) and four isolated fragments of deciduous teeth (Homo I), discovered in 1965 by Hungarian archaeologists and paleontologists in travertines at Vertesszollos, about 50 km. west of Budapest (Kretzoi and Vertes 1965; Thoma 1966, 1967; Stq9licka 1968). While the finds from Mauer and Vertesszollos are probably of the same ageUpper Biharian-(the latter being somewhat younger), their taxonomic relations are still obscure. Pre-Neanderthal cultures of various types are attested by the more or less primitive stone implements collected through Europe, Asia and Africa. Such implements were found at both Mauer and Vertesszollos and are thus documented by the accompanying fauna and human remains. Tools have also recently been found in association with Early Pleistocene fauna at Stranska' Skala, near Brno (Musil 1965). For the most part, however, tools occur in sediments or on the surface of river terraces without skeletal remains or other paleontological material (Zebera 1962, 1965). The Pirezletice site, between Prague and the town Brand's near Labe, was discovered during operations in a small

The Drift of the N.W., N.E., and Central England covers a large area of the Triassic Series, composed of interstratified hard and soft rocks, giving rise to very unequal denudation of the various members of the series. The Triassic area is consequently of an undulating character, and the Drift which covers it like a mantle partakes of the undulating nature of the rocks it overspreads. The Drift upon the sides of the valleys has, at short intervals, been cut into minor valleys by the rain coursing down their slopes. The minor valleys cut out of the Drift should be carefully distinguished from the larger valleys covered with Drift , for the latter appear to follow the contour of the pre-Glacial land surface. Every minor valley has its small streamlet, which in dry weather is most frequently a very insignificant watercourse; during heavy falls of rain, however, such tiny rivulets become swollen into large and rapidly-flowing brooks, charged with densely turbid water derived from the clays, sands, and gravels of the Drift. The section (fig. 1) is across two such minor valleys. At the S.S.E. end is situated the sandpit, with a face of the pit at right angles to the line of section. Under the surface-soil the pit has a covering of Upper Boulder Clay (varying from 2 to 6 feet in thickness) resting upon Middle Sands and Gravels. About 6 feet beneath the base of the Upper Boulder Clay there was a band of clay a few inches thick in

THE Proboscidea are such very large animals that their fossil bones and teeth attracted attention in the far distant past, but only in 1698 did W. E. Tentzelius prove that giant bones found in a sandpit at Tonna in Thuringia were those of an elephant, and were not "minerale fossile, sed animale petrifactum". Before 1800 Blumenbach and Cuvier showed that some fossil elephant teeth belonged to species and genera no longer living. Proboscidea A Monograph, on the Discovery, Evolution, Migration and Extinction of the Mastodonts and Elephants of the World. By Prof. Henry Fairfield Osborn. Mabel Rice Percy. (Published on the J. Pierpont Morgan Fund by the Trustees of the American Museum of Natural History.) Vol. 2: Stegodontoidea, Elephantoidea. Pp. xxvii + 805 - 1176 + 19 plates. (New York: American Museum Press, 1942.) 20 dollars.

Soils rich in keratinic residues constitute a permanent or occasional reservoir for dermatophytes and keratinolytic and keratinophilic fungi, and are a source of potential infection for man and animals. The keratinolytic and keratinophilic mycoflora of 28 sandpits in Turin was studied to evaluate the risk of fungal skin infections that is run by children as they play in public parks and to lay the ground-work for a next epidemiological study of soil- and animal-inhabiting dermatophytes found in cities, and their impact on human dermatophytoses. Fifty seven species were isolated and a high percentage (52%) showed keratinolytic activity. Species of Microsporum, Trichophyton, Mariannaea, Aphanoascus, Chrysosporium, Malbranchea and Geomyces showed the most active keratinolysis.

The primary production of the phytoplankton of Lake Vechten (The Netherlands) (area, 4.7 ha; mean depth, 6 m), an unpolluted and stratified sandpit was investigated from 1969 to 1980 (except in 1971, 1975 and 1976) by the in situ14C-technique. Other data collected include: solar radiation, transparency, oxygen and thermal structure. In winter and spring diatoms, Cryptophyceae and Chlorococcales were important algal groups, while in summer Dinophyceae and Chrysophyceae were important. The chlorophyll-a concentration was compared to the cellular biovolumes (= fresh weight) of the most abundant phytoplankton species. The primary production maxima occurred in winter, spring and during the summer stratification. The vertical profiles of photosynthesis exhibit light inhibition at surface to a maximum of 4 m. The maximum of zooplankton grazing in May–June caused a sharp decrease in the phytoplankton biomass and seston concentration accompanied by the highest transparency (‘clear water’ phase).

It may be useful in a future geological survey of Warwickshire if I call the attention of this Society to what seems to me the high probability of the existence of a considerable fault in the Lower Lias near Rugby, which has, I believe, hitherto escaped detection. It is accompanied by an outlier of the Oolite, which is not marked in the maps of the Geological Survey. It will be scarcely worth while to give here the detailed tracing, field by field, of parts of this fault. I propose to print these details in the Report of the Rugby-School Natural-History Society, which will be published in a few weeks. It will be sufficient here to notice its probable existence and position, and to invite to it the attention of some competent geological surveyor. In the village of Low Morton is a sandpit which is worked against the steep face of a hill to a depth of nearly 50 feet. A few yards from the face of the sand-cliff a well has been sunk 20 or more feet further; and out in the village, and in the bed of the valley, the sand extends to a greater but still unknown depth. No bottom has ever been reached. In a previous communication of mine to the Society will be seen the account of some borings I made for that purpose*. Above the sand-pit is a clay-pit; and there is evidence that the clay is bounded on the side towards the sand by

The boulder is of basalt, and was estimated to weigh nearly three tons. The annexed lithographed sketch BCD may help to indicate its shape. The sides are well rounded, especially the sides CB and CD. The greatest length is 4½ feet, greatest width, 4 feet; thickness about 2 feet. The two angles or corners most rounded are C and D. The upper surface of the boulder, before being disturbed, sloped N.W. by N. (magnetic), at an angle of about 20°. The longest diameter, viz., from C to a point halfway between B and D, bore N.E. by E. The side CD bore N. by E.; the side DB, E.S.E.; the side CB, E. by N. The upper surface of the boulder presented three or four strongly-marked striae bearing N. 60° E. as shown on the figure. But besides these, there were a few striae more minute, running obliquely. These, also, are shown on the figure. Besides striae on the upper surface, there were one or two strongly marked on each side, radiating from the angle C. The idea suggested by these was, that the agent or agents which made the striae, when moving over the surface, came on the edge and were pressed along these sides, for these striae dip towards the east, as if the striating agent slided downwards by force of gravitation. At the suggestion of Messrs Stevenson, C.E., the boulder was turned over, in order to see if there were any markings on the under surface, and

I beg to call the attention of the Society this evening to the following glacial phenomena:— 1. Local Glaciers in the Pentland Hills. Last session I read a short paper on what I thought an old glacial moraine which occurs in a small lateral valley near the top of the Lyne Water. The following notice refers to another of a very similar description, occurring in a small valley that runs down into the larger valley of Habbie’s Howe. The description of the one would almost serve for the other. The valley here forms the water-course of a stream which, at first sight, appears as if it had cut the valley out of the solid hillside. The fact of its being cut mostly through moraine matter was brought to my notice when searching, with Mr John Henderson, for some beds of Silurian shale that cut obliquely across the bed of the stream; but, instead of the Silurian shales, we found a loose clay filled with stones, many of them beautifully scratched. We have first the Silurian rocks forming the mass of the hill out of which the small valley has been cut by the ice which left the moraine matter. This valley seems to have been filled up nearly level with the hillside. Through this moraine debris the present stream has cut its channel which forms the present valley. Last year when I read my paper, our President gave it as his opinion, that what I had described was not properly

Replenishment of soil C and N is essential for sustainable revegetation of minesoils. Our study investigated paper de-inking sludge as the organic amendment for revegetating an abandoned sandpit in Quebec, Canada. Sludge was incorporated at 0 (check) and 105 Mg dry matter ha -1 before seeding tall wheatgrass (Agropyron elongatum (Hosl) Beauv.). Nitrogen (at 315, 630 and 945 kg N ha ') and P (at 52.5 and 105 kg P ha 1 ) were also applied to all plots. Distribution of C and N was determined periodically in two sizes ( 53 μm) and two densities ( 1.8 g cm -3 ) of soil fractions during 823 d. After 823 d, C concentrations were 43 and 69% of those of Day 5, for the low and high N rates, respectively, With time, the proportion of C in the heavy (> 1.8 g cm -3 ) fraction increased from 20 to 55%, but remained near 20% in the fine ( 53 μm) fraction. The amount of N recovered in all fractions decreased after Day 86, in accordance with a previous litter bag study. Although inorganic N was positively correlated with total N in all fractions, the fine fraction was the best indicator of the size of the mineral N pool. Addition of sludge to the sandpit favored the restoration of C and N pools, and high levels of mineral N increased this effect. Residues became denser but remained relatively coarse during their decomposition.

今日、遊具「砂場」は、不十分な認識や過小評価、誤解等により、環境の悪化やその放置、不適切な使用、さらには砂場設置率の大きな低下という問題を抱えている。本研究ではこのような現状を、単なる一遊具の問題ではなく、近代的な子ども観・遊び観の喪失につながる問題として捉え、砂場の物理的環境改善や新たな砂場のデザイン、様々な活用法や価値を伝える知的連携の実験的検証を通し、砂場の価値の再構築を試みた。, Today, sandboxes are facing problems such as deterioration of the environment, neglect and inappropriate use due to insufficient recognition, underestimation and misunderstanding, as well as a significant decline in the percentage of sandboxes installed. In this study, we have attempted to reconstruct the value of sandboxes by improving the physical environment of sandboxes, designing new sandboxes, and experimentally verifying various uses and intellectual collaboration to convey the value of sandboxes., Doctor of Philosophy in Social Innovation, Doshisha University

In Lake Vechten, a sandpit near the city of Utrecht (The Netherlands), the submerged macrophyte vegetation is dominated by two species, namelyCeratophyllum demersum andElodea canadensis. In the course of the year both species are able to develop two distinct forms: the normal vegetative form in summer, the dormant form in winter.Elodea is anchored to the substrate by roots,Ceratophyllum by modified leaves, called rhizoids by GLUCK (1906, 1911). Both species form distinct zones. The depth at which the plants occur abundantly is 0 to 3 m in the case ofElodea and from 3 to 5 forCeratophyllum.

Human artifacts and Pleistocene fossils have been recovered from sandpits in the Wichita, Kansas area. The artifacts suggest that man was living in the vicinity of Wichita, Kansas during the transition from the Pleistocene to the Holocene. The Pleistocene fauna indicates that the Wichita, Kansas area was in the Camelops-Navahoceros faunal province. A wide sandy floodplain having a very shallow water table exists at the junction of the Arkansas and Little Arkansas rivers in the vicinity of Wichita, Sedgewick County, Kansas. Sand removal from sandpits in this area has resulted in the discovery of Pleistocene fossils and several early projectile points. Sand is pumped from below the water table onto a screen that separates the economically unwanted coarse fraction from the valuable finer fraction of sediment. The discarded coarse fraction of sediment contains "mud balls," water rolled cobbles, fossil bones and human artifacts. The material discussed in this paper comes from the coarse fraction of four sandpits. The projectile points recovered from two of these sandpits are important because evidence for early man in Kansas is sparse. The only published, buried Paleo-Indian site found in the state is the 12 Mile Creek Site. Additional information on the earliest inhabitants of the State of Kansas is needed. A sandpit, operated by the Associated Material and Supply Company Incorporated, Sec. 23, T26S, R1W, yielded two Scottsbluff projectile points. One of these Scottsbluff projectile points (Fig. lA) had the base broken away. The flint appears to be from the Flint Hills and shows evidence of heat treatment. The artifact was parallel flaked on one side, but not on the other. The side that had not been parallel flaked had a "chalky" quality, suggesting that it was nearer the chalky cortex of the flint nodule. This suggests that

The concentration of lead in fish muscle tissue from lakes where boating is heavy and where it is prohibited was measured. The lead levels ranged from less than 0.05 to 1.35 ppm but did not differ significantly between those in the controlled and noncontrolled boating lakes. Lead levels apparently pose no public health hazard. Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci., Vol. 79 (3-4), 1976. In recent years, studies have revealed that lead concentrations are increasing in our environment. This increase can be attributed to the combustion of leaded gasoline (Page and Panje, 1970). Investigators have demonstrated significant correlations between motor vehicle traffic density and the amount of lead associated with soils (Page and Panje, 1970; Satterlee et aI., 1975) and plants (Schuck and Locke, 1970; Lagerwerff and Specht, 1970). It was hypothesized that heavy motor boating traffic might contribute significantly to lead concentrations in the aquatic environment. Lead in the aquatic environment from exhaust wastes is most likely to occur in relatively insoluble forms as in soil (Daines et aI., 1970). Sedimentallead may be assimulated by plants and certain invertebrates. If biomagnification does occur, fish tissues would be expected to contain lead. Lead is known to be toxic, cumulative and deposited in bone tissue (Bowen, 1966). Immediate concern was over excessive amounts of lead occuring in edible portions of fish. English et al. (1963a and 1963b) and Su rber (1971) examined the tainting of the taste of fish due to outboard motor exhaust wastes. Lead in fish tissue was not determined at that time, but palatability was deleteriously affected. Several lakes in the eastern part of Nebraska are subject to heavy recreational use by both fishermen and water skiers. A study to determine lead levels in tissues of selected species of fish was therefore initiated. The purpose was to determine if fish from lakes receiving heavy motor boating pressure might constitute a health hazard. Fish samples were taken from three lakes which received considerable boating pressure (Connestoga and Pawnee near Lincoln and Victory Lake at Fremont State Recreational Area). Two control lakes were chosen from the same areas: Yankee Hill near Lincoln and Lake #2 at Fremont. Victory Lake and Fremont Lake #2 are sandpit type lakes