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Marginalized husbands, fathers, and sons on dramatically different positions within territorial New Mexico's social, racial, and class hierarchies constructed and performed the identity of young, able-bodied, industrious "A-1 good men" when demanding entitlements from governors, penitentiary wardens, chiefs of the Mounted Police Force, and Bureau of Immigration officials in a fledgling territory that desperately coveted statehood. Not a Hispano identity, an Anglo identity, or an affluent one, this gendered identity embodied a representation of the man territorial authorities defined as the ideal New Mexican, an image deemed necessary to merit and achieve equal inclusion in the United States.I argue that New Mexico's underfunded institutions of the Territorial Penitentiary, Mounted Police Force, Bureau of Immigration, and territorial courts--institutions designed to facilitate New Mexico's transition from a demeaned site of Spanish, Mexican, and indigenous Pueblo authority to a celebrated site of U.S., Anglo, and federal authority--enabled this gendered representation to flourish. This dissertation interrogates how and why territorial institutions differentially recognized those with whom they interacted, directly or tangentially, including immigrant miners, an incarcerated pregnant African American teenager and her veteran father, an elderly Anglo female murder victim, imprisoned Hispano husbands, Hispana business owners in need of police protection, and young Anglo "cowmen" seeking employment. New Mexico's status as a peripheral participant in the nation propelled a milieu of unbelonging and rigorous racialization. Scrutinizing demands for entitlements found in the correspondence, advertisements, and judicial proceedings of territorial institutions illuminates a gendered rhetorical pattern that determined whose labor would be considered most valuable, whose testimony would be granted the most consideration in court, whose family would merit wages from territorial employment, and whose presence would be most welcome outside of the penitentiary. New Mexico's territorial institutions are spaces where the enmeshment of race, gender, working-class masculinity, and political disenfranchisement is highly visible. These institutions did not evaluate gendered claims of entitlement equally. How women--whether Hispana, Anglo, African American, immigrant, native-born, young, elderly, domestic worker, or business owner--negotiated this space in political transition challenges the ubiquitous performances of masculinity harnessed to obtain privileges from territorial institutions.

The coupled evolution of the magnetic field and the flow at the Earth's core mantle boundary is modeled within the 1900.0-2014.0 time period. To constraint the dynamical behavior of the system with a core field model deriving from direct measurements of the Earth's magnetic field we used an Ensemble Kalman filter algorithm. By simulating an ensemble of possible states, access to the complete statistical properties of the considered fields is available. Furthermore, the method enables to provide predictions and to assess their reliability. In this study, we could highlight the cohabitation of two distinct flow regimes. One associated with the large scale part of the eccentric gyre, which evolves slowly in time and posses a very long memory of its past, and a faster one associated with the small scale velocity field. We show that the latter can exhibit rapid variations in localized areas. The combination of the two regimes can predict quite well the decadal variations in length of day, but it can also explain the discrepancies between the physically predicted and the observed trend in these variations. Hindcast tests demonstrate that the model is well balanced and that it can provide accurate short term predictions of a mean state and its associated uncertainties. However, magnetic field predictions are limited by the high randomization rate of the different velocity field scales, and after approximately 2000 years of forecast, no reliable information on the core field can be recovered., Comment: 14 pages, 9 figures, 2tables

The magnetic field measured at the Earth's surface is the superposition of a plurality of sources, the main component of which originates in the core. The core field is generated by a natural dynamo mechanism, which evolves on a variety of time scales. Its longer term dynamics are only accessible by indirect observations, the archeomagnetic data. The heterogeneous spatial and temporal character of the archeomagnetic data catalog, however, does not allow for a well-constrained inversion of the core field. Instead, the inverse problem is generally regularized by imposing prior constraints limiting the complexity of the field. Here we introduce the concept of using prior information derived from numerical models of the Earth's dynamo. This study is divided into two parts. The first part considers the static aspects of this inversion and its consequences for archeomagnetic field modeling. The prior information, built on a dynamo model, is connected to the surface data in terms of the directions and intensity of the field, by means of nonlinear and linearized observation operators. This yields an estimate, or analysis, of the core field given the available data. By means of these two pieces of information and the archeomagnetic dataset from the last three thousand years it is possible to quantify the archeomagnetic data resolution. Our results show that the archeomagnetic field is well-resolved up to spherical harmonic degree 3 for the first millennium BC, up to degree 4 for the first millennium AD and close to degree 5 for the past thousand years. The second part of the study explores how a sequential data assimilation framework can help improving the estimation of the field in the archeomagnetic context. In this case, the static inversion performed in the first part of the thesis is propagated in time by the numerical dynamo model in a sequence of forecast-and-analysis cycles. This methodology allows for the estimation of not only the observable, but also of the hidden variables of the dynamo system, the magnetic field in depth, the flow throughout the core and the density anomalies for instance. The assimilation, tested in the framework of closed-loop experiments for archeomagnetic-like synthetic observations, shows good performance in terms of accuracy and precision of the core state estimation. In particular, the assimilation is robust even in the case where observations are only available over one hemisphere. This thesis opens the possibility for the assimilation of real archeomagnetic observations and the subsequent estimation of the physical processes operating in the core on secular time scales.; Le champ magnétique mesuré à la surface de la Terre résulte de la superposition de plusieurs sources, dont la principale est celle du noyau. Le champ magnétique du noyau terrestre est généré par une dynamo naturelle qui évolue sur différentes échelles de temps. Pour extraire des informations sur les phénomènes se déroulant à des échelles de temps séculaires à millénaires, nous utilisons des données archéomagnetiques. L'inhomogénéité spatio-temporelle des données archéomagnetiques actuellement cataloguées fait pourtant obstacle à une inversion robuste du champ magnétique du noyau. Pour modéliser ce champ, des contraintes a priori sur la complexité du champ sont généralement imposées. Nous proposons une alternative en introduisant des informations a priori issues de simulations numériques de la dynamo terrestre. Cette étude est divisée en deux parties. Dans la première partie, les aspects statiques de cette inversion sont étudiés ainsi que leurs impacts sur la modélisation du champ archéomagnétique terrestre. L’information a priori, créée à partir d’un modèle de dynamo, est reliée aux données en surface d’orientation et d’intensité du champ magnétique par des opérateurs d’observation non-linéaires ou linéarisés. Le champ moyen est ainsi estimé (ou analysé) à l’issue de cette expérience. En combinant les résultats obtenus aux données archéomagnetiques des trois derniers millénaires, il est possible de quantifier leur capacité à reconstruire le champ magnétique. Les résultats ont démontré que le champ archéomagnétique est bien reconstruit jusqu’au degré 3 d’harmoniques sphériques pour le premier millénaire avant JC, jusqu’au degré 4 pour le premier millénaire après JC et jusqu’au degré 5 pour le dernier millénaire. La seconde partie de cette étude explore les apports de l’utilisation des méthodes séquentielles d’assimilation de données sur l’estimation du champ archéomagnétique. Dans ce contexte, l’inversion effectuée dans la première partie de la thèse est propagée dans le temps par un modèle numérique de la dynamo terrestre en cycles consécutifs de prévisions et analyses. L’utilisation de cette méthode a permis l’estimation non seulement des variables observables, mais aussi de celles typiquement inaccessibles, telles que le champ magnétique en profondeur, l’écoulement au noyau et la anomalie de densité. Cette assimilation fut testée dans le contexte d'expériences jumelles en utilisant des données synthétiques de type archéomagnétique, Les résultats obtenues se sont montrés performants en terme de précision sur l’état du noyau, même quand les observations n'étaient disponibles que dans un seul hémisphère. Ceux-ci devraient permettre l'utilisation de vraies observations archéomagnétiques et d’étudier ainsi les processus physiques ayant lieu dans le noyau sur des échelles temporelles séculaires.