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To investigate the mechanism of internal bleeding resulting from human-robot interactions, an in-vivo microscopy technique is developed. A transparent indenter was loaded onto a subject (an anesthetized transparent glass catfish). The affected blood vessels were investigated though the intender using a microscope equipped with a video camera. The internal bleeding, changes in the arrangement of secondary vessels, and bone contusions caused by loading were observed via the proposed microscopy technique, which is expected to capture information how the vessels fracture and cause the internal bleeding in order to discuss the safety criteria of robots.

This paper explores the possibility to include a number of safety features from passenger cars in powered cycles with three or four wheels, whilst complying with the legal definitions and requirements, and also the legal conditions to use the bicycle lanes. The differences between technical specifications contained within EU law for pedal cycle with pedal assistance, powered cycles, quadricycles and passenger cars will be explained. Further, examples of traffic code rules with respect to the use of bicycle lanes in different countries will be discussed. Finally, the need for new safety criteria for powered cycles, replacing the existing power limit, is highlighted. In addition to the above, the need for a different technical approach to deal with the stability of 1 m wide e-bikes with a vehicle height similar to a mainstream passenger car will be discussed.

Due to the deficiency of areas for dump facilities, mining enterprises form dumps of a large height, or locate them in places unfavorable from the stability point of view. In this regard, cases of the dump areas landslides have become more frequent. Herein there are examples of the actual deformations, causes of their occurrence, as well as preventive measures. Experience of the field surveying observations and analysis of the dump landslide causes confirm that accidents could be prevented by timely substantiating of safety criteria for the stress strain status of the dumps and creating methodology for surveying monitoring, depending on a type of the overburden rock.

The optimization of the discharged limit from Kartini research reactor based on the effective dose calculation was carried out. The potential discharge from the Kartini reactor is dominantly categorized into two forms, among others radioactive discharged in aerosols form and liquid form. This study determines the discharged limit in form of aerosol, where the main objective of this study is to make sure that the effective dose received by the society surrounding Kartini reactor is below the dose constraint that allowed. Several processes to get the discharged limit optimization in this study is carried out based on the IAEA-TECDOC-1638. The sourceterm calculation is performed using Origen 2.0, and the dose assessment using Hotspot 3.0.2 computer code. The result of the calculation shows that the highest TEDE value is 0.147 mSv, where this value is under the atmospheric stability type C (slightly unstable). This value is still below the half value of dose constraint for the society surrounding nuclear facility i.e. 0.15 mSv. It means the discharged limit value that optimized meets the safety criteria based on the dose constraint authorized by regulatory body (BAPETEN). However, these values are recommended to be used as discharged limit that appointed for Kartini Reactor.

At present, virtual-reality industry is still in the early exploration period. Safety problems exists in various VR devices provided by mainstream manufactures due to the serious safety designing drawbacks. Therefore, some new safety laws are needed to reduce safety accidents. This research based on the safety behavioral science, systematically studied the safety issues in human-machine interface, auditory alarm, and vision fields by behavior simulation and other methods, providing safety designing criterions for VR helmet game in family environment, as well as prototype support and reference for products upgrade to relevant manufactures.

�� ������������ �������������������� �������������� ������������ �������������������������� ���������������� ���������������������� ������������ ���������� ������������������ ������������ �������������������������������� �������������������� (������) �� ���������������������������� ������������ ������������������������������ �������������������������� (����������-����������). ���������������������������� ���������������� �������� ������������������ �� ������������ ���������� ������������������ ������������ ������������ ���� ������������������������ �������������������������������� ���������������������������������� ������, ���������������������� �� �������������������� �������������� ����. ���� ������������ ���������������������� ������������������, ���������������������� �� ���������������� ���������������������������� �� ���������������������� ������������������������ ��������������������, �� ���������� ������������ ���������������� �������������������� ���� �������������������� �������������������������� ���������������������� �������������� ������, �������� ������������������ ������������ ���������� �������������������� ������������������ ������������ ���������� �������������������� ������ ������������������ �������������� ������������������ ���������������� �� ������������������ ������������������ �������������������� ���������������� ������������ ���������� ������������ �� ���������������������� ������������������������ �������������������� ���������� �� ���������������������������� �������������������� ������������ �������������������� ������������������, �������������������� �� ������������������������ �� ������������������������ ��������������., The article provides a brief basis of a probabilistic methodology for determining the level of risk of possible accidents of hydraulic structures using the method of statistical modeling (Monte Carlo). The presented methodology was applied to the assessment of the risk of possible accidents of one of the multi-layered ash and slag dumps of an Experimental thermal power plant located in Rostov Oblast, Russian Federation. Based on the results of surveys carried out during the design and subsequent operation of the ash dump, as well as data from field observations of the position of the depression surface of wastewater, the study conducts risk assessments of a possible collapse of the slope of the ash dump dam for various cases of load combinations and compares the obtained values of the accident risk level with permissible regulatory risk values and reliability coefficients of the limit state method obtained in accordance with current standards., �������������������������� ������������-���������������������������������� ������������, ������������ 12 (114) 2021, Pages 50-56

Background The false reactivity results of nucleic acid screening reagents have been reported in China and abroad. To identify false reactivity, effectively protect the rights of blood donors, and cherish limited blood resources, many countries study the methods of re-entry of NAT reactive blood donors. Methods ELISA non-reactive and NAT-reactive donors who donated blood in 2012 - 2017 were selected, and informed consent was obtained. The collected blood samples were tested by ELISA and NAT. Then, the samples were tested by ECLA for HBsAg, HBeAg, anti-HBs, anti-HBc, anti-HBe, anti-HCV, and anti-HIV. Results Forty-two donors were called back and tested: 15 of them were ELISA non-reactive/NAT-reactive, and 27 of them were ELISA non-reactive/NAT non-reactive. The ECLA results indicated that 90.5% ELISA non-reactive/NAT non-reactive donors were anti-HBc-reactive and/or anti-HBe-reactive (21 cases anti-HBc/anti-HBe-reactive, 17 cases anti-HBe-reactive). After 6 mouths, anti-HBc-reactive or anti-HBe-reactive donors were also anti-HBc-reactive and/or anti-HBe-reactive, and these donors were deferred permanently. Four cases that were non-reactive to all tested results may be eligible for re-entry. Conclusions In view of blood safety, it is important to establish a set of safety criteria to allow re-entry of ELISA non-reactive/NAT-reactive blood donors.

This article presents a methodology for assessing the train running safety on bridges subjected to strong crosswinds. The methodology is based on an in-house numerical tool called VSI - Vehicle-Structure Interaction Analysis, which computes the dynamic response of the coupled system formed by the train and the bridge. By imposing the wind load, based on a turbulent wind model, to both the bridge and the vehicle, it is possible to evaluate the wheel-rail contact forces and, consequently, the running safety criteria, namely the Nadal, Prud’homme and unloading indexes. A case study is presented in this paper, which consists of a high-speed (HS) train running over the new Volga River railway bridge belonging to the future Russian HS network. The critical wind speeds for which the train’s safety can be jeopardize are identified for a vast range of running speeds. At the end, the results obtained with the stochastic turbulent model are compared with those obtained using the discrete gust model proposed by the European Norms. A comparative critical analysis between the realistic turbulent wind model and the simplified discrete gust model is carried out.

Mining methods selection traditionally determined at the beginning of the feasibility study and non-changeable, along with the life of mine (LOM). The change in mining methods sometimes unavoidable when the criteria are met. One of the criteria is geotechnical aspects. This study was conducted through a case study in PT Cibaliung Sumberdaya. This study investigates geotechnical criteria that should be followed to transform an underground operation to surface operations. Geotechnical analysis conducted through numerical modeling using limit equilibrium and finite element methods. Parameter investigated in this study are Factor of Safety (FoS), Probability of Failure (PoF), stresses, and total displacement. The model and simulation were focusing on the area where there will be an intersection between underground openings and slope for surface mining. The allowed FoS and PoF for safety criteria are 1.05 and

Lactobacillus strains dominate the vaginal habitat and they are associated with a lower risk of genital infections. In addition, they contribute to the conservation of the vaginal microbiota by producing postbiotic agents. Previous studies have shown that their predominance involves antimicrobial activity against urogenital pathologies. In this context, probiotics may improve treatment outcomes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the probiotic properties of lactobacilli strains of vaginal origin using a multidisciplinary approach. For this purpose, safety criteria, ability to resist at low pH and bile salts, antimicrobial activity, ability to produce biofilm, capacity to produce hydrogen peroxide and more importantly, auto-aggregation, co-aggregation (with Candida spp.) and adhesion to human cells were evaluated. The strains belonged to the species of L. crispatus, L. gasseri, L. rhamnosus and L. delbruckii. Among these, a strain of L. rhamnosus named AD3 showed the best probiotic properties. As probiotics are already in use in many clinical practice and there are no major safety concerns, L. rhamnosus AD3 showed promise in becoming a prevention and complementary treatment option for urogenital diseases. Indeed, these results suggest that strain L. rhamnosus AD3 is non-pathogenic and likely to be safe for human consumption. This study revealed the great amensalistic properties of a new L. rhamnosus strain which can aim to be used as probiotic in pharmaceutical applications.

This paper discusses ladder for overhead power line supports, and those that can be part of machinery and equipment. The design and installation of the ladder should be subject to the same requirements as the machine for which it is intended, including special circumstances such as adverse atmospheric conditions, vibrations. Selected types of structures are made of metal and have removable lower steps. All ladder and its elements must be sufficiently rigid and firm to support the structure to ensure the safety of users under normal operating conditions. There is no test method for removable steps in existing standards. The established safety requirements must be controlled by calculation and/or testing, which must be carried out in accordance with the procedure described in Sect. 5 of GOST R ISO 14122-4-2019. The purpose of this work is to develop safety criteria for the operation of vertical ladders with removable steps. Tests for static characteristics were carried out under normal climatic conditions on a stand for testing personal protective equipment against falls from a height. The tests were carried out on a vertical ladder to solve this problem, the test method was adjusted and approved to eliminate the error due to the technological bias set by the manufacturer.

The book chapter aims to explore the organization's security policies and their aftereffects by presenting various requirements for effective implementation and the need to have specific standards that, when implemented and practiced, would go a long way in ensuring the organization's near-foolproof security. The safety level relies on the quantity as well as the quality of equipment and the criticality of the company varies from industry to industry. Each company cannot meet the same safety criteria, so the security policy enforced may differ from one location to another. The security policy is the cornerstone of physical security and this chapter aims to analyze the standard requirement for protection and its strengths and weaknesses in different industries. However, a security policy cannot provide optimization on its own. It has to be complemented by energy and these two together can provide successful achievement in optimization.

As previously discussed [13], the challenges to achieve a consistent intertwining between safety and security are rather diverse and complex. Recent advances in safety and security suggest that risks analyses provide guidance for achieving a comprehensive alignment. However, for many domains, like in aeronautics, security is rather a recent concern whereas aircraft development has been mostly guided by safety criteria for several decades. The referred disparity along with the fact that security is, in many respects, a discipline still in evolution, imposes restrictions for specifying and applying methods to conduct safety and security co-engineering as a unified process. In this paper, we present the progress in the development of a model-based method, a framework and a tool useful to conduct a security risks analysis guided by safety criteria and goals. Among others, the approach relies on know-how found in the state of the art, in standards like ED202, ED203 (EUROCAE)1, as well as in open knowledge bases like CAPEC and CWE (MITRE)2. These sources are integrated which allows the instantiation of patterns of attacks, vulnerabilities, and architectures, which are crucial elements to semi-automate the analysis. A rule-based algorithm for exploring potential attack paths across an architecture is proposed and implemented. The approach is finally demonstrated by analyzing a combined attack-failure path in a Flight Control System which can undermine the safety of a modern aircraft. The framework and tool support seek safety-security by design and aim to facilitate the reuse of case studies and to settle a basis for repeatability and results comparison.

Advanced light-water reactor (LWR) systems with improved passive safety features that claim to meet Generation III + safety criteria are of growing interest worldwide in meeting future energy demand. As an effort to understand the basic differences in lattice and core physics aspects of such advanced LWRs, preliminary steady-state reactor physics analyses are carried out for some of the pressurized water reactor (PWR) type of advanced LWRs like Westinghouse AP-1000 and European/Evolutionary PWR EPR-1650. The reactor physics parameters such as neutron multiplication factors, core average neutron flux spectra, worth of control systems, various reactivity coefficients and effective delayed neutron fraction are calculated and compared with the Russian PWR design VVER-1000 reactor for a clean initial core configuration at hot operating conditions. A lattice burnup code, DRAGON and a Monte Carlo (MC) code are used for the purpose. The study not only highlights the differences in nuclear design and estimated core physics parameters of VVER-1000, AP-1000 and EPR-1650 reactors but also demonstrates the capability of advanced reactor physics computer codes available for safety evaluations of such reactor systems.

Achieving construction projects (CPs) with minimal waste requires not only good construction planning, but also effective management for safety and waste of resources through the project cycle. The aim of this paper is to identify and rank safety factors (SF) during the design phase (DPh) of a project that have positive effects in minimizing waste (cost, time and materials) during its construction. Data and information was gathered from available literature, structured interviews, and questionnaire conducted for 111 randomly selected construction organizations. Triangulation method to enhance the validity and reliability of the study findings was used. The research revealed 18 important SF that had positive effects on minimizing waste in CPs during the DPh. The five most important SF that should be considered to minimise waste are: capabilities and behaviour of the design team in the safety field, appropriateness of quantities and specifications for safety system (SS), appropriateness of foundation system for SS, appropriate public and special conditions for SS and appropriate electrical design for SS. The best linear model was developed on the basis of the importance index of the identified factors. A model was developed to minimize waste in CPs by using SS during the DPh. It is recommended that adequate attention must be given to safety criteria during DPh to minimize resources waste. Achieving construction projects (CPs) with minimal waste requires not only good construction planning, but also effective management for safety and waste of resources through the project cycle. The aim of this paper is to identify and rank safety factors (SF) during the design phase (DPh) of a project that have positive effects in minimizing waste (cost, time and materials) during its construction. Data and information was gathered from available literature, structured interviews, and questionnaire conducted for 111 randomly selected construction organizations. Triangulation method to enhance the validity and reliability of the study findings was used. The research revealed 18 important SF that had positive effects on minimizing waste in CPs during the DPh. The five most important SF that should be considered to minimise waste are: capabilities and behaviour of the design team in the safety field, appropriateness of quantities and specifications for safety system (SS), appropriateness of foundation system for SS, appropriate public and special conditions for SS and appropriate electrical design for SS. The best linear model was developed on the basis of the importance index of the identified factors. A model was developed to minimize waste in CPs by using SS during the DPh. It is recommended that adequate attention must be given to safety criteria during DPh to minimize resources waste.

Design criteria for coastal defenses exposed to wave overtopping are usually assessed by mean overtopping discharges and maximum individual overtopping volumes. However, it is often difficult to give clear and precise limits of tolerable overtopping for all kinds of layouts. A few studies analyzed the relationship between wave overtopping flows and hazard levels for people on sea dikes, confirming that one single value of admissible mean discharge or individual overtopping volume is not a sufficient indicator of the hazard, but detailed characterization of flow velocities and depths is required. This work presents the results of an experimental campaign aiming at analyzing the validity of the safety limits and design criteria for overtopping discharge applied to an urbanized stretch of the Catalan coast, exposed to significant overtopping events every stormy season. The work compares different safety criteria for pedestrians. The results prove that the safety of pedestrians on a sea dike can be still guaranteed, even for overtopping volumes larger than 1,000 L/m. Sea storms characterized by deep-water wave height between 3.6 and 4.5 m lead to overtopping flow depth values larger than 1 m and flow velocities up to 20 m/s. However, pedestrian hazard is proved to be linked to the combination of overtopping flow velocity and flow depth rather than to single maximum values of one of these parameters. The use of stability curves to assess people&rsquo, s stability under overtopping waves is therefore advised.

Background The clamp crushing method and the use of the Cavitron ultrasonic surgical aspirator (CUSA) are widely accepted techniques for hepatic parenchymal transection. The actuator-driven pulsed water jet (ADPJ) with high tissue selectivity is a new technology that was shown as a safe transection tool in preclinical models, although not much is known about its safety criteria in patients. Therefore, its strongest advantage, the best indications for its use, and its performance in comparison with other transection methods remain to be clarified. In this report, we present several representative cases to help answer these questions. Methods We started using the ADPJ in December 2017, only in cases where the tumor was very close to major vessels or attached to them, along a considerable length, to preserve vessels and prevent postoperative liver failure. All the cases underwent highly demanding procedures. We avoided using this device in cases such as liver cirrhosis, where the hepatic parenchyma was very hard. Results Six cases fulfilled our limited indications for using ADPJ. The median age and number of tumors were 55 years (10 to 69 y) and 2.5 years (1 to 4 y), respectively. The mean tumor size was 7.8 cm (2.8 to 21 cm), the minimum distance between the tumor and major vessels to be preserved was 0 mm (0 to 4 mm), and the contact length of the tumor and major vessels was 26 mm (19 to 40 mm). Regarding the surgical outcome, the median operation time and blood loss were 559 minutes (508 to 919 min) and 620 mL (230 to 860 mL), respectively. We achieved a negative surgical margin (R0 resection) in all cases. Conclusions Using ADPJ, we could perform R0 hepatectomy in all cases, which preoperatively were considered to have a high chance of being margin positive. We consider the best indication for using ADPJ is when the tumor and vessels to be preserved are attached or very close over a long distance.

International audience; The CABRI International Program (CIP) tests irradiated UO2 or MOX fuels submitted to Reactivity Initiated Accidents representative power pulses in prototypical PWR thermal-hydraulic conditions. CIP is managed by The Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN) within a OECD/NEA framework. Experiences are conducted in the CABRI reactor operated by CEA. For CIP, CABRI benefits from a new Pressurized Water Loop. An important refurbishment program enhanced the facility safety and upgraded the experimental equipment such as the non-destructive examination bench IRIS and the Hodoscope on-line fuel motion monitoring system. Specific test devices with appropriate innovative instrumentation follow the test rod behavior during the transient. The successful first test in the Water Loop demonstrated the CABRI capability to perform fully instrumented RIA tests in PWR conditions and to provide highly valuable technical results for modelling the RIA phenomenology (boiling crisis, post-failure events), for code validation, and for assessing PWR safety criteria.

Robots are gaining a foothold day-by-day in different areas of people&rsquo, s lives. Collaborative robots (cobots) need to display human-like dynamic performance. Thus, the question of safety during physical human&ndash, robot interaction (pHRI) arises. Herein, we propose making serial cobots intrinsically compliant to guarantee safe pHRI via our novel designed device, V2SOM (variable stiffness safety-oriented mechanism). Integrating this new device at each rotary joint of the serial cobot ensures a safe pHRI and reduces the drawbacks of making robots compliant. Thanks to its two continuously linked functional modes&mdash, high and low stiffness&mdash, V2SOM presents a high inertia decoupling capacity, which is a necessary condition for safe pHRI. The high stiffness mode eases the control without disturbing the safety aspect. Once a human&ndash, robot (HR) collision occurs, a spontaneous and smooth shift to low stiffness mode is passively triggered to safely absorb the impact. To highlight V2SOM&rsquo, s effect in safety terms, we consider two complementary safety criteria: impact force (ImpF) criterion and head injury criterion (HIC) for external and internal damage evaluation of blunt shocks, respectively. A pre-established HR collision model is built in Matlab/Simulink (v2018, MathWorks, France) in order to evaluate the latter criterion. This paper presents the first V2SOM prototype, with quasi-static and dynamic experimental evaluations.

[EN] Flood water can affect vehicles significantly, which in turn can increase the negative effects of floods as vehicles are washed away by the flow and become a form of debris. In cities, most fatalities during floods occur inside vehicles. Consequently, it is necessary to establish thresholds for vehicle stability during this type of event to provide information necessary for flood risk management. This article analyses the available stability models developed over recent years to determine such thresholds. The stability models were grouped according to the way in which they approached car watertightness and the stability thresholds proposed by each of them were compared. It was found that these thresholds vary over a relatively wide range. Additionally, the experimental data were compared with the results provided by these studies leading to the conclusion that several of the stability models analysed do not fit measured data well. New research is required to overcome the simplifications made by the state-of-the-art models and to try to standardise the decision criteria which should be adopted to define stability thresholds for vehicles of different characteristics., Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion COLCIENCIAS (Colombia) call 728-2015; Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through the research project TETISCHANGE, Grant/Award Number: RTI2018-093717-B-I00.

When a breast lesion is seen on only magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and needs to be excised, pre-operative MRI-guided radioactive seed localization (RSL) is preferred. However, MRI safety and radiation safety issues associated with the inability to recover a potentially lost seed in the MRI scanner room (Zone IV) have precluded this in the past. This manuscript provides a protocol for MRI-guided RSLs that meets MRI safety and radiation safety criteria established by the American College of Radiology and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. To the authors’ best knowledge, this has never been published in the literature. The complete protocol is provided.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the operating experience available on similar installations. The operating experience is one of the principal sources of guidance criteria for the optimization of plants. During the design, operation, and safety evaluation phases of every plant, data can be collected to give information that can be recycled into future activities. Various sets of design and safety criteria are required during the important phases of a plant's life. The collection and the recycling of experience are systematically performed within the responsible organization. The first source of data, because of its universal nature, is the Incident Report System. The World Association of Nuclear Operators represents a responsible and commendable response of the nuclear operators worldwide. The Licensee Event Report collects all the operating experience on the U.S. plants. It is accessible to similar foreign organizations on the basis of bilateral agreements. Some particularly remarkable operating experience events are described for their frequency and peculiarity. More information can be found in the systematic compilations available.

The article presents the results of a study on the development of a criterion for the quality and safety of barium content in mineral waters in order to harmonize regulatory documents of the European Union and Ukraine. To develop metrological support for the analysis, it is justified to select the optimal method for determining the content of barium in waters – atomic absorption spectrometry. Validation of the methodology confirmed the conformity of metrological characteristics with the requirements of Directive 2003/40/EC. For the first time, barium content studies in 36 mineral waters of Ukraine were carried out. The concentration of barium in mineral Tab. waters (TDS) ≤1.0 g/l ranged from 0.058 mg/l to 0.8846 mg/l, i.e. 1.0 mg/l, not complying with Directive 2003/40/EC. They can affect a person drinking them. Using the correlation and factor analysis, the dominant factor in the formation of the chemical composition of the studied mineral waters was determined, which included bicarbonates, sodium and potassium, total mineralization, orthoboric acid and barium. The criteria for barium concentration assessment in the natural mineral and natural therapeutic and prophylactic waters of Ukraine (1.3 mg/l and 5.0 mg/l respectively) are proposed.

The probabilistic approach for assessing the railway operation safety was proposed in order to evaluate the possibility and frequency of adverse events occurring when trains move on turnouts. Norms and tolerances in the “rail track - wheel track” system are interconnected. Based on this relationship, an analysis for the adverse events likelihood is made for cases when wheelsets having flanges with various wear values are passing through pointworks.

This paper deals with the synthesis of a cable driven parallel robot intended for rehabilitation tasks. The objective is essentially to enhance the safety of patients using rehabilitation robotic devices. A novel safety criterion is proposed. It consists in maximizing the distance between the robot’s cables and the user. A dimensional synthesis of LAWEX robot considering the proposed safety criterion is carried out and optimal solutions are provided.

Mine planning is an important part of mining activity. Improper mine plan will increase production costs, non-optimal extraction of mines and safety factors that do not meet the standard. One of the most important aspects before undertaking mine plan is determining the optimal slope design as a basis for making mine pits for coal extraction. This study aims to estimate the maximum reserves that can be taken from the mine pit by taking account of the safety factor of the pit slope design. The study was conducted using drill log data and rock engineering characteristics. Analysis of slope stability is done using the Rocscience Slide V.6 software while coal reserves estimation is done using Minescape V.5.2. Slope stability analysis is modeled with several scenarios of slope angles until a single optimal slope angle is obtained, with the value of the slope safety factor that meets the safety criteria. The results showed that the maximum single slope angle in a safe pit was 52° with a safety factor of 1.266, while the coal reserves obtained with the said slope angle are 29, 965, 008 tons.

The subject matter of the article is the methods for determining the safety parameters to prevent wheel derailment. The object of the study is the interaction of a rail track and rolling stock. The goal of the paper is to study of approaches that are used by domestic and foreign scientists to assess the protection against wheel derailment and to study the analytical conditions for the wheel flange rolling onto the rail top, which are the criteria of protection against derailment which are considered while expertizing the railway transport. The methods used in this work are the system, logical and historical approaches; analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction; modelling. The tasks of the article are as follows: to analyze the methods for determining the safety criteria from wheel derailment; to evaluate the importance of all methods and approaches, to identify their disadvantages and advantages, to make recommendations for improving the method of assessing the stability of rail vehicles on the railways of Ukraine. Results. The works of domestic and foreign scientists, which are devoted to the issue of assessing the protection against the wheel derailment were analyzed. It has been established that in order to approximate the results of mathematical modelling of rolling stock to the actual operating conditions, the task of the wheelset derailing from the track should be performed using dynamic equations of spatial oscillations. It was proposed to take into account the analytical conditions for wheel flange rolling onto the rail top, which were proposed by E. Sokol, the Doctor of Technical Sciences, when expertizing the railway transport. Conclusions . Most of the considered methods estimate the probability of a wheelset derailment without taking into account the influence of other wheelsets, which can lead to erroneous results. It has been established that in order to approximate the results of theoretical calculations to the experimental data, the problem of the wheel derailment should be solved using the equations of spatial oscillations of a rail car.

The operation limits of a Europe B2 1740T barge have to be evaluated by several safety criteria. A practical approach is based on the global strength criteria evaluation by equivalent beam barge model and equivalent rules waves, with several heading angle cases. There are considered the Danube river navigation conditions and eventually a costal route, too. The barge is considered with three loading cases and the numerical analyses are done by P_QSW eigen program. The numerical results, hull beam sectional efforts, are evaluated by shipbuilding rules global strength criteria and the allowed operation conditions are obtained.

Extreme floods often occur in the middle Yangtze River. The Jingjiang flood diversion zone needs to be operated during these events to protect the safety of the levees along the Jingjiang Reach. Therefore, it is important to be able to predict the potential flood risks to people and property in such an area for the purpose of flood management. In this study, an integrated numerical model for estimating the flood risks in a flood diversion zone is proposed, including a module for predicting the 2D hydrodynamic processes of flood inundation in a study area with complex topography, and a special module for estimating the flood risks to people (children and adults) and property (vehicles, buildings, and crops) using newly developed safety criteria. The proposed model was used to predict the flood inundation process and variation in hazard degrees of people and property, based on a hypothetical discharge hydrograph during the operation of the Jingjiang flood diversion zone. The model predictions show high flood loss rates for various flooded objects such as people, vehicles, buildings, and crops, with a mean loss rate for these subjects of 75% after 140 h. This suggests that the operation of a flood diversion zone should be cautiously considered, as it would likely result in a huge loss of people and property. Furthermore, an investigation was conducted into the effects of different roughness coefficients and people stability criteria on the model predictions. The results show that variable Manning’s roughness coefficients need to be used in the hydrodynamic module according to different underlying surface conditions, and a mechanics-based criterion for the stability of people in floodwaters should be adopted to assess the potential hazard degrees.

In Ukraine, as a result of the Chernobyl disaster, 2,218 villages and cities with a population of about 2.4 million residents were in the zone of radioactive contamination. Pollution has undergone almost the entire territory of Polesia and a significant part of the Forest-Steppe. The population living in radioactively contaminated areas receives an additional more natural dose level of external and internal exposure. External irradiation is due to the high content of137Cs in soils, with the decay of which increases the power of gamma radiation on the ground. Internal exposure is caused by the ingestion of137Cs and90Sr during the consumption of food products. The rural population with the consumption of products grown in household plots, receives significantly higher doses of radiation than the city. The activity of137Cs and90Sr in milk, meat, potatoes and other vegetable products is grown on the backyards of residents of the villages Osypivka and Tarasivka of the Bila Tserkva district of the Kyiv region, who have been subjected to radioactive contamination due to the Chernobyl disaster. The research results show that milk, meat and vegetable products grown in radioactively contaminated areas of the forest-steppe zone meet the radiation safety criteria for137Cs and90Sr. The internal exposure dose of the residents of the Osypivka village with the consumption of food products is 0.065 mSv/year, and that of the Tarasivka village - 0.028 mSv/year. Consumption of milk and potatoes makes the greatest contribution to the dose of internal exposure. The external radiation dose due to pollution of the territory of the settlement of137Cs residents of the Osypivka village is 0.72 mSv/year, and that of the Tarasivka village – 0.27 mSv/year. The annual effective dose to residents of the Osypivka village – 0.78 mSv/year, and the residents of the Tarasivka village - 0.30 mSv/year, which does not exceed the dose of radiation established by current legislation at 1 mSv/year

The paper presents the data on the assessment of the demand for heterologous drugs and highlights the need for their use in practical healthcare. Currently, 15 heterologous immunoglobulins and sera are registered in the Russian Federation. Nine of them are against bacterial and viral infections (anthrax, diphtheria, tetanus, botulism, rabies, anti-gangrenous), one – against snake venom, five other – anti-thymocyte immunoglobulins produced by domestic and foreign manufacturers. Analysis of the data has demonstrated that anti-rabies immunoglobulin, anti-diphtheria and anti-botulinic sera, A, B and E type are the most in-demand. Production of other therapeutic drugs from this group, for instance, anti-gangrenous serum, tends to decline. Adequate provision of medical curative and preventive institutions with these preparations is a significant element in timely treatment of infectious diseases such as anthrax, diphtheria, tetanus, botulism, rabies, as well as snake bites. In prophylaxis and treatment of certain diseases (emergency aid in case of anthrax, rabies, venomous snake bites) heterologous preparations still oftentimes do not have an alternative. The key problem in regulation of heterologous preparation circulation is absence of quality, efficacy and safety criteria applicable to other immunobiological preparations. Development of unified requirements to standardization of heterologous sera and immunoglobulins of various specificity, principles of efficacy and safety evaluation is necessary for harmonization of current guidelines on medical use. Earlier elaborated by WHO approaches to heterologous sera to venoms of snakes can be used for monitoring and harmonization of normative legal documents on the improvement, evaluation of quality, efficacy and safety of alternative drugs being in circulation in the pharmaceutical market of the Russian Federation.

In this paper, we extensively review the status and projection of the Filtered Containment Venting Systems (FCVSs) in the Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs) in Asia. As an important strategy to mitigate the Severe Accidents (SAs) in NPPs, FCVS is designed to prevent the containment overpressure failure by providing containment venting through a filtration system. The 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident brought a negative impact to the public faith on the nuclear safety, the accident has led regulatory authorities and policy makers to re-evaluate safety criteria and reinforce safety supervision. As a result, the mitigation of SAs regains attention of nuclear community. Many investigation and research works were initialized or resumed, particularly about the enhancement of FCVS on robustness and filtration efficiency. Presently, Asia is a region where nuclear energy grow fast. To ensure nuclear safety, the FCVS is being taken into account in the SA mitigation strategy by regulatory authorities. Chinese nuclear safety administration requires NPPs to have adequate and reliable containment venting system. Thus FCVS is either equipped or about to be equipped on most reactors operating or under construction in China. Nuclear companies and research institutions are conducting research and engineering works about FCVS design and function. In South Korea, a government funded project was carried out during 2013–2017, aimed to design a domestic FCVS technology. Confirmatory tests have been performed to evaluate the function of designed FCVS. In Japan, Tokyo Electric Power Company started installing FCVS on the NPPs since 2013. Related research work is performing in Japanese universities and institutions. Taiwan’s Atomic Energy Council also requests utility companies to reexamine the present emergency operation procedures and study the strategies such as the addition of required facilities for SA prevention and mitigation in each NPP. It is noticed that India is also investigating the options to mitigate the SAs, including FCVS.

In order to monitor the current state of buildings and structures effectively the author proposes development and maintenance of constantly updated electronic databases of buildings and structures to manage the safety of buildings and structures operation, which provides an opportunity to receive information on technical condition of the facility in real time mode, which allows increasing the effectiveness of buildings’ owners, operating organisations, state supervisory and control bodies for safe operation as well as simulates emergency situations and predicts the behaviour of structures with regard to their repair and reconstruction.

Introduction The primary objective was to show our initial surgical single-site experience with small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) after the official enrollment in March 2017 following Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for simple myopia in late 2016 in the United States and, subsequently, compare our results to the earliest and most advanced generation of excimer platforms for laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) surgery. Methods This was a retrospective single-site study of 68 eyes from 35 patients who had SMILE surgery. The patients’ preoperative and postoperative uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA), corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), manifest sphere, manifest cylinder, intraoperative complications, and preoperative and postoperative visual symptoms were collected. We compared our findings to the results from the FDA SMILE study, and to the three earliest (1999–2000) and three of the most updated (2013–2016) platforms for LASIK. Results The cumulative UDVA was 20/20 and 20/40 or better in 74% and 100% of patients, respectively. The intended target refraction was within ± 0.5 and ± 1.00 D in 80% and 93% of cases, respectively. The prevalence of dry eyes decreased by nearly half from 1-week to the 6-month postoperative interval. Patients noted improvement in glare (17%), halos (17%), fluctuation (25%), and depth perception (8%) at the 6-month interval compared to preoperative levels. Conclusions This study’s findings are consistent with current SMILE reports. Notably, the results are superior to the earliest generation of LASIK, however inferior to the latest excimer platforms. SMILE does meet the efficacy and safety criteria met by FDA; however, there is a definite need for further improvement to reach the superior refractive outcomes produced by the latest generation of LASIK platforms.

Melting of the radioactively contaminated metal converts it as a source of ionizing radiation from a surface distribution of radionuclides into the source with their volume distribution. From the surface of the melted metal gamma radiation of a part of radionuclides is emitted, which are in its scope. Alpha and beta radiation are absorbed completely in the metal. To obtain a radiation-safe metal it is necessary that the amount of gamma-emitting radionuclides, which are loaded into the furnace together with the charge, did not exceed the established allowable level. The radiation safety criterion of the melted metal is the maximum value of the gamma radiation power from its surface, the established limit of the individual annual effective radiation dose is not exceeded. There is a need for experimental verification of theoretical results was obtained. The use of this technology will allow the return to industrial production of large amounts of accumulated radioactively contaminated metal and creates conditions for the prevention of environmental violations.

Many research reactors are used all over the world. There is a higher probability of accidents in nuclear research reactors compared their wide applications in a broad spectrum of sciences and industries. Material Testing Reactor (MTR) type is one large species of nuclear research reactors. Safety criteria are of main concern issues in the entire nuclear research reactor lifetime to satisfy the defense in depth criteria. In this paper, the main focus is on Second Shutdown System (SSS) as an Engineered Safety Feature (ESF) considered to enhance safety which will transfer the reactor to a subcritical state at actuation of any command circuits when a specific parameters exceeds some pre-established set points. Tehran Research Reactor (TRR) is selected as an MTR case study and one SSS is designed and studied in detail using MCNPX 2.6.0 code with regard to its requirements. It turns out that this SSS improves the overall reactor safety, and has not considerable penalties on different capabilities and characteristics of the reactor such as neutronic characteristics, safety criteria, and performance applications.

Underground water-sealed gas storage caverns have become the primary method for strategic storage of LPG. Previous studies of excavation blasting effects on large-scale underground water-sealed gas...

The Canadian Organization of Medical Physicists (COMP), in close partnership with the Canadian Partnership for Quality Radiotherapy (CPQR) has developed a series of Technical Quality Control (TQC) guidelines for radiation treatment equipment. These guidelines outline the performance objectives that equipment should meet in order to ensure an acceptable level of radiation treatment quality. The TQC guidelines have been rigorously reviewed and field tested in a variety of Canadian radiation treatment facilities. The development process enables rapid review and update to keep the guidelines current with changes in technology. This article contains detailed performance objectives and safety criteria for low‐dose‐rate (LDR) permanent seed brachytherapy.

Safety analysis is a major part during licensing a nuclear power plant. This paper presents coupled neutronic thermal-hydraulic calculations for a MOX/UOX mixed core loading of the Westinghouse AP1000 pressurized water reactor concept. Originally, the initial core loading of the reactor has three types of UO2 fuel assemblies with U235 enrichments are: 2.35 w/o, 3.40 w/o and 4.45 w/o. In this paper, it is assumed that one-third of fuel assemblies is replaced by MOX assemblies. The steady state conditions are calculated with the code QUARK. QUARK is a 3D neutronic kinetics code coupled to core thermal hydraulics code. The required cross-section data for QUARK were generated using WIMSD5. The results of the steady state analysis show that both core loading schemes can be used in AP1000 as the safety criteria mentioned in design control document are met.

Steam Generator Tube Rupture (SGTR) accident was reclassified as Class III Design Basis Accident (DBA) in 1991 due to its higher frequency of occurrence. Under Class III condition, radioactive release safety criteria are even stricter than thermal hydraulic criteria. In this paper, HPR1000 SGTR accident was simulated with two kinds of mitigation measures after steady-state initialization. Key system responses (such as pressure, mass flow rate in primary and secondary system, SG level, short term phase terminating time and radioactive release) were analyzed and compared for the two strategies. No SG overfilled nor other thermal hydraulic limit occurred for both strategies, while lower SG overfill risk and higher radioactive release risk existed for strategy 1 and converse situation existed for strategy 2. Specially, it is recommended VDA to be actuated by SG level, and instant main feedwater and auxiliary feedwater isolations were strongly required for strategy 2. When designing SGTR mitigation measure, there should be a compromised balance between SG overfill risk and radioactive release. Optimized mitigation strategy can be obtained through more accurate activity signal and higher auxiliary feedwater mass flow rate.

The Canadian Organization of Medical Physicists (COMP), in close partnership with the Canadian Partnership for Quality Radiotherapy (CPQR) has developed a series of Technical Quality Control (TQC) guidelines for radiation treatment equipment. These guidelines outline the performance objectives that equipment should meet in order to ensure an acceptable level of radiation treatment quality. This particular TQC contains detailed performance objectives and safety criteria for CyberKnife® Technology. The quality control recommendations in this document are based upon previously published guidelines and the collective experience of all Canadian sites using this technology. This TQC guideline has been field tested at the newest Canadian CyberKnife installation site and includes recommendations for quality control of the Iris™ and InCise™ MLC collimation systems.

Contractor selection is one of the major concerns of industry managers such as those in the oil industry. The objective of this study was to determine a contractor selection pattern for oil and gas industries in a safety approach. Assessment of contractors based on specific criteria and ultimately selecting an eligible contractor preserves the organizational resources. Due to the safety risks involved in the oil industry, one of the major criteria of contractor selection considered by managers today is safety. The results indicated that the most important safety criterion of contractor selection was safety records and safety investments. This represented the industry's risks and the impact of safety training and investment on the performance of other sectors and the overall organization. The output of this model could be useful in the safety risk assessment process in the oil industry and other industries.

O uso da madeira macica como elemento estrutural e uma pratica antiga para a humanidade, tendo uma relacao intima com o desenvolvimento de muitas das primeiras sociedades humanas. Porem, a madeira macica, apesar do excelente comportamento estrutural, sempre apresentou limitacoes envolvendo a forma e o tamanho da peca desejada, alem da dificuldade em dimensionar uma peca estrutural de um material ortotropico, de forma a satisfazer criterios de seguranca. Com o desenvolvimento de novos materiais com caracteristicas mecânicas mais eficientes, mais faceis de serem manipulados e sem limitacoes referentes ao tamanho e forma desejados, a madeira macica e/ou serrada tornou-se sinonimo de material de baixa qualidade ou de uso temporario. No entanto, em muitos paises, a madeira nunca perdeu a sua importância. No Canada e nos Estados Unidos da America, por exemplo, a madeira e responsavel por cerca de 90% das construcoes residenciais. No Chile, as crescentes preocupacoes ambientais fizeram com que o governo federal elevasse a madeira a categoria de material de excelencia, associando-o ao perfil sustentavel, a alta capacidade estrutural, a beleza arquitetonica e ao impulso da economia local. Entretanto suas limitacoes persistem. Com o objetivo de supera-las foram desenvolvidos novos materiais derivados da madeira serrada, entre estes a Madeira Laminada Colada (Cross Laminated Timber) que consegue, substituir de forma satisfatoria o concreto armado em muitas situacoes. Porem para utiliza-la, e necessario conhecimento sobre as caracteristicas do material, sobre as particularidades envolvidas no processo de dimensionamento das pecas, dos elementos de ligacao e sobre o detalhamento do projeto. Com o objetivo de transmitir partes destes conhecimentos, foi optado por desenvolver um projeto ficticio de construcao de um edificio de uso comercial de sete pavimentos projetado e dimensionado exclusivamente com madeira laminada colada. Palavras-Chave: Madeira Laminada Colada. Dimensionamento. Projeto Estrutural. ABSTRACT The use of solid wood as a structural element in an ancient practice for mankind, having an intimate relationship with the development of many early human societies, but the massive wood, despite the excellent structural behavior, always presented limitations involving shape and size of the desired part, besides the difficulty of dimensioning a structural part of an orthotropic material, in order to satisfy safety criteria. With the development of new materials with more efficient mechanical characteristics, easier to handle and without limitations regarding the desired size and shape, solid and / or sawed wood has become synonymous with low quality or temporary use material. However, in many countries, timber has never lost its importance in Canada and the United States of America, for example, wood accounts for about 90% of residential construction. In Chile, growing environmental concerns have federal government to elevate wood to the category of material of excellence, associating it with the sustainable profile, the high structural capacity, the architectural beauty and the boost of the local economy. However, the historical limitations of wood have persisted, with the objective of overcoming them, new materials derived from sawnwood have been developed, including Cross Laminated Timber, which can satisfactorily replace reinforced concrete in many situations. However, in order to use it, it is necessary to know the characteristics of the material, the particularities involved in the dimensioning process of the parts, the connecting elements and the details of the design. With the objective of transmitting parts of this knowledge, it was decided to develop a fictitious project to construct a building of commercial use of seven floors designed and dimensioned exclusively with laminated wood. Keywords: Cross Laminated Timber. Design. Structural.

The article discusses results of studies of needs for the improvement of traffic safety in regions of the Russian Federation with a high level of automobilization. A comparative analysis of traffic safety assurance indicators is performed. An analysis of the accident rate, performed based on the data for the Saratov and Samara Regions, allows assessing the road accident risk and determining a dependency between the automobilization level and the accident rate. Efficiency of the implementation of measures on traffic safety improvement is determined. The risk of road accidents and fatalities is predicted.

A blast-induced damage model integrating the tensile damage model with the Drucker-Prager yield condition is established. Based on the excavation of a large cross-section tunnel in China, the damage process of surrounding rock under multiple full-face blasting is simulated by the established rock damage model embedded into the LS-DYNA computer code through its user subroutines and a cumulative damage formulation in the LS-DYNA. The simulation results are well verified against field test data. The results show that the maximum damage depth of surrounding rock is determined by the blasting of the excavated cross-sections closest to the surrounding rock. Both the maximum damage depth and the maximum peak particle velocity (PPV) occur in the middle of the tunnel invert. Based on the defined damage threshold Dcr and the modeled maximum damage depth of surrounding rock, the influence of initiation sequence on the critical PPV for rock damage is studied, and a critical PPV associated with rock damage is proposed for tunnel blasting excavation.