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Internal combustion engines (ICE) play a major role in converting the energy with its different types in order to benefit from it for various applications such as transportation, energy generation, and many others applications. Internal combustion engines use two main types of operation cycles, namely the Otto and Diesel cycles. Many development processes are carried out to improve the efficiency of the ICE nowadays such as working on the design of the combustion engine and the material selections and others. One of the main parameters which play an important role in improving the diesel engine is the fuel pressure. By increasing the fuel pressure injected into the engine, the efficiency, in consequence, will increase. This work investigates the injection pressure of the fuel (Diesel) and studies the effect of these changes on engine efficiency. It was found that the increase in injection pressure significantly affected the improvement in engine performance. Such improved engine subsystems will have a great impact on the energy extracted and used for various engineering applications.

Internal Combustion Engines (ICE) are one of the most important engineering applications that operate based on the conversion of chemical energy from fuel into thermal energy as a result of direct combustion. The obtained thermal energy is then turned into kinetic energy to derive various means of transportation, such as marine, air, and land vehicles. The efficiency of ICE today is considered in the range of the intermediate level, and various improvements are being made to enhance its efficiency. The turbocharger can support the ICE, which works by increasing the pressure in the engine to enhance its efficiency. In this investigation, the effect of the turbocharger pressure on ICE performance was studied in the range of 2 to 10 bar. It was found that the increase in turbocharger pressure enhanced the pressure inside the engine, positively affecting engine efficiency indicators. Therefore, the increase in turbocharger pressure is directly proportional to the ICE efficiency. Doi: 10.28991/ESJ-2022-06-03-04 Full Text: PDF

Structural lineaments of Southeast Nigeria were delineated using high-resolution aeromagnetic data. Advanced methods such as enhanced horizontal gradient amplitude (EHGA) involving a 3D model and tilt depth method (TDM) were used in this study. The simulated magnetic model involving the EHGA detector positioned peaks over source borders and created sharp and clear edges for magnetic sources. The TDM is a cutting-edge depth determination method revealing the depth of the contacts and thickness of sedimentary bodies that vary from ∼500 to ∼2,500 m and ∼3,000 to ∼5,000 m, respectively. Lineaments of the study area were extracted from the EHGA map. The structural map showed the dominance of short-ranged (∼0.29 to ∼1.48 km) linear magnetic anomalies. In addition, regional geologic structures (∼2.8 to ∼24.5 km) occur at the western flank of the study area. In general, these structures trend in the NE–SW, NNE–SSW, N–S, E–W, and NW–SE directions. They are indicators of subsurface faults, contacts, and tectonic structures of the thermo-tectonic events associated with Santonian Abakaliki Anticlinorium, Tertiary-Recent Ikom-Mamfe Rift, and structural deformations of the basement rocks associated with the Oban Massif.

Abstract In this paper, the possibility of reducing the energy demand of the typical multi-family buildings in Amman, Jordan utilizing passive design strategies are investigated through a parametric simulation study. Firstly, the energy demand of the multi-family buildings under the typical practice is evaluated, after that several design strategies are proposed such as wall and roof insulation, shading device, ventilation, etc. The effect of each strategy on the multi-family buildings’ energy demands is assessed alone and then in combination with the other strategies, to find the optimum solution to reduce the energy demand. This is beneficial for architects, engineers, and decisions makers involved in the design of energy-efficient multifamily buildings. The result proves that it’s possible to reduce the annual energy demand by 53, 71, and 78% of the cooling, heating, and lighting, respectively, by introducing passive design strategies. Around 45% savings of the heating demand are achieved due to adding wall insulation. Regarding the cooling demand about 17%, and 14% are saved due to applying a ventilated blind shading device and using a nighttime ventilation strategy.

We investigated the potential diagnostic and prognostic role of maternally expressed 3 (MEG-3), a type of long non-coding RNA, in epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC) by comparing long non-coding RNA (LNCRNA-MEG-3) expression in EOC and normal ovarian tissues and exploring clinical correlations. The study included 126 patients diagnosed with stage III EOC, confirmed by histopathological examination. We used quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to quantify levels of the long noncoding RNA MEG-3. The long non-coding RNA MEG-3 expression in EOC tissues was significantly lower than in normal ovarian tissues, indicating its potential as a diagnostic marker. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis demonstrated an Area under the ROC Curve (AUC) of 0.831, signifying its high sensitivity (100%) and specificity (97.04%) in distinguishing malignant ovarian tissues from normal ones. LNCRNA-MEG-3 expression varied significantly across different EOC stages (p < 0.0001) and tumor grades (p < 0.0001), correlating with aggressive behavior and serous tumor types. Low LNCRNA-MEG-3 expression associated with adverse prognostic factors such as ascites (p < 0.0001) and poor treatment response (p < 0.0001). High LNCRNA-MEG-3 expression predicted better treatment response. It also correlates with the size of residual disease after debulking surgery, which is an important prognostic factor. Compared to those with low LNCRNA-MEG-3 expression, patients with high expression had significantly longer overall and disease-free survival (p = 0.0004 and p = 0.0002, respectively). The study highlights LNCRNA-MEG-3 as a valuable diagnostic and prognostic marker for EOC. Low expression of the long non-coding RNA MEG-3 is linked to aggressive tumor features and unfavorable clinical outcomes, stressing the importance of MEG-3 in managing EOC and tailoring the treatment to the individual patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background/Objectives: Oral Lichen Planus (OLP) is a common immune-mediated inflammatory disorder affecting the oral mucosa, impacting 0.5% to 2% of the global population, primarily middle-aged women. Immunological dysregulation is a key factor in OLP's pathogenesis, involving CD4+ T helper and CD8+ T cytotoxic cells. The World Health Organization (WHO) classifies OLP as a potentially malignant disorder, with a risk of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) developing in up to 2% of lesions. This narrative review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnostic criteria, and therapeutic strategies for OLP, informing clinical practice and guiding future research. Methods: A review of the literature from the PubMed and Google Scholar databases was conducted up to December 2023, focusing on studies addressing the etiopathogenesis, diagnosis, clinical manifestations, and treatment of OLP. Results: OLP's pathogenesis is driven by immune dysregulation, with CD4+ and CD8+ cells playing crucial roles. Clinically, OLP presents as reticular, erosive, bullous, and plaque-like lesions. Diagnosis relies on clinical examination, histopathology, and direct immunofluorescence. Recent advancements in diagnostic markers and imaging techniques have improved detection and monitoring. Treatment primarily involves corticosteroids, but novel therapies such as curcumin, retinoids, and laser therapy are increasingly used for their effectiveness and reduced side effects. These treatments show promise in symptom reduction and recurrence prevention, although long-term data are needed. Conclusions: Regular screenings and biopsies are essential due to OLP's likelihood of malignant transformation. This study urges further investigation into long-term results, improved diagnostic techniques, and evidence-based treatment regimens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The heat exchanger (HE) is a device that is used to complete the process of heat transfer between different matters without direct mixing. Therefore, it is of great importance in the transfer of energy and the completion of various energy transition processes. In the processes of HE between different energy systems, many factors influence and play a major and important role in the efficiency of transformation and exchange in forms of energy, such as the length, the material type, the exchange fluid, the surrounding environment, and many other factors. In this work, the effect of the HE length of the parallel and counter flow HEs was investigated based on the use of computer simulation programs. There was a significant impact of the exchange factors, especially the length of the HEs in both the parallel and counter-flow HEs, on the quality and efficiency of the HE and the temperature distribution. The overall evaluation shows that by increasing the length of the HE for both parallel and counter-flow HEs, the heat transfer is increased and the heat distribution becomes more homogeneous, which aids in enhancing the transfer of energy efficiency inside the HEs. Doi: 10.28991/ESJ-2022-06-01-010 Full Text: PDF

Background: Physicians are increasingly applying telehealth services in the hospital. The use of telehealth services helps to ensure that doctors treat patients and write prescriptions remotely without the need to meet physically with the patient. Methods: The study used a descriptive survey design, in which collection and sampling of data were standardized to represent the population of all physicians. The target population was all doctors in all private healthcare systems, King Saud Medical City (KSMC), and four hospitals in the southwest area of Saudi Arabia. Data were collected via a simple random sampling system and engaged questionnaires. Microsoft Office Excel was used for data entry and preparation of graphs and charts. Results: We collected data from 151 physicians in Cluster 1 hospitals. Most were males (74.8%) with a mean age of 31.14 years. Of these, 57.6% thought that telemedicine saved physicians' traveling time, 27.8% were satisfied with telemedicine services, 28.5% were not satisfied, and 43.7% were neutral; 61.6% thought that telemedicine was important for them, and 53.6% liked using telemedicine because of the similarity of participants' values and society values underlying its uses; 59.6% reported that telemedicine improved their job effectiveness and performance, while 58.9% reported that telemedicine enabled them to accomplish tasks more quickly and made them more productive. Conclusion: Physicians expressed a high level of satisfaction and a positive attitude toward telemedicine. Future researches are essential to see how attitudes about telemedicine have altered since the pandemic.

In this paper, we study a new concept of fuzzy sub-module, called fuzzy socle semi-prime sub-module that is a generalization the concept of semi-prime fuzzy sub-module and fuzzy of approximately semi-prime sub-module in the ordinary sense. This leads us to introduce level property which studies the relation between the ordinary and fuzzy sense of approximately semi-prime sub-module. Also, some of its characteristics and notions such as the intersection, image and external direct sum of fuzzy socle semi-prime sub-modules are introduced. Furthermore, the relation between the fuzzy socle semi-prime sub-module and other types of fuzzy sub-module presented.

Abstract The present study was carried out to develop cisplatin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (CCNP) and cisplatin-loaded chitosan nanoparticle surface linked to rituximab (mAbCCNP) as targeted delivery formulations. The two formulations (CCNP and mAbCCNP) exhibited significant physicochemical properties. The zetapotential (ZP) values of CCNP and mAbCCNP were 30.50 ± 5.64 and 26.90 ± 9.09 mV, respectively; while their particle sizes were 308.10 ± 1.10 and 349.40 ± 3.20 z.d.nm, respectively. The poly dispersity index (PDI) of CCNP was 0.257 ± 0.030 (66.6% PDI), while that of mAbCCNP was 0.444 ± 0.007 (57.60% PDI). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) revealed that CCNP had endothermic peaks at temperatures ranging from 135.50 to 157.69 °C. A sharp exothermic peak was observed at 95.79 °C, and an endothermic peak was observed at 166.60 °C. The XRD study on CCNP and mAbCCNP revealed distinct peaks at 2θ. Four peaks at 35.38°, 37.47°, 49.29°, and 59.94° corresponded to CCNP, while three distinct peaks at 36.6°, 49.12°, and 55.08° corresponded to mAbCCNP. The in vitro release of cisplatin from nanoparticles followed zero order kinetics in both CCNP and mAbCCNP. The profile for CCNP showed 43.80% release of cisplatin in 6 h (R2 = 0.9322), indicating linearity of release with minimal deviation. However, the release profile of mAbCCNP showed 22.52% release in 4 h (R2 = 0.9416), indicating linearity with sustained release. In vitro cytotoxicity studies on MCF-7 ATCC human breast cancer cell line showed that CCNP exerted good cytotoxicity, with IC50 of 4.085 ± 0.065 µg/mL. However, mAbCCNP did not elicit any cytotoxic effect. At a dose of 4.00 µg/mL cisplatin induced early apoptosis and late apoptosis, chromatin condensation, while it produced secondary necrosis at a dose of 8.00 µg/mL. Potential delivery system for cisplatin CCNP and mAbCCNP were successfully formulated. The results indicated that CCNP was a more successful formulation than mAbCCNP due to lack of specificity of rituximab against MCF-7 ATCC human breast cancer cells.

Abstract The distinction between chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL) with isolated Hodgkin/Reed–Sternberg cells (CLL-HRS; background milieu with a paucity of inflammatory cells) and overt transformation to classic Hodgkin lymphoma (CLL-HL; mixed inflammatory background) is incompletely understood. This retrospective study examined the clinicopathologic features of CLL-HRS (n = 15) and CLL-HL (n = 31) patients seen over the past three decades from a single institution. The phenotypic features of Reed–Sternberg cells in both groups were similar, including expression of CD30, CD15, and PAX5, as well as EBV status. However, a spectrum of background CLL/SLL infiltration amongst the HRS cells was noted on pathologic review, and four patients had both diagnoses, either concurrently or in succession. The median overall survival (OS) of patients with CLL-HRS was 17.5 months compared to 33.5 months for patients with CLL-HL (P = 0.24). Among patients with CLL-HRS, those who received Hodgkin-directed therapy had a significantly longer median OS (57 months) compared to those who received CLL-directed therapy (8.4 months, P = 0.02). Our clinical and pathologic findings suggest a biologic continuum between CLL-HRS and CLL-HL and indicate that CLL-HRS patients may benefit from Hodgkin-directed therapy.

Using phase-contracted synchrotron X-ray tomography, this study investigates the water distribution within the microporous layer (MPL) of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Synchrotron X-ray tomography used to analyze the water distribution in the whole gas diffusion medium (GDM), which comprises the microporous layer (MPL) and the gas diffusion layer (GDL). The MPL has already been identified. In the future, the development of GDMs could be employed to enhance the performance and operating conditions of PEMFCs.

Photovoltaic energy-generating has attracted widespread attention, because of its efficiency and environmental benefits. As the number of buildings floors increases, the area of the façade grows substantially larger than the roof, which led to increasing the potential for a solar system installed on the vertical walls, although they receive less solar radiation than roof surfaces. As a result, it has become critical to assess the solar installation possibilities on buildings’ roofs as well as facades in the early design stage. Accordingly, the aim of this paper is to present a method to evaluate the suitable area on the building surfaces for photovoltaic installation, taking Apartment buildings in Amman, Jordan as a case study. The methodology is based on the assessment of the incident solar radiation on different surfaces, considering the shading effect from surrounding buildings in the most common residential urban zone in Jordan, and architectural suitable areas for PV installation. Different simulation software was used, Autodesk Ecotect simulation software was used to calculate the incident solar radiation on the building surfaces and IDA ICE 4.8 simulation software to predict the overshadowing area. The main findings of this study show that conducting a solar potential in the early design stage is critical to defining the most suitable surfaces for PV installation. Moreover, the highest potential envelope part of installing the solar photovoltaic technologies is the roof because it is unshaded and received the highest solar radiation, followed by the south façade with about 40% less received solar radiation. This study can contribute to supporting energy and urban planners in determining the best locations for solar photovoltaic installations on building surfaces.