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The present study compared vacuum drum drying (VDD) and conventional spray drying (SD) for solidifying crystalline ABT-199 nanosuspensions into redispersible oral drug products. The aim was to optimize formulation compositions and process conditions to maintain nanoparticle size after tablet redispersion. The impact of drug load (22%, 33%, 44%) and type of drying protectant (mannitol, mannitol/trehalose mix (1:1), trehalose) on redispersibility and material powder properties were investigated. Moreover, compression analysis was performed assessing the influence of compaction pressure on primary nanocrystal redispersibility and tablet disintegration. Higher drug loads and lower drying protectant levels resulted in particle growth, confirming a drug load dependence on redispersibility behavior. Notably, all drying protectants showed similar protection properties at properly chosen drying process parameters (Tg-dependent), except when VDD was used for mannitol formulations. Differences between the applied drying processes were observed in terms of downstream processing and tabletability: mannitol-containing formulations solidified via VDD showed an improved processability compared to formulations with trehalose. In conclusion, VDD is a promising drying technique that offers advantageous downstream processability compared to SD and represents an attractive novel processing technology for the pharmaceutical industry. As demonstrated in the present study, VDD combines higher yields with a leaner manufacturing process flow. The improved bulk properties provide enhanced tabletability and enable direct compression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, emulsion plays a significant role in encapsulating nutrients and volatile essences. One of the new methods for emulsion production involves the use of nanoparticles. A novel approach in producing nanoparticles is through the utilization of spray drying nanoencapsulation. In this study, thyme emulsion produced by three methods (rotary, spray drying, and Tween 80) was investigated. The results of morphological analysis of chitosan-zein particles (produced by rotary and spray drying) using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that the powder obtained from spray drying exhibited some agglomerated and clumpy regions, while the image of the powder obtained from the rotary method showed a more homogeneous and uniform structure. Particle size measurements indicated that the largest particle size was observed in the emulsion produced using the nano spray drying nanoencapsulation device. The rheological behavior of the emulsions demonstrated an increase in shear stress with an increase in shear rate for all samples in this research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional drying processes used to dry high-quality baijiu yeast-Sporidiobolus johnsonii A do not offer advantages such as high efficiency, high survival rate, and low energy consumption. Therefore, we investigated the damage inactivation mechanism of S. johnsonii A for the spray drying process. Subsequently, the combined drying process and equipment for spray + vacuum-microwave-vibration were designed. The results reveal selective permeability damage and collapse owing to gel and anti-hexagonal phase transitions of the cell membrane, resulting in S. johnsonii A inactivation and massive inactivation at 52 °C with a water content of 0.21 and at 71 °C with a water content of 0.07, respectively. The combined drying process developed in this study successfully dried S. johnsonii A with high efficiency (1.1 h) and excellent quality (85.4 ± 2 %). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assessed the effect of whey protein isolate (WPI) and its coconut oil complexes (CO-WPI) on the viability of Limosilactobacillus reuteri KUB-AC5 during spray drying and storage. Varied CO concentrations (0%, 4%, and 8%, w/w) and spray drying temperatures (110 °C and 130 °C) influenced secondary structures, free sulfhydryl groups, disulfide bonds, and DPPH• and ABTS•+ scavenging activities of WPI. Throughout the spray drying and storage processes, CO-WPI effectively reduced lipid peroxidation in the probiotic membranes, as detected by advanced 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance, compared to WPI alone. Microencapsulation in 4CO-WPI at 110 °C provided the highest cell viability during drying (1.34 × 1011 CFU g−1), coupled with the highest cholesterol assimilation (58.43%). After 12 months at 4 °C, viability remained high (5.57 × 1010 CFU g−1). This study demonstrated CO-WPI's potential in reducing oxidative damage and improving probiotic survival, highlighting its efficacy as a microencapsulant in spray drying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing global consumption of coffee has positioned Colombia as the third largest producer worldwide. However, the processing of coffee beans generates significant by-products, such as mucilage, which is rich in phenolic compounds with antioxidant activity. Inadequate disposal of this waste creates environmental problems and economic losses. This research aimed to develop high-quality coffee mucilage capsules using spray drying technology. Chemically modified banana starch with octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA) and commercial maltodextrin were used as coating materials to enhance the properties of the capsules. Physicochemical and functional characterization was performed on samples of fresh and filtered coffee mucilage (MF), concentrated mucilage (MC), concentrated mucilage with the addition of maltodextrin and OSA-modified starch (MCMA), and finally, spray-dried coffee mucilage powder (MP). The antioxidant capacity (AC) of the mucilage was evaluated throughout the processing stages. MF showed an AC of 179.2 μmol of trolox/100 g, while the final coffee mucilage powder (MP) showed a significantly higher AC of 5444.35 μmol of trolox/100 g. Additionally, the MP showed a stability index of 0.48, water activity (aw) of 0.19, solubility of 14.64%, and a high water retention capacity of 90.53%. Microscopic analysis revealed amorphous structures with an average size of 29.16 ± 2.12 μm in the MP. These findings highlight the potential of spray drying with food-grade matrices such as OSA-modified banana starch to encapsulate coffee mucilage, preserving its antioxidant capacity and creating a new functional food ingredient with water retention properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biotechnological and pharmaceutical processes based on bacteria require an inoculum with high long-term viability. In order to provide a stabilized bacterial culture for biodegradation of ammonia and ammonium, the model species Kocuria rhizophila DSM 348 was spray-dried using different protective agents. Providing a medium with 200 g/L skimmed milk powder (SMP) and 12.5 g/L monosodium L-glutamate (MSG) resulted in a survival rate of 99.1% ± 3.6% immediately after spray drying, whereas 200 g/L trehalose and 12.5 g/L MSG led to a lower viability (34.7% ± 5.9%). A reference medium with phosphates (7 g/L KH2PO4 + 7 g/L K2HPO4) accomplished a survival rate of 9.8% ± 2.9%. Long-term experiments confirmed high viability of spray-dried bacteria after 52 weeks at 4 °C with less than 1 log-reduction compared to the first day of storage, resulting in powders with at least 1010 CFU/g. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Amoxicillin trihydrate possesses poor solubility, compressibility, and flow behavior. Amorphous solid dispersion prepared by spray drying could solve all three problems at the same time. Objective. To prepare amorphous solid dispersion after screening of polymers by solvent casting method using a spray drying method. Methods. The solvent casting method was used to screen polymers, PVP/VA S-630, PVP K30, Soluplus, PEG 4000, HPMC AS, and HPMC HP55, in 1 : 1 and 2 : 3 ratios and followed by spray drying after polymer selection. Results. The dissolution performance of the formulation improved with time. The optimum feed rate and feed concentration were found to have an impact on the flow properties and particle size of spray-dried formulations, and they were selected as independent variables in a 32 full factorial statistical design. The ANOVA and regression analysis suggest that the developed regression model has a significant overall fit to the data and can explain a substantial proportion of the variability in the dissolution at 10 minutes. The optimized batch was selected based on the decisive factors of minimum and maximum values of response variables. Overall, the optimized batch demonstrated improved characteristics in terms of percentage yield (32.81%), dissolution at 10 min (49.70%), and angle of repose at 31.42°. Conclusion. This study provides valuable insights into optimizing formulation strategies for preserving the amorphous state of drugs and contributes to the development of stable pharmaceutical formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a new micro delivery system based on an anionic methacrylate copolymer, able to improve the biological response of myo-inositol by daily oral administration, was manufactured by spray-drying. It has an ideal dose form for oral administration, with an experimental drug loading (DL)% of 14% and a regulated particle size of less than 15 µm. The new formulation features an improvement on traditional formulations used as a chronic therapy for the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome. The microparticles' release profile was studied and ex vivo porcine intestinal mucosa permeation experiments were performed to predict potential improvements in oral absorption. Batch n. 3, with the higher Eudragit/MI weight ratio (ratio = 6), showed the best-modified release profiles of the active ingredient, ensuring the lowest myo-inositol loss in an acidic environment. The in vivo evaluation of the myo-inositol micro delivery system was carried out in a rat animal model to demonstrate that the bioavailability of myo-inositol was increased when compared to the administration of the same dosage of the pure active ingredient. The AUC and Cmax of the loaded active molecule in the micro delivery system was improved by a minimum of 1.5 times when compared with the pure substance, administered with same dosage and route. Finally, the increase of myo-inositol levels in the ovary follicles was assessed to confirm that a daily administration of the new formulation improves myo-inositol concentration at the site of action, resulting in an improvement of about 1.25 times for the single administration and 1.66 times after 7 days of repeated administration when compared to pure MI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite being nutrient-dense fruits with loads of bioactives, strawberries have a limited shelf life due to highly perishable nature. Therefore, to develop powders and extracts from these fruits through implementation of novel technologies is gaining importance. In current work strawberries pulp was dried through spray drying followed by ultrasonic assisted extraction using 70 % ethanol, to compare phytochemicals of fresh strawberries and strawberry powder. Both fresh strawberries and spray dried strawberry powder were found rich source of fiber, ash, protein and important minerals, however, strawberry powder presented significantly high fiber (4.72 %), ash (3.88 %) and protein (6.12 %). Total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total carotenoid content (TC), DPPH free radical scavenging activity, total anthocyanins, vitamin C and β-carotene were found in significantly high amounts in ultrasonic assisted extracts of spray dried strawberry powder with values 480.18 mg GAE/100 g, 233.90 mg CE/100 g, 250.18 mg/100 g, 82.48 mg AAE/100 g, 8.04 mg/100 g, 32.16 mg/100 g and 92.03 mg/100 g, respectively. As compared to the ultrasonic assisted ethanolic extracts of fresh strawberries, the extracts of dried powder exhibited significantly high (p ≤ 0.05) antimicrobial activities. Thus, aforementioned techniques could prove useful for optimum retention of bioactives in strawberry powder.

AbstractMicroencapsulation improves the stability of liquid food by moving it to a free form of powder. In the current study, Nigella sativa Oil (NSO) emulsion mixture was spray dried under various operating conditions, including inlet air temperature (IAT) of 130, 145, and 160 °C, wall material (WM), 10, 15, and 20%; feed rate (FR), 6, 9, and 12 mL/min; and needle speeds (NS) of 6, 8, and 10 s. The conditions of 130 °C (IAT), 15% (WM), 9 mL/min (FR), and 6 s (NS) produced the highest encapsulation efficiency (EE) of 89.51 ± 0.90%. At 160 °C (IAT), 15% (WM), 9 mL/min (FR), as well as 8 s (NS), the minimum EE was observed to be 79.15 ± 0.61%, and the maximum model predicted value of (EE) was 89.46 ± 0.80%. IAT has a substantial impact on EE while improving the oxidative quality of spray-dried microcapsule (SDM) samples. The SDM sample sensory scores fell within acceptable limits. Therefore, the spray-drying method developed from Nigella sativa Oil can be recommended for different fortifying food products.

Freeze-dried ginger ( Zingiber officinale ) is renowned for its high quality, but it is expensive. As an alternative, spray drying can be explored for producing ginger powder. However, sugar rich feed solutions can lead to stickiness development during the process. Adding carrier materials increases costs and labeling. Accordingly, a split-stream spray-drying process was developed, where ginger fibers in their natural composition were reintroduced as a carrier material into the spray-drying process. The inlet and outlet temperatures were set at 220 and 80 °C, respectively, for optimal aroma retention. Using a stir bar sorptive extraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-olfactometry, the results revealed that reintegrating ginger fibers significantly increased the concentration of eight key odorants. Although freeze-dried ginger retains more aroma, the total concentration of twenty-seven odorants in the developed spray-dried ginger was 1.9 times higher compared to frozen ginger.

Conventional spray drying using a 2-fluid nozzle forms matrix microparticles, where drug is distributed throughout the particle and may not effectively mask taste. In contrast, spray drying using a 3-fluid nozzle has been reported to encapsulate material. The objective of this study was to spray dry Eudragit® E-PO (EE) with acetaminophen (APAP), a water-soluble model drug with a bitter taste, using 2- and 3-fluid nozzles for taste masking. Spray drying EE with APAP, however, resulted in yields of ≤ 13 %, irrespective of nozzle configuration. Yields improved when Eudragit® L 100-55 (EL) or Methocel® E6 (HPMC) was used in the inner fluid stream of the 3-fluid nozzle or in place of EE for the 2-fluid nozzle. Drug release from microparticles prepared with the 2-fluid nozzle was relatively rapid. Using EE in the outer fluid stream of the 3-fluid nozzle resulted in comparatively slower drug release, although drug release was observed, indicating that encapsulation was incomplete. Results from these studies also show that miscible polymers used in the two fluid streams mix during the spray drying process. In addition, findings from this study indicate that the polymer used in the inner fluid stream can impact drug release., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Linda Felton reports financial support was provided by National Institutes of Health. Linda Felton has patent #17/111,645 pending to University of New Mexico. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Pullulan was used as the wall material for microencapsulation of L. plantarum CRD7 by spray drying, while isomalto-oligosaccharides (IMO) was used as prebiotic. Also, the effect of different thermal protectants on survival rate during microencapsulation was evaluated. Taguchi orthogonal array design showed that pullulan at 14 % concentration, IMO at 30 % concentration and whey protein isolate at 20 % rate were the optimized wall material, prebiotic and thermal protectant, respectively for microencapsulation of L. plantarum. FESEM images revealed that the spray-dried encapsulates were fibrous similar to those produce by electrospinning, while fluorescence microscopy ascertained that most of the probiotic cells were alive and intact after microencapsulation. The adsorption-desorption isotherm was of Type II and the encapsulate had specific surface area of 1.92 m 2 /g and mean pore diameter of 15.12 nm. The typical amide II and III bands of the bacterial proteins were absent in the FTIR spectra, suggestive of adequate encapsulation. DSC thermogram showed shifting of melting peaks to wider temperature range due to interactions between the probiotic and wall materials. IMO at 30 % (w/w) along with WPI at 20 % concentration provided the highest storage stability and the lowest rate of cell death of L. plantarum after microencapsulation. Acid and bile salt tolerance results confirmed that microencapsulated L. plantarum could sustain the harsh GI conditions with >7.5 log CFU/g viability. After microencapsulation, L. plantarum also possessed the ability to ferment milk into curd with pH of 4.62., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Spray-drying of nucleic acid-based drugs designed for gene therapy or gene knockdown is associated with many advantages including storage stability and handling as well as the possibility of pulmonary application. The encapsulation of nucleic acids in nanoparticles prior to spray-drying is one strategy for obtaining efficient formulations. This, however, strongly relies on the definition of optimal nanoparticles, excipients and spray-drying conditions. Among polymeric nanoparticles, polyethylenimine (PEI)-based complexes with or without chemical modifications have been described previously as very efficient for gene or oligonucleotide delivery. The tyrosine-modification of linear or branched low molecular weight PEIs, or of polypropylenimine (PPI) dendrimers, has led to high complex stability, improved cell uptake and transfection efficacy as well as high biocompatibility. In this study, we identify optimal spray-drying conditions for PEI-based nanoparticles containing large plasmid DNA or small siRNAs, and further explore the spray-drying of nanoparticles containing chemically modified polymers. Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), but not trehalose or lactose, is particularly well-suited as excipient, retaining or even enhancing transfection efficacies compared to fresh complexes. A big mesh size is critically important as well, while the variation of the spray-drying temperature plays a minor role. Upon spray-drying, microparticles in a ∼ 3.3 - 8.5 µm size range (laser granulometry) are obtained, dependent on the polymers. Upon their release from the spray-dried material, the nanoparticles show increased sizes and markedly altered zeta potentials as compared to their fresh counterparts. This may contribute to their high efficacy that is seen also after prolonged storage of the spray-dried material. We conclude that these spray-dried systems offer a great potential for the preparation of nucleic acid drug storage forms with facile reconstitution, as well as for their direct pulmonary application as dry powder., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Vitamin E encapsulation into biopolymer-based microparticles, obtained by spray-drying technology, was proposed to improve the encapsulation efficiency and the controlled release of fat-soluble vitamin. Binary and ternary blends of pectin, modified chitosan and modified starch, modified starch + modified chitosan, modified starch + pectin, modified chitosan + pectin and modified starch + modified chitosan + pectin ((0.33, 0.33, 0.33), (0.70, 0.15, 0.15), (0.15, 0.70, 0.15) and (0.15, 0.15, 0.70)) were proposed to produce and evaluate different carrier-based delivery systems. Vitamin E-loaded microparticles and empty microparticles were created with a product yield between 9 and 49 %. The mean diameter among all microparticles varied between 3.74 ± 0.02 and 421 ± 21 μm (differential volume distribution). Oval, spherical or irregular microparticles, with a variable morphology from a smooth to a high rough surface structure, with concavities, were produced. All vitamin E-loaded microparticles exhibited an encapsulation efficiency higher than 70 %. The slower vitamin E controlled release was observed from microparticles composed by modified chitosan (>36 h), while the faster release was achieved from microparticles individually composed by pectin (39 min). In general, the Fickian diffusion is the main release mechanism involved in the microparticles produced with modified chitosan, other formulations combine also other mechanisms such as swelling., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors report no declarations of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

This study investigated the effects of β-glucan (0-6%) on the physicochemical properties, structure, and in vitro digestibility of highland barley starch (HBS) under spray drying (SD). SD significantly enhanced the inhibitory effect of 6% β-glucan on the in vitro digestibility and glucose diffusion of HBS. After SD, the addition of β-glucan at 4% and 6% concentration significantly increased the pasting temperatures of starch while decreased the rheological properties. Thermal properties demonstrated that β-glucan improved the thermal stability and residue content of HBS at 600°C, lowered its maximum loss rate, and maintained its thermal stability after SD. Structural properties showed that β-glucan affected greatly on amorphous regions of HBS after SD. Additionally, β-glucan dispersed more evenly in the starch system and experienced hydrogen bonding with starch after SD. This study presents a novel approach to enhancing the inhibitory effect of β-glucan on starch digestion., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Despite extensive research in spray drying of biopharmaceuticals, identifying the optimal formulation composition and process conditions to minimize the various stresses a biopharmaceutical undergoes during this drying process. The current study extends previous research on investigating how spray drying processing and solution composition can affect the stability of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in reconstituted solutions for subcutaneous injections. The decoupling process stresses on a model mAb (mAb-A) compared to the effect of coupled spray-drying stresses revealed that excipients and protein concentration had a more pronounced effect on stabilizing mAb-A against shear and thermal/dehydration stresses than spray drying operating conditions. These results prompted the continuation of the study, with the aim to investigate in greater depth the effect of mAb-A concentration in the formulation designated to spray-drying and then the effect of type and the concentration of individual excipients (sugars, amino acids and surfactants). The outcomes of this investigation suggest that a general increase in the concentration of excipients, particularly surfactants, correlates with a reduction in aggregation and turbidity observed in the reconstituted spray-dried mAb-A powders. These results, contribute to the identification of a suitable composition for a spray-dried mAb-A powder that ensures robust stability of the protein in reconstituted solutions intended for subcutaneous injection. This valuable insight has important implications for advancing the development of pharmaceutical formulations with enhanced stability and efficacy., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Lulo (Solanum quitoense Lam.) is an exotic fruit with high potential in international markets due to its intense aromatic characteristics and its content of nutritional and bioactive compounds. However, it is highly perishable, which backslashes its potential for international exportation. Despite the drying processes affect the nutritional and sensory characteristics, fruit powders obtained by spray drying are promising products for the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. This work was conducted aiming to optimize the spray-drying process of lulo pulp. A Box-Behnken design with response surface methodology was used, in which the factors evaluated were inlet air temperature (160 - 220 °C), maltodextrin concentration (15-35%), and whey protein concentration (WPC) (1-5% w/w). The feed rate and air velocity were kept constant at 4 mL/min and 9 m/s, respectively. The optimization resulted in an inlet air temperature of 205.6 °C, 35% maltodextrin, and 1.96% WPC. Under these conditions, the mathematical model estimated a powder yield of 62.8%, a moisture content of 2.3 %, a bulk density of 0.49 g/mL, a solubility of 91.9 %, and an ascorbic acid content of 120.8 mg/100 g powder. The optimal process conditions and the mixture of encapsulants (MD and WPC) allow for obtaining lulo powder with adequate yield and quality characteristics.

Pomegranate peel polyphenols (PPPs) are recognized as promising food additives due to their diverse bioactivities; however, their application is limited by poor stability. To address this critical issue, three types of PPPs microcapsules were prepared using β-cyclodextrin (CD), whey protein isolate (WPI), and a composite material of CD-WPI through ultrasound treatment (US). Results revealed that ultrasound treatment can enhance the PPPs-wall material interaction, as evidenced by MD simulations. The encapsulation efficiency of CD-WPI-PPPs was 93.73 %, which was significantly higher than that of CD-PPPs and WPI-PPPs (p < 0.05). The degradation rate constant of CD-WPI-PPPs was reduced by 95.83 %, and its t 1/2 was extended by 23-fold compared to that of unencapsulated PPPs. Furthermore, CD-WPI-PPPs exhibited greater DPPH scavenging activity and inhibited polyphenol release during oral and gastric digestion while promoting release during intestinal digestion. These outcomes were attributed to enhanced integrity and interactions between PPPs and composite materials in the microcapsules formed through ultrasound treatment, as supported by SEM images and FT-IR spectra. Consequently, the application of US in the preparation of PPPs microcapsules presents a promising strategy for developing natural nutrient additives for food applications, thereby enhancing the functional properties of food products., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

The aim of the present study was to investigate how different polymers affect the dissociation of cocrystals prepared by co-spray-drying active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), coformer, and polymer. Diclofenac acid-l-proline cocrystal (DPCC) was selected in this study as a model cocrystal due to its previously reported poor physical stability in a high-humidity environment. Polymers investigated include polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), poly(1-vinylpyrrolidone- co -vinyl acetate) (PVPVA), hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate, ethyl cellulose, and Eudragit L-100. Terahertz Raman spectroscopy (THz Raman) and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) were used to monitor the cocrystal dissociation rate in a high-humidity environment. A Raman probe was used in situ to monitor the extent of the dissociation of DPCC and DPCC in crystalline solid dispersions (CSDs) with polymer when exposed to pH 6.8 phosphate buffer and water. The solubility of DPCC and solid dispersions of DPCC in pH 6.8 phosphate buffer and water was also measured. The dissociation of DPCC was water-mediated, and more than 60% of DPCC dissociated in 18 h at 40 °C and 95% RH. Interestingly, the physical stability of the cocrystal was effectively improved by producing CSDs with polymers. The inclusion of just 1 wt % polymer in a CSD with DPCC protected the cocrystal from dissociation over 18 h under the same conditions. Furthermore, the CSD with PVPVA was still partially stable, and the CSD with PVP was stable (undissociated) after 7 days. The superior stability of DPCC in CSDs with PVP and PVPVA was also demonstrated when systems were exposed to water or pH 6.8 phosphate buffer and resulted in higher dynamic solubility of the CSDs compared to DPCC alone. The improvement in physical stability of the cocrystal in CSDs was thought to be due to an efficient mixing between polymer and cocrystal at the molecular level provided by spray drying and in situ gelling of polymer. It is hypothesized that polymer chains could undergo gelling in situ and form a physical barrier, preventing cocrystal interaction with water, which contributes to slowing down the water-mediated dissociation.

Amorphous solid dispersions feature prominently in the approach to mitigate low bioavailability of poorly water-soluble small molecules, particularly in the early development space focusing on toxicity evaluations and clinical studies in normal healthy volunteers, where high exposures are needed to establish safety margins. Spray drying has been the go-to processing route for a number of reasons, including ubiquitous availability of equipment, the ability to accommodate small scale deliveries, and established processes for delivering single phase amorphous material. Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) with low glass transition temperatures (T g ) can pose challenges to this approach. This study addresses multiple routes towards overcoming issues encountered with a low T g (∼ 12 °C) API during manufacture of a spray dry intermediate (SDI). Even once formulated as an amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) with HPMCAS-LG, the T g of the ASD was sufficiently low to require the use of non-ideal solvents, posing safety concerns and ultimately resulting in low yields with frequent process interruptions to resolve product build-up. To resolve challenges with spray drying the HPMCAS-L SDI, higher T g polymers were assessed during spray drying, and an alternative antisolvent precipitation-based process was evaluated to generate co-precipitated amorphous dispersions (cPAD) with either HPMCAS-L or the additional higher T g polymers. Both approaches were found to be viable alternatives to achieve single phase ASDs while demonstrating comparable in vitro and in vivo bioperformance compared to the SDI. The results of this effort offer valuable considerations for future early-stage activities for ASDs with low T g APIs., Competing Interests: Declaration of Interests The authors declare they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the results reported in this manuscript., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Ginkgo biloba extract (GBLE) contains many bioactives including flavonoids and terpene trilactones that play some pharmacological roles. These compounds are sensitive to operating conditions; so, encapsulation is a suitable approach to protect them. In this study, different carriers including maltodextrin (MD), and its combination with gum-Arabic (MD-GA), whey protein concentrate (MD-WPC), and whey-protein hydrolysate (MD-HWPC) were used to encapsulate GBLE. Powder production yield, physicochemical/functional characteristics, physical stability and flowability of particles were affected by the type and composition of carriers. FTIR results indicated the placement of phenolic compounds in the carrier matrix. The SEM images also showed the morphological changes of particles (especially the size, indentation and surface shrinkage) under the influence of various carriers. Microencapsulated powders formulated using MD-HWPC showed the highest values of TPC, DPPH, and ABTS and a lighter color which determined the suitability of this wall material (due to the improvement of surface activity and emulsifying properties of protein as a result of partial enzymatic hydrolysis) to protect the antioxidant properties of GBLE during spray-drying, improving the production yield and preserving physical and functional characteristics of the encapsulated powders., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest All authors declare that they have no competing interests., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

This study proposes a new material-efficient multi-step machine learning (ML) approach for the development of a design space (DS) for spray drying proteins. Typically, a DS is developed by performing a design of experiments (DoE) with the spray dryer and the protein of interest, followed by deriving the DoE models via multi-variate regression. This approach was followed as a benchmark to the ML approach. The more complex the process and required accuracy of the final model is, the more experiments are necessary. However, most biologics are expensive and thus experiments should be kept to a minimum. Therefore, the suitability of using a surrogate material and ML for the development of a DS was investigated. To this end, a DoE was performed with the surrogate and the data used for training the ML approach. The ML and DoE model predictions were compared to measurements of three protein-based validation runs. The suitability of using lactose as surrogate was investigated and advantages of the proposed approach were demonstrated. Limitations were identified at protein concentrations >35 mg/ml and particle sizes of x 50 >6 µm. Within the investigated DS protein secondary structure was preserved, and most process settings, resulted in yields >75% and residual moisture <10 wt%., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Probiotic microorganisms provide health benefits to the patient when administered in a viable form and in sufficient doses. To ensure this, dry dosage forms are preferred, with tablets in particular being favored due to several advantages. However, the microorganisms must first be dried as gently as possible. Here, the model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae was dried by spray drying. Various additives were tested for their ability to improve yeast cell survival during drying. In addition, the influence of various process parameters such as inlet temperature, outlet temperature, spray rate, spray pressure and nozzle diameter was investigated. It was possible to dry the yeast cells in such a way that a substantial proportion of living microorganisms was recovered after reconstitution. Systematic variation of formulation and process parameters showed that the use of protective additives is essential and that the outlet temperature determines the survival rate. The subsequent compression of the spray-dried yeast reduced viability and survival could hardly be improved by the addition of excipients, but the tabletability of spray-dried yeast protectant particles was quite good. For the first time, loss of viability during compaction of spray-dried microorganisms was correlated with the specific densification, allowing a deeper understanding of the mechanism of cell inactivation during tableting., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Microcapsules of ciriguela peel extracts obtained by ultrasound-assisted extraction were prepared by spray drying, whose results were compared with those of freeze-drying as a control. The effects of spray-drying air temperature, feed flow rate and ratio of encapsulating agents (maltodextrin and arabic gum) were studied. Encapsulation efficiency, moisture content, total phenolic compounds (TPC), water activity, hygroscopicity, solubility, colorimetric parameters, phenolic profile by HPLC/DAD, simulated gastrointestinal digestion and morphology of spray-dried and freeze-dried microcapsules were evaluated, as well as their stability of TPC during 90 days storage at 7 and 25 °C. Spray-dried extract showed higher encapsulation efficiency (98.83%) and TPC (476.82 mg GAE g -1 ) than freeze-dried extract. The most abundant compounds in the liquid extract of ciriguela peel flour were rutin, epicatechin gallate, chlorogenic acid and quercetin. Rutin and myricetin were the major flavonoids in the spray-dried extract, while quercetin and kaempferol were in the freeze-dried one. The simulated gastrointestinal digestion test of microencapsulated extracts revealed the highest TPC contents after the gastric phase and the lowest one after the intestinal one. Rutin was the most abundant compound after the digestion of both spray-dried (68.74 µg g -1 ) and freeze-dried (93.98 µg g -1 ) extracts. Spray-dried microcapsules were of spherical shape, freeze-dried products of irregular structures. Spray-dried microcapsules had higher phenolic compounds contents after 90 days of storage at 7 °C compared to those stored at 25 °C, while the lyophilized ones showed no significant difference between the two storage temperatures. The ciriguela agro-industrial residue can be considered an interesting alternative source of phenolic compounds that could be used, in the form of bioactive compounds-rich powders, as an ingredient in pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries., (© 2023. Springer Nature Limited.)

Background: Sour cherry juice concentrate powder can serve as a modern, easy-to-handle, phenolics-rich merchandise; however, its transformation into powdered form requires the addition of carriers. In line with the latest trends in food technology, this study valorizes the use of dairy by-products (whey protein concentrate, whey, buttermilk, and mixes with maltodextrin) as carriers. A new multiple approach for higher drying yield, phenolics retention (phenolic acids, flavonols and anthocyanins) and antioxidant capacity of powders were tested as an effect of simultaneous decrease of drying temperature due to the drying air dehumidification and lower carrier content., Results: Dairy-based carriers were effective for spray drying of sour cherry-juice concentrate. The drying yield was increased and retention of phenolics was higher when compared with maltodextrin. The application of dehumidified air, which enabled the drying temperature to be reduced, affected drying yield positively, and also affected particle morphology and retention of phenolics (the phenolic content was approximately 30% higher than with spray drying)., Conclusions: The study proved that it is possible to apply dairy-based by-products to produce sour cherry juice concentrate powders profitably, lowering the spray-drying temperature and changing the carrier content. Dehumidified air spray drying can be recommended for the production of fruit juice concentrate powders with improved physicochemical properties. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry., (© 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.)

Extracellular vesicles are nanosized lipid-bilayered spheres secreted from every living cell and they serve physiological and pathophysiological functions. Bacterial membrane vesicles are shed from both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and harbor many virulence factors, nuclear material, polysaccharides, proteins, and antigenic determinants, which are essential for immune recognition and evasion. Hence, bacterial membrane vesicles are very promising vaccine candidates. Spray drying is a well-established pharmaceutical technique to produce inhalable dry powders with enhanced stability for formulations of vaccines. In this chapter, we illustrate general guidelines for spray drying of bacterial extracellular vesicles to improve their stability without compromising their immunogenic protective effect. We discuss some of the most important experiments to characterize the generated spray-dried bacterial membrane vesicle powder vaccine., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Spray drying is still the most significant method for polyphenols encapsulation, which offers numerous advantages such as facilitating the handling of unstable polyphenols from liquid extracts, improving their solubility, and enhancing stability, degradation protection, controlling or delaying the release, and masking unappealing tastes or odours. The selection of the most suitable wall material is one of the most challenging tasks. Over the past decade, there has been a growing trend toward using new types of wall materials for polyphenols encapsulation by spray drying, either as additional compounds or as complete substitutes for traditional wall materials. This review aims to present the properties and applications of such alternative green wall materials. The term "alternative green" refers to the origin of materials derived from by-products and waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. animalis is a microorganism integrated into the human intestinal microbiota and performs a probiotic function through mechanisms that promote the absorption of nutrients, the modulation of the immune system, and the production of lactic acid, among other aspects. Microencapsulation using maltodextrin promotes the protection of microorganisms against physical and chemical factors, improving viability over time. Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. animalis was microencapsulated through spray-drying using maltodextrin. Survival under pH conditions, bile salts, and temperature were evaluated as well as its viability during storage conditions. The viability of the encapsulated agent stored at 25 °C remained high and constant during the first three weeks. The results for free and microencapsulated thermal tolerance showed an important difference among survival percentages of each tested temperature, and microencapsulation showed a protective effect against temperatures like or lower than 55 °C. Regarding pH 2.5 exposure for 3h, there is a survival of 5.38% for free microorganisms in contrast to 11.87% for encapsulated, whereas in a pH 3.5 for 3h, the encapsulated agent showed a survival of 23%. The results obtained from encapsulated cells stressed with a 1g/L concentration of bile salts showed a survival of 19%, while free cells presented a total loss of viability when subjected for 3h at the same concentration. Microencapsulated Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. animalis demonstrated potential for its use incorporated into foods, but it is necessary to improve viability conditions during storage and survival under gastric stress conditions.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of cloudy beetroot juice powders with or without a carrier obtained by spray drying using an innovative method of dehumidified air that enabled drying in low temperatures and, consequently, with a reduced carrier content. Phenolic content, betacyanin content, antioxidant activity and the content and types of aromatic compounds of the produced powders were examined. Powders obtained at a lower temperature (90 °C) without carriers were characterized by the highest share of aromatic volatile compounds, the highest content of betalains and polyphenols and the highest antioxidant activity. The addition of carriers (including the variant with added pomace as a natural type of carrier) did not indicate the protection of the active substances present in the juice. The powders obtained with carrier addition compared with those without the carrier addition were characterized by lower antioxidant activity, lower content of betalains and polyphenols and a lower amount of aromatic volatile compounds. No significant differences were found in the content of bioactive and aromatic compounds between powders obtained using different carriers (skim milk powder, Nutriose, maltodextrin and kleptose).

A simple and scalable approach to fabricate monodispersed Si 3 N 4 hollow microspheres (Si 3 N 4 HMs) with uniform spherical structures is proposed in this study. This approach involves spray drying of Si 3 N 4 precursor, followed by carbothermal reduction nitridation. The homogeneous Si 3 N 4 precursor was first obtained by mixing phenolic resins and silicon resins, which are carbon and silicon sources, respectively. The spray drying process was then tuned by regulating the viscosity of the precursor by adding polyvinyl butyral in an appropriate ratio. Next, the hollow precursor microspheres were pyrolyzed at 1500 °C for 6 h, while ensuring that the shells of the obtained Si 3 N 4 HMs remained intact. Porous Si 3 N 4 ceramics with different contents of Si 3 N 4 HMs were then prepared using the gel-casting method. It was observed that the densities and dielectric constants of the porous Si 3 N 4 ceramics decreased with an increasing Si 3 N 4 HMs content. Thus, the proposed approach can be used for the synthesis of Si 3 N 4 HMs, that can be further processed into ceramic materials with both low densities and dielectric constants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spray drying is a process that involves instantaneous conversion of a liquid or slurry into a free‐flowing powder in the presence of hot air or nitrogen gas current in a drying chamber. The technique is usually used to encapsulate active molecules like essential oils, plant extracts, fragrances, flavours and enzymes within a wall material. The encapsulation provides chemical and physical stability to the actives by converting them into free‐flowing powders which prevents their susceptibility to external atmospheric conditions like temperature, humidity, UV exposure and chemical oxidation. Spray drying encapsulation has an edge over other encapsulation techniques because it is fast, simple, efficient and economically feasible. The article focuses on encapsulating various essential oils within natural polymers and emulsifiers by spray drying methods to form stable microcapsules. The review also provides information on different types of spray drying equipment and process parameters like the type of atomiszer and nozzles, inlet–outlet temperature and type of cyclones. All the process parameters and materials are found to influence the physicochemical properties of the microencapsulates of essential oils. The review also discusses the effects of process parameters and materials on the encapsulation efficiency, moisture content, bulk and tapped density, agglomeration properties and thermal stability of the microencapsulates. Thus, the consolidated review will provide an overview of various optimization parameters and governing factors for obtaining microencapsulates of essential oils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process of drying probiotic bacteria to enhance their storage stability is important for the food industry. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of various drying techniques and food-grade protectants in preserving the viability of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis KMP H9-01 during drying and under prolonged storage conditions. Among the four protectants tested (skim milk, trehalose, sucrose, and maltodextrin), trehalose and skim milk at 5% (w/v) were selected for freeze- and spray-drying, each conducted at different temperatures. This evaluation encompasses survivability and the observation of the shelf life of probiotic powders. The results demonstrated that spray-drying at 160 °C/80 °C, with either skim milk or trehalose as a protectant, yielded the highest viable cell counts (>log 7 CFU/g) even after 6 months of storage at room temperature in the range of 25–30 °C, regardless of the use of vacuum and nonvacuum packaging. Notably, the calculated inactivation rate values (KRT) demonstrated remarkable stability, ranging from 5.36 × 10−2 to 5.82 × 10−2 day−1. Furthermore, the decimal reduction time (DRT) values predicted that a 90% reduction in probiotic cell number would require approximately 1.3 to 1.4 months at room temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jinicuil seed starch (JSS) was partially characterized and then evaluated as wall material. JSS showed higher content of proteins, lipids, and resistant starch than commercial corn starch (CCS). JSS granules presented both oval-spherical shapes and heterogeneous sizes (~1–40 µm) and exhibited a crystallinity lower than CCS with an A-type X-ray diffraction pattern. Both gelatinization peak and final viscosity values in the pasting profile were higher in JSS than in CCS. At 90 °C, the water solubility was 22% and the swelling power was 17 g g−1. Under refrigeration and freeze-thaw, the JSS gel showed high stability. JSS showed a significant presence of protein and small particles; therefore, it was evaluated as wall material in spray drying. The results showed the formation of spherical aggregates and encapsulation efficiencies of L-ascorbic acid of 14.97–81.84%, with process yields of 19.96–27.64%, under the conditions evaluated. JSS has a potential application in the food industry but also as wall material for microencapsulation by spray drying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aimed to reduce the loss of thermally unstable nutrients during the powder production process using closed-loop spray drying using an innovative carrier, coconut husk powder. β-carotene was selected as the subject of this study because it decomposes easily, but it is essential for the human body. The use of coconut husk powder as the carrier achieved an excellent powder recovery rate (RR) and β-carotene concentration compared with whey protein isolate, maltodextrin, cellulose, pectin, casein, and other commonly used carriers. The optimal outlet air temperature for spray drying was also found to be 50-55 °C. Coconut husk powder showed an excellent powder recovery rate (84%) and concentration (0.32 mg/g), which is high compared with the other carriers, because of its multi-layered spherical structure. The coconut powder also increased the stability of β-carotene. After being exposed to a temperature of 85 °C for 6 h, coconut husk powder was more resistant to high temperatures than maltodextrin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]