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Carbon capture and utilization (CCU) stands as a pioneering solution to counter greenhouse gas emissions linked to fossil fuel consumption. Research in the utilization of CO2 with sodium-rich sources, particularly industrial waste, for the synthesis of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) has made significant progress. Despite the potential benefits, challenges such as sluggish reaction kinetics, solvent evaporation, product purity concerns, and the generation of secondary waste have hindered the widespread commercial adoption of this process. This comprehensive review delves into the various sodium carbonation pathways used in the conversion of CO2, focusing on advanced modification technologies that offer viable solutions to enhance the efficiency and economic viability of the process. The study meticulously explores the different methods employed for sodium bicarbonate synthesis, encompassing soda ash carbonation, Solvay process, ammonia sulfate, sodium hydroxide, and the electrochemical conversion of CO2. The essential chemical reactions, crucial precipitation parameters, and simulation and modelling endeavors aimed at upscale implementation of the carbonation associated with each carbonation method are thoroughly discussed. The incorporation of process and mass transfer intensification approaches can enhance the carbonation process, unlocking the potential of sodium carbonation pathways for a sustainable CCU process. Over all, the study aims to shed light on the existing constraints and pave the way for future innovation and effective implementation strategies in the field of carbon capture and utilization.

Electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) training has been recognized as an effective modality for improving body composition, enhancing body strength, and facilitating injury recovery. However, individuals who are new to EMS training and those with certain chronic diseases should exercise caution due to the increased risk of rhabdomyolysis. This case report describes the occurrence of rhabdomyolysis and gluteal compartment syndrome following a single session of EMS training in a 46-year-old Caucasian female professional athlete. The patient was successfully managed with intensive intravenous fluid therapy and sodium bicarbonate supplementation, along with close monitoring of electrolytes and renal function. Electrical muscle stimulation training poses an increased risk of severe complications in individuals with chronic diseases and myopathy. Therefore, careful subject selection is required for EMS training in individuals with chronic diseases and myopathy to prevent common side effects. For individuals trying EMS training for the first time, it is recommended to avoid high-frequency EMS exercises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compared the recommended dose of sodium citrate (SC, 500 mg/kg body mass) and sodium bicarbonate (SB, 300 mg/kg body mass) for blood alkalosis (blood [HCO3−]) and gastrointestinal symptoms (GIS; number and severity). Sixteen healthy individuals ingested the supplements in a randomized, crossover design. Gelatin capsules were ingested over 15 min alongside a carbohydrate-rich meal, after which participants remained seated for forearm venous blood sample collection and completion of GIS questionnaires every 30 min for 300 min. Time-course and session value (i.e., peak and time to peak) comparisons of SC and SB supplementation were performed using linear mixed models. Peak blood [HCO3−] was similar for SC (mean 34.2, 95% confidence intervals [33.4, 35.0] mmol/L) and SB (mean 33.6, 95% confidence intervals [32.8, 34.5] mmol/L, p =.308), as was delta blood [HCO3−] (SC = 7.9 mmol/L; SB = 7.3 mmol/L, p =.478). Blood [HCO3−] was ≥6 mmol/L above baseline from 180 to 240 min postingestion for SC, significantly later than for SB (120–180 min; p <.001). GIS were mostly minor, and peaked 80–90 min postingestion for SC, and 35–50 min postingestion for SB. There were no significant differences for the number or severity of GIS reported (p >.05 for all parameters). In summary, the recommended doses of SC and SB induce similar blood alkalosis and GIS, but with a different time course. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coastal areas of western Taiwan feature acidic and saline soils with low fertility. Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), produced readily by carbon capture and storage technologies, could be suitable for the neutralization of acidic soils, but its effects on plant growth and the ability of Bacillus subtilis var. natto to confer salinity tolerance remain unclear. In this study, we examined the potential of sodium bicarbonate and B. subtilis var. natto (NTU18) to improve the growth of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) under salt stress conditions. We found that salt stress was the main factor affecting tobacco growth, resulting in shorter roots and shoots, a reduced leaf area and leaf number, and clustered dark green leaves. The addition of sodium bicarbonate exacerbated the symptoms of salinity stress. Inoculating the soil with B. subtilis did not enhance salinity tolerance, but intriguingly it increased shoot and root growth under normal conditions and in the presence of sodium bicarbonate. The mechanism of growth promotion mediated by the bacteria is unknown and should be investigated in more detail.

Abstract Management of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) has internationally established guidelines. However, management of severe, refractory DKA with multiple contributors to acidosis, and management of DKA in patients with altered mentation, remain ambiguous. Use of sodium bicarbonate and intubation in DKA are unpopular treatment practices, but warrant consideration in these unique clinical scenarios. This paper describes a 61-year-old Sri Lankan female who presented with severe DKA, seizures and altered level of consciousness. In her case, the acidosis was secondary to DKA, hyperlactatemia, hyperchloraemic acidosis and acute kidney injury (AKI). Intravenous sodium bicarbonate was used in the management of acidosis. She was intubated due to altered level of consciousness with inadequate respiratory drive to compensate for metabolic acidosis. The outcome in her case was favorable. Intravenous sodium bicarbonate in DKA should be considered for patients with severe, refractory acidosis with hemodynamic instability, hyperkalemia and compounding acidosis due to normal anion gap acidosis or AKI. Intubation should be considered for patients with obtunded mentation unable to achieve respiratory compensation and obtunded mentation where reversal of DKA is unlikely to improve consciousness. Both strategies should be personalized with consideration of individual risk vs benefit.

ABSTRACTAnaesthetics in aquaculture serve as a stress avoidance mechanism, mitigating stress-related impacts during fish handling and transportation. This study assessed the efficacy of sodium bicarbonate and clove stem powder as anaesthetic agents for Nile Tilapia juveniles. Four hundred and twenty uniform O. niloticus juveniles (5 ± 0.5 g, 74 ± 5 mm) were exposed to varying concentrations of sodium bicarbonate (10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 g/L) and clove stem powder (0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 15 g/L) in 20 L transparent plastic tanks. The results showed an inverse relationship between anaesthetic concentration and induction time, a direct relationship with recovery time, and an inverse correlation between induction and recovery times for both agents (P

ObjectivesThe aims of this study were: to describe the potassium-lowering treatment strategies used to manage moderate-to-severe hyperkalemia in male cats with urethral obstruction (UO); to determine how much dextrose was required per unit of insulin to prevent hypoglycemia; to determine whether early initiation of a dextrose continuous rate infusion (CRI) prevented hypoglycemia; and to determine whether in-hospital mortality was associated with presenting plasma potassium concentration ([K+]).MethodsThe medical records of male cats presenting with a [K+] ⩾7.0 mEq/l due to UO that had another [K+] measured within 6 h were reviewed retrospectively. All [K+] values within the first 6 h, blood glucose concentrations, treatments for hyperkalemia and survival to discharge were recorded. Analyses were performed to test for associations between dextrose:insulin ratios or method of dextrose administration and the development of hypoglycemia; and for presenting [K+] and mortality. Normally distributed groups of continuous data were compared with a t-test and categorical data were compared with a Fisher's exact test.ResultsFifty cats were included. Mean presenting [K+] was 8.9 ± 1.0 mEq/l, while the mean final [K+] within 6 h was 6.6 ± 1.4 mEq/l. Forty-two (84%) cats were treated with intravenous fluids and 40 (80%) were treated with dextrose and insulin. Median dextrose:insulin ratio was 2 g/u (range 0.4-100). No dextrose:insulin ratio was found to protect against hypoglycemia, and 3/8 cats that became hypoglycemic had received ⩾2 g dextrose per unit of insulin. There was no association between the early initiation of a dextrose-containing CRI and avoidance of hypoglycemia. No association was found between presenting [K+] and mortality.Conclusions and relevanceWhile no specific dextrose:insulin ratio was found to protect against hypoglycemia, there is evidence that the commonly recommended dextrose:insulin ratio of 2 g/u may be inadequate in preventing hypoglycemia in every cat. Severity of hyperkalemia was not associated with mortality.

At present, the National Metrology Institute of Japan provides six national primary pH buffers under the Japan Calibration Service System. Each batch of these buffers is certified by the primary pH method using a Harned cell. On the basis of these primary buffers, the designated laboratories supply the secondary and working pH standards using a high-precision pH meter. This paper provides an estimate of the batch-to-batch reproducibility of the primary pH standard production based on the history of the certification of primary carbonate buffers in NMIJ. This buffer, which was chosen as the subject of the study because of the relative difficulty of its measurements (and thus a greater dispersion of results), is nominally the 0.025 mol kg−1 equimolal solution of disodium carbonate and sodium hydrogen carbonate. As its pH value is significantly affected by the purity of the reagents used, the evaluation of their source materials is made by both pH measurements and acidimetric gravimetric back titrations. Considering the experimentally determined pH reproducibility of ca. 0.010, potential risks to the pH accuracy are discussed when using recipe-based carbonate pH standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metabolic acidosis is a frequent complication of chronic kidney disease and is associated with a number of adverse outcomes, including worsening kidney function, poor musculoskeletal health, cardiovascular events, and death. Mechanisms that prevent metabolic acidosis detrimentally promote further kidney damage, creating a cycle between acid accumulation and acid-mediated kidney injury. Disrupting this cycle through the provision of alkali, most commonly using sodium bicarbonate, is hypothesized to preserve kidney function while also mitigating adverse effects of excess acid on bone and muscle. However, results from clinical trials have been conflicting. There is also significant interest to determine whether sodium bicarbonate might improve patient outcomes for those who do not have overt metabolic acidosis. Such individuals are hypothesized to be experiencing acid-mediated organ damage despite having a normal serum bicarbonate concentration, a state often referred to as subclinical metabolic acidosis. Results from small- to medium-sized trials in individuals with subclinical metabolic acidosis have also been inconclusive. Well-powered clinical trials to determine the efficacy and safety of sodium bicarbonate are necessary to determine if this intervention improves patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exploration of the biodiversity of cyanobacteria and microalgae holds great promise for obtaining pigments of industrial interest. This study focused on the bioprospecting of these organisms to obtain pigments of industrial interest together with enriched biomass. We investigated the impact of photoperiod and concentration of C/N/P nutrient sources in heterotrophic cultures, controlling specific variables such as light intensity, volume, pH, temperature, air flow and time to produce phycobiliproteins in Arthrospira platensis UTEX1926 and total carotenoids in Scenedesmus sp. using a nonfactorial Plackett‒Burman design in STATISTICA 7.0 software. The biomass concentration was determined by dry weight, while the concentrations of phycocyanin and carotenoids were determined spectrophotometrically at specific wavelengths. Heterotrophic cultures demonstrated superior productivity, with phycocyanin and carotenoids achieving percentages of 7% and 0.4% (w/w), respectively, and an R2 value of 0.99. Among the influential parameters, potassium diphosphate and sodium bicarbonate played pivotal roles in the final deposition of carotenoids and phycocyanin, respectively, yielding concentrations of 96.5 mg/L phycocyanin and 6.5 mg/L carotenoids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Wide-Awake Local Anaesthesia No Tourniquet (WALANT), a groundbreaking anaesthetic technique resurging in practice, warrants a comprehensive safety analysis for informed adoption. Our study aimed to identify complications/side effects of WALANT upper limb procedures through a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: This PROSPERO-registered study was performed with strict adherence to PRISMA guidelines. Embase, OVIDMedline, Cochrane, Web of Science, and Scopus databases were searched until February 2023. Inclusion criteria involved English articles, reporting complications/side effects in primary WALANT upper limb surgeries. Outcomes included all complications and side effects, data on the anaesthetic mixture, publication year/location, study type, and procedures performed. The meta-analysis employed the Freeman-Tukey Double Arcsine Transformation, computed I2 statistics, and utilized common or random effects models for pooled analysis. Results: 2002 studies were identified; 79 studies met the inclusion criteria representing 15,595 WALANT patients. A total of 301 patients had complications, and the meta-analysis using a random effects model provided a complication rate of 1.7% (95% CI: 0.93–2.7%). The most reported complications were superficial infection (41%, n = 123/300), other/specified (12%, n = 37/300), and recurrent disease (6.7%, n = 20/300). A decade-by-decade analysis revealed no statistically significant difference in complication rates spanning the last three decades (p = 0.42). Adding sodium bicarbonate to the anaesthetic solution significantly reduced postoperative complications (p = 0.025). Conclusion: WALANT has a low overall complication rate of 1.7%, with no significant temporal variation and a significant reduction in complications when sodium bicarbonate is added to the anaesthetic solution. Our findings support the safety of WALANT in upper limb procedures. Registration: PROSPERO: CRD42023404018. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heifers (n = 40) were randomly allocated to 5 treatment groups: (1) control (no additives); (2) virginiamycin (VM; 200 mg/d); (3) monensin (MT; 200 mg/d) + tylosin (110 mg/d); (4) monensin (MLY; 220 mg/d) + live yeast (5.0 × 108 cfu/d); (5) sodium bicarbonate (BUF; 200 g/d) + magnesium oxide (30 g/d). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to investigate the effects of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) intake with divergent verbal and visual information on constant load cycling time-to-task failure, conducted within the severe intensity domain. Fifteen recreational cyclists participated in a randomized double-blind, crossover study, ingesting NaHCO3 or placebo (i.e., dextrose), but with divergent information about its likely influence (i.e., likely to induce ergogenic, inert, or harmful effects). Performance was evaluated using constant load cycling time to task failure trial at 115% of peak power output estimated during a ramp incremental exercise test. Data on blood lactate, blood acid–base balance, muscle electrical activity (EMG) through electromyography signal, and the twitch interpolation technique to assess neuromuscular indices were collected. Despite reduced peak force in the isometric maximal voluntary contraction and post-effort peripheral fatigue in all conditions (P < 0.001), neither time to task failure, EMG nor, blood acid–base balance differed between conditions (P > 0.05). Evaluation of effect sizes of all conditions suggested that informing participants that the supplement would be likely to have a positive effect (NaHCO3/Ergogenic: 0.46; 0.15–0.74; Dextrose/Ergogenic: 0.45; 0.04–0.88) resulted in improved performance compared to control. Thus, NaHCO3 ingestion consistently induced alkalosis, indicating that the physiological conditions to improve performance were present. Despite this, NaHCO3 ingestion did not influence performance or indicators of neuromuscular fatigue. In contrast, effect size estimates indicate that participants performed better when informed that they were ingesting an ergogenic supplement. These findings suggest that the apparently ergogenic effect of NaHCO3 may be due, at least in part, to a placebo effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To analyze efficacy of endoscopic lithotripsy combined with drug lithotripsy as compared with drug lithotripsy for the treatment of phytobezoars. Methods: We collected and evaluated case records of 165 patients with phytobezoars from 2014 to 2023. And we analyzed demographic and clinical characteristics, imaging features, endoscopic features, complications of phytobezoars, and compared efficacy between endoscopic lithotripsy combined with drug lithotripsy (Group A) and drug lithotripsy (sodium bicarbonate combined with proton pump inhibitor) (Group B). Results: The median age of patients with phytobezoars was 67.84 ± 4.286 years old. Abdominal pain was the most common symptom and peptic ulcers (67.5%) were the most common complication. Bezoar-induced ulcers were more frequent in the gastric angle. The success rate of phytobezoars vanishing in Group A and Group B were similar (92.3% vs. 85.1% within 48 h, 98.7% vs. 97.7% within a week), while the average hospitalization period, average hospitalization cost, second endoscopy rate, and average endoscopic operation time were significantly lower in patients in Group B than in Group A. Conclusion: Drug lithotripsy is the preferred effective and safe treatment option for phytobezoars. We advise that an endoscopy should be completed after 48 h for drug lithotripsy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional manufacturing techniques of natural rubber foam (NRF) require long processing time besides producing closed cell structure, a property that limits the application of the NRF. The NRF produced via compression moulding (CPM) and microwave-convection oven heating techniques were compared in this study. The correlation between different processing techniques with the physical, morphological, and acoustic properties of NRF was examined. The results indicated that in all the processing techniques, an increase in the blowing agent (BA) led to a decrease in the density of the NRF. Heating the material sequentially with 16 parts per hundred (phr) of BA in a microwave oven at 1000 Watts, and then, in a convection oven at 150 ℃ produced NRF with a density of 0.23 g/cm3. In contrast, the NRF produced by CPM with 16 phr of BA had a density of 0.35 g/cm3. Scanning electron microscope analysis revealed that the NRF generated by CPM had fewer interconnected and more closed cells. On the other hand, sequential heating using microwave and convection heating techniques and vice versa led to the production of NRF with more open and interconnected cells. The prepared NRF was examined for acoustic properties. The results showed that the NRF produced by CPM at 12 and 16 phr of BA had the lowest ability to attenuate sound wave energy. This was due to the highly solid surface of the sample, which caused high sound wave reflection. Open and interconnected cells significantly improved the acoustic efficiency. These findings indicated that microwave-assisted heating techniques can modify the cellular structure of NRF and produce the material within a shorter period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We previously reported that mice with low neuronal pH drink more alcohol, demonstrating the importance of pH for alcohol reward and motivation. In this study, we tested whether systemic pH affects alcohol consumption and if so, whether it occurs by changing the alcohol reward. C57BL/6J mice were given NaHCO3 to raise their blood pH, and the animals' alcohol consumption was measured in the drinking-in-the-dark and two-bottle free choice paradigms. Alcohol consumption was also assessed after suppressing the bitterness of NaHCO3 with sucrose. Alcohol reward was evaluated using a conditioned place preference. In addition, taste sensitivity was assessed by determining quinine and sucrose preference. The results revealed that a pH increase by NaHCO3 caused mice to decrease their alcohol consumption. The decrease in high alcohol contents (20%) was significant and observed at different ages, as well as in both males and females. Alcohol consumption was also decreased after suppressing NaHCO3 bitterness. Oral gavage of NaHCO3 did not alter quinine and sucrose preference. In the conditioned place preference, NaHCO3-treated mice spent less time in the alcohol-injected chamber. Conclusively, the results show that raising systemic pH with NaHCO3 decreases alcohol consumption, as it decreases the alcohol reward value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, self‐healing natural rubber (SHNR) foam incorporating an intrinsic zinc thiolate ionic network was successfully prepared. The materials exhibited the ability to autonomously repair damage at room temperature without the need for external triggers. The investigation focused on the effect of sodium bicarbonate, employed as a blowing agent, on the self‐healing performance, as well as the physical and mechanical properties of the foam. Various concentrations of sodium bicarbonate (0, 1, 4, 8, and 10 phr) were employed. The conventional two‐roller mill was used for mixing and compounding, while compression molding was utilized for the vulcanization process. With increasing sodium bicarbonate concentration, the density, tensile strength, elongation at break, and compression set of the self‐healing NR foam were found to decreased. Conversely, the porosity, shrinkage, compressive strength, and water uptake of the SHNR foam increased as the concentration of sodium bicarbonate increased. Scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed that the optimal concentration of sodium bicarbonate (8 phr) resulted in smaller, finer, and more uniform porous structures. The self‐healing rubber foam incorporating 8 phr sodium bicarbonate exhibited improved properties in terms of tensile modulus, elongation at break, and tear strength, with healing efficiencies of 91.27%, 69.39%, and 83.99%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

End tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2) is often used to assess ventilation and perfusion during cardiac arrest resuscitation. However, few data exist evaluating the relationship between ETCO2 values and mortality in the context of contemporary resuscitation practices. We aimed to explore the association between ETCO2 and mortality following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). We used the 2018–2021 ESO annual datasets to query all non-traumatic OHCA patients with attempted resuscitation. Patients with documented DNR/POLST, EMS-witnessed arrest, ROSC after bystander CPR only, or < 2 documented ETCO2 values were excluded. The lowest and highest ETCO2 values recorded during the total prehospital interval, in addition to the pre- and post-ROSC intervals for resuscitated patients, were calculated. Multivariable logistic regression models adjusted for age, sex, initial rhythm, witnessed status, bystander CPR, etiology, OHCA location, sodium bicarbonate administration, number of milligrams of epinephrine administered, and response interval were used to evaluate the association between measures of ETCO2 and mortality. Hospital outcome data were available for 14,122 patients, and 2,209 (15.6%) were classified as surviving to discharge. Compared to patients with maximum prehospital ETCO2 values of 30–40 mmHg, odds of mortality were increased for patients with maximum prehospital ETCO2 values of <20 mmHg (aOR: 3.5 [2.1, 5,9]), 20–29 mmHg (aOR: 1.5 [1.1, 2.1]), and >50 mmHg (aOR: 1.5 [1.2, 1.8]). After 20 minutes of ETCO2 monitoring, <12% of patients had ETCO2 values <10 mmHg. This cutpoint was 96.7% specific and 6.9% sensitive for mortality. In this dataset, both high and low ETCO2 values were associated with increased mortality. Contemporary resuscitation practices may make low ETCO2 values uncommon, and field termination decision algorithms should not use ETCO2 values in isolation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is Preparation and evaluation of gastro-retentive floating tablets of Ibandronic acid by direct compression method polymers or combination. In this study, Ibandronic acid, the most commonly used biphosphonate for treating osteoporosis, was formulated as gastro retentive dosage form (GRDF) tablets to enhance its oral bioavailability. GRDDs are an approach to prolong gastric residence time, there by targeting site-specific drug release in the upper GIT for local or systemic effect. GRDF tablets of Ibandronic acid (200 mg) were characterized with the effects of Carbopol 934P, HPMC 4KM and Na-CMC at various ratios on swelling, floating, physical integrity. A prolonged dissolution profile of Ibandronic acid GRDF tablets developed in this study was observed for its thickness, friability, hardness, drug content and in-vitro drug release. Formulated Floating tablets of Ibandronic acid gave satisfactory results for various physicochemical parameters like hardness, friability, thickness, weight variation and content uniformity. Sodium bicarbonate has predominant effect on the buoyancy lag time, while HPMC K4M has predominant effect on total floating time and drug release. From the study it is evident that a promising controlled release floating tablets of Ibandronic acid can be developed to increase gastric residence time and thereby increasing its bioavailability. Both doses significantly reduced the occurrence risk of new vertebral fractures by 50–52 percent when compared to the effects of the placebo drug. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Helminthosporium leaf spot disease caused by Helminthosporium sesami is one of the most serious foliar diseases of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.), which causes a significant loss in yield and oil percentage. This study aims to investigate the effect of castor (Ricinus communis L.) essential oil and sodium bicarbonate (SBC) on the causal pathogen of leaf spot disease as well as the growth and yield of sesame. A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of castor essential oil identified a number of bioactive components. Ricinoleic acid (19.15%) and squalene (9.82%) are two of the most bioactive components in castor oil. In laboratory experiments, castor oil at different concentrations (100, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 µl/L) and SBC at concentrations of 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 mM were assessed on the mycelium growth of H. sesami. Castor oil at a concentration of 1000 µl/L resulted in the greatest reduction in pathogen mycelial growth (66.67%), while SBC at a concentration of 100 mM gave a high percentage of inhibition (82.96%). Data also show that foliar applications of castor oil and SBC reduced the disease severity of Helminthosporium leaf spot disease of sesame in both greenhouse and field experiments, with SBC being the most effective in reducing the disease severity compared to the control. The agronomic traits of sesame, such as plant height, capsules plant− 1, weight of 1000 seeds (g), quantity of seeds produced per feddan (kg), and oil % in seeds, were also improved by the treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO 3 ) supplements (0.05, 0.25, 0.50, 1.0 g∙L -1 ) in the culture medium were examined on six marine microalgae inocula cultured under laboratory conditions (25±1 °C, 28 psu, 12L:12D, 3,000 Lux light intensity, Conway medium) for 10 days and compared to a control without NaHCO3. The parameters assessed included cell density (CD), specific growth rate (μ), division rate (K), and doubling time (D). The results indicated a positive effect on CD, μ, K, and D for the production of Chaetoceros calcitrans, Thalassiosira weissflogii, Chlorella spp., and Nannochloropsis oculata strains with NaHCO 3 additions of 0.25, 1.0, 1.0, and 0.50 g∙L -1, respectively. Conversely, NaHCO 3 concentrations of 0.25–1.0 g∙L -1 negatively impacted the CD, μ, K, and D for Tetraselmis suecica and Isochrysis galbana culture. Regarding inoculum quality after refrigerated storage at 4±1 °C, NaHCO3 supplements did not sustain the growth rates of C. calcitrans, T. weissflogii, and Chlorella spp. inocula cultured after storage for 7, 15, and 30 days. However, 0.5 g∙L-1 NaHCO3 maintained the growth rate of N. oculata cultured after storage for 7 days. This study provides comprehensive insights into the optimal NaHCO3 supplementation for maintaining each microalgal strain in a stable state for inoculum production applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The alpha emitter astatine-211 (211At) is garnering attention as a novel targeted alpha therapy for patients with refractory thyroid cancer resistant to conventional therapy using beta emitter radioiodine (131I). Herein, we aimed to establish a robust method for the manufacturing and quality control of [211At]NaAt solution for intravenous administration under the good manufacturing practice guidelines for investigational products to conduct an investigator-initiated clinical trial. Results: 211At was separated and purified via dry distillation using irradiated Bi plates containing 211At obtained by the nuclear reaction of 209Bi(4He, 2n)211At. After purification, the 211At trapped in the cold trap was collected in a reaction vessel using 15 mL recovery solution (1% ascorbic acid and 2.3% sodium hydrogen carbonate). After stirring the 211At solution for 1 h inside a closed system, the reaction solution was passed through a sterile 0.22 μm filter placed in a Grade A controlled area and collected in a product vial to prepare the [211At]NaAt solution. According to the 3-lot tests, decay collected radioactivity and radiochemical yield of [211At]NaAt were 78.8 ± 6.0 MBq and 40 ± 3%, respectively. The radiochemical purity of [211At]At− obtained via ion-pair chromatography at the end of synthesis (EOS) was 97 ± 1%, and remained > 96% 6 h after EOS; it was detected at a retention time (RT) 3.2–3.3 min + RT of I−. LC-MS analysis indicated that this principal peak corresponded with an astatide ion (m/z = 210.988046). In gamma-ray spectrometry, the 211At-related peaks were identified (X-ray: 76.9, 79.3, 89.3, 89.8, and 92.3 keV; γ-ray: 569.7 and 687.0 keV), whereas the peak at 245.31 keV derived from 210At was not detected during the 22 h continuous measurement. The target material, Bi, was below the 9 ng/mL detection limit in all lots of the finished product. The pH of the [211At]NaAt solution was 7.9–8.6; the concentration of ascorbic acid was 9–10 mg/mL. Other quality control tests, including endotoxin and sterility tests, confirmed that the [211At]NaAt solution met all quality standards. Conclusions: We successfully established a stable method of [211At]NaAt solution that can be administered to humans intravenously as an investigational product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper mainly uses ANSYS-FLUENT 19.2 software to simulate the movement of the air-flow in a three-separation combined classifier. The simulation results indicate that the air-flow is uniformly distributed in the V-classifier under the action of dispersion plates and baffles. As the air-flow enters the rotor channel, the tangential velocity of the air-flow increases uniformly and remains stable in the axial direction, providing a stable centrifugal force field for particle classification. From the analysis of the flow field and particle trajectories, the separation interface between the upward path for particles and the downward path for coarse particles is relatively clear. The experimental results with sodium bicarbonate show that the V-classifier has a good pre-classification effect. The rotor cage speeds of 300 rpm and 500 rpm are the best working conditions for the coarse powder and fine powder collection, respectively. This study not only provides a new strategy for the design and development of air classifier, but also provides theoretical guidance for its application in industrial production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is thought that geopolymers are easy to carbonate, especially when they are cured in ambient temperatures. Matrix gel's composition and microstructure, and new products of geopolymers (GPs) after carbonation were investigated in this study on the basis of XRD and SEM-EDS measurements and ternary diagram analysis, which were prepared from low-lime fly ash (FA) and ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) alone or a blend, as a precursor. The specimens were hardened in a 20 °C environment with alkali activator solution (S/N = 1.1 in mole), followed by storage under sealing or accelerated carbonation. XRD patterns show that carbonation products were nahcolite for the sole FA-based GP and calcite for the GPs using GGBS alone or as a blend. The SEM images of carbonated samples show that there were cube-shaped calcite and small calcite particles in the GGBS-based GP, but hail-like particles in the FA/GGBS blend-based GP. The hail-like particles were complexes of calcite and C-A-S-H gels determined by ternary diagram analysis, and were found to plug the top of the pores of the spongy C-A-S-H gels. We also confirmed that combined ternary diagram analysis of S-(C + M + N)-A and A-(C + M)-N are very effective in determining the gel type of a geopolymer, as well as the products and compositional changes after carbonation, in which oxide components of gels are determined by SEM-EDS. In the former diagram, C-A-S-H gels were plotted linearly along the (C + M + N)-albite (Ab) join, while N-A-S-H gels showed a scattered distribution. In the latter diagram, the plots for N-A-S-H and C-A-S-H gels are distributed in different zones. N = Na2O, C = CaO, M = MgO, A = Al2O3, S = SiO2, H = H2O. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Athletes commonly use creatine, caffeine, and sodium bicarbonate for performance enhancement. While their isolated effects are well‐described, less is known about their potential additive effects. Methods: Following a baseline trial, we randomized 12 endurance‐trained males (age: 25 ± 5 years, VO2max: 56.7 ± 4.6 mL kg−1 min−1; mean ± SD) and 11 females (age: 25 ± 3 years, VO2max: 50.2 ± 3.4 mL kg−1 min−1) to 5 days of creatine monohydrate (0.3 g kg−1 per day) or placebo loading, followed by a daily maintenance dose (0.04 g kg−1) throughout the study. After the loading period, subjects completed four trials in randomized order where they ingested caffeine (3 mg kg−1), sodium bicarbonate (0.3 g kg−1), placebo, or both caffeine and sodium bicarbonate before a maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), 15‐s sprint, and 6‐min time trial. Results: Compared to placebo, mean power output during 15‐s sprint was higher following loading with creatine than placebo (+34 W, 95% CI: 10 to 58, p = 0.008), but with no additional effect of caffeine (+10 W, 95% CI: −7 to 24, p = 0.156) or sodium bicarbonate (+5 W, 95% CI: −4 to 13, p = 0.397). Mean power output during 6‐min time trial was higher with caffeine (+12 W, 95% CI: 5 to 18, p = 0.001) and caffeine + sodium bicarbonate (+8 W, 95% CI: 0 to 15, p = 0.038), whereas sodium bicarbonate (–1 W, 95% CI: −7 to 6, p = 0.851) and creatine (–6 W, 95% CI: −15 to 4, p = 0.250) had no effects. Conclusion: While creatine and caffeine can enhance sprint‐ and time trial performance, respectively, these effects do not seem additive. Therefore, supplementing with either creatine or caffeine appears sufficient to enhance sprint or short intense exercise performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the physical form of concentrate and mineral buffer type on lambs performance, nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation, blood metabolites and in fattening Dalagh lambs. Twenty-eight lambs with an initial live body weight of 33 ± 2.7 kg and 6 ± 1 months of age were assigned through a completely randomized design with 2 x 2 factorial arrangement to 4 treatments and 7 replicates. Treatments contained: pelleted concentrate with sesquisodium carbonate, pelleted concentrate with sodium bicarbonate, mash concentrate with sesquisodium carbonate and mash concentrate with sodium bicarbonate. The study period was 84 days. Lambs were weighed fortnightly. In last week of the experiment, sampling and collection of feces was done to determine digestibility. Sampling from rumen fluid and blood sampling was carried out on day 80 of experiment. The results showed that in lambs fed pellet concentrate live weight, daily live weight gain, feed conversion, whole carcass, hot carcass and cool carcass were higher (P<0.05) in lambs fed pelleted than those fed mash concentrate. Digestibility of dry matter was higher in pellet concentrate than in mash (P<0.05). In blood parameters, glucose concentration in pellet concentrate was more than mash concentrate treatments (P<0.05). Ruminal pH showed a significant increase in the concentrations of mash and sodium bicarbonate buffer in three hours after feeding in the morning (P<0.05). Ammonia-N in rumen had no significant difference was observed. Among the fatty acids, concentration of TVFA, acetate and propionate in treatments of mash concentrate was higher than that of pellet (P<0.05). Similarly, feeding mash concentrate instead of pellet increased rumination activity (P<0.05). According to the results, offering pellet concentrate with either of two buffers showed higher weight gain, digestibility compared to mash concentrate. While lambs fed mash concentrate had higher rumen parameters than those fed pelleted concentrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Beckmann rearrangement of ketoximes to their corresponding amides, using a Brønsted acid-mediated fragmentation and migration sequence, has found wide-spread industrial application. We postulated that the development of a methodology to access ylideneamino sulfates using tributylsulfoammonium betaine (TBSAB) would afford isolable Beckmann-type intermediates and competent partners for subsequent rearrangement cascades. The ylideneamino sulfates generated, isolated as their tributylammonium salts, are sufficiently activated to undergo Beckmann rearrangement without additional reagent activation. The generation of sulfuric acid in situ from the ylideneamino sulfate giving rise to a routine Beckmann rearrangement and additional amide bond cleavage to the corresponding aniline was detrimental to reaction success. The screening of bases revealed inexpensive sodium bicarbonate to be an effective additive to prevent classic Brønsted acid-mediated fragmentation and achieve optimal conversions of up to 99%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to expand the application of bismuth vanadate (BiVO4) to the field of photoelectrochemistry, researchers have explored the potential of BiVO4 in catalyzing or degrading organic substances, potentially presenting a green and eco-friendly solution. A study was conducted to investigate the impact of electrolytes on the photocatalysis of benzyl alcohol by BiVO4. The research discovered that, in an acetonitrile electrolyte (pH 9) with sodium bicarbonate, BiVO4 catalyzed benzyl alcohol by introducing saturated V5+. This innovation addressed the issue of benzyl alcohol being susceptible to catalysis in an alkaline setting, as V5+ was prone to dissolution in pH 9 on BiVO4. The concern of the photocorrosion of BiVO4 was mitigated through two approaches. Firstly, the incorporation of a non-aqueous medium inhibited the formation of active material intermediates, reducing the susceptibility of the electrode surface to photocorrosion. Secondly, the presence of saturated V5+ further deterred the leaching of V5+. Concurrently, the production of carbonate radicals by bicarbonate played a vital role in catalyzing benzyl alcohol. The results show that, in this system, BiVO4 has the potential to oxidize benzyl alcohol by photocatalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field study to understand dissipation rates and effect of various washing treatments on the residues of seven different insecticides, i.e. tetraniliprole 200 SC, emamectin benzoate 5 SG, lufenuron 5.4 EC, indoxacarb 14.5 SC, thiodicarb 75 WP, profenofos 50 EC and cypermethrin 25 EC in/on cauliflower curd has been conducted. The results showed that initial deposits (just after the last insecticide application, i.e. 0 d) of tetraniliprole, emamectin benzoate, lufenuron, indoxacarb, thiodicarb, profenofos and cypermethrin were 0.43, 0.03, 0.25, 0.28, 0.38, 6.70 and 0.68 mg kg−1, respectively. The dissipation pattern of all the tested insecticides followed monophasic, first order kinetics with the half-lives of 6.25, 8.85, 3.27, 7.71, 4.36, 2.98 and 3.76 d, respectively. Proposed pre-harvest intervals for these insecticides are 6, 9, 3, 8, 4, 3 and 4 d, respectively. All the decontamination techniques showed reductions in residue levels. However, treatment by soaking in 5% sodium bicarbonate aqueous solution showed 54%, 42%, 53%, 48%, 22%, 54% and 77% maximum reductions in residues of tetraniliprole, emamectin benzoate, lufenuron, indoxacarb, profenofos and cypermethrin, respectively, in cauliflower curds. The next best treatment was soaking cauliflower curds in water at 45–50 °C for 10 min, which reduced the residues of cypermethrin, profenofos, tetraniliprole, thiodicarb, emamectin benzoate and lufenuron. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypertonic sodium bicarbonate is advocated for the treatment of sodium channel blocker poisoning, but its efficacy varies amongst different sodium channel blockers. This Commentary addresses common pitfalls and appropriate usage of hypertonic sodium bicarbonate therapy in cardiotoxic drug poisonings. Serum alkalinization is best achieved by the synergistic effect of hypertonic sodium bicarbonate and hyperventilation (PCO2 ∼ 30–35 mmHg [0.47–0.6 kPa]). This reduces the dose of sodium bicarbonate required to achieve serum alkalinization (pH ∼ 7.45–7.55) and avoids adverse effects from excessive doses of hypertonic sodium bicarbonate. Tricyclic antidepressant poisoning responds well to sodium bicarbonate therapy, but many other sodium channel blockers may not. For instance, drugs that block the intercellular gap junctions, such as bupropion, do not respond well to alkalinization. For sodium channel blocker poisonings in which the expected response is unknown, a bolus of 1–2 mmol/kg sodium bicarbonate can be used to assess the response to alkalinization. Hypertonic sodium bicarbonate can cause electrolyte abnormalities such as hypokalaemia and hypocalcaemia, leading to QT interval prolongation and torsade de pointes in poisonings with drugs that have mixed sodium and potassium cardiac channel properties, such as hydroxychloroquine and flecainide. Excessive doses of hypertonic sodium bicarbonate commonly occur if it is administered until the QRS complex duration is < 100 ms. A prolonged QRS complex duration is not specific for sodium channel blocker toxicity. Some sodium channel blockers do not respond, and even when there is a response, it takes a few hours for the QRS complex duration to return completely to normal. In addition, QRS complex prolongation can be due to a rate-dependent bundle branch block. So, no further doses should be given after achieving serum alkalinization (pH ∼ 7.45–7.55). A further strategy to avoid overdosing patients with hypertonic sodium bicarbonate is to set maximum doses. Exceeding 6 mmol/kg is likely to cause hypernatremia, fluid overload, metabolic alkalosis, and cerebral oedema in many patients and potentially be lethal. We propose that hypertonic sodium bicarbonate therapy be used in patients with sodium channel blocker poisoning who have clinically significant toxicities such as seizures, shock (systolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg, mean arterial pressure <65 mmHg) or ventricular dysrhythmia. We recommend initial bolus dosing of hypertonic sodium bicarbonate of 1–2 mmol/kg, which can be repeated if the patient remains unstable, up to a maximum dose of 6 mmol/kg. This is recommended to be administered in conjunction with mechanical ventilation and hyperventilation to achieve serum alkalinization (PCO2∼30–35 mmHg [4-4.7 kPa]) and a pH of ∼7.45–7.55. With repeated bolus doses of hypertonic sodium bicarbonate, it is imperative to monitor and correct potassium and sodium abnormalities and observe changes in serum pH and on the electrocardiogram. Hypertonic sodium bicarbonate is an effective antidote for certain sodium channel blocker poisonings, such as tricyclic antidepressants, and when used in appropriate dosing, it works synergistically with hyperventilation to achieve serum alkalinization and to reduce sodium channel blockade. However, there are many pitfalls that can lead to excessive sodium bicarbonate therapy and severe adverse effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Nanocellulose aerogels are ultralight, porous materials with high potential in diverse fields. The preparation of nanocellulosic aerogels consists of two main steps: preparation of hydrogel from a solution and removal of solvent through sublimation by freeze drying or supercritical method with solvent exchange. Due to desirable characteristics such as ultra-light density, porous structure, biodegradability, and being environmentally friendly, these materials have a wide range of applications in various industries, such as medicine, pharmaceutical, military, defense, etc. Despite the above advantages, they also have disadvantages such as flammability when exposed to heat or fire, which limits their use in many cases. This study explores the development of flame-retardant nanocellulose aerogels using sodium bicarbonate (SBC) modification. Materials and Methods: This study focuses on the preparation of nanocellulose aerogels with flame-retardant properties using sodium bicarbonate. A 2% wt concentration nanocellulose gel was obtained from Nanonovin Polymer Company and used as the base material. Sodium bicarbonate was added to the nanocellulose gel at a concentration of 20% wt of the dry weight to achieve flame retardancy. The resulting suspension was stirred at 1200 rpm for 30 minutes to form a uniform hydrogel. Control nanocellulose (CNF) and sodium bicarbonate-treated (CNF+SBC) hydrogels were then poured into copper molds and refrigerated at 2 °C for 24 hours. Subsequently, the molds were transferred to a liquid nitrogen bath for rapid freezing. The frozen samples were then subjected to freeze-drying for 48 hours to obtain control and treated nanocellulose aerogels. Results: The presence of sodium bicarbonate in the flame-retarded aerogels was confirmed through FTIR spectroscopy. SEM and BET analysis revealed that the addition of sodium bicarbonate reduced the porosity and specific surface area of the nanocellulosic aerogel. Thermal characterization demonstrated that the flame-retarded nanocellulose aerogels exhibited higher thermal stability compared to the control aerogels, with approximately 30% more residue remaining after combustion. Flammability tests further supported this finding, indicating that the presence of carbon dioxide hindered further burning of the aerogel by limiting oxygen availability during ignition. The crystalline structure of cellulose in the sodium bicarbonate-treated aerogels remained unchanged compared to the control, while the compression strength and modulus of the treated aerogel decreased due to a decrease in the polymerization degree. The lightweight and flame-retarded nature of these nanocellulose aerogels makes them suitable for various applications in industries such as construction, oil and gas, textiles, and energy storage. Conclusion: The treatment of nanocellulose aerogels with sodium bicarbonate resulted in the production of lightweight and environmentally friendly aerogels with flame-retardant properties. These findings offer the potential for their utilization in industries requiring thermal insulation and energy storage, emphasizing their green and sustainable characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale: Acute caustic ingestion from suicidal intent is not usual in emergency departments in developed countries. One of the substances commonly ingested by suicidal patients, phosphoric acid, tends to cause multi-system derangements. Patient’s Concern: A 41-year-old male patient presented with complaints of throat discomfort, severe generalized abdominal pain, and multiple episodes of hematemesis after ingesting a restroom cleaning solution. Diagnosis: Poisoning by acute caustic ingestion (containing <30% phosphoric acid and <4% ethylene glycol). Interventions: The patient was administered 50 mL of 8.4% sodium bicarbonate solution followed by an isotonic sodium bicarbonate solution running at 500 mL/h, a hyperkalemia kit, ceftriaxone, metronidazole, omeprazole, and atropine. The patient then underwent urgent hemodialysis. Outcomes: The patient suffered gastrointestinal bleeding as a result of local caustic injury. In addition, his course of illness was complicated by severe acidemia from high anion gap metabolic acidosis and deranged electrolytes (hyperphosphatemia, hyperkalemia, and hypocalcemia). He developed multi-organ failure and eventually demised. Lessons: The clinician needs to be mindful of the multi-system complications arising from such a caustic ingestion. These patients need to be monitored closely for deterioration, and have prompt management of the various arising complications, to reduce the high morbidity and mortality associated with this condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early blight disease on potato is caused by Alternaria solani and A. alternata. The damage rate of this disease is variable and has been reported between 5-78%. In this study, the effect of Propamocarb+fenamidone SC45%, Chlorothalonil WP75%, Azoxystrobin+difenoconazole SC32.5%, Boscalid+pyraclostrobin WG33.4%, Cymoxanil+copper hydroxide, Sodium bicarbonate, Calcium chloride, Cang Mei and Pars Basil in the laboratory and greenhouse was investigated. Generally, all of these treatments inhibited mycelial growth of A. solani and A. alternata. Azoxystrobin+difenoconazole and Boscalid+pyraclostrobin with concentration of 30 ppm and 100 ppm, respectively with 99% had the highest of percentage inhibition on the growth of A. alternata mycelium. The lowest effective treatment in mycelial growth inhibition of this species was Cymoxanil+copper hydroxide with concentration of 150 and 200 ppm. In greenhouse, Azoxystrobin+difenoconazole with concentration 1/1000 and Pars Basil with concentration 1/100 were the most and the least effective treatment in disease severity index of A. alternata, respectively. Azoxystrobin+difenoconazole, Sodium bicarbonate and Boscalid+pyraclostrobin with concentration 30, 20000 and 100 ppm, respectively decreased the growth of A. solani mycelium by 99%. Cymoxanil+copper hydroxide with concentration 150 and 200 ppm as the lowest effective treatment, inhibited the A. solani mycelium by 26%. In greenhouse, Azoxystrobin+difenoconazole and Boscalid+pyraclostrobin with concentration of 1/1000 and 0.5/1000, respectively decreased the disease severity index of A. solani by 100%. Cang Mei with concentration 1/100 decreased the disease severity index of this species by 5% with no difference with the control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The primary objective of this research is to examine the impact of the mechanical properties of basalt fiber-reinforced polymer composites on the naval sector. The reinforcement material employed in this study consisted of bidirectional basalt fiber and stainless steel wire mesh. The matrix material employed in this study was bismaleimide resin. A total of nine distinct compositions were generated by the addition of varying quantities of sodium bicarbonate and antimony trioxide, both of which serve as fire retardants. The conducted tests included drop load impact, flammability, fatigue, and flexural testing. The findings of the investigation demonstrated that the incorporation of fillers yielded a positive impact on the mechanical characteristics of the composites. Furthermore, the composites that incorporated antimony trioxide as a fire retardant exhibited superior flame retardancy compared to those that utilized sodium bicarbonate. The composition 4 consists of 4% antimony trioxide and 8% sodium bicarbonate and exhibits the highest impact energy with a value of 18.75 J. The addition of 8% antimony trioxide and 8% sodium bicarbonate fillers in composition 7 leads to a significant improvement in flexural strength of 136.06 N/mm2. We used a central composite design process to analyze the combined attributes. Quadratic regression was used to suit the composite material optimally. The study utilized an analysis of variance methodology to investigate the impacts of basalt fiber and stainless steel wire mesh. The composite material has remarkable flexibility for maritime applications such as bulkhead and hull construction owing to its strength, durability, and impact resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of fillers on the structures of siloxane films is studied. Three versions of fillers are considered: ethyl alcohol, chitosan, and sodium bicarbonate with its subsequent removal. It is shown that the use of alcohol leads to a change in the surface structure and formation of numerous "pit" pores. The use of sodium bicarbonate or chitosan as fillers makes it possible to create developed networks of pores intersecting with each other and having access to the surface. The possibility of controlling the thickness of porous layers by varying the concentration of the introduced filler is shown. A conclusion is drawn that the studied versions of modification of the structure of siloxane films open up wide opportunities for creating drug delivery systems or other active agents, including those with controlled prolonged action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Temporary vascular access is mandatory for acute hemodialysis. Heparin lock solution is the standard of care worldwide. Many lock solutions were studied in terms of thrombosis and catheter-related infection prevention, but none replaced heparin as a standard measure. Our main aim is to investigate the effectiveness of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), a ubiquitous and cheap option as a catheter lock solution, in comparison with traditionally used heparin in non-tunneled hemodialysis catheters. Methods: We conducted our prospective study between March 2021 and March 2022. Our study included 441 patients > 18 years old who needed either femoral or jugular non-tunneled dialysis catheters. Patients were assigned to either heparin (5000 IU/ml) or 8.4% sodium bicarbonate on a consecutive basis. Basic characteristics and information regarding catheters, dialysis sessions, and complications were recorded. We divided patients according to the catheter insertion site as well as the lock solution. Results: We analyzed 426 patients divided into four groups: jugular heparin (n = 113), jugular bicarbonate (n = 113), femoral heparin (n = 113), and femoral bicarbonate (n = 100). Basal characteristics were similar for all groups. The mean time to last effective dialysis in our institution was 10.7 ± 12.1 days for heparin vs 11.5 ± 10.8 days for the bicarbonate group. 25 (5.9%) patients had some kind of blood flow problems (13 in the heparin and 12 in the bicarbonate group). There was no significant difference in terms of catheter malfunction among groups (p = 0.50). Out of these 25 cases, only 12 (7 in heparin and 5 in the bicarbonate arm) had catheter dysfunction (p = 0.386). Sixty-four patients (28%) with jugular catheters were discharged with patent catheters and continued their dialysis in other facilities. Conclusion: Sodium bicarbonate is as effective as classic unfractionated heparin in preventing catheter lumen thrombosis with a comparable incidence of catheter-related complications. Furthermore, it is a cost-effective option that can be used confidently, especially when heparin is contraindicated. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04772209 (26.02.2021). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Groundwater is utilized as a clean water source including in Pelauw and Kariu Villages. Drilling and excavating are frequent techniques utilized in the construction of wells that serve as sources of groundwater. As a result of the ocean encircling the majority of this area, salinity may infiltrate wells. Consequently, the purpose of this study was to ascertain whether seawater intrusion had occurred in 12 nearby wells. Major ion tests were carried out in the lab, while surveys and measurement fields were carried out for the sampling procedure. Ion Cl-, EC, TDS, Simpson ratio, and BEX data are used in the analysis to determine whether seawater intrusion is present. Additionally, the Piper diagram is used to categorize different types of water based on the outcomes of the main ion test. The findings indicated that Cl-, EC, and TDS levels have increased at a number of the sampling sites. At point A09, there is an indication of seawater intrusion based on the BEX values, which shows a negative number. The majority of the well water, as determined by a water classification analysis using the Piper diagram, is of the calcium carbonate type. Meanwhile, the remaining portion is separated into the calcium sulfate and sodium bicarbonate types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This research aims to examine the frequency, age-related distribution, and intensity of preoperative hyponatremia among elderly individuals with hip fractures. This study aims to provide valuable insights into the diagnosis of preoperative hyponatremia in this patient population. Methods: This research involved the analysis of clinical data obtained from 419 elderly individuals with hip fractures (referred to as the fracture group) and 166 elderly individuals undergoing routine health examinations (designated as the control group). A comprehensive comparison was conducted, examining baseline characteristics such as age, gender, and comorbidities between these two groups. We further investigated variations in the incidence rate of hyponatremia, age distribution, and the severity of hyponatremia. Additionally, a subgroup analysis compared patients with femoral neck fractures to those with intertrochanteric femur fractures, specifically examining the incidence rate and severity of hyponatremia in these distinct fracture types. Results: The incidence of cerebrovascular disease was found to be higher in the fracture group as compared to the control group in our research. Nevertheless, no significant differences in general health and other comorbidities were observed between the two groups. Notably, the fracture group exhibited a greater preoperative prevalence of hyponatremia, with its severity increasing with age. Furthermore, among elderly patients with intertrochanteric femur fractures, the incidence of preoperative hyponatremia was not only higher but also more severe when compared to those with femoral neck fractures. Conclusion: Elderly individuals experiencing hip fractures exhibit a notable prevalence of preoperative hyponatremia, predominantly mild to moderate, with an escalating occurrence linked to advancing age. This phenomenon is especially conspicuous among patients with intertrochanteric fractures, warranting dedicated clinical scrutiny. The administration of sodium supplementation is advisable for the geriatric demographic as deemed necessary. Addressing hyponatremia becomes crucial, as it may play a role in the etiology of hip fractures in the elderly, and rectifying this electrolyte imbalance could potentially serve as a preventive measure against such fractures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of hydrothermal treatments under mild acid and alkaline conditions on polyphenol release and recovery from wheat bran (WB). After an initial screening of various food-grade substances, strong evidence was raised regarding the potency of citric acid and sodium carbonate to provide WB extracts exceptionally enriched in polyphenols. Thus, these two catalysts were tested under various time and temperature combinations, and the processes were described by linear models based on severity factor. The most effective treatments were those performed with 10% of either citric acid or sodium carbonate, at a constant temperature of 90 °C for 24 h, providing yields in total polyphenols of 23.76 and 23.60 mg g−1 dry mass of ferulic acid equivalents, respectively. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry analyses revealed that, while the sodium carbonate treatment afforded extracts enriched in ferulic acid, treatments with citric acid gave extracts enriched in a ferulate pentose ester. The extracts produced from those treatments also exhibited diversified antioxidant characteristics, a fact ascribed to the different polyphenolic composition. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating the effective release of ferulic acid and a ferulate pentose ester from WB, using benign acid and alkali catalysts, such as citric acid and sodium carbonate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]