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Based on social cognitive theory of social class and the empathy-altruism hypothesis, social status has a negative effect on altruistic sharing and empathy may be one of the underlying social cognition mechanisms. The current study comprehensively examined the relationship between social status, including both objective (i.e., income and education) and subjective (i.e., subjective wealth, power, and prestige status) aspects, and altruistic sharing, as well as the mediating role of empathy (i.e., cognitive empathy, positive empathy, and negative empathy) in China. The participants were 1,712 Chinese adults (63% females; age 30–58; Mage = 38.54 years, SD = 4.16). They were asked to complete an online survey that included objective and subjective measurements of social status, self-reported empathy, and a dictator game. The results showed that: (1) Objective social status was negatively correlated with altruistic sharing, whereas subjective social status was positively associated with altruistic sharing. Particularly, the objective social status factor of education and subjective power status seem to play dominant roles. (2) Cognitive and negative empathy played underlying mediation mechanisms between social status and sharing. Specifically, a higher income was related to higher cognitive empathy, which was positively associated with altruistic sharing. Conversely, education was negatively associated with negative empathy, which was positively related to altruistic sharing. The three components of subjective social status were linked to altruistic sharing through negative empathy, while subjective prestige status was positively linked to negative empathy, and subjective power and wealth status were negatively associated with negative empathy. Overall, these findings implied that the relation between social status and altruistic sharing is complex, involving the specific measurement indicators of social status. Cognitive and negative empathy are the underlying mediation mechanisms. These findings partly support social cognitive theory of social class and provide empirical evidence from China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the need for urgent actions in response to the exacerbated inequalities in mental health resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, there remains a significant gap in research into the relationships and underlying mechanisms between socioeconomic status (SES) and various mental health outcomes among students during the COVID-19 university closure. With a sample of 839 students from a university in Lanzhou, the capital city of China's Gansu Province, which was closed during the 2022 autumn semester due to the COVID-19 outbreak, this study examined the relationships between SES and both the negative and positive mental health outcomes, with a particular inquiry into the mediating roles of perceived social support and self-efficacy. The results show that SES had significant and negative total associations with psychological distress (β = −0.119, p < 0.001) and loneliness (β = −0.132, p < 0.001), while having significant and positive total associations with life satisfaction (β = 0.90, p < 0.01) and affective well-being (β = 0.108, p < 0.01). Moreover, perceived social support and self-efficacy independently and sequentially mediated the associations between SES and various mental health outcomes. Research implications for the design and improvement of university measures to reduce the socioeconomic inequalities in students' mental health are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whether schooling systems with greater autonomy offset or reinforce educational inequalities remains debateable. Yet school autonomy is often advocated by different actors including donors and international organisations in many countries. This study examines the association between school autonomy and the inequality in maths achievement of 15-year-olds by socioeconomic status (SES), and whether this correlation differs by countries' level of development. We construct a country-level panel using six waves of the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) from 69 countries in 322 country waves. We first estimate the gradient of SES and maths achievement as a measure of achievement inequality at the country level and take the country mean of the relevant covariates including school autonomy. Results from weighted mixed-effects models suggest that the association between all autonomy variables and inequality in achievement is not significant. However, academic autonomy is linked to increasing achievement inequality in high- and upper-middle-income countries compared with low- and lower-middle-income countries. But the coefficients for budget and personnel autonomy do not differ by the development level. The results remain similar in several specification tests including country and year fixed effects, which leads us to suggest not to simplistically apply autonomy reforms regardless of context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the results of voice assessment in stroke survivors with the results of voice assessment in the subacute period and to examine spontaneous voice changes. Material and Methods: The study was carried out with 37 (22 males, 15 females) individuals with a mean age of 66,65±9,63 years. Acoustic and aerodynamic voice assessments [maximum phonation time (MPT) and s/z ratio] were performed. Voice Handicap Index-10 (VHI-10), and Voice-Related Quality of Life (V-RQOL) were applied. All assessments were performed within 1 week and 1 month after the stroke. Results: MPT was 6.279±3.544 in the acute period and 7.461±4.875 in the subacute period. There was no statistically significant difference in aerodynamic measurement results or V-ROQL in the subacute period compared to the acute period (p>0.05). The fundamental frequency value increased statistically significantly in women, men, and all participants. VHI-10 decreased statistically significantly (p<0.05) in all participants. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the voice of stroke patients in the acute phase using both subjective and objective methods. It was found that the MPT of stroke patients was limited, and the Shimmer values of acoustic parameters were above normal limits. In the subacute phase, it was observed that phonation durations were still low and Shimmer values tended to increase. Therefore, acoustic, aerodynamic, and specific voice evaluations, especially maximum phonation durations, should be performed in stroke patients in the acute period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Australian schooling is one of the most segregated systems in the OECD, with much focus on the inequality between schools from poorer areas compared with those from wealthier suburbs. These inequalities have been explored in terms of infrastructure and funding, as well as their relative academic achievement. Previous research has also found that children from more disadvantaged backgrounds are more likely to have poorer health than their wealthier peers. To determine whether there is a connection between these findings, this study investigates the impact of social and educational advantage on participation and success in primary school sports carnivals in Tasmania. It examined the results of Tasmanian primary schools across interschool cross-country carnivals between 2009 and 2019 and found that structural segregation existed across all competitions. Multiple regression was used to see if the Index of Community Socio-Educational Advantage (ICSEA), total school enrolments and geographic location predicted school cross-country rank. It was found that school size, geographic region and ICSEA all played an independent role in determining the participation and success of schools. Implications of these findings are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Health Sciences / Türkiye Klinikleri Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Turkiye Klinikleri and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Study Design: Cross-Sectional Study Objectives: Socioeconomic status (SES) is a fundamental root of health disparities, however, its effect on surgical outcomes is often difficult to capture in clinical research, especially in spine surgery. Here, we present a large single-center study assessing whether SES is associated with cause-specific surgical outcomes. Methods: Patients undergoing spine surgery between 2015 and 2019 were assigned income in accordance with the national distribution and divided into quartiles based on the ZIP code-level median household income. We performed univariate, chi-square, and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) analysis assessing the independent association of SES, quantified by household income, to operative outcomes, and multiple metrics of opioid consumption. Results: 1199 patients were enrolled, and 1138 patients were included in the analysis. Low household income was associated with the greatest rates of 3-month opioid script renewal (OR:1.65, 95% CI:1.14-2.40). In addition, low-income was associated with higher rates of perioperative opioid consumption compared to higher income including increased mean total morphine milligram equivalent (MME) 252.25 (SD 901.32) vs 131.57 (SD 197.46) (P <.046), and inpatient IV patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) MME 121.11 (SD 142.14) vs 87.60 (SD 86.33) (P <.023). In addition, household income was independently associated with length of stay (LOS), and emergency room (ER) revisits with low-income patients demonstrating significantly longer postop LOS and increasing postoperative ER visits. Conclusions: Considering the comparable surgical management provided by the single institution, the associated differences in postoperative outcomes as defined by increased morbidities and opioid consumption can potentially be attributed to health disparities caused by SES. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectivesCardiovascular health (CVH) is associated with reductions in age-related disease and later-life mortality. Black adults, particularly Black women, are less likely to achieve ideal CVH. Guided by intersectionality and life-course approaches, we examine to what degree (a) disparities in CVH exist at the intersection of race and gender and (b) CVH disparities would be reduced if marginalized groups had the same levels of resources and adversities as privileged groups.MethodsWe used biomarker subsamples from the Midlife in the United States Core and Refresher studies (N = 1,948). Causal decomposition analysis was implemented to test hypothetical interventions to equalize the distribution of early-life adversities (ELAs), perceived discrimination, or midlife socioeconomic status (SES) between marginalized and privileged groups. We conducted sensitivity analyses to determine to what degree unmeasured confounders would invalidate our findings.ResultsWhite women have the highest CVH score, followed by White men, Black men, and Black women. Intervening on ELAs would reduce the disparities: White men versus Black women (30% reduction) and White women versus Black women (15%). Intervening on perceived discrimination would not substantially change initial disparities. Intervening on midlife SES would yield large disparity reductions: White men versus Black men (64%), White men versus Black women (60%), and White women versus Black women (27%). These reductions are robust to unmeasured confounders.DiscussionProviding economic security in adulthood for Blacks may help reduce racial disparities in CVH. Preventing exposure to ELAs among Black women may reduce their vulnerability to cardiovascular disease, compared to White adults.

COVID-19 policies impacted fine particulate matter (PM2.5 ) levels in San Diego County. This study looked at the benefits of COVID-19-related policies and changes in PM2.5 levels across ZIP codes in San Diego County. Weekly PM2.5 anomalies were calculated for each ZIP code by subtracting the average PM2.5 concentrations of 2020 by average of the historical period (2000 - 2019). Five periods were selected for individual analyses based on the different COVID-19 policies and measures implemented. These policies involved the first stay-at-home order (analysis #1), summer restrictions (analysis #2), the second stay-at-home order (analysis #3), the average of analyses 1-3, (analysis #4), and the wildfire season (analysis #5). PM2.5 anomalies and seven different socioeconomic status (SES) variables were mapped to show any spatial variability. Linear regression models were used to quantify the relationship between SES variables and PM2.5 anomalies for each analysis. The first stay-at-home order (analysis #1) had the lowest PM2.5 anomalies across the County. Analysis #5, on the other hand, had the highest positive anomalies. COVID-19 mobility restrictions and the associated short-lived decline in air pollution influenced the ZIP codes differently. South San Diego County is a greatly disadvantaged area with high unemployment rate, low income, high poverty rate, and less education compared to others within the County. A significant inverse relationship was observed between the percentage of African American within a given ZIP code and PM2.5 anomalies. Future policies need to tackle health disparities, which involves stringent policies, a better public transit system, community advocacy, and cleaner technology.

ObjectiveAttention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) disproportionately affects socioeconomically disadvantaged children, but for unclear reasons. We examined the association between social determinants of health (SDH) and ADHD symptoms in a national sample of preschool-age children.MethodsWe conducted exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) with a sample of 7,565 preschool-age children from the 2016 National Survey of Children's Health, to examine the association between ADHD symptoms and SDH.ResultsEFA indicated a one-factor structure for ADHD symptoms, and three factors for SDH (socioeconomic status, access to basic needs, and caregiver well-being). Independently, all three SDH were significantly associated with higher ADHD symptoms. However, in the ESEM model, only worse caregiver well-being (β = .39, p

Dementia is becoming increasingly prevalent in Latin America, contrasting with stable or declining rates in North America and Europe. This scenario places unprecedented clinical, social, and economic burden upon patients, families, and health systems. The challenges prove particularly pressing for conditions with highly specific diagnostic and management demands, such as frontotemporal dementia. Here we introduce a research and networking initiative designed to tackle these ensuing hurdles, the Multi-partner consortium to expand dementia research in Latin America (ReDLat). First, we present ReDLat's regional research framework, aimed at identifying the unique genetic, social, and economic factors driving the presentation of frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease in Latin America relative to the US. We describe ongoing ReDLat studies in various fields and ongoing research extensions. Then, we introduce actions coordinated by ReDLat and the Latin America and Caribbean Consortium on Dementia (LAC-CD) to develop culturally appropriate diagnostic tools, regional visibility and capacity building, diplomatic coordination in local priority areas, and a knowledge-to-action framework toward a regional action plan. Together, these research and networking initiatives will help to establish strong cross-national bonds, support the implementation of regional dementia plans, enhance health systems' infrastructure, and increase translational research collaborations across the continent.

Developmental changes in functional neural networks are sensitive to environmental influences. This EEG study investigated how infant brain responses relate to the social context that their families live in. Event-related potentials of 255 healthy, awake infants between six and fourteen months were measured during a passive auditory oddball paradigm. Infants were presented with 200 standard tones and 48 randomly distributed deviants. All infants are part of a longitudinal study focusing on families with socioeconomic and/or cultural challenges (Bremen Initiative to Foster Early Childhood Development; BRISE; Germany). As part of their familial socioeconomic status (SES), parental level of education and infant’s migration background were assessed with questionnaires. For 30.6% of the infants both parents had a low level of education (≤10 years of schooling) and for 43.1% of the infants at least one parent was born abroad. The N2–P3a complex is associated with unintentional directing of attention to deviant stimuli and was analysed in frontocentral brain regions. Age was utilised as a control variable. Our results show that tone deviations in infants trigger an immature N2–P3a complex. Contrary to studies with older children or adults, the N2 amplitude was more positive for deviants than for standards. This may be related to an immature superposition of the N2 with the P3a. For infants whose parents had no high-school degree and were born abroad, this tendency was increased, indicating that facing multiple challenges as a young family impacts on the infant’s early neural development. As such, attending to unexpected stimulus changes may be important for early learning processes. Variations of the infant N2–P3a complex may, thus, relate to early changes in attentional capacity and learning experiences due to familial challenges. This points towards the importance of early prevention programs.

We characterized the performance, as well as the safety, of a second-generation thin-strut sirolimus-eluting stent with a biodegradable polymer, Alex Plus (Balton, Poland), implanted in patients with type 2 diabetes (DM) with a 4-year follow-up. We defined the primary endpoint as the 48-month rate of major cardiovascular adverse events (MACE), including cardiac death, myocardial infarction (MI), or target lesion revascularization (TLR). The secondary endpoints were all-cause death, cardiac death, MI, and TLR rates at 12, 24, 36, and 48 months. We enrolled 232 patients in whom 282 stents were implanted, including 97 DM and 135 non-DM patients. The mean age of the DM patients was 69.5 ± 10.1 years and females accounted for 30% of the patients. DM patients had higher rates of arterial hypertension (97% vs. 88%, p = 0.016), dyslipidemia (86% vs. 70%, p = 0.005), prior MI (61% vs. 40%, p = 0.002), prior PCI (65% vs. 50%, p = 0.020), and prior CABG (14% vs. 5.9%, p = 0.029). We recorded statistically significant differences for MACE (HR 1.85, 95% CI 1.01–3.41, p = 0.046), cardiac death (HR 4.46, 95% CI 1.44–13.8, p = 0.010), and MI (HR 3.17, 95% CI 1.10–9.12, p = 0.033), but not for TLR, between DM and non-DM patients in terms of the analyzed endpoints at 4 years. Our study showed that Alex Plus was efficient and safe in a contemporary cohort of real-world DM patients undergoing percutaneous revascularization.

Efficacy beliefs are important determinants of human behavior. In the context of social cognitive theory, the perception of collective efficacy is closely related to the individual perception of self-efficacy, which is influenced by socio-structural factors such as socioeconomic status (SES). Surprisingly, the relationship between these variables has received little attention in the literature on environmental issues. Within the framework of social cognitive theory, the aim of this study was to investigate whether SES has a direct effect on pro-environmental behavior and whether it has an indirect effect via perceptions of self-efficacy and collective efficacy, in relation to climate change mitigation behavior. An online cross-sectional study was conducted using a quota sample of 1075 participants (51.9% women) aged 18–79 years. Participants reported their SES using objective and subjective measures, perceptions of their own and collective efficacy in mitigating climate change, and the frequency of their pro-environmental behaviors. Structural equation modeling revealed that the model with serial mediation effects of self-efficacy and collective efficacy between SES (both objective and subjective) and pro-environmental behaviors showed a good model fit. As expected, both objective and subjective SES had no direct effect on pro-environmental behavior. Surprisingly, neither objective nor subjective SES had an indirect effect (via efficacy beliefs) on pro-environmental behavior. However, both self-efficacy and collective efficacy were associated with pro-environmental behavior. These findings have practical implications for the development of strategies aimed at enhancing pro-environmental behavior.

This paper is devoted to the study of the effect of risk accumulation on academic resilience in Russian schools, as well as to the identification of protective factors for specific risk combinations. The present study considers three combinations of risks: only low socioprofessional status of the family, low socioprofessional status of the family and humiliation by teachers, low socioprofessional status of the family and bullying by peers. The sample includes 18,466 students in grades 6-9 of both urban and rural schools in the Kaluga region, Russia. According to the results of the analysis, the low socio-professional status of the family is the strongest predictor of lower student achievement. The hypothesis of accumulation of risks was confirmed: schoolchildren exposed to a combination of two negative factors are less likely to be resilient. Humiliation by teachers has a greater negative effect on academic performance than bullying by peers. Family involvement in studies and the number of books at home turned out to be universal factors. For students exposed to two risks at once, fewer protective factors are found: a sense of belonging to the school does not increase the chances of resilience for such students, in contrast to those exposed to only one risk. Thus, more vulnerable adolescents exposed to a combination of risks find themselves in a difficult situation. Intervention programs need to be developed to make Russian schools a place where resilience can be increased.

IntroductionApplying variable-centered analytical approaches, several studies have found an association between civic engagement and youth mental health. In the present study, we used a person-centered approach to explore whether civic engagement was related to optimal trajectories of mental health compared to other trajectories. We also examined how sociodemographic factors, such as socioeconomic status (SES), gender and age were related to youth mental health trajectories.MethodsOur sample comprised 675 students (aged 16–22) who had participated in three waves of data collection (Mage = 18.85, SD = 0.55; 43% males) in the COMPLETE project, a cluster-randomized controlled trial that involved Norwegian upper secondary schools.ResultsThe results revealed three trajectories of mental health (reflecting a combination of mental distress and mental well-being): optimal, intermediate, and sub-optimal. Contrary to our expectations, higher levels of civic engagement were not related to the optimal trajectory of mental health vs. other trajectories. However, we found that students who reported higher levels of SES and males were more likely to follow the optimal trajectory compared to other trajectories.DiscussionWhile the findings on civic engagement could be due to our measurement’s inability to capture the concept of “dugnad,” a well-established civic activity in the Norwegian society, the findings regarding the influence of SES and gender suggest that there is still more work to be done concerning the assessment and advancement of factors that can address mental health inequalities across SES and gender.

Background: Socioeconomic status (SES) is a potent environmental determinant of health. To our knowledge, no assessment of genotype-environment interaction has been conducted to consider the joint effects of socioeconomic status and genetics on risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). We analyzed Mexican American Family Studies (MAFS) data to evaluate the hypothesis that genotype-byenvironment interaction (GxE) is an important determinant of variation in CVD risk factors. Methods: We employed a linear mixed model to investigate GxE in Mexican American extended families. We studied two proxies for CVD [Pooled Cohort Equation Risk Scores/Framingham Risk Scores (FRS/PCRS) and carotid artery intima-media thickness (CA-IMT)] in relation to socioeconomic status as determined by Duncan’s Socioeconomic Index (SEI), years of education, and household income. Results: We calculated heritability for FRS/PCRS and carotid artery intima-media thickness. There was evidence of GxE due to additive genetic variance heterogeneity and genetic correlation for FRS, PCRS, and CA-IMT measures for education (environment) but not for household income or SEI. Conclusion: The genetic effects underlying CVD are dynamically modulated at the lower end of the SES spectrum. There is a significant change in the genetic architecture underlying the major components of CVD in response to changes in education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: ADHD (attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder) affects 5% of children on average. Despite the high need to access services for ADHD treatment, not all children with ADHD utilise healthcare services equally. This study aims to systematically synthesise evidence of equity and equality in health service use/costs and health‐related quality of life (HRQoL)/wellbeing of children with ADHD across socioeconomic (SES) classes. Methods: The literature search was conducted across seven databases (Academic Search complete, MEDLINE Complete, PsycINFO, ERIC, Global Health, CINAHL and EconLit). The search was limited to peer‐reviewed articles published to 23rd January 2023 in English and focused on children. Study quality was assessed using the Critical Appraisal Skills Program (CASP), Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) and Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) checklists. Results: 25 out of 1207 articles were eligible for inclusion. The results showed that SES was associated with different types of healthcare utilisation. Only three studies were found on HRQoL/well‐being. Children with ADHD from low SES families had lower HRQoL than children from high SES families. Conclusion: This study found that a social gradient exists in both healthcare service use and children's HRQoL among those with ADHD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this brief commentary is twofold: First, to highlight the kind of articles we, as editors, would like to publish in the journal. Second, to raise the bar with respect to the methodological sophistication of these articles. Specifically, John Garrett Tanner's article touches upon a supremely important issue: Low socio-economic Status (SES) and its role within psychotherapy practice and training. In its most extreme form, low SES amounts to poverty. From a global health perspective, poverty, particularly abject poverty, is akin to a weapon of mass destruction. Its formidable effects infiltrate into all contexts, including that of the intimate, scared, arena of the therapeutic relationship. Tanner's article focuses on the impact of low SES on therapeutic relationships from the eyes of doctoral-level psychotherapists in training, thereby bringing societal plights (back) into the clinic. Faithful to the Journal's scope, we are interested in articles such as this which address applied psychoanalytic practice in the public sector. That Tanner's article utilizes qualitative data analyses is also highly consistent with the methodological pluralism we wish to advance in the Journal. At the same time, we wish to address some methodological limitations of Tanner's article in order to set the stage for an increased methodological rigor of the articles published in this journal, whether they are qualitative, quantitative, or clinical-theoretical. Finally, we reflect on the article's findings by situating it within the context of psychoanalytic object-relations and intersubjectivity theories [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We juxtapose (positive and negative) compositional effects of school-average achievement and school-average socioeconomic status (SES) on students’ academic self-concept (ASC), final high-school grade-point-average (GPA), and long-term outcomes at age 26 (educational attainment and educational and occupational expectations). We used doubly-latent multilevel compositional models with a large, nationally representative longitudinal sample (16,197 Year-10 students from 751 US high schools), controlling background variables (gender, age, ethnicity, academic track, and a composite risk factor). At the individual-student level, the effects of achievement, SES, ASC, and GPA on long-term outcomes were consistently positive. However, mostly consistent with a priori theoretical predictions, (1) the compositional effects of school-average achievement on ASC, GPA, and educational and occupational expectations were significantly negative (although non-significant for final attainment); (2) the compositional effects of school-average SES on ASC, educational attainment, and educational and occupational expectations were significantly positive (but nonsignificant for GPA); and (3) the compositional effects on long-term outcomes were partly mediated by ASC and particularly by GPA. These findings demonstrate that the positive effects of school-average SES are distinguishable from the adverse effects of school-average achievement. We discuss how these findings extend Göllner et al.'s (Psychological Science 29:1785–1796, 2018) highly controversial conclusion regarding the benefits of schools with high school-average SES but low school-average achievement. We also relate our research to Luthar et al.’s (American Psychologist 75:983–995, 2020) findings of adverse mental health problems associated with attending high-achieving schools. Our results have important implications not only for theory and methodology but also for parents’ selection of schools for their children and policy regarding the structure of schools (a substantive-methodological synergy). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ekonomske Ideje i Praksa is the property of Centar za Izdavacku Delatnost Ekonomskog Fakulteta u Beogradu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Praxis of Otorhinolaryngology / Kulak Burun Boğaz Uygulamaları is the property of Official Journal of ENT-HNS Society of Istanbul and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Characterization of genetic resources will provide added value in enriching gene diversity. As many as 24 local rice genotypes have been found in Kuantan Singingi Regency. However, the specific problem of this study is that the level of diversity and kinship is unknown. This study aims to determine the level of kinship and diversity of 24 local rice genotypes from the Kuantan Singingi Regency. This study used an experimental method in which to assess the level of diversity and kinship, planting and observation (identification) of the characteristics of rice plant organs had to be carried out using the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) translated edition of the Standard Evaluation System (SES) guide in 2003. Observational data, then processed using Ms. software. Excel and (NTSYS-pc) version 2.11 to get a kinship tree or dendrogram. The results showed that the criteria for wide and narrow levels of diversity. At the same time, the degree of kinship ranges from 0.49-0.90. Only the PL17 (pulut benai rice from Kinali Village) and PL22 (gondok rice from Market Inuman Village) genotypes had a high consanguinity coefficient of 0.90 (90%). The degree of consanguinity of other genotypes is low. The lower the level of kinship, the potential to be used for developing rice plant breeding in the future. Further research is hoped to identify the resistance properties of 24 local rice genotypes from Kuantan Singingi Regency to biotic and abiotic stresses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aimed to characterize the performance and safety of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in complex, high-risk indicated procedure (CHIP) and high-bleeding-risk (HBR) patients at a 4-year follow up. We included all consecutive patients who underwent PCI with the sirolimus-eluting coronary stent Alex Plus (Balton, Poland) between July 2015 and March 2016. We analyzed various baseline demographic and clinical characteristics, laboratory data, and clinical outcomes. We enrolled 232 patients in whom 282 stents were implanted, including 81 patients meeting the CHIP criteria and 76 patients meeting the HBR criteria. In the whole population, the mean age was 68 ± 11 years, and 23.7% were females. Most procedures were performed from radial access (83.2%) using a 6F guiding catheter (95.7%). The lesions were mostly predilated (61.6%), and postdilatation was performed in 37.9%. The device success was 99.6% (in one case, a second stent was required due to heavy calcifications). Additional stents were deployed in 39% of cases due to edge dissection (6.9%), side branch stenting (5.2%), or diffuse disease (26.9%). Myocardial infarction (MI) type 4a was revealed in 2.2% of cases. At 4 years, the MACE rates for the whole population and for CHIP and HBR patients were 23.3%, 29.6%, and 27.6%, respectively. CHIP patients had a higher risk of MACEs (29.6% vs. 19.9%, HR 1.69, p = 0.032) and cardiac death (11.1% vs. 4.6%, HR 2.50, p = 0.048). There were no differences for MI (7.4% vs. 6.6%, p = 0.826) and TLR (18.5% vs. 12.6%, p = 0.150). HBR patients were also characterized by a higher risk of MACEs (27.6% vs. 21.2%, HR 1.84, p = 0.049) and cardiac death (17.1% vs. 1.9%, HR 9.61, p < 0.001). There were no differences for MI (7.9% vs. 6.4%, p = 0.669) and TLR (11.8% vs. 16.0%, p = 0.991). PCI in CHIP and HBR patients is feasible with a low rate of periprocedural complications. Nevertheless, CHIP and HBR patients are at a high risk of future adverse events and require strict surveillance to improve outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: COVID-19 pandemic has had long-standing consequences for all aspects of life. Although young people appear less susceptible to severe forms of physical illness due to the coronavirus, they have not escaped unscathed from its' psychological impacts. The present study measured the content of worries in young people residing in the UK during the pandemic and how it varied with sociodemographic factors. Methods: Between May and December 2020, UK-residing participants aged 12–25 years completed an online survey that presented participants with free-text fields to describe their top three worries over the last two weeks, in addition to demographic and other information. Cross-sectional data from 2560 participants (Males = 767; Female = 1793) was analyzed. Results: Irrespective of sociodemographic, a majority of the participants reported worries related to academics, followed by social relationships, own physical health, social and work routines, and physical health of others. Significantly more females reported concerns about academics, finances, physical health, social and work routines, social relationships, mental health and emotions, and physical health of others. Expectedly, more older (18–25 years) than younger (12–17 years) participants reported concerns about career-prospects and finances, while more younger than older ones were worried about academics (98.41% vs. 80.90%). With respect to financial worries, a higher percentage of BAME (Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic) communities in the UK reported such worries. Ethnicity significantly predicted more worries about social relationships among White than BAME participants. Significant differences also existed across different SES groups regarding endorsement of a particular category of worry. Conclusion: These findings highlight the need for tailored interventions depending on the major concerns for young people of different ages, sexes, ethnicities, and SES. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

'Should I talk to my child in a language that I am not good at?' This question reveals the dilemma that many bilingual parents are facing. In the current study, 301 English-Mandarin bilinguals' mothers in Singapore self-evaluated their Mandarin proficiency and we assessed the 4–5 years old children's Mandarin receptive vocabulary and grammar. We also investigated children's bilingual language exposure with a parental questionnaire and children's phonological short-term memory with CTOPP. The results indicated that mothers' Mandarin proficiency would affect the amount of Mandarin they speak to their children. Those mothers with a medium- or high-level Mandarin proficiency demonstrated a significantly stronger influence on children's Mandarin vocabulary and grammar than the mothers with lower Mandarin proficiency. Specifically, mothers' Mandarin proficiency mediated the relations between familial SES and children's Mandarin skills after controlling children's Mandarin exposure at home, gender, and short-term phonological memory. Our findings suggest the unique role that maternal Mandarin proficiency plays in early heritage language learning. It indicates that mothers who have a decent command of heritage language should be encouraged to use this language more often with their children, considering maternal heritage language proficiency as a promotive factor from the influence of low SES. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The present study aimed to explore the effect of modification of socioeconomic status (SES) on the association between famine exposure in early life and osteoporosis in adulthood via the baseline data from the Henan Rural cohort study. Methods: A total of 2669 exposed to famine participants were selected from the Henan Rural cohort, and the questionnaires, physical examination and bone mineral density measurement were completed. Specific birth years were used to define five groups: the fetal exposed group, early‐childhood exposed group, mid‐childhood exposed group, late‐childhood exposed group and unexposed group. And the age‐matched control group was a combination of the unexposed group and late‐childhood exposed group. Multivariable logistic regression models were utilised to analyse the association of famine exposure in early life with osteoporosis in adulthood. Results: The prevalence rates of osteoporosis of participants exposed to famine during the fetal period, early‐childhood, mid‐childhood and the age‐matched group were 21.67%, 25.76%, 23.90% and 18.14%, respectively. The adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence interval) of participants suffering from famine during the fetal period, early‐childhood and mid‐childhood versus age‐matched group were 1.19 (0.82–1.73), 1.40 (1.04–1.88) and 1.57 (1.16–2.13), respectively. The female participants yielded consistent results. The risk of osteoporosis was higher in more severe famine eara. Moreover, an attenuated effect of early life famine exposure on osteoporosis was observed in female participants with high SES. Conclusions: Exposure to famine in early life showed a sex‐specific association with an increased risk of osteoporosis in adulthood and the severity of famine may exacerbate this association. In addition, the risk could be modified by SES. Highlights: Henan province was one of the most severe regions affected by the famine.Famine exposure in early life and the severity of famine were associated with a higher risk of osteoporosisin women.Improving the socioeconomic status may be an effective method to protect the bone health of women undergoing malnutrition in early life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study ascertains the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and students' science self‐efficacy using data involving 509,182 15‐year‐old students and 17,678 school principals in 69 countries/regions who participated in the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2015. Hierarchical linear modelling results show that, after controlling for science teachers' instructional practices (science class disciplinary climate, inquiry‐based instruction, teachers' support, direct instruction, provision of feedback, instructional adaptation), school science resources and various student variables (gender, grade levels, type of school programme), SES was related to students' science self‐efficacy in the majority of countries/regions (62–68 countries/regions, depending on the SES indicators used). Specifically, SES was related to students' science self‐efficacy in a larger number of countries/regions when it was measured using home cultural resources, home educational resources or a composite indicator (economic, social and cultural status) than when it was measured using parental education levels or occupational status. In contrast, students' science self‐efficacy was unrelated to the science teachers' instructional practices examined (except inquiry‐based instruction) in most of the countries/regions. These results expand our understanding of students' science self‐efficacy, as a type of learning motivation, from being a largely psychological attribute to one that is also influenced by social origins such as family SES. They imply that SES may have a larger influence on student achievement than we may have assumed if we include the indirect influence of SES on student achievement via students' self‐efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous studies have examined the role of socio-economic status on physical activity, obesity, and cognitive performance in youth or older adults, but few studies have examined the role of neighborhood socio-economic status (NSES) on motor or cognitive performance in kindergarten children. This study aimed to examine whether lower NSES (measured by the social data atlas) was associated with lower motor and inhibitory control performance in kindergarten children. One hundred twenty-nine preschoolers were recruited from eight kindergartens in low and high NSES areas in Stuttgart, one of Germany's largest metropolitan areas. Motor functioning (Movement Assessment Battery for Children, MABC-2; Manual Dexterity, Aiming and Catching, and Balance) and inhibitory control (Flanker Task, Go/NoGo Task) were assessed in a sample of 3- to 6-year-old children within a cross-sectional study. Children from a low NSES background showed the expected difficulties in inhibitory control and motor performance, as indicated by poorer performance than children from a high NSES background. Sex-specific analysis revealed girls from low NSES areas to have the lowest fine motor control; children with low NSES reach a Developmental Coordination Disorder at-risk status of 13% (boys and girls), in contrast to children with high SES (boys 9.1%, girls 0.0%). Motor performance and inhibitory control correlated positively with regard to the group from a low NSES background. Researchers and practitioners are advised to develop a more nuanced picture of motor and academic achievement in heterogeneous neighborhoods when designing early intervention programs, particularly with regard to sex differences, with the most significant disadvantage to girls with lower NSES. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research is to determine the effect of visual and auditory elements on the perception of taste based in terms of the gastro-physical framework. The context of the study was to evaluate the effect of color and soundtrack reminiscent of salty taste on the saltiness perception of popcorn as a snack. In the method of the research, 4 different experimental designs were used with pre-test exploration. In the repeated measurements, transparent, pink and blue colored bowls were included in the soundtrack experiments with salt from the auditory elements in order to reproduce the color groups, visual elements. In the experiments, popcorn samples were served both salted and unsalted to better preserve the color and sound sources. The subjects were 96 undergraduate students at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Tourism, Department of Gastronomy and Culinary Arts. Since there are independent unit repetitive measurements in the comprehensive structured system analysis, mixed pattern ANOVA analysis was preferred, and normality, homogeneity of variance tests and frequency analysis, the estimations of mixed pattern ANOVA, were performed. As a result of the analyses, it was found that the music+color chain had a higher average than just the color effect in the salinity perception. It was found that popcorn served in blue bowls was perceived as more salty by the participants than the transparent and pink bowls (p<0.05). The difference in the perceived saltiness between unsalted popcorn served with soundtrack and salted popcorn alone was insignificant (p>0.05). The perceived saltiness of popcorn served in pink bowls was found less salty than that of others (p<0.05). Results indicated that the blue color and salty soundtrack had an increasing effect on the perception of saltiness in popcorn tasting. In conclusion, the subjective taste experiences of individuals could be manipulated with visual and auditory effects as shown in the saltiness of popcorn samples in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the historical process, human beings have endeavoured to record their experiences and leave their mark on future generations. Historical events recorded at this point have generally been important events for societies and states. However, it is very rare for an abstract concept such as sound to be found in historical records. Because the phenomenon of sound in every moment of our lives has become so ordinary that people living in the past often did not realize that it could be "remarkable", moreover, "recordable". In this study, we will look for people's perceptions of acousmatic sounds over a long period, generally in the recording mechanism of the Ottoman Empire and the exaggerated discourses of travellers. In addition, we will examine that the acousmatic sound phenomenon will actually be a source in the historical narrative, especially in the context of the 19th century Ottoman people's perception of sound. While doing this, we will discuss what acousmatic sounds imply for the people of the period, by putting various documents in the centre, with the case study method. Thus, we will create a historical fiction that we will try to analyse people's approaches to sound from an ambiguous concept such as "acousmatic voice". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social cohesion and socioeconomic status (SES) have been widely considered important factors influencing health services utilisation, but little is known about the association between social cohesion and health services utilisation across different SES groups. Based on a nationally representative survey, this study explores the influence of social cohesion on basic public health services utilisation in Chinese internal migrants at different SES levels. It is observed that objective and subjective cohesion forms have different effects on health record establishment and health education receipt. The positive effect of objective cohesion on health services utilisation is significantly larger than that of subjective cohesion, but two cohesion forms show similar effect sizes on health services utilisation among poor-SES migrants. With the promotion of SES, the effect size of objective cohesion gradually increases while that of subjective cohesion declines, showing a distribution of 'scissors gap'. For basic public health services utilisation, migrants not only have the agency to receive but are constrained by their SES. For migrants with poor SES, strong structural constraints hinder the utilisation of basic public health services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to identify profiles of achievement goal orientations and transitions between these profiles among adolescents from different socioeconomic backgrounds before and during the Covid-19 pandemic. A sample of 1268 adolescents (51.7% females; Mage = 14.87; SDage = 0.39) participated in four waves of data collection: One took place pre-pandemic (at the start of 9th grade) and three took place during the Covid-19 pandemic. Latent transition analyses revealed four profiles of achievement goal orientations at each study wave: moderately motivated, success-oriented, mastery-oriented, and unmotivated. Most adolescents remained in the same profile or transitioned to a similar one across subsequent study waves. However, some more substantive, mostly unfavourable patterns of transitions between the profiles were also observed, especially among highly motivated adolescents. The latter patterns coincided with pandemic-related online learning periods. Results also showed a large motivational disadvantage among students from socioeconomically disadvantaged backgrounds, which was particularly pronounced before the pandemic, but remained salient throughout the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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ObjectivesSocioeconomic status (SES) is among the strongest determinants of body mass index (BMI), particularly for women. For older populations, selection bias due to attrition is a large barrier to assessing the accumulation of inequality. Under multiple missing data mechanisms, we investigated the extent to which childhood and midlife SES affects BMI from midlife to old age and gender differences in the association.MethodData come from a longitudinal national study of 2,345 U.S. adults aged 40-54 at baseline. We used latent growth models to estimate BMI trajectory over a period of 20 years. We examined results under different missing data patterns and applied methods that account for nonrandom-selection bias.ResultsCompared with individuals who had higher childhood SES, individuals who had lower childhood SES have higher BMI in midlife and experience a faster increase in BMI between midlife and old age. The observed associations remain significant even after controlling for midlife SES. After addressing nonrandom selection, the gap in BMI between high and low childhood SES widens from midlife to old age for women.DiscussionThe findings provide new evidence of cumulative inequality among older adults, documenting increasing BMI inequality from midlife to old age, particularly for women from low-SES families.

We tend to study health inequalities as differentials in disease and death that exist within a population. But the most important cause of health inequality is social stratification, and social stratification only varies between populations. Here, I highlight a way forward in the study of health inequality that resolves this mismatch of analytical levels: we must study the fundamental causes as systems of exposure. Through this critical review of the literature, I argue that the explicit study of variation in social stratification is the next frontier in research on fundamental causes of health inequality.

BackgroundThe incidence of pediatric brain tumors varies by race and ethnicity, but these relationships may be confounded by socioeconomic status (SES). In this study, the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program (SEER) database was evaluated for associations between race/ethnicity and pediatric glioma and medulloblastoma risk with adjustment for SES.MethodsPediatric glioma and medulloblastoma cases from the SEER database (years: 2000-2016) were included. Differences in incidence rates by ethnicity, sex, age, and SES-related factors were evaluated by calculation of age-adjusted incidence rates (AAIRs) and annual percent change (APC). SES-related factors (percentage without less than high school graduation, median household income, and percentage foreign-born) were derived from the census at the county-level (year: 2000). Multivariable Poisson regression models with adjustment for selected covariates were constructed to evaluate risk factors.ResultsThe highest AAIRs of pediatric glioma were observed among non-Hispanic Whites (AAIR: 2.91 per 100 000, 95%-CI: 2.84-2.99). An increasing incidence of pediatric glioma by calendar time was observed among non-Hispanic Whites and non-Hispanic Blacks (APC: 0.97%, 95%-CI: 0.28-1.68 and APC: 1.59%, 95%-CI: 0.03-3.18, respectively). Hispanic and non-Hispanic Black race/ethnicity was associated with lower risk when compared with non-Hispanic White (incidence rate ratios [IRRs]: 0.66, 95%-CI: 0.63-0.70; and 0.69, 95%-CI: 0.65-0.74, respectively). For medulloblastoma, the highest AAIR was observed for non-Hispanic Whites with a positive APC (1.52%, 95%-CI: 0.15-2.91). Hispanics and non-Hispanic Blacks had statistically significant lower IRRs compared with non-Hispanic Whites (IRRs: 0.83, 95%-CI: 0.73-0.94; and 0.72, 95%-CI: 0.59-0.87, respectively).ConclusionNon-Hispanic White race/ethnicity was associated with higher pediatric glioma and medulloblastoma IRRs in models with adjustments for SES.

While low socioeconomic status (SES) introduces risk for developmental outcomes among children, there are an array of proximal processes that determine the ecologies and thus the lived experiences of children. This study examined interrelations between 22 proximal measures in the economic, psychosocial, physiological, and perinatal ecologies of children, in association with brain structure and cognitive performance in a diverse sample of 8,158 9-10-year-old children from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. SES was measured by the income-to-needs ratio (INR), a measure used by federal poverty guidelines. Within the ABCD study, in what is one of the largest and most diverse cohorts of children studied in the United States, we replicate associations of low SES with lower total cortical surface area and worse cognitive performance. Associations between low SES (

The COVID-19 pandemic has rendered visible many socioeconomic inequalities and the lengthy period of disruption to everyday life had disproportionate effects on the most vulnerable groups in Singapore and across the world. Utilizing data from the Singapore Life Panel ® (SLP) collected in September 2021, this study examined a sample of 6667 older adults to assess the effects of socioeconomic status (SES) on well-being, and the mechanisms through which social support and resilience may mediate its influence. Overall, our results suggest significant direct and indirect effects of SES on well-being and provide evidence for the pivotal role that social support plays in building resilience and well-being. Affluent socioeconomic backgrounds do not intrinsically build resilience; instead, it is through the access to social resources, which SES affords and facilitates, that resilience is developed, and well-being is safeguarded. We argue that Singapore's policy response to COVID-19 has yet to fully leverage on social resources and develop a social infrastructure that can buffer the negative impacts of prolonged crises on the most vulnerable groups.

Abstract Background Recruiting participants for lifestyle programmes is known to be challenging. Insights into recruitment strategies, enrolment rates and costs are valuable but rarely reported. We provide insight into the costs and results of used recruitment strategies, baseline characteristics and feasibility of at-home cardiometabolic measurements as part of the Supreme Nudge trial investigating healthy lifestyle behaviours. This trial was conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic, requiring a largely remote data collection approach. Potential sociodemographic differences were explored between participants recruited through various strategies and for at-home measurement completion rates. Methods Participants were recruited from socially disadvantaged areas around participating study supermarkets (n = 12 supermarkets) across the Netherlands, aged 30–80 years, and regular shoppers of the participating supermarkets. Recruitment strategies, costs and yields were logged, together with completion rates of at-home measurements of cardiometabolic markers. Descriptive statistics are reported on recruitment yield per used method and baseline characteristics. We used linear and logistic multilevel models to assess the potential sociodemographic differences. Results Of 783 recruited, 602 were eligible to participate, and 421 completed informed consent. Most included participants were recruited via letters/flyers at home (75%), but this strategy was very costly per included participant (89 Euros). Of paid strategies, supermarket flyers were the cheapest (12 Euros) and the least time-invasive (

Abstract Background The main objective of this study was to construct and validate a composite socioeconomic status indicator containing material capital, human capital, and social capital (CAPSES scale) and also appropriate it for CVDs in a large population-based study. Methods This cross-sectional study, the Urban HEART-2 project, was conducted in Tehran, Iran, in 2011. A total of 34,116 households covering 118,542 individuals were assessed in this study. A 14-parts questionnaire was completed for all selected households. All the gathered data were based on the participants’ self-reports. Literacy, wealth index, expenditure, skill level, and Townsend index were used as SES indexes. CVDs, including Hypertension, Myocardial infarction, and stroke, were considered the main outcomes. A structural equation model (SEM) was used to construct a CAPSES scale and a composition index of SES. Criterion validity and Construct validity were used to assess this scale. Results A total of 91,830 subjects consisting of 33,884 (49%) men were included in this analysis. The mean age of the participants was 41.5 ± 11.37 years. Among the assessed participants, 5904(6.4%) reported hypertension, 1507(1.6%) myocardial infarction, and 407(0.4%) strokes. The overall weighted prevalence of self-reported cardiovascular events (hypertension, stroke, and MI) was 8.03% (95%CI: 7.8–8.2). Inverse associations were seen between the CAPSES scale and its domains with CVDs, adjusted for sex, age, BMI, smoking, and diabetes by a multiple logistic regression model. Conclusion The CAPSES scale was significantly associated with stroke and hypertension. Our findings showed that the CAPSES index could be useful for public health research.