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Lithium (Li) has garnered considerable attention as an alternative anodes of next‐generation high‐performance batteries owing to its prominent theoretical specific capacity. However, the commercialization of Li metal anodes (LMAs) is significantly compromised by non‐uniform Li deposition and inferior electrolyte–anode interfaces, particularly at high currents and capacities. Herein, a hierarchical three‐dimentional structure with CoSe2‐nanoparticle‐anchored nitrogen‐doped carbon nanoflake arrays is developed on a carbon fiber cloth (CoSe2–NC@CFC) to regulate the Li nucleation/plating process and stabilize the electrolyte–anode interface. Owing to the enhanced lithiophilicity endowed by CoSe2–NC, in situ‐formed Li2Se and Co nanoparticles during initial Li nucleation, and large void space, CoSe2–NC@CFC can induce homogeneous Li nucleation/plating, optimize the solid electrolyte interface, and mitigate volume change. Consequently, the CoSe2–NC@CFC can accommodate Li with a high areal capacity of up to 40 mAh cm–2. Moreover, the Li/CoSe2–NC@CFC anodes possess outstanding cycling stability and lifespan in symmetric cells, particularly under ultrahigh currents and capacities (1600 h at 10 mA cm−2/10 mAh cm−2 and 5 mA cm−2/20 mAh cm−2). The Li/CoSe2–NC@CFC//LiFePO4 full cell delivers impressive long‐term performance and favorable flexibility. The developed CoSe2–NC@CFC provides insights into the development of advanced Li hosts for flexible and stable LMAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to promote an evaluation of the acceptance and use of the implanted technology (Electronic Information System) in a public institution in the state of Pernambuco, from the perspective of internal users of the system in the light of the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (Venkatesh, Morris, Davis & Davis, 2003). Methodology: A quantitative, analytical and descriptive approach with an exploratory objective was used. Data were collected using a structured form with statements grouped by constructs, elaborated and applied via google forms, using the Likert scale. The treatment of the collected data was carried out in two ways: i) descriptive statistics for the questions that deal with the demographic profile of the respondents, called moderating variables, according to the theory; and ii) the Average Ranking method was applied, confronting the aspects proposed in the theory for specific questions, verifying whether the notes of the sample responses correspond to the findings of the renowned author with respect to the relationship between constructs. Results: The results obtained point out that age, gender and experience directly influence the constructs. It is concluded, therefore, that there is a reasonable level of acceptance and use of CES. Although there is still resistance and conflicts to be faced in public management, most users see and understand positively that the system presented in the present study has been a relevant tool in public management, contributing to the management and control of information without leaving aside, support for decision-making, helping to improve the use of resources. Contributions of the study: The results contribute to the specific literature, because it presents results on acceptance and use in the public sphere, which can subsidize the process of implantation of the CES in other agencies, as well as for future research involving similar situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starting from a recent work by Francesca Davida Pizzigoni, this contribution intends to start a reflection on the analysis of the children's production of the Turin Catholic publishing house SEI, offering educational historians precious stimuli and suggestions in relation to both the specific type of texts object of the research, and, in a more general sense, the complex and articulated evolution of Italian society between the nineteenth and twentieth centuries in the plurality of its dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aluminum ion battery (AIB) technology is an exciting alternative for post-lithium energy storage. AIBs based on ionic liquids have enabled advances in both cathode material development and fundamental understanding on mechanisms. Recently, unlocking chemistry in rechargeable aqueous aluminum ion battery (AAIB) provides impressive prospects in terms of kinetics, cost, safety considerations, and ease of operation. To review the progress on AAIB, we discuss the critical issues on aluminum electrochemistry in aqueous system, cathode material design to overcome the drawbacks by multivalent aluminum ions, and challenges on electrolyte design, aluminum stripping/plating, solid-electrolyte interface (SEI) formation, and design of cathode materials. This review aims to stimulate exploration of high-performance AAIB and rationalize feasibility grounded on underlying reaction mechanisms.

Problem-Based Learning (PBL) has been adopted in several Higher Educational Institutions, aiming to promote autonomy, research and interdisciplinarity. In this research we seek to verify the potential for the insertion of an Inquiry-based Teaching-learning Sequence (ITS) in the PBL curricula, for students in the initial phase of medical training. After applying an ITS previously validated and published, we performed data collection, whose content analysis with categories established posteriori, resulted in three consensual categories for teachers and students. The results pointed out the need for didactic-pedagogical adaptation, where the insertion of ITS was promising. We conclude that methodological strategies such as ITS, can be an alternative to prepare teachers and students for the changes, making them build subsidies to solve real problems in the future, in a more critical and humanized proposal

Abstract Lithium (Li) has garnered considerable attention as an alternative anodes of next‐generation high‐performance batteries owing to its prominent theoretical specific capacity. However, the commercialization of Li metal anodes (LMAs) is significantly compromised by non‐uniform Li deposition and inferior electrolyte–anode interfaces, particularly at high currents and capacities. Herein, a hierarchical three‐dimentional structure with CoSe2‐nanoparticle‐anchored nitrogen‐doped carbon nanoflake arrays is developed on a carbon fiber cloth (CoSe2–NC@CFC) to regulate the Li nucleation/plating process and stabilize the electrolyte–anode interface. Owing to the enhanced lithiophilicity endowed by CoSe2–NC, in situ‐formed Li2Se and Co nanoparticles during initial Li nucleation, and large void space, CoSe2–NC@CFC can induce homogeneous Li nucleation/plating, optimize the solid electrolyte interface, and mitigate volume change. Consequently, the CoSe2–NC@CFC can accommodate Li with a high areal capacity of up to 40 mAh cm–2. Moreover, the Li/CoSe2–NC@CFC anodes possess outstanding cycling stability and lifespan in symmetric cells, particularly under ultrahigh currents and capacities (1600 h at 10 mA cm−2/10 mAh cm−2 and 5 mA cm−2/20 mAh cm−2). The Li/CoSe2–NC@CFC//LiFePO4 full cell delivers impressive long‐term performance and favorable flexibility. The developed CoSe2–NC@CFC provides insights into the development of advanced Li hosts for flexible and stable LMAs.

SiO x anode materials are among the most promising candidates for next-generation high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, their commercial application is hindered by poor conductivity, low initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE), and an unstable solid electrolyte interface. Developing cost-effective SiO x anodes with high electrochemical performance is crucial for advanced LIBs. To tackle these issues, this study utilized APTES as a silicon source and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as additives to prepare a T-SiO x /C/CNTs composite material with N doping and in situ carbon coating using a "molecular assembly combined with controlled pyrolysis" strategy under mild conditions. The in situ carbon coating, formed by the pyrolysis of organic groups on the molecular precursor, effectively protects the inner SiO x active material. The introduced CNTs enhance electron migration and improve the rigidity of the carbon coating layer. The prelithiated T-SiO x @C/CNTs electrode achieves an ICE of 91.6%, with a specific capacity of 622 mAh g -1 after 400 cycles at 1 A g -1 and 475.8 mAh g -1 after 800 cycles. Full cell tests with commercial NCM811 cathodes further demonstrate the potential of T-SiO x @C/CNTs as a highly promising anode material. This work provides some insights into the rational design of advanced anode materials for LIBs, paving the way for their future development and application.

Hard carbon (HC) is a promising anode material for sodium-ion batteries. However, the intrinsic relationship between the closed pores/surface groups and sodium storage performance has been unclear, leading to difficulties in targeted regulation. In this study, renewable tannin extracts were used as raw materials to prepare HC anodes with abundant tunable closed pores and carbonyl groups through a pyrolytic modulation strategy. Combining ex situ characterizations reveals that closed pores and carbonyl groups are regulated by the pyrolytic process. Further, it is demonstrated that the plateau region is mainly contributed by the closed pores; highly stable fluorine-rich solid electrolyte interphase compositions are produced through carbonyl-induced interfacial catalysis. The optimized HC anode displays good cycling stability, exhibiting a high reversible capacity (360.96 mAh g -1 ) at 30 mA g -1 and capacity retention of up to 94% after 500 cycles at 1 A g -1 . Moreover, the full battery assembled with Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 /C demonstrates a stable cycling performance. These findings provide a fresh knowledge of the structural design of high-performance HC anode materials and the mechanism of sodium storage in HC.

In electrochemical energy storage devices, the interface between the electrode and the electrolyte plays a crucial role. A solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) is formed on the electrode surface due to spontaneous decomposition of the electrolyte, which in turn controls the dynamics of ion migration during charge and discharge cycles. However, the dynamic nature of the SEI means that its chemical structure evolves over time and as a function of the applied bias; thus, a true operando study is extremely valuable. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is a widely used technique to understand the surface electronic and chemical properties, but the use of ultrahigh vacuum in standard instruments is a major hurdle for their utilization in measuring wet electrochemical processes. Herein, we introduce a 3-electrode electrochemical cell to probe the behavior of Na ions and the formation of SEI at the interface of an ionic liquid (IL) electrolyte and an aluminum electrode under operando conditions. A system containing 0.5 molar NaTFSI dissolved in the IL [BMIM][TFSI] was investigated using an Al working electrode and Pt counter and reference electrodes. By optimizing the scan rate of both XPS and cyclic voltammetry (CV) techniques, we captured the formation and evolution of SEI chemistry using real-time spectra acquisition techniques. A CV scan rate of 2 mVs -1 was coupled with XPS snapshot spectra collected at 10 s per core level. The technique demonstrated here provides a platform for the chemical analysis of materials beyond batteries.

Two different types of electrolytes (co-solvent and multi-salt) are tested for use in high voltage LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 ||Si/graphite full cells and compared against a carbonate-based standard LiPF 6 containing electrolyte (baseline). Ex situ postmortem XPS analysis on both anodes and cathodes over the life span of the cells reveals a continuously growing SEI and CEI for the baseline electrolyte. The cells cycled in the co-solvent electrolyte exhibited a relatively thick and long-term stable CEI (on LNMO), while a slowly growing SEI was determined to form on the Si/graphite. The multi-salt electrolyte offers more inorganic-rich SEI/CEI while also forming the thinnest SEI/CEI observed in this study. Cross-talk is identified in the baseline electrolyte cell, where Si is detected on the cathode, and Mn is detected on the anode. Both the multi-salt and co-solvent electrolytes are observed to substantially reduce this cross-talk, where the co-solvent is found to be the most effective. In addition, Al corrosion is detected for the multi-salt electrolyte mainly at its end-of-life stage, where Al can be found on both the anode and cathode. Although the co-solvent electrolyte offers superior interface properties in terms of the limitation of cross-talk, the multi-salt electrolyte offers the best overall performance, suggesting that interface thickness plays a superior role compared to cross-talk. Together with their electrochemical cycling performance, the results suggest that multi-salt electrolyte provides a better long-term passivation of the electrodes for high-voltage cells.

The present study aimed to assess the effect of Apremilast on experimentally induced hypertrophic scars in rabbits. A total of 40 healthy male New Zealand White rabbits between 6 and 12 months of age were assigned to four groups (n=10). Group I consists of apparently healthy control rabbits, in group II, the rabbits with an induced hypertrophic scar received no treatment, except for base gel. In group III, the rabbits with induced hypertrophic scar were treated with triamcinolone acetonide (TAC) 0.1% as standard medication. In group IV, rabbits with induced hypertrophic scars were treated with Apremilast 5%. On the first day, four surgical incisions were made using an 8-mm biopsy punch on the ventral surface of the rabbit ear down to cartilage. The TAC and Apremilast were topically administered to the developed scars on day 31. The results included an examination of skin histopathology, the level of transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1), and collagen III in skin tissue. In the treatments, the inflammatory score, scar index, as well as immunological scores of TGFβ1 and collagen III, significantly decreased, compared to the hypertrophic induced scar group (P≤ 0.001). Moreover, there was a significant reduction in fibroblast count, compared to the group of induced hypertrophic scars (P<0.05). Apremilast was efficacious in the treatment of hypertrophic scars due to its ability to reduce inflammations and fibroblast counts and scar index. Nonetheless, the reduction of immunological scores was almost comparable to that of topical TAC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sodium‐ion batteries represent a promising alternative to lithium‐ion systems. However, the rapid growth of sodium‐ion battery technology requires a sustainable and scalable synthetic route to high‐grade sodium hexafluorophosphate. This work demonstrates a new multi‐gram scale synthesis of NaPF6 in which the reaction of ammonium hexafluorophosphate with sodium metal in THF solvent generates the electrolyte salt with the absence of the impurities that are common in commercial material. The high purity of the electrolyte (absence of insoluble NaF) allows for concentrations up to 3 M to be obtained accurately in binary carbonate battery solvent. Electrochemical characterization shows that the degradation dynamics of sodium metal‐electrolyte interface are different for more concentrated (>2 M) electrolytes, suggesting that the higher concentration regime (above the conventional 1 M concentration) may be beneficial to battery performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interphase formation during the first charge and discharge cycle(s) of a battery cell is among the least understood processes in lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). The formation of interphases is a result of electrolyte decomposition and accompanied by gassing. The direct analysis of these interphases is challenging and indirect methods are required to obtain information about this process. For example, indirect, ex situ analyses of gaseous decomposition products can help to draw conclusions about occurring reactions in the cell. In this work, the origin of several permanent gases and hydrocarbons (CO, CH4, C2H4 and C2H6) emerging during the formation of LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2 (NMC622)||graphite pouch type LIBs equipped with a gas sampling port was investigated. Isotope labeled electrolytes (13C3‐EC, D4‐EC) were used to assign formation gas products to the individual constituents of the electrolyte mixture. The effect of common linear carbonates in combination with ethylene carbonate (EC) as well as the effect of vinylene carbonate (VC) as film forming additive was investigated. The obtained mass spectra from gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) and the mass shift caused by the labeled electrolyte components, enabled an assignment of individual electrolyte components to the resulting gas products. The aim of this work is to gain more information about interphase reactions and thus to improve understanding of the mechanisms behind formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the representative in rechargeable multivalence ion batteries, aqueous zinc ion battery (ZIB) is a promising safe and green solution in the post‐lithium ion era. Though ZIB is being intensively investigated due to its unique merits, the development of ZIB is facing the fundamental obstacles during Zn stripping/plating, namely, zinc dendrite formation, hydrogen evolution, and solid‐electrolyte interface (SEI) formation, which severely affect the cycling stability of ZIB. In this minireview, we aim to provide current aspects of novel approaches to deal with the above critical issues. The approaches are discussed from the perspectives of regulation of electrolyte, construction of Zn anode, and design of surface coating or SEI layer, where their effects on Zn deposition and surface evolution are focused. Last, the challenges and outlooks on the current approaches towards highly reversible Zn anode are presented for the development of ZIB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As anodes for metal‐ion batteries, metal phosphides usually suffer from severe capacity degradation because of their huge volume expansion and unstable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), especially for potassium‐ion batteries (PIBs). To address these issues, this study proposes amorphous phosphates acting as buffer materials. Ten types of metal phosphide composites embedded with in situ‐formed amorphous phosphates are prepared by one‐step ball milling using red phosphorus (RP) and the corresponding metal oxides (MOs) as starting materials. A zinc phosphide composite is selected for further study as a PIB anode. Benefitting from the effective suppression of volume variation, a KF‐rich SEI is formed on the electrode surface in the KFSI‐based electrolyte. The zinc phosphide composite exhibits a high reversible specific capacity and outstanding long‐term cycling stability (476 mAh g−1 over 350 cycles at 0.1 A g−1 after going through a rate capability test and 177 mAh g−1 after 6000 cycles at 1.0 A g−1) and thus achieves the best cycling performance among all reported metal phosphide‐based anodes for PIBs. This study highlights a low‐cost and effective strategy to guide the development of metal phosphides as high‐performance anodes for PIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the effect of anode particle radius and anode reaction rate constant on the capacity fading of lithium-ion batteries. It is observed through simulation results that capacity fade will be lower when the anode particle size is smaller. Simulation results also show that the reaction rate constant for the anode reaction has a good impact on the capacity loss of a lithium-ion battery. The potential drop across the SEI layer (solid electrolyte interphase) is studied as a function of the anode particle radius and anode reaction rate constant. Modelling results are compared with experimental data and found to compare well.

Due to the advantages of rich resources, low cost, high energy conversion efficiency, long cycle life, and low maintenance fee, sodium–ion batteries have been regarded as a promising energy storage technology. However, their relatively low energy density compared with the commercialized lithium–ion batteries still impedes their application for power systems. Anode–free rechargeable sodium–metal batteries (AFSMBs) pose a solution to boost energy density and tackle the safety problems of metal batteries. At present, researchers still lack a comprehensive understanding of the anode-free cells in terms of electrolytes, solid–electrolyte interphase (SEI), and current collectors. This review is devoted to the field of AFSMBs, and outlines the breakthroughs that have been accomplished along with our perspective on the direction of future development for AFSMBs and the areas that warrant further investigation.

An intrinsic challenge of Li‐ion batteries is the instability of electrolytes against anode materials. For anodes with a favorably low operating potential, a solid‐electrolyte interphase (SEI) formed during initial cycles provides stability, traded off for capacity consumption. The SEI is mainly determined by the anode material, electrolyte composition, and formation conditions. Its properties are typically adjusted by changing the liquid electrolyte's composition. Artificial SEIs (Art‐SEIs) offer much more freedom to address and tune specific properties, such as chemical composition, impedance, thickness, and elasticity. Art‐SEIs for intercalation, alloying, conversion and Li metal anodes have to fulfil varying requirements. In all cases, sufficient transport properties for Li‐ions and (electro‐)chemical stability must be guaranteed. Several approaches for Art‐SEIs preparation have been reported: from simple casting and coating techniques to elaborated Phys‐Chem modifications and deposition processes. This review critically reports on the promising approaches for Art‐SEIs formation on different type of anode materials, focusing on methodological aspects. The specific requirements for each approach and material class, as well as the most effective strategies for Art‐SEI coating, are discussed and a roadmap for further developments towards next‐generation stable anodes are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hard carbon is a promising anode material for potassium ion batteries, because of its abundant resource, low price and excellent electrochemical performance. Electrolyte, plays important role in determining the storage performance of electrode materials for alkaline metal based batteries, yet there is no report on how the solvents of the electrolyte impacts the potassium storage behavior of hard carbon. In this study, hard carbon prepared with corn cob as precursor (denoted as CCHC) was investigated in both ester and ether electrolytes. CCHC exhibits superior potassium storage performance in ether electrolyte than in ester electrolyte, in terms of capacity, rate and cycle performance. CCHC electrode presents different galvanostatic charge-discharge and CV profiles in ether and ester electrolytes. Kinetic studies and X-ray photoelectron spectra analyses suggest that the superior potassium storage behavior of CCHC in ether electrolyte would be attributed to larger capacitive storage contribution, favorable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) film. This study would benefit to explore the potassium storage feasibility of hard carbon and achieve better understanding of alkaline metal storage mechanisms in carbon materials with different electrolytes. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The artificial SEI layer rich-AlF 3 has been successfully synthesized on the surface of aluminum. • This SEI layer can effectively isolate the hydrogen evolution reaction at the anode. • The SEI make Al deposition smooth and reduce the formation of Al 2 O 3 passivation layer. Serious hydrogen evolution reaction and anodic corrosion in aqueous electrolyte are common problems in aqueous aluminum batteries. In this study, a strategy of electrolyte adjustment based on molecular level is proposed to mitigate side reactions and enhance reaction kinetics. Since some acetonitrile molecules can enter the solvated shell of Al3+ to reshape the solvated structure, some anions and water molecules are replaced from the solvated structure. This promotes the decomposition of anions on the anode surface to form an artificial solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer rich-AlF 3. The SEI layer can effectively isolate water molecules to gain electrons preferentially at the anode to reduce hydrogen evolution reactions. In addition, the deposition behavior of aluminum can be adjusted, and Al3+ can smoothly achieve uniform deposition/stripping on the anode through the protective layer, avoiding the formation of low conductivity Al 2 O 3 passivation layer. On this basis, full batteries composed of different cathode materials also have excellent cycling performance, proving that this electrolyte has universal applicability. The effect of acetonitrile addition on the battery is discussed in detail, which provides insights for the study of efficient energy storage devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Uncontrolled side reactions between lithium metal and organic electrolytes seriously deteriorates the stability of corresponding battery due to the non-uniform Li+ deposition. Using lithium nitrate (LiNO 3) as an additive can adjust the components in solid-electrolyte-interphase (SEI) for optimizing of lithium metal interface. However, the low solubility and rapid consumption of LiNO 3 in ester-based electrolytes limit its further application. Herein, a kind of suspension electrolyte containing micron-sized LiNO 3 particles is reported to realize a full gradient compensation against the consumption of NO 3 −. Benefiting from the uniformly dispersion of LiNO 3 particles, a SEI layer containing even-distributed Li 3 N and LiN x O y with high content is constructed that promotes the rapid and uniform plating of Li+. Consequently, the Li/Cu batteries present a polarization of only 15–20 mV, and exhibit a consistent performance for 230 cycles with the CE of 98.1%, which is 4 times than that of conventional carbonate electrolytes. In addition, the cycling life of the assembled Li/NCM811 batteries can be extended to 260 cycles with a high capacity retention of 82.4 %. A kind of suspension electrolyte containing micron-sized LiNO 3 particles is reported to realize a full gradient compensation against the consumption of NO 3 −. Benefiting from the uniformly dispersion of LiNO 3 particles, a SEI layer containing even-distributed Li 3 N and LiN x O y with high content is constructed that promotes the rapid and uniform plating of Li+. [Display omitted] • Suspension electrolyte brings a full gradient compensation of NO 3 − against the consumption on Li metal surface. • The full gradient compensation of NO 3 − promotes the uniform formation of Li 3 N and LiN x O y in SEI. • The Li + conductivity of SEI is significantly enhanced, reducing the polarization of Li/Cu batteries to only 15–20 mV. • High performance is achieved with 260 cycles in Li/NCM811 batteries at a high capacity retention of 82.4 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The elementary steps of the metal lithium deposition process were analyzed using microelectrode technology. • Revealed the causal relationship between the kinetic characteristics and the microscopic morphology of deposition layer. • Discovered the relationship between the distribution of trace elements in the SEI and the morphology of deposition layer. In this work, we investigated the apparent cycling performance of lithium metal at different chemical compositions and series current densities; examined the microscopic morphology and thickness variation of the deposition layer on the surface of lithium metal anode and the concentration-depth distribution of trace elements in the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) film; and characterized the kinetic behavior and features of the elementary steps (mass transfer, charge transfer, electro-crystallization) at Li-electrolyte interface using microelectrode technology and various electrochemical test methods. The results show that the lithium metal anode has better cycling performance in high concentration and localized high concentration electrolyte. At the same time, the experimental results confirm that the formation of spherical crystal nucleus is favored only under certain chemical conditions and certain reaction rate; under these conditions, the induction period and the self-smoothing process of critical crystal nucleus can be found. It suggests that there are determined causal among the apparent performance of lithium metal anode, the kinetic parameters of the interfacial charge transfer step and the electro-crystallization step, and these correlations can be used as a reference for screening and evaluating electrolyte systems and battery operating conditions, providing a reliable kinetic basis for future work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a potential air control measure, RF-based surveillance is one of the most commonly used unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) surveillance methods that exploits specific emitter identification (SEI) technology to identify captured RF signal from ground controllers to UAVs. Recently many SEI algorithms based on deep convolution neural network (DCNN) have emerged. However, there is a lack of the implementation of specific hardware. This paper proposes a high-accuracy and power-efficient hardware accelerator using an algorithm–hardware co-design for UAV surveillance. For the algorithm, we propose a scalable SEI neural network with SNR-aware adaptive precision computation. With SNR awareness and precision reconfiguration, it can adaptively switch between DCNN and binary DCNN to cope with low SNR and high SNR tasks, respectively. In addition, a short-time Fourier transform (STFT) reusing DCNN method is proposed to pre-extract feature of UAV signal. For hardware, we designed a SNR sensing engine, denoising engine, and specialized DCNN engine with hybrid-precision convolution and memory access, aiming at SEI acceleration. Finally, we validate the effectiveness of our design on a FPGA, using a public UAV dataset. Compared with a state-of-the-art algorithm, our method can achieve the highest accuracy of 99.3% and an F1 score of 99.3%. Compared with other hardware designs, our accelerator can achieve the highest power efficiency of 40.12 Gops/W and 96.52 Gops/W with INT16 precision and binary precision.

Este artigo tem o objetivo de construir e apresentar evidências de validade de uma Escala de Domínio de Competências Relativas ao Uso do Sistema Eletrônico de Informações (SEI). A escala foi desenvolvida a partir de revisão bibliográfica, pesquisa documental, avaliação semântica de juízes e pré-teste. O questionário foi aplicado em duas organizações públicas brasileiras: Universidade de Brasília (UnB) e Superior Tribunal de Justiça (STJ). Participaram do estudo 337 usuários do SEI. Foram realizadas análises descritivas e exploratórias, além de técnicas multivariadas como a análise fatorial exploratória e confirmatória. Os resultados indicaram a pertinência de solução fatorial composta por: fator 1, com 28 itens; fator 2 que contém 10 itens; e fator 3, com 6 itens; com 65% de variância total explicada e α = 0,98, α = 0,91 e α = 0,93, respectivamente. Quanto à precisão do instrumento, foram verificados bons índices de consciência interna para os fatores.

This paper discusses the definition, types, characteristic and construction of software metrics in the field of software development. Finally, an overview is given regarding the use of a software tool in software development in relation to software metrics in the field of banking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium batteries are widely used in portable electronic products. Although the performance of the batteries has been greatly improved in the past few decades, limited understanding of the working mechanisms at an atomic scale has become a major factor for further improvement. In the past 10 years, a reaction force field (ReaxFF) has been developed within the molecular dynamics framework. The ReaxFF has been demonstrated to correctly describe both physical processes and chemical reactions for a system significantly larger than the one simulated by quantum chemistry, and therefore in turn has been broadly applied in lithium batteries. In this article, we review the ReaxFF studies on the sulfur cathode, various anodes, and electrolytes of lithium batteries and put particular focus on the ability of the ReaxFF to reveal atomic-scale working mechanisms. A brief prospect is also given.

High-energy-density lithium (Li) metal batteries (LMBs) have been intensely revisited in recent years due to the urgent need of advanced energy storage technologies. However, a step towards the practical application of LMBs is still plagued by the lack of scalable method for Li metal protection. Rationally designed carbon nanostructures have been employed to stabilize Li metal anode, but only demonstrated as model structures without scalable productions. Herein, a type of fluorocarbon (–CF x) bonded carbon nanoparticles is developed, which not only exhibit much better manoeuvrability to form uniform and crack-free laminates as large-area Li protective structure, but the presence of –CF x also leads to the formation of a high-content lithium fluoride (LiF) interphase via a lithiation route, endowing high-loading lateral Li deposition by the increase of interfacial energy between the substrate and the highly fluorinated interphase. Based on the efficacious Li protection by the –CF x bonded carbon laminates, a stable cycling of 300 cycles is achieved for Li||LiNi 0.88 Co 0.09 Al 0.03 O 2 (NCA) full cell with a high NCA loading of 5 mAh cm−2. These results demonstrate that protecting high-loading Li metal anodes in the practical LMBs is feasible by the functional carbon synthesized from our easy-scalable method. Image 1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silicon is a promising next-generation anode to increase energy density over commercial graphite anodes, but calendar life remains problematic. In this work, scanning electrochemical microscopy was used to track the site-specific reactivity of a silicon thin film surface over time to determine if undesirable Faradaic reactions were occurring at the formed solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) during calendar aging in four case scenarios: formation between 1.5 V and 100 mV with subsequent rest starting at (1) 1.5 V and (2) 100 mV and formation between 0.75 V and 100 mV with subsequent rest starting at (3) 0.75 V and (4) 100 mV. In all cases, the electrical passivation of silicon decreased with increasing time and potential relative to Li/Li + over a 3 day period. Along with the decrease in passivation, the homogeneity of passivation over a 500 μm 2 area decreased with time. Despite some local "hot spots" of reactivity, the areal uniformity of passivation suggests global SEI failure (e.g., SEI dissolution) rather than localized (e.g., cracking) failure. The silicon delithiated to 1.5 V vs Li/Li + was less passivated than the lithiated silicon (at the beginning of rest, the forward rate constants, k f , for ferrocene redox were 7.19 × 10 -5 and 3.17 × 10 -7 m/s, respectively) and was also found to be more reactive than the pristine silicon surface ( k m/s). This reactivity was likely the result of SEI oxidation. When the cell was only delithiated up to 0.75 V versus Li/Li f of 5 × 10 -5 m/s). This reactivity was likely the result of SEI oxidation. When the cell was only delithiated up to 0.75 V versus Li/Li + , the surface was still passivating ( k f of 6.11 × 10 -6 to prevent decreasing SEI passivation. This information will help with tuning the voltage windows for prelithiation in Si half cells and the operating voltage of Si full cells to optimize calendar life. The results provided should encourage the research community to investigate chemical, rather than mechanical, modes of failure during calendar aging and to stop using the typical convention of 1.5 V as a cutoff potential for cycling Si in half cells.k f of 3.03 × 10 -9 m/s). This indicates that the potential of the anode should be kept at or below ∼0.75 V vs Li/Li + to prevent decreasing SEI passivation. This information will help with tuning the voltage windows for prelithiation in Si half cells and the operating voltage of Si full cells to optimize calendar life. The results provided should encourage the research community to investigate chemical, rather than mechanical, modes of failure during calendar aging and to stop using the typical convention of 1.5 V as a cutoff potential for cycling Si in half cells.

In this essay, we share the results of the application of an Investigative Teaching Sequence (ITS), for two classes in the first year of high school, having Biomass as the theme. We will present how ITS promoted the reapprochement of specific Chemistry contents, promoting fruitful discussions on STSE (Science, Technology, Society and Environment) issues and reflections about the solid residues generated by the sugar and alcohol factories, so common in the region where the students live. Concept maps were used to survey previous conceptions and guide the proposed questions. From experimental apparatus and a mini boiler previously built with low-cost materials, groups of students were able to raise hypotheses, plan and carry out their experiments. The systematization of the information was based on reports, and the analysis of the content of the reports resulted in six categories, of which five brought together specific content in chemistry and one grouped issues related to the STSE. We know the need to promote discussions with our students, about possible sources of clean and sustainable energy, and we observe that the Biomass theme was assertive in this sense, supporting at the integral education of the students. In addition, this work shows the need to rethink the chemistry curriculum, since the specific contents should not be treated in a linear manner.

Summary: Inhomogeneous lithium deposition or dendrite formation and occurrence of “dead lithium” fractions are challenging issues, hampering the commercial application of lithium metal batteries. Conditions and strategies for minimizing potential failure of lithium metal anodes are currently not fully understood, despite recent progress. We report a protocol utilizing in situ and ex situ 7Li solid-state NMR spectroscopy to quantify irreversible lithium losses in batteries, clearly distinguishing losses due to SEI formation and fractions of “dead lithium,” revealing a distribution of different lithium metal microstructures on both working and counter electrodes upon plating and stripping. Estimates of dead lithium fractions of 3.3% ± 0.6% (with 5% FEC) and 9.4% ± 0.6% (without 5% FEC) are determined. The proposed protocol affords benchmarking of commercial cells, including future design of suitable strategies for effective development and tailoring of electrolyte formulations, fostering further advancement of high-performance energy storage applications.

With the growing usage of lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries in various applications from stationary applications to automotive industries, their ageing mechanism and its influencing factors have become a big concern today. Ageing may be defined as deterioration in the performance of the battery due to irreversible physical and chemical changes like internal resistance rise, electrolyte decompositions, electrodes cracking and solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) modification/growth. The aim of this research article is to study and analyse the behaviour of SEI layer growth at the anode using a novel non-invasive magnetic field probing (MFP). A 3-d model based upon well-known John Newman’s pseudo 2-d approach has been developed in COMSOL Multiphysics®. It is observed that the magnetic field response (MFR) is inversely related to SEI growth. Anode’s state of charge (SoC) response with SEI layer and MFR is also studied.

Abstract Improvements in the specific capacity of graphene nanoflake-based anodes cycled vs. Li/Li+ were investigated at two cycling temperatures of 25 and 50 °C. When cycled at 25 °C, the first cycle specific capacity of the graphene nanoflakes was 636 mA h g−1, whereas cycling at 50 °C led to a 35% increase in the specific capacity to 856 mA h g−1. High resolution SEM investigations revealed that the increased capacity of graphene cycled at 50 °C was accompanied by the formation of a uniform and continuous solid electrolyte interface (SEI). The strain generated in graphene anodes was reduced from 0.75% at 25 °C, to 0.12% at 50 °C, as determined by in situ Raman spectroscopy. This was attributed to the reduction in the extent of solvent co-intercalation at 50 °C. The results suggest that pre-cycling of Li-ion cell anodes containing graphene flakes at elevated temperatures would increase their specific capacity at the same charging/discharging current densities as that used for cycling at room temperature.

Thermal Laser Stimulation (TLS) is an efficient technology for integrated circuit defect localization in Failure Analysis (FA) laboratories. It contains Optical Beam-Induced Resistance Change (OBIRCH), Thermally-Induced Voltage Alteration (TIVA), and Seebeck Effect Imaging (SEI). These techniques respectively use the principle of laser-induced resistance change and the Seebeck effect. In this paper, a comprehensive model of TLS technology is proposed. Firstly, the model presents an analytical expression of the temperature variation in Integrated Circuits (IC) after laser irradiation, which quantificationally shows the positive correlation with laser power and the negative correlation with scanning velocity. Secondly, the model describes the opposite influence of laser-induced resistance change and the Seebeck effect in the device. Finally, the relationship between the current variation measured in the experiment and other parameters, especially the voltage bias, is well explained by the model. The comprehensive model provides theoretical guidance for the efficient and accurate defect localization of TLS technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most electrochemical energy storages (battery cells) consist of solid electrodes separated by a liquid electrolyte. If electrode materials are—at least partially—soluble in the electrolyte, detrimental mass transport between both electrodes (electrode cross‐talk) occurs. The shuttle mechanism in lithium–sulfur batteries and leaching of Mn in high voltage cathode materials are important examples. Implementing a solid electrolyte (SE) membrane between the electrodes is a comprehensible approach to suppress undesired mass transport but additional resistances arise due to charge transport across the SE and charge transfer through the solid/liquid electrolyte interfaces. The latter contribution is often overlooked as its determination is challenging; however, these interface properties are crucial for practical application. In previous work, a resistive solid/liquid electrolyte interphase "SLEI" has been found at the interface between the SE lithium aluminum germanium phosphate in contact with a liquid ether‐based electrolyte. Here, the aim is deeper insight into this interphase formation, referring to a lithium‐ion conducting glass ceramic (NASICON‐type) and the commonly used thin‐film ion conductor lithium phosphorous oxide nitride. The growth of the SLEI is monitored by a combination of electrochemical characterization, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The formation process and subsequent conditioning (cell ageing) protocols for a commercial EV lithium‐ion cell chemistry have been studied to understand their effect on the electrochemical performance and chemical interface. The temperature and duration were varied for both the formation and conditioning steps, and the state of charge was investigated for the conditioning step. The optimum conditioning temperature was shown to be dependent on the previous formation conditions. After formation at room temperature, a longer cycle life was observed when conditioning was performed at 5 °C. After formation at 5 °C, conditioning at 45 °C gave the best cycle life. These results show that the conditioning process is important for cell longevity, and is dependent upon the initial formation. The formation process creates an initial interface layer from reduction of the electrolyte, which rearranges chemically during conditioning. The rearrangement has been followed though impedance studies and XPS analysis. After conditioning at 45 °C, surface analysis of the graphite showed increased quantities of boron and phosphorus in the interface layer, and the fluorine content increased by 20 % during the conditioning process. For low temperature formation, greater levels of lithium and oxygen were observed, which subsequently decreased during conditioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hard carbon is the most promising anode for sodium-ion battery applications due to the wide availability and low work voltage. However, it often delivers worse electrochemical performance in ester-based electrolytes. Herein, a hierarchically porous loose sponge-like hard carbon with a highly disordered phase, prepared from the biomass of platanus bark, exhibits superior rate performance with a capacity of 165 mAh·g−1 at a high current of 1 A·g−1, and high retention of 71.5% after 2000 cycles in an ester-based electrolyte. The effect of the hierarchically porous loose sponge-like structure on the formation dynamics of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), and related properties, was studied via cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT), X-ray photoelectron spectroscope (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis. These results reveal that the hierarchically porous structure can construct continued connecting channels and accelerate the electrolyte transport, which is beneficial to the reaction kinetics of SEI. Moreover, the mesoporous structure is conducive to good contact between electrolyte and materials and shortens the Na+ diffusion path, which in turn facilitates the charge transfer kinetics in the material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For sodium (Na)‐rechargeable batteries to compete, and go beyond the currently prevailing Li‐ion technologies, mastering the chemistry and accompanying phenomena is of supreme importance. Among the crucial components of the battery system, the electrolyte, which bridges the highly polarized positive and negative electrode materials, is arguably the most critical and indispensable of all. The electrolyte dictates the interfacial chemistry of the battery and the overall performance, having an influence over the practical capacity, rate capability (power), chemical/thermal stress (safety), and lifetime. In‐depth knowledge of electrolyte properties provides invaluable information to improve the design, assembly, and operation of the battery. Thus, the full‐scale appraisal of both tailored electrolytes and the concomitant interphases generated at the electrodes need to be prioritized. The deployment of large‐format Na‐based rechargeable batteries also necessitates systematic evaluation and detailed appraisal of the safety‐related hazards of Na‐based batteries. Hence, this review presents a comprehensive account of the progress, status, and prospect of various Na+‐ion electrolytes, including solvents, salts and additives, their interphases and potential hazards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The crucial issue in specific emitter identification (SEI) is the extraction of fingerprint features which can represent the differences among individual emitters of the same type. Considering that these emitters have the same intentional modulation on pulse, the fingerprint features originated from the unintentional modulation on pulse are extremely imperceptible and less detectable. However, existing feature extractions, either traditional handcrafted ones or deep learning based ones, have failed to ensure that their extracted features are rich in the unintentional modulation information (UMI) and not interfered by the intentional modulation information (IMI). To adequately take advantage of deep learning to address SEI, this Letter proposes a novel neural networks, named discriminative adversarial networks (DAN). By demarcating a clear boundary between IMI and UMI, DAN isolates IMI and thus reduces the burden of UMI mining during its feature extraction process. Experimental results demonstrate that DAN outperforms most methods in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development of electrolytes that simultaneously have high ionic conductivity, wide electrochemical window, and lithium dendrite suppression ability is urgently required for high‐energy lithium‐metal batteries (LMBs). Herein, an electrolyte is designed by adding a countersolvent into LiFSI/DMC (lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide/dimethyl carbonate) electrolytes, forming countersolvent electrolytes, in which the countersolvent is immiscible with the salt but miscible with the carbonate solvents. The solvation structure and unique properties of the countersolvent electrolyte are investigated by combining electroanalytical technology with a Molecular Dynamics simulation. Introducing the countersolvent alters the coordination shell of Li+ cations and enhances the interaction between Li+ cations and FSI− anions, which leads to the formation of a LiF‐rich solid electrolyte interphase, arising from the preferential reduction of FSI− anions. Notably, the countersolvent electrolyte suppresses Li dendrites and enables stable cycling performance of a Li||NCM622 battery at a high cut‐off voltage of 4.6 V at both 25 and 60 °C. This study provides an avenue to understand and design electrolytes for high‐energy LMBs in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep learning provides a new scheme for specific emitter identification (SEI). However, most deep learning‐based methods directly apply existing neural networks in other fields to SEI without considering its particularity. The identification‐relevant information only accounts for a small proportion of the information carried by the received signal, and thus is easily interfered by the rest identification‐irrelevant information during its mining process. This Letter proposes adversarial shared‐private networks (ASPN) to address the most challenging case where all emitters are of the same type. By separating the normalised signal bispectrum amplitude and phase in the first quadrant into two orthogonal components, one that is shared among all emitters and the other that is private to each emitter, ASPN extracts more effective features and achieves more remarkable performances than most methods in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The anions rapidly decompose and some common products are observed. • The proton on the N atom readily detaches from the cations and generates LiOH. • Protic ionic liquids are capable of forming a stable SEI layer on Li metal. Interfacial structures and dissociation reactions of protic ionic liquids (PILs) comprising five protic cations with two common sulfonylimide anions on the Li(0 0 1) surface were investigated using first-principles calculations and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. Both the anions rapidly decompose, yielding LiF, Li 2 O and Li 2 S species as well as large fragments, e.g. NSO 2 CF 3 and NSO 2. Particularly, the proton attached to the N atom generally segregates from the cations and generates LiOH with the O atom from the anions and the surface Li atom. In addition, detailed comparisons of reaction mechanisms between PIL-based and AIL-based systems were also made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]