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Statistical relationships were determined between soil pH, effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC), surface area, and some other soil properties for selected soils of southern Nigeria. The soils were mostly hydromorphic with a pH range of 3.6 to 8.1. Exchange acidity was virtually due to exchangeable Al (r= 0.99). Negative ΔpH values indicate a dominant silicate clay mineralogy. The ΔpH (pHKCl‐pHH2O) was correlated with exchangeable Na (r= −0.56), sand content (r= 0.51) and organic C (r= 0.34). Effective cation exchange capacity was low, average of 7.1 cmolckg−1. No exchangeable Al was found above a soil pH (KCl) of about 4. A derived variable, ΔCEC (difference between CEC measured at pH 8.2 and ECEC), was used as a dependent variable to test pH dependence. The variability observed in ΔCEC values was found to be related to clay content (r= 0.65), exchangeable K (r= −0.11), and organic C (r= 0.34). A regression analysis with BET‐N2(Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller) specific surface area as the dependent variable showed a strong relationship with clay content (r= 0.96) and ΔpH (r= −0.44) in the best regression equation.

The 2:1 layer silicate mineralogy of a Vertic Haplaquoll of north‐western Minnesota was studied using x‐ray diffraction and determination of cation exchange capacity (CEC). The x‐ray diffraction behavior of Li‐ and K‐saturated samples demonstrated that a highcharge smectite with tetrahedral charge dominates the mineralogy of both the coarse and the fine clay fractions. The high CEC and the large difference between Li‐CEC and K‐CEC confirmed the x‐ray results. Alkylammonium‐clay complex basal spacings show two phases of 2:1 clays; a high charge (about 0.9 molcper ½ unit cell formula) phase concentrated in the coarse clay and an Fe‐rich beidellite with a charge of 0.4 to 0.5 molcper ½ unit cell formula. The high charge phase largely represents K+‐depleted mica formed during the analytical procedure. This phase may also contain some soil vermiculite. The results presented in this study suggest that beidellite is a product of mica weathering, and that during weathering soil mica is transformed first to a vermiculite then to a beidellite, preserving the tetrahedral character of the charge.

Within the Alexandria Moraine Complex in west‐central Minnesota there are “islands” of fine textured soils and parent materials embedded within a matrix of coarser textured soils. To study the soils and the stratigraphic relationships of the parent materials, deep borings were made along two transects perpendicular to the Alexandria Moraine. A total of 27 sites were investigated. Particlesize distribution, CaCO3equivalent, clay‐sized carbonate, and the dominant mineralogy of the >2 mm, 1 to 2 mm very coarse sand (vcos), and <2‐µm fractions were determined. Four glacial materials were identified in this study: New Ulm till, Kandiyohi till, Granite Falls till, and a “mixed” drift of mainly New Ulm and Granite Falls materials. The average clay content of the glacial materials ranges from about 370 g kg−1in the Kandiyohi to about 130 g kg−1in the Granite Falls and mixed drifts. The average shale content in the vcos fraction ranges from about 620 g kg−1in the Kandiyohi till to about 60 g kg−1in the Granite Falls till. The average CaCO3equivalent ranges from about 220 g kg−1in Granite Falls till to about 170 g kg−1in the mixed drift. Statistically significant differences occur among the glacial materials in the concentration of sand, silt, clay, concentration of shale, carbonate, and crystalline pebbles in the vcos fraction, and the concentration of coarse fragments. A stepwise discriminant analysis was made and the four glacial materials were numerically defined by the first two canonical variables. The stratigraphic relationships of the two areas of Kandiyohi till outcrop studied seem to be quite different. The data from the western part of the county indicate much mixing of New Ulm and Granite Falls tills. Data from the eastern transect indicate the Kandiyohi till is an older till that has been thrust to the surface. It is suggested that the Kandiyohi till is a distinctly different glacial till in that: (i) the soils developed on this till are taxonomically distinct from soils on adjacent tills; (ii) the shale concentrations within the four defined glacial materials in the study region are statistically different; (iii) no other areas of this glacial till have been observed except in the Alexandria Moraine; and (iv) the glacial till outcrops are characteristically narrow linear features.

In a study initiated in 1977, eight laboratories representing experiment stations of the North Central Region plus the USDA‐SCS National Soil Survey Laboratory determined some of the most common soil properties used for classification and other purposes. Ten horizon samples were selected from soils throughout the region with the intent to include a variety of differences in physical and chemical properties. Estimates of the standard deviation from the mean of physical and chemical properties were derived. There were no significant differences among laboratories in the determination of Ca, Na, base saturation, available P, and CaCO3equivalent but there were significant differences in determination of Mg, K, H, cation exchange capacity, organic carbon, and pH in water and in CaCl2. These differences suggest that uniformity in procedures among laboratories must be emphasized.

State‐wide panchromatic photography of Minnesota was obtained at a contact scale of 1:90,000 and used for compiling a series of generalized soil maps. The taxonomic legend used was developed from selected concepts in Soil Taxonomy, generally at the subgroup level. The mapping rate is about one township per day with maximum use of stereo‐interpretation. Maps are compiled on composites of the U.S. Geological Survey 1:250,000 quadrangles. A concept of geomorphic regions is used to identify and isolate distinctive parent materials and topography. About 75 such regions are delineated. A concept of soil landscape units (SLU) was developed for mineral soils. These are viewed as collections of soil bodies having broad similarity in particlesize class of the control section and of material below the control section; in position and duration of the water table; and in the presence or absence of a mollic epipedon. For areas of organic soils, a taxonomic legend using suborder concepts was developed.

Congenital muscular dystrophies (CMDs) are autosomal recessive, heterogeneous disorders. The most frequent form in the Caucasian population is classic (occidental) CMD, characterized by exclusive muscle involvement, although abnormal brain white matter signals are occasionally observed on MRI. Recently, deficiency of merosin, the laminin isoform in skeletal muscle, has been identified in classic CMD patients. In skeletal muscle, merosin is a native ligand for dystroglycan linking the extracellular matrix and dystrophin. Thus, merosin deficiency could disrupt the attachment of muscle cell to the extracellular matrix and lead to muscle cell necrosis. Since merosin is also expressed in the nervous system and has biologic activities on neurite outgrowth and Schwann cell migration, deficiency of merosin could affect the development of the nervous system. We report here two patients with merosin-negative CMD presenting extensive brain abnormalities characterized by cortical anomaly, polymicrogyria, and abnormal white matter signals.

Twenty-four crossbred pigs, 12 from a fat strain and 12 from a lean strain, were used in the first part of the study. Four pigs from each line were slaughtered at 91,104 and 118 kilograms. The right ham from each carcass was separated into three muscle sections, and the fluid was collected from these sections during 48-hr storage at 2 C. The specific gravity of the fluid was determined and the percentages of fluid and cooking loss were calculated. Ham muscle sections from heavier pigs yielded exudative fluid higher in total solids than hams from the lighter weight group. No significant differences were obtained between strain or weight groups for percentage processing loss from these sections. Correlation coefficients were significant and positive between percentage muscle in the carcass and percentage fluid exuded from the ham muscle sections.In the second part of the study, 50 hams with a wide range in color and firmness scores were separated into three muscle sections and the drip collected for sodium, potassium and specific gravity determinations. Also, the percentage of fluid exuded and processing loss were determined. A significant difference existed for percentage fluid eluted between the three muscle sections and the sodium content in the eluted fluid was significantly influenced by muscle section. There was a significant correlation between the fluid specific gravity and the percentage fluid eluted from the fresh ham sections (r = −.61).

Specific gravity of pork bellies was tested to determine its usefulness as a nondestructive predictor of percentage moisture, fat and protein. Correlations between specific gravity and percentage moisture, fat and protein were r = 0.85, r = –.83 and r = 0.83, respectively, and highly significant (P< .01).Regression equations for each of the three composition variables were determined. These regression equations were tested and proven unreliable due to the large standard error of the estimate. Thus the use of specific gravity for predicting the chemical composition of pork bellies was found not to be of use at this time.

This study was designed to explore the variation in belly composition between pigs, between paired bellies from the same pig and within a pork belly per sefor percentage of moisture, fat and protein. Also, the relationships of various carcass (chilled carcass weight, length, backfat thickness, percentage ham and loin, M. longissimusarea) and belly (weight of skinned belly, belly length, belly width) measurements to the chemical components of the belly were studied.A significant (P < .01) difference existed for fat, moisture and protein between animals. There was no significant difference however, between paired bellies of an animal, although a highly significant (P < .01) difference existed from anterior to posterior ends of the belly.The average backfat thickness was the highest of the significantly (P <.01) correlated carcass measurements with the percentage of moisture, fat and protein of the belly. Thus, although average backfat thickness could be used to classify bellies on a total composition basis, the value of this classification is questionable because of the wide compositional differences existing within a belly.

Five soils formed in alluvium in central Nigeria are described, characterized and classified. One soil is on the present floodplain of the River Benue, while the others are on terraces of both the River Niger and the River Benue and their tributaries. Soils have a preponderance of mottles, sesquioxidic nodules and/or concretions and grayer colors of low chromas. Particle size distribution on a clay-free basis was used in addition to morphology and organic carbon distribution to determine the homogeneity of parent materials. The soil on the floodplain and two others on terraces are all formed in two different parent materials. Two other soils on terraces are formed in homogeneous parent materials. Most soils have a generally low effective cation exchange capacity, but higher values are found in neutral to moderately alkaline profiles containing smectite. The clay fractions are a mixture of kaolinite, smectite and some hydrous mica. Two soils are classified as Ustifluvents. The others are Tropaquepts, Plinthaquults and Argiaquolls. Equivalent FAO/UNESCO classifications are Dystric Fluvisols, Dystric Gleysols, Eutric Planosols, Plinthic Gleysols and Mollic Gleysols. Key words: Alluvium, hydromorphic, Nigeria, mixed clay mineralogy, classification

Chromium additions [0–5 ppm Cr(VI)] to soybeans, Glycine max(L) Merrill, grown in nutrient culture resulted in decreased concentrations and total uptake of Ca, K, P, Fe, and Mn in tops and of K, Mg, P, Fe, and Mn in roots. These effects were often apparent at Cr treatments as low as 0.5 ppm. In soil culture Cr additions [0–60 ppm Cr(VI)] appeared to interfere with the accumulation of Ca, K, Mg, P, B, and Cu by soybean tops, with little or no effect on Fe, Mn, or Zn uptake. These effects were generally first observed at the 5‐ppm Cr treatment. The initial symptoms of Cr toxicity appeared as severe wilting of tops of treated plants. It could not be concluded from the results of these experiments that Cr, as the hexavalent anion, specifically interfered with uptake of Fe or P by plants, as earlier reported.

A study was made of soils developed in superposed parent materials in St. Croix and Pierce counties, Wisconsin. A typical stratigraphic sequence in this area consists of: (i) post‐Cary loess, (ii) Cary till or mixed zone (14,000 years B.P.), (iii) Rockian till (30,000 years B.P.), and (iv) Paleozoic sedimentary rocks. The Cary drift is thin over much of the uplands in this area; thus, current soil profiles are developed in both the Cary and Rockian drifts. Morphological data indicate the presence of a paleosol on the Rockian till. This was substantiated by various physical, chemical, and mineralogical analyses. Characteristics of the paleosol include the accumulation of clay in the B horizon, translocated iron, and a strongly leached solum. The CaO/ZrO2and Fe2O3/ZrO2molar ratios of selected size fractions also indicate a weathering interval between deposition of the Cary and Rockian sediments. Clay‐mineral analyses showed variation in lithology and weathering of the drifts.

The cross-sectional area of the longissimusis frequently used as a measure of carcass lean or an expression of carcass desirability. Ament, Galgan and Rupnow (1962) reported a correlation of 0.8 between longissimusarea and carcass lean in lamb carcasses. Field, Kemp and Varney (1963); Latham, Moody and Kemp (1966) and Smith and Galgan (1964) used the longissimusarea as a variable in prediction equations of carcass lean and the yield of retail salable meat.Thus, it is important that longissimusarea be measured accurately and rapidly so that large numbers of carcasses can be evaluated. Longissimusarea has traditionally been measured from a tracing with a compensating polar planimeter or by superimposing a grid over the tracing as reported by Bodwell, Harrington and Pomeroy (1959) and Henderson et al.(1966). A photographic method of measuring the longissimusarea was introduced by Schoonover and Stratton (1957) who suggested that this method was subject to less operator error.

Bovine carcasses from animals of approximately 16 months of age, Choice grade, were studied to determine the effect of postmortem aging temperature and time on certain l. dorsiand semimembranosusmuscle attributes. Aging the companion side of the carcass immediately after slaughtering at: (1) 7° C. for 24 hr. or 48 hr. and then 2° C; (2) 15° C. for 24 hr. or 48 hr. and then 2° C; or (3) 21° C. for 24 hr. and then 2° C. had no significant effect on tenderness when compared with the opposite side aged continuously at 2° C. These results suggest that muscle attached to the carcass becomes tender quite early postmortem and that aging at 7° C, 15° C, or 21° C. and then 2° C. does not significantly change tenderness. In most instances, other muscle attributes, juiciness, flavor, Warner-Bratzler shear, water-holding capacity and cooking loss, were also not affected by varying aging temperature and time.

Five soil profiles from the Gray Wooded soils area of Minnesota were investigated in the field for morphological characteristics and in the laboratory for physical, chemical and mineralogical properties. This Gray Wooded soils area has a cool humid climate, mixed coniferous and deciduous vegetation and the profiles studied were developed in well‐drained glacial till of late Wisconsin age. X‐ray diffraction patterns revealed a wide variety of clay minerals. In most cases Ca2+was the dominant ion on the exchange complex. The upper portion of the B horizon was the most acid part of the profiles with pH values as low as 4.7. Various types of clay films, found to be well developed in the argillic B horizons, were investigated in thin‐sections. The degradation of peds in the A and B horizon was also studied with thin‐sections. A classification of these soils according to the 7th Approximation is suggested.

Three experiments were conducted with fattening lambs to determine the effect of various steroid hormones and combinations of hormones on feedlot performance and carcass quality.Lambs implanted with a combination of 250 mg. progesterone and 10 mg. estradiol exhibit more rapid, economical gains and a larger daily feed intake than control lambs. When all lambs are slaughtered after the same length of time on feed, there is no significant difference in carcass grade between controls and progesterone-estradiol implants. However, when lambs are topped out of the feedlot at various intervals, the progesterone-estradiol implanted lambs have a lower dressing percent and carcass grade than lambs without hormone treatment. The progesterone-estradiol implant tended to produce fat with a higher moisture content.A combination implant of 100 mg. progesterone and 10 mg. estradiol compared favorably with the 250 mg. progesterone-10 mg. estradiol implant but one lamb was afflicted with urinary calculi.A combination implant of 50 mg. testosterone and 10 mg. estradiol produced similar results as progesterone-estradiol with the exception of more restlessness in the feedlot.The feeding of 3 mg. stilbestrol daily produced no significant improvement over the progesterone-estradiol implants, although the lambs tended toward an improved dressing percent with a slower daily gain and higher feed requirement.Hormone treated wether lambs exhibit hypertrophy of the secondary sex organs and both wethers and ewes exhibit mammary development. Difficulty in pelting and obtaining the break joint was experienced at slaughter. The absorption of progesterone is low in comparison to other hormones and is affected by the site of implantation; the ear being less efficient than the sub-maxillary region. The ear was a satisfactory implantation site for hormones other than progesterone.Implants of 250 mg. progesterone; 100 mg. delta 4 androstene 3, 17 dione; 10 mg. estradiol; or 60 mg. testosterone produced no advantages over control lambs.

Forty-four Poland China barrows, 22 from a lean strain and 22 from a fat strain were slaughtered at designated weight endpoints of 1, 4, 9, 18, 41, 63, 91, 114 and 137 kg live weight. Carcass dissection and proximate analysis showed selection for muscling resulted in increased muscle and protein deposition that decreased as weight increased. Total fat deposition was significantly greater in the fat strain and increased significantly in both strains as body weight increased. Intermuscular fat deposition increased at a faster rate in the lean strains with increasing weight to 91 kilograms. Percent body moisture decreased as weight increased in both strains. Leans train pigs possessed lighter colored M. longissimusmuscle than the fat strain pigs, and a significant weight response was obtained with 1, 114 and 137 kg weight pigs possessing lighter colored muscle. Blood pH declined with increasing weight, and 17-OHCS levels also decreased with the lean-strain pigs possessing significantly higher levels of 17-OHCS. Serum and muscle lactate increased with increasing weight. Evidently, genetic selection for the meat-type pig has influenced metabolic and hormonal functions, which directly or indirectly influenced quantitative and qualitative characteristics.

The order of tissue maturation in lamb carcasses was bone, lean and fat. Based on the final weight group studied (50 kg) three-fourths of the bone development, one-half of the lean development, and one-third of the fat development had occurred before the lambs in this study weighed 32 kilograms. Separable bone decreased 6.1 percentage points, separable lean decreased 3.8 percentage points and separable fat increased 9.9 percentage points as lambs increased in live weight from 32 to 50 kilograms. The hindsaddle contained a higher percent separable fat in the initial slaughter group. As lambs increased in weight, however, hindsaddle-foresaddle separable fat differences became relatively smaller.When cross-sectional surface areas were compared with physical separation data, percent bone of the exposed surface was more reliable than either fat or lean area, but the degree of accuracy was not high for this method of evaluation. A single linear fat measurement medially over the M. longissimusat the 12th rib was the most reliable single predictor of total carcass fatness. M. longissimusarea is a more reliable predictor of total lean deposition than of relative lean deposition (percent lean of the total carcass). Specific gravity is useful to determine the trend of tissue deposition during development, but lacks the accuracy to predict precisely the relative percentage tissue deposition of a specific section of the carcass.

Analysis of crop yield and soil management records were made to determine relationships between yield, management, and climate. Detailed investigations were made of fertilization, plant population, planting date, soil moisture, and temperature with respect to crop yield and selected soil family groupings in Minnesota. The independent variables used were N, P, K, plant population, maturity rating, planting date, average monthly temperatures for May, June, July and August, and the average available soil moisture for June 1, July 1, August 1, and September 1. The available soil moisture was computed using estimated moisture holding capacity of the soil, the precipitation and the temperature. For corn records three soil groups based on family criteria were used. Variables most highly correlated with yield and retained with greater than 60% frequency were applied N, P, and K, plant population, planting date, May, June, and July temperature, and soil moisture June 1, August 1, and September 1. Substitution of independent management and climatic variables into the prediction equation produces reasonable increases in corn (Zea maysL.) and soybean (Glycine maxL.) yields and could be used as a method of predicting crop yield.

Copper in surface and subsurface horizons of six soils was fractionated by chemical methods after irradiation of the samples with thermal neutrons. The first fraction was obtained by a process of self diffusion in which soil Cu was allowed to diffuse into dilute CuSO4solutions. The second was obtained by extracting the soils in hot solutions of dilute CuSO4which were 0.1M in HCl after removal of the diffusible Cu. The third consisted of the residual Cu after the first two increments had been removed. Determinations were done using a 400 channel gamma ray spectrometer. From 35 to 70% of the total Cu in these soils was found to be freely diffusible. Self diffusion took place as readily in calcareous soils as in noncalcareous soils. Extractions in 0.5M NaOH released amounts of Cu similar to those released by diffusion which suggests that much of the freely diffusible Cu is of organic origin. Copper released by acidic CuSO4ranged from 20 to 40% of the total and residual Cu ranged from 4 to 40% of the total.

The soils of southeastern Minnesota and adjacent areas are found to be developed mainly on loessial parent material of Wisconsin age. The origin, distribution, and some properties of the loess were studied. Loess deposition in southeastern Minnesota was found to have a general relationship to distribution of the major river valleys of the area. Measurements of loess thickness, determination of particle size analysis, and of calcium carbonate distribution provided evidence for this conclusion. The characteristics of two loess‐derived profiles developed under forest cover were studied. The profiles were selected to represent a range in degree of horizon development. The differences in profile development appear to be largely the result of weathering time.

Multiple curvilinear regression analyses of crop yields on major Illinois soil types and associations under different weather conditions and systems of management were made with the aid of an electronic digital computer. The independent variables studied in relation to corn yield were: rainfall and the mean of daily maximum temperatures for the period July 1 to August 31; nitrogen applied in the current year and in the previous year; pounds of P2O5and K2O applied in the current year plus an estimate of carry‐over; an index of the kind and frequency with which legume and legume‐grass mixtures were grown preceding the crop; and year. Yield estimates for a 10‐year period ending in 1955 on 7 representative soil types and associations are presented, together with measures of the reliability of the yield estimates. The amount of yield variation explained by the regression equations varied from about 18 to 56% in the examples presented. The primary objective of this study is to determine the relative productivity of major Illinois soils. The results presented are more satisfactory for this purpose than for predicting the net effect of individual management factors on crop yields. For the kind of sampling and analysis employed in this study, data are needed for approximately 100 to 200 fields in order to make reasonably accurate estimates of crop yields for a soil type or an association of two closely related soils under various climatic conditions and management practices.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of different operators and methods on the errors associated with measuring l. dorsiarea. Four different techniques were used to measure l. dorsiarea: (1) counting grids 0.645 cm.2in area, (2) counting dots with each dot in the center of a 0.645-cm.2square, (3) measuring the tracing of the outline of the l. dorsimuscle on acetate paper with a planimeter and (4) measuring the projection of a 35-mm. transparency. Cutting errors contribute most of the inconsistency in determination of cross-sectional area. The four different techniques differed significantly in the area values obtained, but these differences were small compared with differences in l. dorsiarea between right and left sides. The method of tracing projected photographs of the cross-sectional area with a planimeter was more precise than other methods. However, the tracing, grid and dot methods had relatively low standard deviations and appear to be adequate for accurately measuring l. dorsiarea. The ease and rapidity of obtaining cross-sectional area by using the grid and dot methods make them valuable for measuring large numbers of carcasses.All correlations among different methods and among different operators were high. Correlations between l. dorsiareas traced on the right and left sides were lowest, suggesting that method and operating errors in l. dorsiarea measurement are small compared with cutting errors.

Twenty-four wholesale beef ribs, eight of each degree of marbling, were subjectively selected from typical A-maturity beef carcasses 1-day postmortem for slight, modest and moderately abundant marbling in the cross section of the longissimusmuscle between the 12th and 13th intercostal vertebrae. At 7 days postmortem (2 C) steaks were removed for chemical analyses, sensory evaluation and Warner-Bratzler (W-B) shear. Steaks were wrapped and frozen for subsequent chemical analyses, and steaks were freezer wrapped, randomly assigned an internal temperature of doneness at 60, 70 and 80 C, frozen and stored at −29 C for subsequent cooking, organoleptic evaluation and W-B shear. Chemical analyses showed that percentage moisture decreased and fat increased as internal temperature increased. A 10-member sensory panel evaluated samples for tenderness, flavor, juiciness and overall acceptability and found that these degrees of marbling had no significant effect on palatability attributes or W-B shear values. Internal temperature, however, was a very important effector of palatability attributes in that flavor, tenderness, juiciness and overall acceptability decreased linearly as temperature of doneness increased. Furthermore, no significant interaction was found between degree of marbling and internal temperature. Consequently, internal temperature was a much more important modifier of tenderness than was degree of marbling.

TWO lots of 40 pigs each, one fed a corn-swine mix supplement diet (control) and the other fed a corn-roasted full fat soybean diet (experimental) were slaughtered at about 118 kilograms. Randomly selected carcasses from each lot were further divided into two freezer-storage groups. Cuts from one side of both control and experimental groups were stored for 30 days, and cuts from the other side were stored for 60 days after slaughter at − 5 C. After each respective freezer storage period, the bacon was processed, sliced, and packaged in both air-permeable and vacuum packages and then tested chemically and organoleptically at three different refrigeration (4 C) storage times (7, 14, 21 days for air-permeable packaged bacon and 14, 28, 56 days for vacuum-packaged bacon). Hams were processed and canned after the 60-day freezer storage and tested chemically and organoleptically after 60, 120, 180 days of refrigeration storage (4 C). Trimmings from each treatment group were processed after each respective freezer storage period into frozen fresh sausage and linked frankfurter sausage. Fresh sausage was thawed 7 days before chemical and sensory testing 14, 35 and 63 days after processing. The linked frankfurters were tested chemically and organoleptically after 14, 28 and 56 days of refrigeration storage (4 C).The pork products from the soybean-corn diet lot showed no significant (P<.05) difference between treatments in flavor, crispness, saltiness, or overall acceptability in either the air-permeable or vacuum packaged bacon, nor was there a difference in moisture, fat, or protein percentage of bellies or hams. The experimental hams and frankfurters had higher values for flavor, overall acceptability, and TBA values than did controls. Conversely, control frankfurters had higher juiciness values and lower cooking-loss percentage. Furthermore, fresh sausage from controls had higher flavor, texture and overall acceptability values but greater cooking loss than did experimental fresh sausage.