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Prateći demografske promjene koje ukazuju na povećanje broja starijih osoba, potrebno je više pažnje posvetiti aktivnom i kvalitetnom starenju, a jedan od načina kako se to može postići je putem fizičke aktivnosti. Fizička aktivnost u starosti ne razlikuje se od one kakva se provodi u mlađoj životnoj dobi, no postoji povećana potreba za individualiziranim pristupom. O tome hoće li osoba i u starijoj životnoj dobi pridavati važnost bavljenju fizičkom aktivnošću ovisi o njenoj motivaciji, stavovima o vježbanju, prethodnim životnim iskustvima, predrasudama iz okoline, znanjima o pozitivnim učincima vježbanja kao i ponuđenom izboru aktivnosti. Trendovi o smanjenju ili povećanju bavljenja fizičkom aktivnošću u starosti koji su trenutno aktualni jesu trend sjedilačkog načina života i trend razvoja tehnologije koji pruža nove načine bavljenja fizičkom aktivnošću. Bavljenje fizičkom aktivnošću u starosti ima mnoge pozitivne učinke na cjelokupno funkcioniranje osobe,a takvi pozitivni učinci mogu se sagledati kroz fizičke, emocionalne, kognitivne i socijalne aspekte. Dobrobiti fizičke aktivnosti najvidljiviji su upravo u starijoj životnoj dobi. Na educiranje i motiviranje starijih osoba da se uključe u svakodnevne fizičke aktivnosti vrlo važnu ulogu ima međusektorska suradnja među kojima se ističu sektor zdravstva, obrazovanja, prijevoza, urbanog dizajna, sporta, turizma te sektor socijalnih usluga., Following the demographic changes that indicate an increase in the number of elderly people, it is necessary to pay more and more attention to active and quality aging, and one of the ways to achieve this is through physical activity. Physical activity in old age does not differ from that carried out at a younger age, but there is an increased need for an individualized approach. Whether a person will give more importance to physical activity in old age depends on his motivation, attitudes about exercise, previous life experiences, prejudices from the environment, knowledge about the positive effects of exercise as well as the offered choice of activities. The current trends in reducing or increasing physical activity in old age are the trend of a sedentary lifestyle and the trend of technology development that provides new ways of physical activity. Engaging in physical activity in old age has many positive effects on a person's overall functioning, and such positive effects can be seen through physical, emotional, cognitive and social aspects. The benefits of physical activity are most visible precisely in old age. Intersectoral cooperation plays a very important role in educating and motivating older people to engage in daily physical activities, among which the health, education, transportation, urban design, sports, tourism and social services sectors stand out.

Spominjući glazbu i muzikoterapiju u radu s djecom s teškoćama u razvoju, dolazi se do spoznaje kako se oni prvenstveno koriste iz tzv. terapeutskih razloga, smatrajući kako će se upravo na taj način ovoj skupini djece pomoći u prevladavanju poteškoća i prepreka s kojima se oni i njihove obitelji svakodnevno suočavaju. Govoreći o uključivanju djece s teškoćama u razvoju u glazbene aktivnosti, upravo preko glazbe pokušava se ostvariti određena komunikacija, s ciljem uočavanja određenih poteškoća kod djeteta te pomaganja u jačanju njihovog fizičkog, mentalnog, društvenog i emocionalnog zdravlja. U okviru muzikoterapije dijete može reproducirati, stvarati, improvizirati ili slušati glazbu, a te aktivnosti se provode individualno ili grupno. Kao takva, nudi više mogućnosti za kreativnost, i otvorenost za različite pristupe, što je od velike važnosti za rad s djecom s teškoćama u razvoju (Daveson i Edwards, 1998). Metode muzikoterapije, konkretnije aktivni pristup putem glazbene improvizacije omogućuje djeci s teškoćama u razvoju da dožive glazbu te se putem nje, odnosno putem glazbenih aktivnosti izraze na njima najprihvatljiviji način. Na taj način pozitivno se utječe na ostvarivanje njihovih potencijala te njihov cjeloviti razvoj. Zaključno, pregledom istraživanja i prakse možemo zaključiti kako se glazba se pokazala kao učinkovito sredstvo u radu s djecom s različitim stupnjevima teškoća u razvoju. Primjerice muzikoterapijske metode jedne su od mnogih oblika postupaka liječenja koje su pokazale svoju djelotvornost u pogledu pomoći pri smanjenju i otklanjanju teškoća govorne i glasovne komunikacije, a isto tako u primjeni s djecom s teškoćama iz autističnog spektra pokazala se kako ima mnogo pozitivnih učinaka na tu skupinu djece., Mentioning music and music therapy in working with children with developmental disabilities, one comes to the realization that they are primarily used from the so-called for therapeutic reasons, considering that this group of children will be helped in overcoming the difficulties and obstacles that they and their families face every day. Talking about the inclusion of children with developmental disabilities in musical activities, it is through music that a certain communication is attempted, with the aim of noticing certain difficulties in the child and helping to strengthen their physical, mental, social and emotional health. In the framework of music therapy, the child can reproduce, create, improvise or listen to music, and these activities are carried out individually or in groups. As such, it offers more opportunities for creativity, and openness to different approaches, which is of great importance for working with children with developmental difficulties (Daveson and Edwards, 1998). Music therapy methods, more specifically an active approach through musical improvisation, enables children with developmental disabilities to experience music and through it, that is, through musical activities, express themselves in the most acceptable way. In this way, the realization of their potential and their complete development is positively influenced. In conclusion, by reviewing research and practice, we can conclude that music has proven to be an effective tool in working with children with different degrees of developmental difficulties. For example, music therapy methods are one of the many forms of treatment procedures that have shown their effectiveness in terms of helping to reduce and eliminate speech and voice communication difficulties, and also when applied to children with difficulties from the autistic spectrum, it has been shown to have many positive effects on that group children.

U ovom se radu objašnjava se diskriminacija i njeni oblici s kojima se susreću osobe s invaliditetom. Nastoji se definirati pojam invaliditeta, osobe s invaliditetom, diskrimininacije te pojasniti što ona podrazumijeva prilikom konkretnog ponašanja ponašanja koje je diskriminirajuće. Nadalje, spominje se povijesni pregled prema položaju osoba s invaliditetom za bolju kronološku sliku tretiranja ove ranjive skupine još od davnina. U općenitom dijelu istaknuti su svi mogući oblici koji rezultiraju odvajanjem odnosno stavljanjem osoba s invaliditetom u lošiji položaj. Stavovi i predrasude naspram osoba s invaliditetom najčešće izazivaju kolektivnu diskriminaciju društvu koje osobe s invaliditetom vidi kao nemoćne. Pojedina istraživanja dat će kratak uvid u ono s čim će se nastaviti u radu. S obzirom da se u ovom radu htjelo staviti naglasak na suvremeno društvo, odnosno susretanje s diskriminacijom prilikom modernizacije, jasnije će se govoriti o diskriminaciji osoba s invaliditetom zbog prostorne nepristupačnosti, na tržištu rada, politici te obrazovanju., This paperwork explains the discrimination and its forms faced by people with disabilities. An effort is made to define the concept of disability, persons with disabilities, and discrimination, and to clarify what it implies in the case of specific behavior that is discriminatory. Furthermore, a historical overview is mentioned according to the position of persons with disabilities for a better chronological picture of the treatment of this vulnerable group since ancient times. In the general part, all possible forms that result in separation or putting people with disabilities in a worse position are highlighted. Attitudes and prejudices against people with disabilities most often cause collective discrimination in society, which sees people with disabilities as powerless. Individual researches will give a brief insight into what will be continued in the work. Considering that in this paper we wanted to emphasize contemporary society, that is, the encounter with discrimination during modernization, we will speak more clearly about discrimination of persons with disabilities because of spatial inaccessibility, in the labor market, politics and education.

Dijagnostički i statistički priručnik za duševne poremećaje (DSM-5) definira poremećaj iz spektra autizma (PSA) kao neurorazvojni poremećaj kojeg određuju deficiti u socijalnoj komunikaciji i socijalnoj interakciji te ograničeni, ponavljajući obrasci ponašanja, interesa i aktivnosti (American Psychiatric Association, 2013.). Iako se PSA najčešće dijagnosticira oko 4. godine života djeteta (Centar za kontrolu i prevenciju bolesti, 2012.), ipak se uočava trend sve ranijeg prepoznavanja znakova koji upućuju na PSA, a samim time ističe se i važnost rane intervencije i njezinog utjecaja na razvoj komunikacije, jezika i govora. Osim važnosti same rane intervencije, posebno se naglašava i važnost djetetovih roditelja, koji u suradnji sa stručnjacima različitog profila mogu uvelike doprinijeti budućem razvoju djeteta s poremećajem iz spektra autizma. Ovim će se radom nastojati prikazati značajke poremećaja iz spektra autizma, njegov utjecaj na dijete, ali i na obitelj, kao sustava podrške i pomoći, a prikazat će se i važnost rane intervencije adekvatnog tima stručnjaka, sa svrhom što kvalitetnijeg daljnjeg razvoja i napretka djeteta s poremećajem iz spektra autizma., Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5) defines autism spectrum disorder (ASD) as a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by deficit in social communication and social interaction as well as limited, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests and activities (American Psychiatric Association, 2013.). Although ASD is most often diagnosed around the age of 4 (Center for disease control and prevention, 2012.), there is still a trend towards earlier recognition of signs that point to ASD and thus the importance of early intervention and its impact on the development of communication, language, and speech. In addition to the importance of early intervention itself, the importance of the child’s parents, who in cooperation with experts of different profiles, can greatly contribute to the future development of a child with an autism spectrum disorder, is also emphasized. This paper will try to show the features of autism spectrum disorder, its impact on the child, but also on the family as a system of support and help and the importance of early intervention by an adequate team of experts, with the aim for the best possible further development and progress of the child with this disorder.

Pomoćnici u nastavi osobe su koje učenicima s teškoćama u razvoju pružaju direktnu pomoć i podršku u procesima odgoja i obrazovanja, zajedno s njima sjede u klupama i pomažu pri savladavanju školskog gradiva. Početkom pandemije proglašeno je izvanredno stanje obilježeno karantenom, pri čemu su i obrazovne ustanove bile zatvorene. Pravila rada u pandemijsko doba zakon ne propisuje, stoga su načini rada pomoćnika u tim okolnostima bili različiti; samostalan rad od kuće, rad s učenikom putem video poziva, izostanak rada; samo su neki od njih. „Velika je to odgovornost, malo podrške... mislim da je to dobar opis posla pomoćnika u nastavi“ – spomenutu odgovornost pomoćnici ističu, primjerice, u kontekstu izostanka osobnih kontakata radi očuvanja zdravlja učenika, a što se njihovih radnih zadataka tiče, pri preuzimanju uloge učitelja. U navedenim okolnostima, bili su prepušteni sami sebi, a pozitivnu podršku doživljavaju jedino od strane učiteljica i koordinatorica. Nastavu na daljinu percipiraju nefunkcionalnom koja, kao takva, sa sobom nosi niz izazova za pomoćnike u nastavi, primjerice nedostupnost informacija, neizvjesnost plaća, povećan opseg posla, nedostupnost radnih materijala itsl. Nadalje, kako ovaj rad ne bi ostao samo na razini detektiranja, sudionici nude i neke smjernice za unaprjeđenje rada s djecom s teškoćama u razvoju kao npr. pružanje podrške učenicima s teškoćama u razvoju zajedničkim radom u domu učenika ili u školi. Osim toga, ističu i važnost unaprjeđenja njihova statusa pomoćnika u nastavi u kriznim stanjima putem, primjerice, mjera povećanja plaća ili definiranjem stalnog radnog odnosa., Teaching assistants provide direct help and support to children with special educational needs and/or disabilities during their education in school. At the beginning of COVID-19 pandemic, quarantine was declared and schools were closed too. The law does not state the rules of how to do work in pandemic, therefore teaching assistants had various working environment. Some teaching assistants worked from home, some provided support to pupils via video call and some of them didn't work at all; these experiences are just some of the ones mentioned in this research. "It's a big responsibility, small support... therefore I think that's a good description of a teaching assistant's job" – mentioned responsibility assistants point out through, for example, absence of personal contacts in order to preserve health of pupils with disabilities. Furthermore, by doing their job, they were forced to assume the role of a teacher. In circumstances like that, they were left to fend for themselves, and the only positive support they experienced came from teachers and coordinators in schools. In teaching assistants’ opinion, distance learning is perceived as dysfunctional, which brings various challenges for them, like: lack of information, uncertainty in payment, sheer amount of work, unavailability working materials etc. In this research, participants offer certain recommendations for improving the work with children with disabilities in crisis situations, as providing support to the pupils with disabilities in their home, creative assignments for pupils, assistants participation in school meetings and so on. Also, they mention suggestions for improving their work status as teaching assistants, for example raise and permanent employment.

Osobe s intelektualnim teškoćama često su bile loše tretirane kroz povijest. Kao zlostavljana, diskriminirana, etiketirana skupina živjele su na rubu društva, bez mogućnosti ostvarivanja svojih ljudskih i građanskih prava. Pojavom socijalnog modela i koncepta normalizacije pogled na osobe s intelektualnim teškoćama postaje humaniji. Na njih se više ne gleda kao na manje vrijedne te se počinje vjerovati kako osobe s intelektualnim teškoćama mogu postati glavni i aktivni akteri u donošenju odluka bitnih za njihov život. Kao jedna od najranjivijih skupina, još uvijek pokušavaju zauzeti svoje ravnopravno mjesto u društvu. To čine na razne načine, pa i kroz pokret samozastupanja, gdje govore u svoje ime. U zauzimanju za svoja prava potrebna im je podrška, koja se može pružati kroz formalne i neformalne izvore. Konvencija o pravima osoba s invaliditetom, kao jedan od najvažnijih dokumenata za osobe s invaliditetom, naglašava važnost pružanja podrške osobama s intelektualnim teškoćama kako bi im se omogućila punopravna participacija u zajednici i ispunjen život. Pravilnom podrškom, osluškivanjem njihovih potreba, stavljanjem osoba s intelektualnim teškoćama u središte odlučivanja te pružanjem dostupnih i lako razumljivih informacija kao i senzibilizacijom zajednice, osobe s intelektualnim teškoćama se mogu maknuti s margina društva te postati ravnopravni članovi zajednice koji uživaju ista prava kao i ostali građani te postižu neovisnost i bolju kvalitetu života., People with intellectual disabilities have been treated poorly throughout history. As an abused, discriminated and labeled group, they lived on the margins of society, without the possibility of enjoying their human and civil rights. With the emergence of the social model and the concept of normalization, the view of people with intellectual disabilities becomes more humane. They are no longer seen as less valuable, and society begins to believe that people with intellectual disabilities can become the main and active actors in making decisions important to their lives. As one of the most vulnerable groups, they are still trying to take their equal place in society. They do this in various ways, including through the self-advocacy movement, where they speak on their own behalf. In standing up for their rights, they need support, which can be provided through formal and informal sources. The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, as one of the most important documents for people with disabilities, emphasizes the importance of providing support to people with intellectual disabilities to allow them full participation in the community and a fulfilled life. By providing proper support, listening to their needs, putting people with intellectual disabilities at the center of decision-making, and providing accessible and easy-to-understand information as well as community awareness, people with intellectual disabilities can move away from the margins of society and become equal members of the community who enjoy the same rights as other citizens and achieve independence and a better quality of life.

Ovaj se rad osvrće na glavne spoznaje u području partnerskih odnosa kada jedan ili oba partnera boluju od depresije. Partnerski odnos tada je obilježen smanjenom komunikacijom, nesuglasicama te smanjenom seksualnom aktivnosti. Postoje dva načina istraživanja same teme- prvi je da je depresija uzrok narušenim partnerskim odnosima, a drugi da narušeni partnerski odnosi dovode do depresije. Kada je riječ o terapiji, sve se više zagovara pristup terapije za parove gdje se uočava važnost socijalnog konteksta osobe, odnosno partnerski odnos gleda se kao zaštitni faktor u borbi s depresijom. Osnovni je cilj rada steći uvid u partnerske odnose i obilježja istih kroz 3 razdoblja života- adolescenciju, odraslu dob te starost, kao i dati pregled uloge socijalnog radnika u radu s osobama s depresijom., This piece is referring to main cognitions on behalf of romantic relationship when one or both partners suffer from depression. Romantic relationship is then marked with reduced communication, disagreements and reduced sexual activity. There are two ways of how authors are exploring this topic- first is that depression is seen as a cause for violated relations between partners and second is that violated partner relationship may lead to depression. When it comes to therapy, authors suggest approach to therapy that is partner- oriented because romantic relationship is seen as a protective factor when it comes to depression. Main goal in this work is to gain insight in romantic relationship and its characteristics through 3 life stages- adolescence, adulthood and old age, as well as to show the role of social worker in this field of study.

Osnovni cilj ovog istraživanja bio je dobiti uvid u čimbenike sudjelovanja djece s teškoćama u razvoju u organiziranim sportskim aktivnostima iz perspektive stručnjaka koji rade s djecom s teškoćama u razvoju u okviru klubova i organizacija koje provode organizirane sportske aktivnosti za djecu s teškoćama u razvoju. Svrha ovog istraživanja ogledala se u nastojanju da se uoči koje čimbenike, vezane uz okruženje, obitelj i dijete, stručnjaci percipiraju kao podupiruće, odnosno kao resurse, a koje kao ograničavajuće, odnosno kao barijere za sudjelovanje djece s teškoćama u razvoju u organiziranim sportskim aktivnostima. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo sedam stručnjakinja koje rade s djecom s teškoćama u razvoju, a podaci su prikupljeni metodom polustrukturiranog intervjua. Metodom tematske analize dobiveni su rezultati istraživanja koji upućuju na složenost i višestrukost ispitivanih resursa i barijera za sudjelovanje djece s teškoćama u razvoju u sportu. Lepeza identificiranih čimbenika, vezanih uz dijete, obitelj i okruženje, koji podupiru, odnosno ograničavaju njihovo sudjelovanje u sportu široka je i raznolika te pruža kvalitetan i značajan okvir za promicanje sudjelovanja djece s teškoćama u razvoju u sportu., The main goal of this research was to gain insight into the factors of participation of children with disabilities in organized sports activities from the perspective of experts who work with children with disabilities within clubs and organizations that conduct organized sports activities for children with disabilities. The purpose of this research was reflected in the effort to catch sight of which factors, related to the environment, the family and the child, are perceived by experts as supporting factors, or resources, and which are percieved as limiting factors, or barriers to the participation of children with disabilities in organized sports activities. Seven experts who work with children with disabilities participated in the research, and the data was collected using the semi-structured interview method. Using the thematic analysis method, research results were obtained that indicate the complexity and multiplicity of examined resources and barriers for the participation of children with disabilities in sports. The range of identified factors, related to the child, the family and the environment, which support or limit their participation in sports is wide and diverse and provides a high-quality and significant framework for promoting the participation of children with disabilities in sports.

Poremećaj iz spektra autizma se kroz povijest drugačije definirao, a do danas su se promijenile zakonske osnove te je u Republici Hrvatskoj isti definiran sukladno zakonskim regulativama. Kako bi se što efikasnije pristupilo dijagnozi poremećaja iz spektra autizma potreban je niz stručnjaka koji će svojim znanjima, vještinama i stečenim sposobnostima pridonijeti analizi, međusobno komunicirati, surađivati i koristiti različite metode za ranije otkrivanje poremećaja iz spektra autizma. Jedna od metoda/ intervencija kod poremećaja iz spektra autizma predstavlja upravo rana intervencija. Rana intervencija je prvi korak roditelja da najprije dobiju stručnu pomoć i podršku te da se, uz pomoć stručnjaka, omogući pojednostavljen i ubrzan proces dobivanja adekvatne pomoći za dijete i obitelj u cjelini. Transdisciplinarnost predstavlja jedan od modela timskog rada koji ima namjenu efikasne podrške djetetu i obitelji u ranoj intervenciji. Osim što omogućuje sustav podrške obitelji, transdisciplinarnost dovodi do manje razine zbunjenosti roditelja te omogućava koherentnije planove intervencija. Roditelji predstavljaju važnu ulogu u cijelom procesu rane intervencije, stoga je njihovo interveniranje najvažnije, a ono dovodi i do same primjene procesa rane intervencije. Uloga ostalih stručnjaka je esencijalna kako bi svaki stručnjak dao doprinos i znanje iz profesionalnog gledišta svoje profesije., Autism spectrum disorder has been defined differently throughout history, and to date the legal basis has changed and in the Republic of Croatia it has been defined in accordance with legal regulations. In order to more effectively approach the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders, a number of experts are needed who will contribute their knowledge, skills and acquired abilities to the analysis, communication with each other, cooperation and use of different methods for early detection of autism spectrum disorders. One of the methods/ interventions for autism spectrum disorders is early intervention. Early intervention is the first step for parents to first receive professional help and support and, with the help of experts, to enable a simplified and accelerated process of obtaining adequate help for the child and the family as a whole. Transdisciplinary is one of the models of teamwork that aims to effectively support the child and family in early intervention. In addition to providing a family support system, transdisciplinary leads to a lower level of parental confusion and allows for more coherent intervention plans. Parents play an important role in the whole process of early intervention, so their response is the most important, and it leads to the application of the process of early intervention. The role of other professionals, from the point of view of their profession, is essential for each expert to contribute and knowledge from the professional point of view of one (his) discipline.

U proučavanju povijesti intelektualnih teškoća postavljaju se pitanja u kojoj mjeri se terminologija podudara s današnjim pojmom intelektualnih teškoća i koliko su postojeći dokumenti i znanstveni radovi vjerodostojni s obzirom na to da ih nisu pisali povjesničari te da su česte greške koje se zbog sekundarnog referenciranja prikazuju kao istinite činjenice. Kroz povijest osobe s intelektualnim teškoćama su bile ubijane, korištene kao robovi, kućni ljubimci i u svrhe razonode na predstavama frikova. Prisilno su institucionalizirane, a tretmani liječenja su bili dehumanizirajući. Nad njima se provodila sterilizacija te su bile žrtve eugeničkog pokreta. Sredinom prošlog stoljeća dolazi do poboljšanja položaja i razvoja pokreta neovisnog življenja i filozofije inkluzije. No osobe s intelektualnim teškoćama se nalaze na marginama našeg društva i danas. Kvaliteta njihovog života dodatno se narušava u vrijeme pandemije kada im se oduzimaju temeljna prava i slobode. Socijalni radnici imaju ključnu ulogu u zagovaranju prava osoba s intelektualnim teškoćama, a svoj rad moraju temeljiti na znanju i aktivnom uključivanju osobe u proces donošenja odluka. Pri svemu tome moraju biti svjesni svojih kompetencija i važnosti očuvanja mentalnog zdravlja te stvaranja dobrih profesionalnih odnosa kako bi ublažili profesionalni stres i prevenirali nastanak sindroma sagorijevanja. Socijalna politika Republike Hrvatske ispred sebe ima izazov donošenja mjera kojima će se poboljšati dostupnost izvaninstitucijskih usluga u zajednici, deinstitucionalizacija provesti u praksi te poboljšati sveukupan društveni položaj osoba s intelektualnim teškoćama., While studying the history of intellectual disabilities, questions arise as to which extent the terminology coincides with todays concept of intellectual disabilities and how credible the existing documents and scientific works are. Due to the fact that they were not written by historians and that there are frequent errors that are presented as true facts due to secondary referencing. Throughout history, people with intellectual disabilities have been killed, used as slaves, pets and for entertainment purposes at freak shows. They were forcibly institutionalized, and the medical treatments were dehumanizing. They were sterilized and were victims of the eugenics movement. In the middle of the last century, there was an improvement in the position and development of the independent living movement and the philosophy of inclusion. Even tough people with intellectual disabilities are still on the margins of our society today. The quality of their life is further impaired during the pandemic period when their fundamental rights and freedoms are taken away. Social workers have a key role in advocating the rights of people with intellectual disabilities, and they must base their work on knowledge and the active involvement of the person with disabilities in the decision-making process. With all this, they must be aware of their competences and the importance of preserving mental health and creating good professional relationships in order to alleviate professional stress and the occurrence of burnout syndrome. The social policy of the Republic of Croatia faces the challenge of adopting measures that will improve the availability of extra-institutional services in the community, put deinstitutionalization into practice, and improve the overall social position of people with intellectual disabilities.

Invaliditet predstavlja odnos osobe koja ima određena oštećenja i njene okoline. Upravo u tom odnosu veliku ulogu imaju stavovi te okoline. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je ispitati stavove građana grada Siska prema osobama s invaliditetom, a ispitivale su se razlike u stavovima obzirom na dob, spol, status obrazovanja, veličinu mjesta stanovanja, bračni status ispitanika, procijenjeno znanje o osobama s invaliditetom te poznanstvo s osobom s invaliditetom. Korištena je metoda web anketiranja, a u istraživanju je sudjelovao 201 punoljetni sudionik. Rezultati ovog istraživanja pokazali su postojanje statistički značajne razlike u stavovima prema osobama s invaliditetom obzirom na dob ispitanika, gdje osobe u dobnim skupinama od 18 do 29 godina i od 56 do 65 godina izražavaju negativnije stavove. Unatoč brojnim istraživanjima koja tako pokazuju, nisu se pojavile razlike u stavovima prema osobama s invaliditetom obzirom na spol ispitanika, veličinu mjesta stanovanja ispitanika, kao ni obzirom na bračni status ispitanika. Osobe višeg stupnja obrazovanja iskazivale su pozitivnije stavove prema osobama s invaliditetom. Ispitanici koji svoje znanje o osobama s invaliditetom procjenjuju kao izrazito loše ili loše iskazivali su negativnije stavove prema osobama s invaliditetom, a jednako je bilo i kod ispitanika koji ne poznaju neku osobu s invaliditetom. U ovom istraživanju pokazalo se da među građanima grada Siska postoje negativni stavovi prema osobama s invaliditetom te da su njima podložnije određene skupine, što je u skladu s dijelom postojeće literature., Disability represents the relationship between a person who has certain impairments and his environment. It is in this relationship that the attitudes of that environment play a big role. The aim of this research was to examine the attitudes of the citizens of the city of Sisak towards persons with disabilities, and the differences in attitudes regarding age, gender, educational status, size of place of residence, marital status of respondents, estimated knowledge about persons with disabilities and acquaintance with a person with disabilities were examined. The web survey method was used, and 201 adult participants took part in the research. The results of this research showed the existence of a statistically significant difference in the attitudes towards people with disabilities with regard to the age of the respondents, where people in the age groups of 18 to 29 years and 56 to 65 years express more negative attitudes. Despite numerous studies, there were no differences in the attitudes towards people with disabilities with regard to the sex of the respondents, the size of the respondents' place of residence, as well as the marital status of the respondents. People with a higher level of education expressed more positive attitudes towards people with disabilities. Respondents who assess their knowledge of persons with disabilities as extremely poor or bad expressed more negative attitudes towards persons with disabilities, and the same was true of respondents who do not know a person with disabilities. This research showed that among the citizens of the city of Sisak there are negative attitudes towards people with disabilities and that certain groups are more susceptible to them, which is in line with part of the existing literature.

Suvremene demografske promjene dovode do sve veće potrebe starije populacije za skrbi od strane drugih osoba. Institucionalna skrb u tom pogledu skida velik dio tereta s članova obitelji koji često nisu u mogućnosti pružiti adekvatnu skrb svojim starijim rođacima. No iako bi život u ustanovi starijim osobama trebao omogućiti dostojanstven život i odgovarajuću kvalitetu života, sve se češće progovara o zlostavljačkom okruženju koje vlada ustanovama za starije. Istraživanjima se pokušalo objasniti najčešće uzroke institucionalnog nasilja, a kao jedan od vodećih rizičnih čimbenika navodi se izloženost sindromu sagorijevanja. Sagorijevanje na radnom mjestu opisuje se kao stanje emocionalne, mentalne i tjelesne iscrpljenosti koja se javlja uslijed dugotrajne izloženosti profesionalnom stresu. Često se javlja u situacijama u kojima ne postoji sklad između onoga što se od djelatnika očekuje i njegovih stvarnih mogućnosti da izvrši određeni zadatak. Istraživanja koja su ispitivala povezanost izloženosti sindromu sagorijevanja i nasilničkog ponašanja prema korisnicima domova za starije osobe utvrdila su kako su djelatnici domova za starije koji procjenjuju viši stupanj profesionalnog sagorijevanja istovremeno češći počinitelji nasilja nad korisnicima., Contemporary demographic changes lead to an increasing need for the elderly population to be cared for by other persons. In this sense, institutional care takes the burden off family members who are often unable to provide adequate care for their elderly relatives. But even though life in an institution for the elderly should enable a dignified life and an adequate quality of life, more and more people are talking about the abusive environment which appears in nursing homes. Research has attempted to explain the most common causes of institutional violence, and exposure to burnout syndrome is cited as one of the leading risk factors. Burnout syndrome is described as a state of emotional, mental and physical exhaustion that occurs as a result of long-term exposure to professional stress. It often occurs in situations where there is no harmony between what is expected of the employee and his actual capabilities to perform a certain task. Research examining the connection between burnout syndrome and violent behavior towards users of nursing homes found that employees who assess a higher degree of burnout are more frequently perpetrators of violence against users.

Cilj teorijskog rada je induktivni prikaz različitih prediktora straha od smrti te traženje usporedbe i manjkavosti korištenih metodoloških pristupa. Smrt je tabu tema. Profesionalci u pomagačkim strukama dijele nevoljkost društva oko raspravljanja o smrti i bore se odvojiti vlastite stavove od njihovih profesionalnih uloga i ponašanja dok brinu o pojedincima i obiteljima suočenima sa smrću. Pomagačke struke izvještavaju o nespremnosti profesionalaca u radu s umirućim ili ožalošćenim korisnicima, što se ne bi smjelo događati. Pregledom istraživanja utvrđeno je kako su rezultati većinom neujednačeni. Žene u većini navedenih istraživanja pokazuju veći strah od smrti. S ulaskom u starost strah od smrti opada. Religioznost je pozitivno povezana sa strahom od smrti na način da osobe koje imaju intrinzično vjerovanje, kao na primjer vjerovanje u život poslije smrti, imaju manji osjećaj straha od smrti jer zamišljaju smrt kao početak, a ne kao kraj. Vezano uz kvalitetu života i strah od smrti, veće zadovoljstvo društvenim položajem pokazalo se značajnim u odnosu na manji strah od smrti i veće prihvaćanje smrti. Razrađuje se i koncept dobre smrti, koji je proizašao iz palijativne skrbi i koji za cilj ima pokazati kako kvalitetno živjeti do samog kraja. Na kraju se prikazuje tehnika reminiscencije, kao vrlo produktivna i jednostavna tehnika proizašla iz gerontologije, a čiji je cilj jačanje identiteta i osnaživanje starijih ljudi., The aim of the theoretical work is the inductive presentation of different predictors of fear of death and the search for comparison and shortcomings of the methodological approaches used. Death is a taboo subject. Professionals in the helping professions share society’s reluctance to discuss death and struggle to separate their own views from their professional roles and behaviors while caring for individuals and families facing death. Helping professions report the unwillingness of professionals to work with dying or bereaved users, which should not be the case. A review of the researches used, found that the results were mostly inconsistent. Women in most of these studies show a greater fear of death. With age, the fear of death decreases. Religiosity is positively associated with fear of death in such a way that people who have an intrinsic belief, such as a belief in life after death, have less of a fear of death because they imagine death as the beginning rather than the end. Regarding the quality of life and fear of death, greater satisfaction with social status proved to be significant in relation to less fear of death and greater acceptance of death. The concept of a good death, which originated from palliative care and which aims to show how to live well to the end, is also being developed. Finally, the reminiscence technique is presented, as a very productive and simple technique derived from gerontology, whose goal is to strengthen the identity and empower older people.

Cilj ovog rada je prikazati kakvu ulogu ima kultura u stvaranju različitih percepcija o nasilju nad starijim osobama te koji su specifični faktori rizika te stopa prevalencije unutar istih. Zlostavljanje starijih osoba odnosi se na svako ponašanje u sklopu ljudskih povjerenja, koje na neki način šteti starijoj osobi. Bez obzira na to koliko je neko društvo napredno i gledajući na sve kulturološke, gospodarske i ostale razlike, nasilje nad osobama starije životne dobi događa se svugdje. Unatoč međunarodnom političkom porastu u iskazivanju interesa za definiranje i samo reagiranje na zlostavljanje i zanemarivanje starijih osoba, ipak postoje značajne prepreke za rješavanje ovog problema. Neke od prepreka mogu se pripisati različitom definiranju, doživljavanju te nastojanju sprječavanja zlostavljanja starijih unutar različitih rasnih i etničkih skupina. U radu se prikazuje koji su to oblici nasilja nad starijim osobama kao i faktori rizika za iste. Također, prikazati će se koje su to poželjne mjere prevencije i zaštite starijih osoba. Kroz prikaz raznih istraživanja, u radu će se prikazati specifičnosti nasilja nad starijim osobama unutar različitih etničkih skupina u SAD-u, zatim, specifičnosti za pojedine države Europe, Azije i Afrike., The aim of this review is to show the role of culture in creating different perceptions of elder abuse and to present the specific risk factors and prevalence rates within them. Elder abuse refers to any behaviour within a trust, which in some way harms an older person. No matter how advanced a society is, and looking at all the cultural, economic and other differences, violence against the elderly occurs everywhere. Despite international political growth to increase the identification and response to elder abuse, there are still significant barriers to treating the problem. Some of these barriers may be attributed to how older adults from different racial/ethnic groups define, experience, and trying to prevent elder abuse. This paper will present types of elder abuse and risk factors which leads to them. Also, effective intervention and prevention strategies will be shown in this papir. Through the presentation of different research result, papir will present the specifics of elder abuse within different ethnic groups in the United States, then, the specifics of individual countries in Europe, Asia and Africa.

Život na margini društva nerijetko je bilo obilježje osoba s intelektualnim teškoćama. Bile su odbačene i bez prava glasa. Ni danas situacija nije puno bolja, izjednačeni su na papiru, a stvarnost i dalje zaostaje. Napretkom tehnologije pojedinac se promatra kao individua sa različitim potrebama. Osobe s intelektualnim teškoćama pokazuju najviše poteškoća u prijelazu iz adolescencije u odraslu dob. Odrastanje podrazumijeva zaposlenje, osamostaljenje, odlazak od roditelja, zasnivanje obitelji. Radna sposobnost je pretpostavka za brak, za spremnost skrbi o drugoj osobi. Izostanak posla stvara materijalnu deprivaciju koja narušava obiteljske odnose. Materijalna deprivacija je korak prema siromaštvu koje predstavlja ugrozu za samog pojedinca, a time i za obitelj. Socijalni ranik osobi s intelektualnim teškoćama može pružati pravnu pomoć u situacijama kao što je pomoć pri prikupljanju potrebnih dokumenata kako bi ostvarili određena prava ili biti posrednik u razgovoru s višim tijelima. Oni u pravilu im pomažu u informiranju o pravima i pomažu im u ostvarivanju istih., Life on the margins of society has often been a feature of people with intellectual disabilities. They were rejected and without the right to vote. Even today, the situation is not much better, they are equal on paper and the reality is still lagging behind. With the advancement of technology, the individual is viewed as an individual with different needs. People with intellectual disabilities show the most difficulty in the transition from adolescence to adulthood. Growing up means employment, independence, leaving one's parents, starting a family. Working ability is a prerequisite for marriage, for the willingness to care for another person. Absence of work creates material deprivation that disrupts family relationships. Material deprivation is a step towards poverty that poses a threat to the individual and to the family. A social worker can provide legal assistance to a person with intellectual disabilities in situations such as assistance in gathering the necessary documents to exercise certain rights or be a mediator in discussions with higher authorities. As a rule, they help them to inform about their rights and help them to exercise their rights.

U radu su prikazani rezultati kvalitativnog istraživanja provedenog s devetero osoba starije životne dobi. Cilj istraživanja je dobiti uvid u iskustva osoba starije životne dobi u korištenju interneta. Istraživanje je provedeno metodom intervjua, a u koncipiranju istraživačkih pitanja i analizi nalaza koristila se metoda tematske analize. Rezultati istraživanja pokazali su da najveće prednosti korištenja interneta starije osobe vide u smanjenju usamljenosti, mogućnosti online komunikacije s obitelji i prijateljima, zabavi, bržem saznanju i dostupnosti informacija, praćenju konkurencije u poslu, relaksaciji te bijegu od problema. Motivacija za samim korištenjem interneta za starije osobe proizlazi iz želje za neovisnosti o drugima, znatiželje, posla, potrebom za informacijama te održavanjem kontakata s obitelji. Osobe starije životne dobi iz raznih razloga koriste internet, no ono što svatko od njih navodi da im je najvažnije zašto koriste internet je to što mogu biti uvijek u kontaktu sa svojom obitelji gdje god bili. Određeni izazovi korištenja interneta za starije osobe predstavlja strah od krađe podataka, narušena anonimnost i povjerljivost te strah od razvitka ovisnost. Mogućnosti unaprjeđenja interneta, osobe starije životne dobi vide u boljoj sigurnosti i anonimnosti na internetu, jednakoj dostupnosti interneta svima, većoj brzini interneta te većem opsegu besplatnog sadržaja. S obzirom na veliki udio starijeg stanovništva među populacijom potrebno je starije osobe što više prilagođavati svijetu modernoga društva, u smislu uključivanja u digitalizirano i informatizirano društvo, kako bi ostali u koraku s vremenom., The paper presents the results of a qualitative study conducted with nine elderly people. The research aims to gain insight into the experiences of older people using the internet. The research was conducted using the method of interview, while the method of thematic analysis was used in the conception of research questions and the analysis of findings. The research results showed that the most significant benefits of using the internet, according to the elderly, are reduced loneliness, online communication with family and friends, entertainment, faster learning and availability of information, monitoring competition in their field of work, relaxation, and escape from problems. Motivation for using the internet for the elderly stems from the desire for independence from others, curiosity, work, the need for information, and maintaining contact with family. Elderly people use the internet for various reasons, but what each of them states is that the most important thing to them is that they can always be in touch with their family wherever they are. Particular challenges of using the internet for the elderly include fear of data theft, violated anonymity and confidentiality and fear of developing addiction.. Older people see many opportunities to improve the internet, such as better security and anonymity, equal access to the internet for all, higher internet speed, and a broader range of free content. Given the large share of the elderly population, it is necessary to help the elderly in adapting to the world of modern society as much as possible, in terms of inclusion in a digitalized and computerized society, in order for them to stay up to date.

Udio starijih osoba u svijetu sve se više povećava uslijed čega se povećavaju i problemi vezani uz navedenu populaciju. Jedan od problema u porastu je i problem obiteljskog nasilja nad starijima kojem pridonose određeni osobni, obiteljski te društveni čimbenici. Globalne procjene pokazuju da je jedna od šest starijih osoba bila izložena jednom od oblika nasilja u posljednjih godinu dana, no pretpostavlja se da je ta brojka i veća s obzirom na veliku tamnu brojku neprijavljenog nasilja nad starijima. Unatoč tome, nasilje nad starijima ostaje relativno neprepoznat problem u odnosu na druge vrste obiteljskog nasilja. Zaokuplja interes tek nekolicine znanstvene zajednice, a starijim se osobama rijetko kada pruža mogućnost iznošenja svojih mišljenja o navedenom problemu. Slijedom navedenog, ovim istraživanjem željela se ispitati informiranost i mišljenje starijih osoba i socijalnih radnika s područja grada Zagreba i Zagrebačke županije o nasilju nad starijim osobama u obitelji. Provedeno je kvalitativno istraživanje metodom polustrukturiranog intervjua na prigodnom uzorku od 12 sudionika (6 starijih osoba, 6 socijalnih radnika), a u obradi podataka korištena je metoda analize okvira. Rezultati istraživanja prikazani su u okviru tri glavna tematska područja: informiranost o nasilju nad starijima u obitelji, čimbenici rizika za nasilje nad starijima u obitelji, prevencija nasilja nad starijima u obitelji. Rezultati pokazuju da sudionici najčešće opisuju nasilje kroz materijalno nasilje te se ukazuje potreba većeg osvještavanja zanemarivanja kao oblika nasilja. Kao najčešći počinitelji navode se najbliži članovi obitelji, a kao najčešći razlog neprijavljivanja nasilja pojavljuje se sram. Najčešće spominjani čimbenici rizika na strani žrtve su socijalna izolacija te dijeljenje stambenog prostora, na strani počinitelja imovinski interesi, problemi mentalnog zdravlja te nedostatak obiteljske međugeneracijske solidarnosti, a na strani društva siromaštvo te neučinkovitost sustava zaštite. Područje prevencije vidi se kao prvenstvena odgovornost države te se opisuju načini prevencije koji većinom pripadaju primarnoj prevenciji. Također se prepoznaje potreba veće osviještenosti javnosti o problematici nasilja nad starijima., The number of elderly people in the world is in uprise, as a result of which the problems related to this population are also increasing. One of the growing problems is the problem of domestic elder abuse, which is contributed by certain personal, family and social factors. Global estimates show that one in six older people has been exposed to one form of abuse in the last year, but this figure is assumed to be even higher given the large dark figure for unreported elder abuse. Despite that, elder abuse remains a relatively unrecognized problem compared to the other types of domestic violence. The field of elder abuse is of interest to only a few scientific communities and older people are rarely given the opportunity to express their opinions on this issue. Following the above, this research sought to examine the knowledge and opinion of older people and social workers from the city of Zagreb and the Zagreb County on domestic elder abuse. Qualitative research was conducted using the method of semi-structured interview on a suitable sample of 12 participants (6 elderly people, 6 social workers), and the method of framework analysis was used in data processing. The results of the research are presented in three main thematic areas: knowledge of domestic elder abuse, risk factors for domestic elder abuse, prevention of domestic elder abuse. The results show that participants most often describe abuse through material abuse and the results also indicate the need for greater awareness of neglect as a form of abuse. The closest family members are cited as the most common perpetrators and shame appears as the most common reason for not reporting the abuse. The most frequently mentioned risk factors related to the victim were social isolation and division of housing, those related to the perpetrator were property interests, mental health issues as well as lack of family intergenerational solidarity, and the most frequently mentioned risk factors related to the society were poverty and inefficiency of the protection system. The responsibility for elder abuse prevention was placed primarily at government level and described methods of prevention mostly belong to the primary prevention. The need for greater public awareness of the elder abuse issue is also recognized

S obzirom da trenutna skupina mladih osoba preuzima odgovornost za dobrobit sve većeg broja osoba starije životne dobi, pitanje stavova i odnosa prema osobama starije životne dobi postaje sve relevantnije. Kako dosadašnja istraživanja pokazuju da stavovi mladih osoba prema starijim osobama utječu na kvalitetu života te na položaj starijih osoba u društvu, ovim istraživanjem se nastojao dobiti uvid u stavove mladih osoba prema osobama starije životne dobi. Polazišnu teorijsku osnovu ovog istraživanja je činila hipoteza optimalnog kontakta, odnosno Allportova teorija kontakta, a ciljevi ovog istraživanja su bili 1) ispitati odnos između učestalosti kontakta, percipirane kvalitete kontakta i stavova mladih prema starijim osobama te 2) utvrditi odrednice stavova prema starijim osobama kod mladih u kontekstu sociodemografskih obilježja. Istraživanje je provedeno metodom web ankete na uzorku od 506 mladih osoba u dobi od 18 do 35 godina koje žive na području Republike Hrvatske. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju kako su stavovi mladih osoba prema starijima neutralni, te naginju ka pozitivnim stavovima, odnosno na samoj su granici između neutralnih i pozitivnih. Potvrđena je i pozitivna povezanost između učestalosti kontakta, procijenjene kvalitete kontakta i stavova prema starijim osobama. Nadalje, potvrđeno je da postoji razlika u stavovima prema starijim osobama s obzirom na stupanj obrazovanja ispitanika te spol ispitanika. Uz to, rezultati pokazuju da dob ispitanika nije značajno povezana sa stavovima prema starijim osobama, te između stanovanja sa bakom/djedom i stavova prema starijim osobama nije pronađena statistički značajna razlika. Dobiveni rezultati su u skladu s dosadašnjim istraživanjima te ukazuju na potrebu poticanja programa kojima bi cilj bio omogućavanje i poticanje međugeneracijskog kontakta između mlađih i starijih osoba., As the current group of young people takes responsibility for the well-being of an increasing number of older people, the issue of attitudes and attitudes towards older people is becoming increasingly relevant. As previous research shows that the attitudes of young people towards the elderly affect the quality of life and the position of the elderly in society, this research seeks to gain insight into the attitudes of young people towards the elderly. The starting theoretical basis of this research was the hypothesis of optimal contact, i.e. Allport's theory of contact, and the objectives of this research were 1) to examine the relationship between contact frequency, perceived quality of contact and attitudes towards the elderly and 2) to determine the attitudes towards the elderly in young people. in the context of sociodemographic characteristics. The research was conducted using a web survey on a sample of 506 young people aged 18 to 35 living in the Republic of Croatia. The results of the research show that the attitudes of young people towards the elderly are neutral, and they tend towards positive attitudes, ie they are on the border between neutral and positive. The positive correlation between the frequency of contact, the assessed quality of contact and attitudes towards the elderly was also confirmed. Furthermore, it was confirmed that there is a difference in attitudes towards the elderly with regard to the level of education of the respondents and the gender of the respondents. In addition, the results show that the age of the respondents is not significantly related to attitudes towards the elderly, and no statistically significant difference was found between living with grandparents and attitudes towards the elderly. The obtained results are in line with previous research, indicating the need to encourage programs aimed at enabling and encouraging intergenerational contact between younger and older people.

Život svih ljudi pa tako i starijih osoba uvelike se promijenio u vrijeme pandemije Corona virusa koja je krajem 2019. godine zahvatila cijeli svijet pa tako i Republiku Hrvatsku. Iako je Covid pandemija utjecala na sve dobne skupine, starije se osobe smatraju posebno rizičnom populacijom koja zahtijeva veću zaštitu. Cilj ovog rada jest dobiti uvid u svakodnevni život osoba starije životne dobi koje žive u samačkim kućanstvima za vrijeme Covid pandemije kroz promjene koje su doživjele te čimbenike koji su doprinijeli njihovoj prilagodbi. Kvalitativno istraživanje provedeno je korištenjem metode polustrukturiranog intervjua. Prikupljeni podaci obrađeni su korištenjem postupka tematske analize. Prema dobivenim rezultatima, osobe starije životne dobi koje žive u samačkim kućanstvima doživjele su različite pozitivne i negativne promjene unutar svojeg svakodnevnog života tijekom pandemije Covid-19. Pod promjenama koje su osobe starije životne dobi koje žive u samačkim kućanstvima doživjele za vrijeme pandemije su promjene u: financijskim prilikama, fizičkom zdravlju, psihičkom zdravlju, socijalnim odnosima i dnevnim aktivnostima. Uz promjene koje je izazvala Covid pandemija, iznimno je važno pitanje prilagodbe na ovu pandemiju. Čimbenici koji su doprinijeli prilagodbi na Covid pandemiju osobama starije životne dobi koje žive u samačkim kućanstvima su: prethodno životno iskustvo, religioznost te socijalna podrška. Uz dobivene rezultate, ova se pandemija može smatrati prilikom za učenje gdje starije osobe mogu povećati svoju sposobnost suočavanja s budućim izazovima. Konačno, rezultati ovog kvalitativnog istraživanja govore o heterogenosti među starijim osobama koje žive u samačkim kućanstvima. Naime, starije se osobe međusobno veoma razlikuju te ima onih koji su doživjeli veće ili manje promjene u svakodnevnom životu tijekom Covid pandemije bile one pozitivne ili negativne. Isto tako, pokazalo se kako određeni čimbenici različito doprinose prilagodbi na Covid pandemiju kada je riječ o osobama starije životne dobi koje žive u samačkim kućanstvima., The life of all people including the elderly is greatly changed during the pandemic Corona virus which is at the end of 2019, engulfed the whole world including the Republic of Croatia. Although Covide pandemics affected all age groups, older persons are considered particularly risky populations, which require greater protection. The aim of this paper is to get an insight into the daily life of elderly people living in single households during Covid pandemic through changes that are experienced and the factors that have contributed to their adjustment. The qualitative research was conducted using the method of semi-structured interviews. The collected data were analyzed using the method of thematic analysis. According to the results, the elderly living in single households have experienced a variety of positive and negative changes within your daily life during pandemic Covid-19. Under the changes that the elderly living in single households experienced during the pandemic are changes in financial conditions, physical health, mental health, social relationships and daily activities. With the changes that caused Covide pandemic, it is extremely important question to adapt to this pandemic. Factors that have contributed to adapting to Covid pandemic elderly persons living in single households are: previous experience of life, religiosity and social support. With the results, this pandemic can be considered when learning where older people can increase their capacity to cope with future challenges. Finally, the results of this qualitative research speak of heterogeneity among older people living in a single household. Specifically, older persons are mutually very different and there are those who have experienced major or minor changes in daily life during the Covid pandemic, whether positive or negative. Also, it was shown that certain factors contribute differently to adaptation to the Covid pandemic when it comes to elderly people living in single households.

Cilj ovog rada bio je upoznati kvalitetu života starijih osoba smještenih u domove za starije i nemoćne osobe. Objašnjeni su koncepti kvaliteta života i usamljenost te njihova međusobna povezanost. Također, detaljnije je razrađen dugotrajni oblik skrbi te u sklopu njega domovi za starije i nemoćne osobe. Nadalje, prikazani su i uspoređeni rezultati istraživanja provedenih u Hrvatskoj i odabranim zemljama svijeta, na temelju kojih se došlo do nekoliko važnih spoznaja. Formulirano je ukupno deset dimenzija subjektivne kvalitete života u domovima za koje su starije osobe istaknule kako imaju značajan utjecaj na njihovu kvalitetu života. Osobita pažnja pridala se socijalnim kontaktima koji su u ranijim istraživanjima bili podcijenjeni u odnosu na zdravlje i njegu. Uz to, utvrđena je pozitivna povezanost između kvalitete života i zadovoljstva uslugama doma. Najlošije procijenjeni aspekti kvalitete života su financijska samostalnost i aktivnosti u domu. S druge strane, zadovoljstvo uslugama osoblja najbolje je procijenjen aspekt domskih usluga. Postoje brojne razlike među zemljama glede socijalne politike prema starijoj populaciji pa je izgledno da navedene dimenzije i aspekti neće biti jednako vrednovani od strane korisnika domova u drugim državama., The aim of this paper was to understand the quality of life of elderly placed in nursing homes. The concepts of quality of life and loneliness are explained, as well as their mutual connection. Likewise, a long-term care and nursing homes as part of it are elaborated in more detail. Furthermore, the results of the researches conducted in Croatia and selected countries of the world are represented and compared, on the basis of which several important findings were made. A total of ten dimensions of subjective quality of life in nursing homes were formulated for which the elderly have pointed out that they have important impact on their quality of life. The dimension of social contacts was given a specific attention which have been underestimated in the previous researches in relation to health and care. Besides that, positive correlation between the quality of life and the satisfaction with the services in the home has been confirmed. The lowest ranking evaluated aspects of the quality of life are financial independence and activities in nursing homes. On the other side, the highest ranking evaluated aspect of the services in the home was the satisfaction with the service of staff. There are numerous differences among the countries in aspect of social policy towards the elderly population and therefore it is likely that all of these dimensions and aspects will not be evaluated completely the same by the residents of nursing homes in other countries.

Cilj ovog završnog rada je definirati seksualno nasilje nad osobama starije životne dobi, opisati oblike nasilja nad starijima te pojasniti koja je sve uloga socijalnog rada na navedenom području. Kako je u Hrvatskoj uočen trend starenja stanovništva, događa se smanjivanje udjela mladih i istovremeno povećavanje udjela starog stanovništva zbog sve dužeg životnog vijeka. Upravo iz tog razloga, važno je staviti u fokus starije osobe i vidjeti s kojim problemima se oni suočavaju, a jedan od nedovoljno istraženih problema je seksualno nasilje. Još uvijek ne postoji jedinstvena definicija seksualnog nasilja nad osobama starije životne dobi i upravo bi tu socijalni radnici mogli dati svoj doprinos. Najvažnije je da socijalni radnici budu poznavatelji oblika seksualnog nasilja nad osobama starije životne dobi i da su spremni odgovoriti na problem etično, suosjećajno i učinkovito., The aim of this final paper is to define sexual abuse of elderly, to describe the forms of abuse against the elderly and to explain the role of social work in this area. As the trend of population aging has been observed in Croatia, there is a decrease in the share of young people and at the same time an increase in the share of the elderly population due to longer life expectancy. Precisely for these reasons, it is important to focus on the elderly and see what problems they face, one of the under-researched problems is sexual violence. There is still no unique definition of sexual abuse against the elderly, and this is where social workers could contribute. The most important thing is that social workers are aware of the forms of sexual abuse against the elderly and that they are ready to respond to the problem ethically, compassionately and effectively.

Univerziteti za treće doba, iako nisu jedini provajderi obrazovanja namenjenog starijoj populaciji, predstavljaju značajni stub obrazovanja ove osobene ciljne grupe. Posle više od tri decenije osnivanja prvog univerziteta za treće doba u Srbiji, zakonomernosti dinamike razvoja sistema obrazovanja odraslih deluju i u ovom delu njegovog podsistema. Shodno društvenim promenama, menja se broj institucija koje se svrstavaju u kategoriju univerziteta za treće doba, ponuda njihovih programa, kao i geografska rasprostranjenost ovih institucija, a time i dostupnost njihove obrazovne ponude starijoj populaciji.Namera ovoga rada je da utvrdikarakteristike obrazovne ponudeuniverziteta za treće doba: njihovu distribuciju na teritoriji Republike Srbije, programsku orijentaciju, organizacione oblike realizacije obrazovne aktivnosti i načine na koje su prilagođeni ciljanoj populaciji. U metodološkom pogledu, istraživanje se oslanja na kvalitativnu istraživačku paradigmu, u okviru koje je primenjena multipla studija slučaja kao model istraživanja, a kao metoda korišćena je analiza sadržaja, tačnije, analiza sadržaja veb sajtova obrazovne ponude univerziteta za treće doba. Rezultati istraživanja ukazuju na nedovoljnu i nejednaku distribuciju univerziteta za treće doba, ograničeni raspon obrazovnog sadržaja koji se nudi starima u različitim delovima Srbije, kao i na tradicionalne oblike realizacije nastave (uglavnom kursevi i ređe individualna nastava). Obrazovna ponuda je uglavnom prilagođena potrebama starije populacije kroz manja finansijska sredstva potrebna za participaciju u programu, u nekim slučajevima i mogućnost plaćanja na rate, kao i realizaciju nekih programa u prepodnevnim časovima. Rezultati istraživanja otvaraju pitanja načina stimulisanja povećanja broja univerziteta za treće doba, njihove dalje programske i organizacione diverzifikacije, kao i načina na koje bi se mogle otkloniti potencijalne barijere za participaciju starih, odnosno, većeg prilagođavanja karakteristika obrazovne ponude potrebama starije populacije. Universities for the third age, although not being the exclusive providers of education intended for elderly, represent an important pillar of education referring this particular target group. After more than three decades of the establishment of the first university for the third age in Serbia, the developmental dynamics of the adult education system regulative is also evident in this particular subsystem. In accordance with social changes, the number of institutions classified as universities for the third age, the offer of their programs, as well as the geographical distribution of these institutions, and thus the availability of their educational offer to the older population, are changing. The purpose of this work is to determine the characteristics of the educational offer of universities for the third age: their distribution on the territory of the Republic of Serbia, program orientation, organizational forms of realization of educational activities and ways in which they are adapted to the target population. In terms of methodology, the research relies on a qualitative research paradigm, within which a multiple case study was applied as a research model, and content analysis was used as a method, more precisely, content analysis of the websites of the university's educational offer for the third age. The research results indicate insufficient and unequal distribution of universities for older persons, limited range of educational content offered to older persons in different parts of Serbia, as well as traditional forms of teaching (mainly courses and less frequently individual teaching). The educational programme on offer is mainly adapted to the needs of the older population through smaller financial resources required for participation in the programme, in some cases the possibility of paying in instalments, as well as the realization of some programmes in the morning hours. The results of the research open up issues of how to stimulate the increase in the number of universities for the third age, their further programmatic and organizational diversification, as well as ways in which potential barriers to the participation of older persons could be removed, that is, greater adjustment of the characteristics of the educational programme on offer to the needs of the older population.

Načini na koje obavljamo različite delatnosti u savremenom svetu u potpunosti su determinisani primenom novih tehnologija. Tehnologija nudi potporu i olakšanje, ali sa sobom nosi bezbedonosne rizike pred kojima nema nedodirljivih, već samo kategorije ljudi koje su na njih više osetljive. Empirijsko istraživanje koje smo sproveli imalo je za predmet obrazovanje starih osoba kao činioca bezbednosti na Internetu, a osnovni istraživački cilj kojim smo se vodili ticao se ispitivanja odnosa između određenih bio-socio-obrazovnih obeležja starih osoba, sa jedne strane, i njihovih percepcija, navika i iskustava iz domena bezbedne upotrebe Interneta, sa druge. U istraživanju smo primarno bili fokusirani na opštu populaciju starih osoba u Republici Srbiji, iz koje je selektovan prigodan uzorak istraživanja koji su činile osobe stare 65 godina i više. Primenom kvantitativne metodologije istraživanja došli smo do rezultata koji su rasvetlili našu nameru inkorporiranu u definisan predmet i cilj istraživanja. U radu su izloženi rezultati istraživanja koji pokazuju da su korisnici Interneta među starijom populacijom većinom viskoobrazovani muškarci iz gradskih sredina, kao i da korisnici uglavnom pristupaju Internetu svakodnevno više puta, a procenjuju da se dobro snalaze u korišćenju kompjutera. Ovi korisnici Interneta uglavnom nisu imali bezbedonosnih problema prilikom njegovog korišćenja, a od pretnji se ili štite antivirus programima, ili se uopšte ne štite. Oni koji su imali bezbedonosne probleme, uglavnom ističu remećenje rada uređaja usled prodora kopjuterskih virusa i nedozvoljeno preuzimanje ličnih podataka od strane drugih osoba. Među starima koji aktivno koriste Internet podjednako su zastupljene osobe koje nemaju dovoljno ili uopšte nemaju znanja o bezbednom korišćenju Interneta i one koje ova znanja poseduju u određenoj meri, a iskazana je njihova želja da povećaju nivo svojih znanja i veština iz domena bezbednosti na Internetu kroz različite obrazovne intervencije. Ispitanici koji ne koriste Internet, ne koriste ni kompjuter, a prema njihovim izjavama internet uglavnom ne koriste jer ne znaju kako da ga koriste i/ili ne osećaju potrebu za tim. Ovi ispitanici smatraju da upotreba Interneta može biti opasna, najviše zbog mogućnosti nedozvoljenog preuzimanja njihovih ličnih podataka od strane drugih lica. Rezultati do kojih smo došli nesumnjivo upućuju na relevantnost negovanja obrazovne prakse kroz koju bi stare osobe, bilo da su aktivni korisnici Interneta ili to nisu, mogle da probude svest o intenziviranoj potrebi za korišćenjem Interneta u savremenom svetu, a sa time unaprede i njenu faktičku aktualizaciju, uz neizbežno akcentovanje obrazovnog intervenisanja usmerenog ka razvoju znanja i veština iz domena bezbednog korišćenja Interneta. The ways in which we perform various activities in the contemporary world are completely determined by the application of new technologies. Technology offers support and relief, but it also carries the security risks that influence everyone, and particular categories of people that are more vulnerable to these risks. The subject of the empirical research we conducted was elderly education as a factor of safety on the Internet, and the main research goal we were guided by was the examination of the relationship between certain bio-socio-educational characteristics of older persons, on one hand, and their perceptions, habits and experiences referring to safe Internet use, on the other. In this research, we were primarily focused on the general population of older persons in the Republic of Serbia, from which an appropriate research sample consisting of persons aged 65 years and older was selected. By applying a quantitative research methodology, we achieved results that shed light on our intention incorporated into the defined subject and goal of the research. Within the paper, we presented research results indicating that majority of elderly Internet users are higher educated men from urban areas, as well as that Internet users generally access the Internet several times a day, perceiving themselves as proficient computer users. Elderly Internet users generally had no security problems when using it, and they either protect themselves from threats by applying antivirus programs, or they don't protect themselves at all. Those who have had security problems, mostly point to disruption of device operation due to computer viruses breakthrough and unauthorized download of personal data by other persons. Among elderly who actively use the Internet, there is an equal distribution concerning people who do not have sufficient knowledge about the safe use of the Internet or possess no knowledge at all, and those who possess this knowledge to a certain extent, and who desire to increase the level of their knowledge and skills in the domain of security on the Internet through various educational interventions. Respondents who do not use the Internet do not use a computer either, and according to their statements, they generally do not use the Internet because they do not know how to use it and/or do not feel the need for it. These respondents believe that using the Internet can be dangerous, mostly due to the possibility of unauthorized downloading of their personal data by other persons. The results we obtained clearly point to the relevance of fostering an educational practice through which older persons, whether they are active Internet users or not, could create awareness of the intensified need for using the Internet in the contemporary world, and thereby improve its actualization, with the inevitable accentuation of educational interventions aimed at developing knowledge and skills in the domain of safe use of the Internet.

Ljudska prava se obično shvaćaju kao ona koja su svojstvena čovjeku samom činjenicom što je čovjek ljudsko biće. To su prava koja su nerazdvojiva od naše prirode, bez kojih ne možemo živjeti kao ljudska bića jer nam upravo ona omogućuju da potpuno razvijemo i koristimo naše ljudske kvalitete, inteligenciju, talente i savjest te da tako zadovoljimo naše duhovne i druge potrebe. Ljudska prava su izražena u ugovorima, međunarodnom običajnom pravu, zakonodavnim tijelima i drugim izvorima prava. No, unatoč zakonskoj podlozi ljudskih prava, i dalje dolazi do situacija kada se ista krše. Upravo tada možemo govoriti o govoru mržnje, diskriminaciji i nasilju kao načinima kršenja ljudskih prava, a ujedno i kaznenim djelima. Hrvatska praksa pokazuje da upravo ova tri fenomena zahvaćaju dvije izrazito ranjive skupine u Republici Hrvatskoj: srpsku manjinsku skupinu, kao najbrojniju manjinsku skupinu u Republici Hrvatskoj, te LGBT(IQ) zajednicu koja odstupa od tradicionalnih normi koje prevladavaju u našoj državi. U skladu s tim, u radu je prikazano koliko se primjenjuju i poštuju temeljna ljudska prava ovih dviju skupina u Hrvatskoj te uloga profesije socijalnog rada u vidu promocije i zaštite temeljnih ljudskih prava te prevencije govora mržnja, diskriminacije i nasilja kao izrazito negativnih i nepoželjnih praksi hrvatskog pravnog sustava., Human rights, usually perceived as a man being born with them already embedded within themselves, are the rights inseparable from our nature and the ones we can not live without as human beings, as they are the ones allowing us to completely develop and properly use our human qualities, intelligence, talents and conscience, so we can satisfy our spiritual and other needs. Human rights are expressed in contracts, customary international law, legislative bodies and other law sources. Despite of legal basics of human rights, there are cases in which they are violated. Those cases are exactly the ones through which we discuss hate speech, discrimination and violence as a violation of human rights, as well as criminal acts. Croatian practice shows that exactly those three phenomena affect two highly vulnerable groups in Republic of Croatia: Serbian ethnic minority, as the biggest minority group in Republic of Croatia, and the LGBT(IQ) community, which deviates from traditional norms prevailing in our country. Accordingly, this thesis shows to what extent fundamental human rights of those two vulnerable groups are being respected in the Croatia and the function of social work in the form of promotion and protection of fundamental human rights as well as prevention of hate speech, discrimination and violence as extremely negative and undesirable practices of Croatian legal system.

Cilj ovog istraživanja je steći uvid u mišljenja i iskustva učitelja instrumenata o inkluziji djece s teškoćama (TUR) u razvoju u osnovnim glazbenim školama. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 9 učitelja različitih instrumenata koji su imali iskustvo u radu s učenicima s TUR u osnovnoj glazbenoj školi. U svrhu prikljupljanja empirijske građe korišten je polustrukturirani intervju, a dobivena građa podvrgnuta je tematskoj analizi. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da učitelji u svom radu s učenicima s TUR prepoznaju određenja ograničenja, potrebu da se istima prilagodi nastavni proces te određene pozitivne i negativne aspekte rada. Procjenjuju kako po završetku studija nisu bili adekvatno educirani za rad s učenicima s TUR te osjećaju potrebu za dodatnim razvojem vlastitih kompetencija. Kao prepreke inkluziji djece s TUR prepoznaju nepostojanje nastavnog plana i programa za rad s njima te postupke provjere znanja (godišnje ispite iz instrumenta i prijamni ispit). Smatraju da je za unaprijeđenje inkluzije potrebno početi aktivno primjenjivati načelo inkluzije unutar glazbenog obrazovnog sustava, podići kvalitetu edukacije učitelja za rad s učenicima s TUR te poboljšati uvjete rada., The aim of this research is to gain insight into the opinions and experiences of instrument teachers on the inclusion of children with special educational needs (SEN) in primary music schools. The research involved 9 teachers of various instruments who had experience in working with students with SEN in primary music school. For the purpose of collecting the empirical material, a semi-structured interview was used, and the obtained material was subjected to a thematic analysis. The results of the research show that teachers in their work with students with SEN recognize certain limitations, the need to adapt the teaching process and certain positive and negative aspects of work. They estimate that upon completion of their studies they were not adequately educated to work with students with SEN and feel the need for further development of their own competencies. As obstacles to the inclusion of children with SEN, they recognize the lack of a curriculum for working with them and the procedures for testing knowledge (annual exams and entrance exam). They believe that in order to improve inclusion, it is necessary to start actively applying the principle of inclusion within the music education system, to raise the quality of teacher education for working with students with SEN and to improve working conditions.

Cilj ovog rada je opisati mentalno zdravlje osoba oboljelih od Alzheimerove bolesti kroz opisivanje neuropsihijatrijskih simptoma koji se kroz tijek bolesti javljaju te putem sustavnog prikaza istraživanja prevalencije navedenih simptoma. Neuropsihijatrijski simptomi Alzheimerove bolesti su simptomi koji uključuju promjene ličnosti, poremećaje raspoloženja, motoričkih aktivnosti i brojne druge te koje osim samog oboljelog, mogu opaziti i treće osobe (liječnici, njegovatelji i dr.). Također, simptomi negativno utječu ne samo na oboljele, već i na osobe oko njih (od obitelji, njegovatelja, sustava skrbi za oboljele, te cjelokupnog društva). Rad prikazuje općenito Alzheimerovu bolest i njezine neuropsihijatrijske simptome, kroz njihovo definiranje, opis, način tretmana, mjerenja i grupiranja. Također, u radu je prikazana prevalencija neuropsihijatrijskih simptoma, te su nalazi dobiveni sustavnom analizom dostupnih istraživanja uspoređeni s nalazima ranijih istraživanja. Tako su najprevalentniji bili simptomi apatije, depresije i iritabilnosti, a najmanje prevalentni bili su simptomi euforije i halucinacije, što je bilo i u skladu s nalazima ranijih istraživanja (uz manja odstupanja, koja su također prikazana u radu). S obzirom na očekivani porast starijih osoba u društvu te samim tim i oboljelih od raznih vrsta demencije (od kojih je Alzheimerova bolest najčešća), očekivano je da će interes kako za samu bolest, tako i za njezine simptome, također rasti., disease by describing the neuropsychiatric symptoms that occur during the course of the disease and by systematically reviewing the prevalence of these symptoms. Neuropsychiatric symptoms of Alzheimer's disease are symptoms that include personality changes, mood disorders, motor activities disorders, and many others, and which, in addition to the patient himself, can be noticed by third parties (doctors, caregivers, etc.). Also, the symptoms negatively affect not only the patients, but also people around them (from the family, caregivers, the care system for the sick, and society as a whole). The paper presents Alzheimer's disease in general and its neuropsychiatric symptoms, through their definition, description, method of treatment, measurement and grouping. Also, the paper presents the prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms, and the findings obtained by systematic analysis of available studies are compared with the findings of previous studies. Thus, the most prevalent were the symptoms of apathy, depression and irritability, and the least prevalent were the symptoms of euphoria and hallucinations, which was in line with the findings of previous studies (with minor deviations, which are also shown in the paper). Given the expected increase in the elderly in society, and thus those suffering from various types of dementia (of which Alzheimer's disease is the most common), it is expected that interest in both the disease itself and its symptoms will also grow.

S obzirom na trenutačnu situaciju demografskog starenja stanovništva Republike Hrvatske, kao i ostatka država članica Europske unije, proces starenja dobiva sve veći značaj u svakodnevnom životu. Različite demografske projekcije naznačuju da će u sljedećim desetljećima doći do značajnog rasta udjela koji starije osobe čini u ukupnom stanovništvu država. Ovo otvara razna pitanja o tome kako gledamo na proces starenja i staru dob, kako izgleda naš odnos prema starijim osobama uzimajući u obzir postojeće dobne stereotipe i predrasude, te o tome koliku i kakvu ulogu bi starije osobe trebale imati na tržištu rada. Dobna diskriminacija se ovdje javlja kao veoma raširena pojava nepriznavanja ili ograničavanja prava osobama samo zbog njihove dobi. Ova pojava je prisutna na tržištima rada gotovo svih država, što se može vidjeti u brojnim istraživanjima obavljenim u državama članicama Europske unije i šire. U ovom radu sam, vođen željom pobližeg prikazivanja te pojave, nastojao navesti i analizirati neka od tih istraživanja koja su provedena u Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu, Sloveniji, Švedskoj, Njemačkoj, Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama, te Hrvatskoj. Dobnu diskriminaciju starijih osoba na tržištu rada dodatno je osnažila i trenutna pandemija koronavirusa s obzirom na povećani rizik od zdravstvenih komplikacija i smrtnosti kod starijih radnika. S obzirom na navedeno, važno je napomenuti različite mehanizme koje žrtve diskriminacije imaju na raspolaganju, kao i zakonodavne okvire Europske unije i Hrvatske kojima se nastoje zaštiti prava radnika., Given the current process of population ageing in Croatia, like in the rest of the EU member states, it is no wonder that the topic of old age has risen in importance in everyday conversation. Different demographic projections point to a significant rise in the percentage that older people will make up in the total population in the coming decades. This opens up different questions about the way we look at ageing and old age, about the way we treat older people taking into consideration existing age based stereotypes and prejudice, and about the role older people should have in the workplace. Age based discrimination is a very widespread phenomenon of not recognizing and limiting the rights of certain people solely because of their age. This phenomenon is present in the workplaces of almost all countries, which can be seen by the numerous research papers published in the EU member states, as well as in other places. In this thesis, wanting to closely examine this phenomena, I tried to cite and analyze some of this research conducted in the United Kingdom, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Germany, the United States, and Croatia. Age based discrimination in the has only been strengthened by the current coronavirus pandemic given the higher risk of health complications and mortality present in older workers. Keeping this in mind, it is important to mention the different resources that are available to the victims of discrimination, as well as the legislative framework of the EU and Croatia put in place to protect the rights of the workers.

Rad se bavi starijim osobama i članovima obitelji te njihovom informiranošću i poznavanju nasilja nad starijim osobama, prepoznavanju oblika nasilja te adekvatnim odgovorima na nasilje nad starijim osobama. U uvodnom dijelu razrađuje se tema starijih osoba, nasilja nad starijim osobama te prevenciji nasilja nad starijim osobama . S obzirom da je nasilje nad starijim osobama prepoznato s porastom udjela starijih osoba u populaciji te je potrebno dobiti uvid u mišljenja starijih osoba i članova obitelji o nasilju nad starijim osobama i prevenciji nasilja. Provedeno je kvalitativno istraživanje u kojem je za prikupljanje podataka korištena metoda polustrukturirnog intervjua i fokus grupa, a za obradu podataka korištena je tematska analiza. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 12 ispitanika. Prigodni uzorak sačinjavali su 6 starijih osoba i 6 članova obitelji s područja Velike Gorice i Grada Zagreba. Istraživana je informiranost ispitanika o nasilju nad starijim osobama , prepoznavanju nasilja te odgovori na nasilje. Dobiveni rezultati pokazuju da ispitanici prepoznaju oblike nasilja fizičko nasilje, financijsko iskorištavanje, zanemarivanje, verbalna agresija, maltretiranje, zanemarivanje, psihičko zlostavljanje. Trebaju biti više informirani o mogućnostima prijave nasilja i oblicima zaštite. Te kao prevenciju nasilja nad starijim osobama ističu edukaciju, efikasnost institucija, dostupnost stručnjaka., The paper deals with the elderly and family members and their informedness on, and knowledge of violence against the elderly, recognizing forms of violence and adequate responses to violence against the elderly. The introductory part deals with the topic of the elderly, violence against the elderly and the prevention of violence against the elderly. Given that violence against the elderly has been recognized with the increase in the share of the elderly in the population, it is necessary to gain insight into the opinions of the elderly and family members on violence against the elderly and the prevention of violence. A qualitative research was conducted in which the method of semi-structured interview and focus groups were used for data collection, and thematic analysis was used for data processing. Twelve respondents participated in the study. The appropriate sample consisted of 6 elderly people and 6 family members from the area of Velika Gorica and the City of Zagreb. Respondents were informed about violence against the elderly, recognizing violence and responding to violence. The obtained results show that the respondents recognize forms of violence, physical violence, financial exploitation, neglect, verbal aggression, harassment, neglect, psychological abuse. They need to be more informed about the possibilities of reporting violence and forms of protection. As a prevention of violence against the elderly, they emphasize education, the efficiency of institutions, and the availability of experts.

Kako svjetska populacija brzo stari, poboljšanje kvalitete ţivota starijih osoba i omogućavanje aktivnog starenja za mnoge zemlje postaje sve veći izazov. Tijekom demografskih promjena, dolazi i do pojave pandemije COVID-19 koja je značajno promijenila ţivote mnogih ljudi. U tom se kontekstu naglasak sve više stavlja na informacijsko-komunikacijsku tehnologiju (IKT) koja moţe imati značajnu ulogu u poboljšanju kvalitete ţivota starijih osoba. Stoga je cilj ovog istraţivanja bio ispitati korištenje IKT-a u poboljšanju kvalitete ţivota starijih osoba za vrijeme pandemije. U istraţivanju je sudjelovala 31 osoba u dobi između 65 i 75 godina s područja Međimurske ţupanije. Prikupljanje podataka provedeno je popunjavanjem anonimnog upitnika, a obrada je izvršena pomoću statističkog paketa SPSS v24. Rezultati pokazuju da ispitanici u prosjeku koriste IKT jedan sat dnevno, najviše za komuniciranje, te se na internet najčešće povezuju putem pametnih mobitela. Što se tiče upotrebe društvenih mreţa i aplikacija za razmjenu poruka, postoji apsolutna dominacija Vibera i Facebooka, a dobiveno je i da su ispitanici prije pandemije putem interneta komunicirali manje u odnosu na razdoblje tijekom pandemije. Iz navedenog se zaključuje da je IKT pomogao starijim osobama da ostanu u kontaktu sa svojim prijateljima i obitelji te im je uz komunikaciju donio i druge benefite., As the world’s population ages rapidly, improving the quality of life of older people and enabling active aging is becoming an increasing challenge for many countries. During demographic changes, the COVID-19 pandemic, which has significantly changed many people's lives, occurred. In this context, the emphasis is increasingly on information and communication technology (ICT), which can play a significant role in improving the quality of life of older people. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the use of ICT in improving the quality of life of the elderly during the pandemic. The study involved 31 people aged between 65 and 75 years from the area of Međimurje County. Data collection was performed by filling out an anonymous questionnaire, and processing was performed using the statistical package SPSS v24. The results show that on average the examinees use ICT one hour a day, mostly for communication, and most often connect to the Internet via smartphones. As for the use of social networks and messaging applications, there is an absolute dominance of Viber and Facebook. It was determined that before the pandemic, the respondents communicated less via the Internet than in the period during the pandemic. From those findings, it can be concluded that ICT has helped older people to stay in touch with their friends and family and has brought them other benefits in addition to communication.

Formalna podrška se definira kao stručne ili paraprofesionalne intervencije koje uključuju edukaciju i tretman kako za dijete s teškoćama u razvoju, tako i za obitelj. Neformalna podrška se odnosi na emocionalnu podršku i / ili opipljivu pomoć koja je primljena ili percipirana kao dostupna od bliskih članova obitelji, prijatelja, susjeda i slično. Cilj ovog kvalitativnog istraživanja je istražiti iskustva roditelja (djeteta s dijabetesom tipa 1 i poremećajem senzorne integracije) s izvorima formalne i neformalne podrške. Svrha studije slučaja je doprinijeti napretku pojedinog sustava podrške i poboljšanju kvalitete života djece s teškoćama u razvoju i njihovih obitelji. Odabrana metoda istraživanja je studija slučaja jer pruža jedinstveni primjer stvarnih ljudi u stvarnim situacijama i opažaju se efekti u stvarnim okvirima, što je od ključne važnosti s obzirom da je cilj istraživanja individualno iskustvo. Roditelji su općenito zadovoljni sustavom formalne podrške te podjednako aktivno koriste formalnu i neformalnu podršku, ipak u većini se slučajeva oslanjaju na užu obitelj. Prepoznaju problematiku predugog čekanja na testiranja i preglede te potrebu za primarnim djelatnikom koji bi poznavao socijalni i zdravstveni sustav, kao početnom točkom za roditelje. Kao najbolji izvor podrške navode druge roditelje koji se nalaze u sličnim ili istim situacijama te apeliraju na roditelje da budu uporni u traženju pomoći kada posumnjaju na određene teškoće jer djetetov napredak uvelike ovisi o njihovoj upornosti., Formal support is defined as professional or paraprofessional interventions that include education and treatment for both a child with disabilities and a family. Informal support relates to emotional support and/or tangible help that is received or perceived as available from close family members, friends, neighbors and similar. The aim of this qualitative research is to explore the experiences of parents (a child with type 1 diabetes and sensory integration disorder) with sources of formal and informal support. The purpose of the case study is to contribute to the progress of a particular support system and to improving the quality of life of children with disabilities and their families. The chosen method of research is a case study because it provides a unique example of real people in real situations and effects are observed in real terms, which is essential given that the aim of the research is individual experience. Parents are generally satisfied with the formal support system and use formal and informal support equally actively, yet in most cases they rely on their nuclear family. They recognise the issue of waiting too long for tests and examinations and the need for a primary worker who would know the social and health system, as a starting point for parents. They cite other parents who are in similar or the same situations as the best source of support and urge parents to be persistent in seeking help when they suspect certain difficulties, as the child's progress depends largely on their persistence.

Starenje stanovništva javlja se kao posljedica napredaka u medicini i tehnologiji te poboljšanja životnih uvjeta i kvalitete života općenito. Republika Hrvatska također prati svjetske demografske trendove. Starenje je prirodan proces koji doživljava svako živo biće, a podrazumijeva fiziološki pad fizičkih i mentalnih sposobnosti. Postoje brojne biopsihosocijalne teorije koje pokušavaju objasniti starenje i pobliže opisati načine na koje se ono može poboljšati. Iako se one preklapaju u brojnim aspektima, postoje nesuglasice vezane uz uspješnost starenja. Naime, koncept uspješnog starenja je iznimno heterogen i samim time ga je vrlo teško točno definirati. Uspješno starenje je iznimno subjektivan pojam, koji može biti individualno definiran za svakog pojedinca. Međutim, iako postoje odstupanja, većina se teorija slaže da je za uspješno starenje potrebno kvalitetno održavanje tjelesnih i kognitivnih sposobnosti, smanjenje rizika za razvoj bolesti ili invaliditeta, te nastavak sudjelovanja starijih odraslih osoba u životnim odlukama. Potrebna je daljnja standardizacija metodoloških postupaka kako bi se još više unaprijedila kvaliteta starijih odraslih pojedinaca u zajednici., The aging of the population occurs as a result of advances in medicine and technology, and improvement of living conditions and quality of life in general. The Republic of Croatia also follows world demographic trends. Aging is a natural process experienced by every living being, and it implies a physiological decline in physical and mental abilities. Several biopsychosociological theories try to explain aging and describe in more detail how it can improve. Although they overlap in many aspects, there are disagreements associated with the success of aging. Namely, the concept of successful aging is extremely heterogeneous and therefore very difficult to define precisely. Successful aging is an extremely subjective term, which can be defined individually for each individual. However, although there are discrepancies, most theories agree that successful aging requires quality maintenance of physical and cognitive abilities, reduction of the risk of developing disease or disability, and continued participation of older adults in life decisions. Further standardization of methodological procedures is needed to further improve the quality of older adult individuals in the community.

U radu je prikazano kazneno djelo trgovanja ljudima i njegove brojne posljedice na život te zdravstveno i emocionalno stanje žrtve. Zbog posebnosti i velikog broja posljedica na žrtve trgovine ljudima, u radu je prikazana važnost kriznih intervencija i uloga socijalnih radnika u njihovoj provedbi. Radom se prikazuje i važnost primjene savjetovanja kao formalne metode pružanja pomoći žrtvama trgovine ljudima te izazovi s kojima se savjetovatelji u procesu savjetovanja susreću. Prikazana su osnovna načela savjetodavnog pristupa od kojih je, zbog specifičnosti traumatskog događaja, najvažnija izgradnja osjećaja sigurnosti i povjerenja između žrtve i savjetovatelja. Savjetovatelji imaju važnu ulogu u izgradnji otpornosti žrtava trgovine ljudima stoga rad prikazuje njihovu ulogu u poticanju i jačanju žrtava. Cilj rada također je i prikazati specifičnosti vođenja savjetodavnog razgovora s djecom i mladima žrtvama trgovine ljudima te ulogu savjetovatelja u osnaživanju djece i mladih za povratak u socijalnu sredinu nakon proživljenog traumatskog iskustva. Konačno, rad prikazuje utjecaj pandemije COVID – 19 na trgovinu ljudima., The paper presents the criminal offense of human trafficking and its numerous consequences for life and the health and emotional state of the victim. Due to the specificity and large number of consequences for victims of human trafficking, the paper presents the importance of crisis interventions and the role of social workers in their implementation. The paper also shows the importance of the application of counseling as a formal method of providing assistance to victims of trafficking and the challenges that counselors face in the counseling process. The basic principles of the counseling approach are presented, of which, due to the specificity of the traumatic experience, the most important is the building of a sense of security and trust between the victim and the counselor. Counselors have an important role to play in building the resilience of victims of trafficking, so the paper shows their role in encouraging and strengthening the victims. The aim of the paper is also to present the specifics of conducting counseling interviews with children and young victims of trafficking and the role of counselors in empowering children and young people to return to the social environment after the traumatic experience. Finally, the paper shows the impact of the COVID - 19 pandemic on human trafficking.

Ovisnost može postojati bez da se isključivo odnosi na određene psihoaktivne tvari; određena osoba postaje ovisna o određenom skupu iskustava koja je imala, a koja se ne moraju odnositi samo na unos psihoaktivne tvari. Ovisnost o kockanju stoga spada u bihevioralne ovisnosti. U ovome radu prikazani su modeli ovisnosti o kockanju, klasifikacija i dijagnosticiranje te psihosocijalno funkcioniranje ovisnika o kockanju iz apekta posljedica na obitelj te radnog funkcioniranja. Također je objašnjena povezanost ostalih psihijatrijskih komorbiditeta koji su česta pojava kod ove ovisnosti, zatim obilježja ličnosti i motivacija kockara, a kao posebno važan, ali i zabrinjavajući fenomen kockanje adolescenata. Navedeni su i psihofarmakoterpijski tretmani koji se koriste u liječenju, a pokazali se se učinkovitima te je objašnjena relevantnost prevencije. Cilj ovoga rada je pregledom literature približiti obilježja i probleme povezane s problematičnim i patološkim kockanjem te podizanje razine svijesti o ovisnosti o kockanju kao ozbiljnoj ovisnosti modernog doba., Addiction can exist without necessarily referring to psychoactive substances; an individual can become addicted to certain experiences that don’t have to include psychoactive substance intake. Therefore, gambling addiction is included under behavioural addictions. This paper shows various gambling addiction models, their classification, diagnostics and psychosocial functioning of addicts from the aspect of work ability and family repercussions. In addition, there is in included interpretation of the relation between other psychiatric comorbidities that are a common occurrence with this addiction, motivation of gamblers and their personality traits and a crucial but alarming phenomenon-adolescent gambling. Also listed are psychofarmacotherapeutic treatments that proved to be efficient with the addition of importance of prevention. The objective of this paper is to conduct a literature review of the features and problems that come with problematic and pathological gambling with the aim of raising awareness about gambling addiction as a serious addiction of the modern era.

Primjena glazbe u radu s korisnicima smatrana je odličnim komunikacijskim kanalom koji povezuje terapeuta i korisnika te pridonosi uspostavi odnosa suradnje i parterstva. Na taj način olakšava i poboljšava odnos korisnika prema terapeutskom procesu i prema terapijskim ciljevima koji se nastoje postići. Ona se već stoljećima koristi u određenim terapijskim procesima, no kao zasebna profesija zaživjela je u posljednjih pedesetak godina. Glazba i njezini elementi upotrebljavaju se kao intervencija u medicinskom, obrazovnom i svakodnevnom okruženju, u radu s pojedincima, skupinama, obiteljima ili zajednicama koje nastoje ostvariti kvalitetniji život te poboljšati svoje psihičko i/ili fizičko stanje (Breitenfeld, Majsec Vrbanić, 2011). Ciljevi terapije glazbom u svakom od navedenih područja su različiti te ovise o pristupima educiranih osoba koji ih primjenjuju. Kao ogroman korak ka napretku muzikoterapije u Hrvatskoj, 2016. godine pokrenut je prvi Poslijediplomski specijalistički studij Kreativne terapije u Hrvatskoj te je dana mogućnost da se osobama koje su prethodno djelovale u području primjene glazbe u liječenju napokon regulira njihov profesionalni status i u Hrvatskoj. Cilj ovog rada je prikazati muzikoterapiju kao metodu terapije, istraživanja primjene glazbe u različitim područjima te povezanost muzikoterapije i profesije socijalnog rada. Govoreći o muzikoterapiji, kao alterativnoj metodi pružanja pomoći i podrške u liječenju, postoji li mogućnost da socijalni radnici svojim znanjem, stručnom osposobljenošću i stalnim usavršavanjem budu nositelji i određenih alternativnijih metoda pružanja pomoći u radu s korisnicima kao što je metoda muzikoterapije?, The application of music is considered as an excellent communication channel that connects the therapist and the user and establishes a relationship of cooperation and partnership. In this way, it establishes and improves the user's attitude towards the therapeutic process and towards the therapeutic goals which are trying to be achieved. It has been used for centuries in certain therapeutic processes, but as a separate profession it has come to life in the last fifty years. Music and its elements are used as an intervention in the medical, educational and everyday environment, in working with individuals, groups, families or communities that seek to achieve a better life and improve their mental and / or physical condition (Breitenfeld, Majsec Vrbanić, 2011). The goals of music therapy in each of these areas are different and depend on the approaches of doctors or music therapists who apply them. As a huge step towards the progress of music therapy in Croatia, in 2016 the first Postgraduate Specialist Study of Creative Therapy in Croatia was launched and gave the opportunity to finally regulate their professional status in Croatia for people who have previously worked in music therapy field. The aim of this paper is to present music therapy as a method of therapy, research into the application of music in different fields and the connection between music therapy and the profession of social work. Speaking of music therapy, as an alternative method of providing help and support in treatment, is it possible for social workers with their knowledge, professional training and continuous development to be the bearers of certain alternative methods of providing assistance in working with users such as music therapy?

Fenomen globalnog starenja stanovništva dovodi do povećanja oboljelih od demencije (time i Alzheimerove bolesti) u svijetu, pa tako i u Hrvatskoj. Samim time, dolazi do povećanog interesa za istraživanje različitih područja vezanih uz tu bolest. Područje koje je od interesta u ovom radu je kvaliteta života osoba oboljelih od demencije. Kvaliteta života sama po sebi je koncept koji je iscprpljen u istraživanjima, ali konkretno kvaliteta života osoba s demencijom u Hrvatskoj još nije istražena. Jedan od glavnih razloga manjka ovakvih istraživanja zasigurno je kognitivna (ne)sposobnost osoba oboljelih od demencije, što stvara probleme prilikom mjerenja kvalitete života. Strani istraživači su tu prepreku nadišli pa takva istraživanja ipak postoje, a neki od rezultata će biti prikazani u radu. To bi mogla biti smjernica za domaći znanstveni rad, ali i za praksu koja se odnosi na osnivanje specijaliziranih smještajnih kapaciteta. To je zasigurno čimbenik koji bi doveo do povećanja kvalitete života osoba s demencijom., The phenomenon of global population aging is leading to an increase in people with dementia (and thus Alzheimer's disease) in the world, including in Croatia. Consequently, there is an increased interest in researching various areas related to this disease. An area of interest in this paper is the quality of life of people with dementia. Quality of life in itself is a concept that has been exhausted in research, but specifically the quality of life of people with dementia in Croatia has not yet been researched. One of the main reasons for the lack of such research is certainly the cognitive (in)ability of people with dementia, which creates problems in measuring quality of life. Foreign researchers have overcome this obstacle, so such research still exists, and some of the results will be presented in the paper. This could be a guideline for domestic scientific work, but also for practice related to the establishment of specialized accommodation facilities. This is certainly a factor that would lead to an increase in the quality of life of people with dementia.

Nasilje nad starijima u ustanovama se odnosi na zlostavljanje starijih osoba smještenih u domovima za starije i nemoćne osobe, domovima za psihički bolesne odrasle osobe, te bolnicama i ustanovama za trajnu brigu i njegu (Rusac i Čizmin, 2011.) Budući da je udio starijih u stanovništvu sve veći te mnogi od njih trebaju institucionalnu pomoć, očekuje se da će i nasilje nad starijima biti u porastu. Dokazano je institucionalno nasilje, a najčešći počinitelji nasija u ustanovama jesu osobe koje brinu o starijima. Obzirom na to, u radu se navode različitim primjeri prevencije nasilja nad starijima u ustanovama. Neki od načina preveniranja nasilja jesu: prijavljivanje nasilje, javne kampanje, pomoć žrtvi nasilja, probiranje, edukacija osoblja koje radi sa starijima i sl., Institutional elder abuse refers to the abuse of the elderly placed in nursing homes homes for mentally ill adults, and hospitals and institutions for permanent care and nursing (Rusac and Čizmin, 2011). Since elderly population is growing and many of them need institutional help, elder abuse is also expected to increase. Institutional abuse has been proven, and the most common perpetrators of abuse in institutions are people who care for the elderly. With this in mind, the paper cites various examples of prevention of abuse against the elderly in institutions. Some of the ways to prevent violence are: reporting violence, public campaigns, assistance to victims of abuse, screening, education of staff working with the elderly, etc.

Djeca s teškoćama u razvoju jesu osjetljiva društvena skupina koja se u manjoj mjeri bavi sportskim i rekreacijskim aktivnostima i koja ima ograničenije mogućnosti sudjelovanja u istima u odnosu na djecu bez teškoća u razvoju. Izbor sportskih sadržaja namijenjenih djeci s teškoćama u razvoju je sužen, a sudjelovanje u izabranim sportskim aktivnostima determinirano je čitavim nizom različitih čimbenika i faktora koji se odnose na resurse i barijere, podupiruće čimbenike, preferencije i sposobnosti djeteta s teškoćama u razvoju te se mogu podijeliti na izravne i neizravne prediktore sudjelovanja djece s teškoćama u razvoju u sportskim aktivnostima. Lepeza, koristi i blagodati sudjelovanja i bavljenja sportom djece s teškoćama u razvoju, je široka i raznolika, a naglasak se stavlja na zdravstvene koristi, unapređenje kvalitete života te na unapređenje socijalnih vještina. Djeca s teškoćama u razvoju u Hrvatskoj sudjeluju u različitim sportskim aktivnostima u okviru sportskih klubova i udruga, kao i u okviru nastave tjelesne i zdravstvene kulture u odgojno obrazovnom sustavu, no njihovo sudjelovanje je još uvijek izrazito ograničeno., Children with disabilities are a vulnerable social group that is less involved in sports and recreational activities and has more limited opportunities to participate in them compared to children without disabilities. The choice of sports content for children with disabilities is narrowed, and their participation in sports activities is determined by a number of different factors related to resources and barriers, supporting factors, preferences and abilities of a child with disabilities and can be divided into direct and indirect predictors of the participation of children with disabilities in sports activities. The range of benefits of participating in sports, for children with disabilities, is wide and varied, with an emphasis on health benefits, improving the quality of life and improving social skills. Children with disabilities in Croatia participate in various sports activities within sports clubs and associations, as well as in the physical education in the educational system, but their participation is still extremely limited.

U Hrvatskoj kao i u ostalim Europskim zemljama sve je veći udio starije populacije. Upravo zbog toga, potražnja za domovima za starije sve je veća. Glavno pitanje koje se uvijek postavlja odnosi se na kvalitetu života korisnika domova za starije. Aktualna situacija Covid pandemije uvelike je utjecala na kvalitetu života sviju pa tako i starijih osoba. Cilj ovog rada jest preko postojećih istraživanja spoznati kvalitetu života korisnika domova za starije osobe za vrijeme Covid pandemije. Pregledom postojećih istraživanja može se zaključiti kako je ukupna kvaliteta života korisnika domova za starije za vrijeme Covid pandemije zadovoljavajuća. Unatoč dobivenim dobrim rezultatima vezanih za kvalitetu života, Covid pandemija ostavila je svoje posljedice. To se prvenstveno odnosi na mentalno zdravlje koje se kod nekih korisnika domova za starije pokazalo narušeno i to mjerama koje su se provodile kako bi se spriječilo širenje Covid-19 virusa. Usprkos tome, poduzete su određene mjere kako bi se te posljedice prevenirale, smanjile ili uklonile., In Croatia, as in other European countries, the part of the elderly population is increasing. Precisely because of this, the demand for nursing homes is increasing. The main question that is always asked concerns the quality of life of home care users. The current situation of the Covid pandemic has greatly affected the quality of life of everyone, including the elderly. The aim of this paper is to find out, through existing research, the quality of life of home users during the Covid pandemic. A review of existing research can conclude that the overall quality of life of nursing home users during the Covid pandemic is satisfactory. Despite the good results obtained in terms of quality of life, the Covid pandemic has left its consequences. This primarily refers to the mental health of some users of old people's homes, which has been shown to be impaired by measures taken to prevent the spread of the Covid-19 virus. Nevertheless, certain measures have been taken to prevent, reduce or eliminate these consequences.

Njega usmjerena na obitelj prirodno se uklapa u socijalni rad i nudi okvir kroz koji se može poboljšati ukupna učinkovitost brige na kraju života. Neformalna skrb za starije osobe označava pomoć pruženu od strane članova obitelji nemoćnim članovima u svakodnevnim aktivnostima kao što su kupanje, oblačenje, kupovanje namirnica, posjete liječnicima, pripremanje obroka i slično te se ista pomoć ne naplaćuje. Suočavanje sa njegovateljskom ulogom za njegovatelja predstavlja veliku prilagodbu i reorganizaciju dotadašnjeg života na svim područjima: cjelodnevna briga o oboljeloj osobi, dodatne kućanske obveze, sukob uloga, otežana komunikacija kroz razgovor o besmislenim temama i/ili nemogućnost sporazumijevanja s oboljelim. Profil tipičnog neformalnog njegovatelja odnosi se na kćerku osobe o kojoj se skrbi u srednjoj ili starijoj dobi te supružnika, najčešće suprugu. U većini slučajeva neformalni skrbnik živi s osobom o kojoj skrbi, a skrb je višesatma, svakodnevna i višegodišnja. Cilj ovog rada bio je istražiti različite faktore koji utječu na pojavnost skrbničkog stresa i kakav on ima utjecaj na samog neformalnog njegovatelja. S druge strane, također je važan naglasak stavljen i na podršku i programe obrazovanja neformalih njegovatelja., Family-oriented care fits naturally into social work and offers a framework through which the overall effectiveness of end-of-life care can be improved. Informal care for the older persons means assistance provided by family members to helpless members in daily activities such as bathing, dressing, grocery shopping, doctor visits, meal preparation, etc., and the same assistance is not charged. Coping with the nursing role for the caregiver represents a major adjustment and reorganization of the previous life in all areas: all-day care for the sick person, additional household responsibilities, conflict of roles, difficult communication through talking about meaningless topics and / or inability to communicate with the sick person. The profile of a typical informal caregiver refers to the daughter of the carereceiver in her middle or old age and the spouse of the carereceiver, most often the wife. In most cases, the informal caregiver lives with the carereceiver, and the care is multi-hour, daily and perennial. The aim of this paper was to investigate the various factors that influence the occurrence of care stress and what impact it has on the informal caregiver himself. On the other hand, important emphasis has also been placed on support and education programs for informal carers.

S obzirom na stanje u svijetu prouzročeno Covid-19 pandemijom, stručnjaci koji rade u području mentalnog zdravlja spriječeni su fizički komunicirati sa svojim korisnicima. Prepoznali su nužnost pružanja potpore u obliku provođenja online savjetovanja i psihoterapije. Savjetovanje i psihoterapija važne su discipline u brizi za mentalno zdravlje. Stoga, u ovom radu pruža se pregled aktualnih spoznaja o tome što je psihoterapija i savjetovanje te prikaz dosadašnjih iskustava od strane psihoterapeuta i psihologa koji su provodili terapije u online okruženju tijekom Covid-19 pandemije. U radu se ističu razlozi prelaska na online terapiju, razmišljanja terapeuta te prednosti online terapije s obzirom na potrebe korisnika, važnost kontinuiteta rada u smislu pružanja podrške, ali se i naglašavaju izazovi s kojima se susreću korisnici i terapeuti prilikom prilagodbe na rad u virtualnom okruženju. Također, opisana je važnost pružanja supervizije stručnjacima u području mentalnog zdravlja, kao i smjernice za bolju komunikaciju s korisnicima u online okruženju. Prikazom dosadašnjih iskustava nastoji se pridonijeti lakšem odlučivanju prelaska na online savjetovanje i psihoterapiju tijekom krize, kao i otvoriti nova istraživačka pitanja koja bi potaknula stručnjake da se posvete ovakvom načinu psihosocijalnog rada., Given the global situation caused by the Covid-19 pandemic, mental health professionals are prevented from physically communicating with their users. They have identified alternative ways of providing support in the form of conducting online counseling and psychotherapy. Counseling and psychotherapy are important disciplines in mental health care. This paper provides an overview of current knowledge about what psychotherapy and counseling is, as well as a review of past experiences by psychotherapists and psychologists who have conducted therapies in an online environment during the Covid-19 pandemic. The paper highlights the reasons for switching to online therapies, therapists' thinking and the benefits of online therapies with regard to user needs, the importance of continuity in terms of providing support, but also emphasizes the challenges faced by users and therapists in adapting to work in a virtual environment. Also, the importance of providing supervision to mental health professionals is described, as well as guidelines for better communication with users in the online environment. The presentation of previous experiences seeks to facilitate the decision to switch to online counseling and psychotherapy during the crisis, as well as to open new research questions that would encourage professionals to dedicate themselves to this way of psychosocial work.

Cilj ovog rada je dati uvid u problematiku nasilja nad osobama starije životne dobi i pritom istaknuti uzroke i oblike zlostavljanja i zanemarivanja te čimbenike koji tome pridonose, a sve s namjerom osvještavanja važnosti prevencije istog. Iako se sve više pozornosti posvećuje ovoj pojavi zbog sve većeg broja starijih osoba, u Hrvatskoj je problematika zlostavljanja i zanemarivanja starijih osoba još uvijek nedovoljno istražena. Zlostavljanje starijih osoba je bilo koje ponašanje u odnosima povjerenja koje, bilo namjerno ili nenamjerno, djeluje nepovoljno na njih. Postoje određene teorije koje objašnjavaju uzroke nasilja nad starijim osobama, kao i faktori rizika od te pojave. Prema mjestu odvijanja, zlostavljanje se može javiti unutar obitelji, u ustanovama ili u društvu, dok se s obzirom na način nasilnog ponašanja dijeli na tjelesno, psihičko, seksualno, financijsko zlostavljanje i zanemarivanje - nepružanje osnovnih uvjeta za život i potrebne njege. Rad je podijeljen na pet temeljnih poglavlja u kojima se određuju temeljni pojmovi, prikazuju teorijska objašnjenja, rizični čimbenici za nasilje i čimbenici zaštite, oblici zlostavljanja i zanemarivanja starijih osoba, kao i prevencija istog. Kroz navedena poglavlja prikazuju se i rezultati pojedinih značajnih istraživanja, međutim zbog njihovog manjka ova društvena pojava tek treba zaokupiti pozornost istraživača i šire javnosti., The aim of this study is to provide insight into the issue of violence against the elderly and to highlight the causes and forms of abuse and neglect and the factors that contribute to this, all that with the intention of raising awareness of the importance of prevention. Although more and more attention is paid to this problem due to a large number of elderly people, the issue of abuse and neglect of the elderly in Croatia is still insufficiently researched. Elder abuse is any type of behavior in a relationship of trust, whether intentionally or unintentionally, that has an adverse effect on them. There are certain theories that explain the causes of violence against the elderly, as well as the risk factors for its occurrence. According to the place of abuse, it can occur within the family, in institutions, or in society, while according to the manner of violent behavior it is divided into physical, emotional, sexual, financial abuse, and neglect - failure to provide basic living conditions and necessary care. The study is divided into five basic chapters, in which the basic concepts are defined and theoretical explanations, risk factors for violence and protection factors, forms of elder abuse and neglect, as well as its prevention are presented. These chapters also present the results of some important researches, but due to their deficiency, this social phenomenon should capture the attention of researchers and the general public.

Pojavom COVID-19 pandemije, mentalno zdravlje starijih ljudi postalo je potencijalno ugroženo. Zbog mnogih izazova koje je pandemija stavila pred osobe starije životne dobi, pojavio se rizik za nastanak problema mentalnog zdravlja kao što su depresija, anksioznost i osjećaj usamljenosti kod starijih osoba. Stariji ljudi tijekom pandemije izloženi su brojnim izazovima poput neinformiranosti, preventivnih mjera socijalne izolacije te povećanom nasilju. Dugoročne posljedice pandemije na mentalno zdravlje još nisu sasvim jasne i potrebno je provesti dodatna istraživanja. Tijekom pandemije, kao posljedica brojnih izazova, potrebno je prepoznati znakove nastanka problema mentalnog zdravlja, identificirati nove potrebe i provesti adekvatnu intervenciju, u čemu socijalni rad nalazi svoje mjesto., with the appearance of the COVID-19 pandemic, the mental health of older people has become potentially endangered. Because of the many challenges that the pandemic has brought to the elderly, there is a risk of developing mental health issues such as depression, anxiety and loneliness. During the pandemic are exposed to numerous challenges such as lack of information, preventive measures, social isolation and increased violence. The long term consequences oft he pandemic on mental health are still not entirely clear and further research is needed. During the COVID-19 pandemic, as a result of many challenges, it is necessary to recognize the signs of mental health problems, identify new needs and provide appropriate intervention, in which social work finds its place.

Cilj preglednog rada je prikazati alkoholizam kao bolest gledanu sa stajališta biopsihosocijalnog modela zdravlja i bolesti, te prikazati važnost i ulogu klubova liječenih alkoholičara u procesu liječenja ovisnika o alkoholu. U radu se naglašava važnost učlanjivanja u klubove liječenih alkoholičara. Klubovi liječenih alkoholičara su dinamične skupine organizirane za liječenje i rehabilitaciju osobe ovisne o alkoholu te njene obitelji. Kao još jedna mogućnost za pomoć pri održavanju apstinencije je i učlanjivanje u dobrovoljno društvo Anonimnih alkoholičara. Alkoholizam se smatra jednim od ključnih javno zdravstvenih problema. Još od najranije povijesti alkohol je upotrebljavan kao sredstvo koje ima umirujuće i ugodno djelovanje. Procjenjuje se kako u Hrvatskoj živi oko 250 000 registriranih ovisnika o alkoholu. Alkoholizam kod ovisnika postaje njegov stil života. U okviru liječenja apstinencija nije dovoljna, uz apsitnenciju ovisnik mora mijenjati samog sebe, tj. svoj dosadašnji način života jer mijenjajući stil života mijenja stavove o pijenju. U tome mu pomaže klub liječenih alkoholičara. Liječenje je dugotrajan proces u kojem su mogući, i očekivani, povremeni recidivi. Uz odgovarajuću stručnu pomoć, podršku članova obitelji i šanse za dugotrajnom apstinencijom rastu. Najbolja prevencija alkoholizma je odrastanje u okolini koja ne podržava pijenje alkoholnih pića., The aim of the review is to present alcoholism as a disease from the point of the biopsychosocial model of health and disease, and to show the importance and role of clubs of treated alcoholics in the process of treatment of alcohol addicts. This paper emphasizes the importance of joining clubs of treated alcoholics. Clubs of treated alcoholics are dynamic groups organized for treatment and rehabilitation of a person addicted to alcohol and his family. Another possibility to help maintain abstinence is to join the Voluntary Society of Alcoholics Anonymous. Alcoholism is considered one of the key public health problems. From the earliest history, alcohol has been used as a sedative and pleasant agent. It is estimated that about 250,000 registered alcohol addicts live in Croatia. Alcoholism in an addict becomes his lifestyle. Within the treatment, abstinence is not enough, in addition to abstinence, the addict must change himself, his current way of life, by changing his lifestyle he changes his attitudes about drinking. Treatment is a long term process in which, and expected, occasional relapses are possible. With proper professional help, the support of family members and the chances of long-term abstinence increase. The best prevention of alcoholism is growing up in an environment that does not support the drinking of alcoholic beverages.

Obitelj je ta koja bi starijim osobama trebala pružiti sigurnost, dostojnu skrb i ljubav, no često se događa da su upravo članovi obitelji ti koji loše postupaju prema svojim starijim članovima obitelji. U ovom radu predstavit će se pojavni oblici nasilja koje starije osobe mogu doživjeti od članova svoje obitelji, kao i teorijska objašnjenja nasilja nad starijim osobama. Cilj ovog rada je kroz pregled stranih i domaćih istraživanja prikazati koliko često starije osobe zapravo doživljavaju nasilje u obitelji, a također i koje oblike nasilja doživljavaju češće, a koje rjeđe. Istraživanja su pokazala da postoje karakteristike starijih osoba koje ih čine ranjivijima na nasilje od strane obitelji. Također, u radu su prikazane i karakteristike počinitelja. Pregledom istraživanja dobit će se i odgovor na pitanje zašto starije osobe ne prijavljuju nasilje koje doživljavaju. Kada se govori o temi nasilja, bitna je prevencija, a posebno to kakvu ulogu ima profesija socijalnog rada u tome., It is the family that should provide security, decent care and love to the elderly, but it is often the case that family members are the ones who treat their elderly members badly. This paper will present the manifestations of violence that older people may experience from their family members, as well as theoretical explanations of violence against the elderly. The aim of this paper is to show how often older people actually experience domestic violence by reviewing foreign and domestic research and also which forms of violence they experience more and which less often. Studies have shown that there are characteristics of elderly people that make them more vulnerable to violence by relatives. Furthermore, the paper presents the characteristics of perpetrators. A review of research will also provide an answer to the question why elderly do not report the violence they experience. When it comes to the topic of violence, prevention is important, and especially the role of the social work profession in it.

U ovom radu predstavit će se definicija mladih te važnost obitelji za njihov pravilan budući razvoj i odrastanje. Rad se u najvećoj mjeri bavi rizičnim obiteljskim čimbenicima, s naglaskom na one koji su povezani s razvojem ovisnosti kod mladih. Isto tako, rizični obiteljski čimbenici će biti detaljnije razrađeni prema konzumaciji pojedinih sredstava ovisnosti kod mladih (droga, alkohol, kocka i Internet). Nadalje se u radu govori o rizičnim odgojnim stilovima koji mogu pogodovati tome da mladi postanu ovisnici, kao i o prevenciji ovisnosti i provođenju preventivnih programa u okruženju mladih (obitelj, škola i sl.). U završnom dijelu stavljen je naglasak na socijalni rad s obiteljima kod kojih je veća vjerojatnost za pojavu ovisnosti te na vještine koje mora posjedovati socijalni radnik za rad s mladima koji dolaze iz rizičnih obitelji. Zaključak rada naglašava ulogu obitelji u fazi formiranja ličnosti mladih osoba te usmjeravanje njihove budućnosti i prevenciju ovisničkog ponašanja, kao i motiviranje prema ostvarenju njihovih osobnih potencijala i pozivnog doprinosa zajednici., This paper will present the definition of young people and the importance of families for their proper future development and upbringing. The paper mostly deals with family risk factors, with an emphasis on those related to development of addiction in young people. Also, family risk factors will be elaborated in more detail according to consumption of certain addictive substances in young people (drugs, alcohol, gambling and the Internet). Furthermore, the paper discusses risky parenting styles that can contribute to young people becoming addicted, as well as the prevention of addiction and the implementation of prevention programs in the environment of young people (family, school, etc.). In the final part, emphasis is placed on social work with families who have higher probability of development an addiction and on the skills that social workers must possess to work with young people coming from at-risk families. The conclusion of the paper emphasizes the role of the family in the phase of forming the character of young people and directing their future and prevention of addictive behavior, as well as motivating them towards the realization of their personal potentials and positive contribution to the community.

U vrijeme sveprisutnog demografskog trenda starenja stanovništva, i izazova koje taj trend sa sobom donosi, pitanje društvenog položaja starijih osoba postaje iznimno važno. Društveni položaj starijih predstavlja temu velikog broja rasprava s teoloških, filozofskih, socioloških, ekonomskih i pravnih stajališta. Društveni položaj starijih osoba se tijekom povijesti znatno mijenjao te je cilj ovog rada prikazati tijek i moguće uzroke tih promjena, ali i objasniti kakav je položaj starijih osoba u današnjem suvremenom društvu. Starije osobe su danas nerijetko na marginama društva te se uz njih vežu različiti stereotipi i predrasude koje dovode do dobne diskriminacije i ageizma. Osim analize trenutnog položaja starijih osoba u društvu, cilj ovoga rada je ukazati na resurse koje posjeduju starije osobe te analizirati kako iskoristiti potencijalne resurse i unaprijediti položaj starije populacije u društvu., At a time of the ubiquitous demographic trend of an aging population, and the challenges that this trend brings with it, the issue of the social position of the elderly is becoming extremely important. The social position of the elderly is the subject of a large number of discussions from theological, philosophical, sociological, economic and legal points of view. The social position of the elderly has changed significantly throughout history, and the aim of this paper is to show the course and possible causes of these changes, but also to explain the position of the elderly in today's modern society. Older people today are often on the margins of society and they are associated with various stereotypes and prejudices that lead to age discrimination and ageism. In addition to the analysis of the current position of the elderly in society, the aim of this paper is to point out the resources possessed by the elderly and to analyze how to use potential resources and improve the position of the elderly population in society.

Starije osobe sa svim životnim iskustvima i ulogama nikada nisu bile međusobno različitije. Prema definiciji UN-a osobe starije životne dobi su osobe kronološke dobi iznad 65 godina. Danas, prvi put u povijesti na Zemlji je više starijih osoba nego djece. Pojavom Covid-19, nove i do sada nepoznate bolesti koja je proglašena pandemijom, istodobno je došlo i do pojave posebnog i povećanog rizika za starije osobe. Prvo istraživanje pokazalo je visoku stopu smrtnosti starijih osoba. Pandemija je nedvojbeno utjecala na razne aspekte života starijih osoba, posebno na njihovo mentalno i tjelesno zdravlje, te njihov ekonomski status. Povećana je i diskriminacija prema starijim osobama koja je i bez ove pandemije bila visoka, kao i zlostavljanje i zanemarivanje. Socijalna izolacija posebno je pogodila starije osobe i povećala njihov osjećaj osamljenosti. Tehnologije su postale glavno sredstvo održavanja kontakta, no tu se javlja problem što je s onim starijim osobama koje ne znaju koristiti moderne tehnologije. Ciljevi ovog rada objašnjavaju navedenu problematiku položaja starijih osoba za vrijeme Covid-19 pandemije te nude načine skrbi, brige i zaštite starijih osoba tijekom Covid-19 pandemije, s naglaskom na podršku obitelji i psihosocijalnu podršku., Older persons with all life experiences and roles have never been more different from each other. According to the UN definition, older persons are people of chronological age over 65 years. Today, for the first time in history, there are more older persons than children on Earth. The emergence of Covid-19, a new and hitherto unknown disease that has been declared as pandemic, has at the same time led to the emergence of a special and increased risk for older persons. The first study showed a high mortality rate for older persons. The pandemic has undoubtedly affected various aspects of the lives of older persons, especially their mental and physical health, and their economic status. Discrimination against the elderly has also increased, which was high even without this pandemic, as well as abuse and neglect. Social isolation particularly affected older persons and increased their sense of loneliness. Technologies have become the main means of maintaining contact, but there is a problem with those older persons who do not know how to use modern technologies. The objectives of this paper explain the above issues of the position of older persons during the Covid-19 pandemic and offer ways of care and protection of older persons during the Covid-19 pandemic, with emphasis on family support and psychosocial support.

Cilj ovog rada bio je istražiti skrbnički stres kod neformalnih njegovatelja osoba s demencijom i kakav on ima utjecaj na samog neformalnog njegovatelja kroz pregled postojeće literature na ovu temu. Skrbnički se stres javlja usred nekoliko faktora, kao što su okolinski uvjeti, faktori vezani uz sam proces skrbi, faktori na strani oboljele osobe te osobni faktori samog njegovatelja. Skrbnički stres ima teške posljedice na neformalne njegovatelje, a uzrokuje tjelesne i psihičke teškoće te negativno utječe na socijalni život neformalnog njegovatelja. Profil tipičnog neformalnog njegovatelja odnosi se na kćerku osobe o kojoj se skrbi u srednjoj ili starijoj dobi te supružnika, najčešće suprugu. U većini slučajeva neformalni skrbnik živi s osobom o kojoj skrbi, a skrb je svakodnevna i višegodišnja. Pozitivni aspekti skrbi, humor, duhovnost, pravednija raspodjela skrbi među članovima obitelji, postojanje resursa i znanja o bolesti demencije i njenom razvoju djeluju kao čimbenici otpornosti neformalnog njegovatelja i smanjuju i/ili sprječavaju pojavu skrbničkog stresa. Na tom polju važni su i pomoć i podrška stručnjaka, savjetovanje, edukacije, treninzi kontrole stresa te emocionalna podrška., The aim of this study was to investigate caregiver stress among informaln caregivers of people with dementia and how it affects the informal caregiver himself through review of the existing literature on this topis. Caregiver stress occurs in the midst of several factors, such as environmental conditions, factors related to the care process itself, factors related to the sick person and personal factors of the caregiver himself. Caregiver stress has severe consenquences for informal carers. It causes physical and mental disabilities and negatively affects the social life of the informal caregiver. The profil of a typical informal caregiver refers to the daughter of the carereceiver in her middle or old age and the spouse of the carereceiver, mostly the wife. In most cases, the informal caregiver lives with the carereceiver,, caring about a carereceiver on a daily basis and perannial. Positive aspects of care, humor, spirituality, a fairer distribution of care among family members, the availability of resources and knowledge about dementia and its development act as resilience factors of the informal caregiver and reduce and/or prevent the occurence of caregiver stress. The help and support of experts, counseling, education, stress control training and emotional support are also very important for the caregiver.

Starenje je proces koji se odvija na fiziološkom, psihološkom i socijalnom aspektu te se time odražava i na kvalitetu života starijih osoba. S obzirom na veliki udio starijeg stanovništva među populacijom potrebno je starije osobe što više prilagođavati svijetu modernoga društva, u smislu uključivanja u digitalizirano i informatizirano društvo, kako bi ostali u koraku s vremenom. Pojam digitalna, odnosno informatička pismenost podrazumijeva sposobnost čitanja i razumijevanja informacija koje su dostupne putem interneta ili multimedijskih tekstova. Cilj je ovoga rada teorijski prikazati na koji način osobe starije životne dobi prikupljaju njima relevantne informacije te zašto im je važno pružiti pomoć i podršku pri pretraživanju istoga. Prema nekim istraživanjima, čiji su rezultati izneseni u ovome radu, osobe starije životne dobi kao izvore informacija najčešće koriste tradicionalne izvore, dok u manjoj mjeri koriste računala i internet. Glavni razlog tome može se pripisati nedovoljnom poznavanju tehnologije i nedostatku digitalnih vještina na kojima je potrebno raditi kroz informatičko opismenjavanje. Dolaskom krize uzrokovane koronavirusom starije se osobe sve više suočavaju sa socijalnom izolacijom i to je dodatan razlog zašto starije osobe trebaju razvijati digitalne kompetencije kako bi i dalje ostale ravnopravni članovi društva., Aging is a process which takes place on a physiological, psychological, and social aspect, hence reflecting itself on the life quality of elderly people. Considering a large proportion of elderly people in the population, it is necessary to adapt the older people to the modern society as much as possible, with regards to including them in the digitalized and computerized society, therefore allowing them to keep pace with modern times. The term digital, i.e. information literacy implies the ability to read and comprehend the information available on the Internet or the multimedia texts. The main concern of this thesis is a theoretical view on how the elderly people collect information relevant to them, and the importance of providing them with help and support whilst doing so. According to some studies, whose results are shown in this thesis, elderly people mostly use traditional sources as the sources of information, whereas they seldom use the computers and the Internet. The main reason behind that can be attributed to the lack of understanding of technology and insufficient digital skills, which should be improved by teaching information literacy. Due to the coronavirus health crisis the elderly people are increasingly faced with social isolation, which poses an additional reason for them to develop their digital competencies, thus remaining the equal members of society.

Alzheimerova bolest najčešći je oblik demencije te opći izraz za gubitak pamćenja i drugih kognitivnih sposobnosti. S obzirom na progresiju Alzheimerove bolesti, članovi obitelji s vremenom ne mogu više adekvatno brinuti o oboljelima pa ovdje važnu ulogu dobivaju formalni oblici skrbi. Bitne odrednice kvalitetne skrbi za oboljele od demencije: identificiranje i liječenje fizičkih simptoma, suosjećanje prilikom pružanja skrbi te planiranje i komunikacija s obitelji oboljele osobe. Gubitkom kognitivnih sposobnosti, oboljele osobe suočavaju se s problemima u komunikaciji što sa sobom nosi razne negativne posljedice na njih, ali i njihovu obitelj. S obzirom na neizlječivost Alzheimerove bolesti, obitelji oboljelih osoba suočavaju se s gubitkom drage osobe te prolaze kroz proces tugovanja tijekom kojeg im je potrebna podrška obitelji i prijatelja, a u otežanim slučajevima i stručnog tima. Socijalni rad s osobama s demencijom i njihovim skrbnicima obuhvaća socijalnu perspektivu rješavanja višedimenzionalnih problema osoba s demencijom i njihovih njegovatelja., Alzheimer's is the most common cause of dementia, a general term for memory loss and other cognitive abilities. Due to the progression of Alzheimer's disease, family members can no longer adequately care for patients over time, so formal forms of care play an important role here. Essential determinants of quality care for patients with dementia: identification and treatment of physicial symptoms, compassion while providing care and planning and communication with the family of people with dementia. With the loss of cognitive abilities, people with Alzheimer's disease face problems in communication, which brings various negative consequences for them, but also their family. Due to the incurability of Alzheimer’s disease, families of patients face the loss of loved ones who are going through the grieving process during which they need the support of family and friends, and in difficult cases, a professional team. Social work with persons with dementia and their family caregivers contributes a social perspective to solving the multidimensional problems of persons with dementia and their caregivers.