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Abstract Childhood is an ontogenetic stage unique to the modern human life history pattern. It enables the still dependent infants to achieve an extended rapid brain growth, slow somatic maturation, while benefitting from provisioning, transitional feeding, and protection from other group members. This tipping point in the evolution of human ontogeny likely emerged from early Homo. The GAR IVE hemi-mandible (1.8 Ma, Melka Kunture, Ethiopia) represents one of the rarely preserved early Homo infants (~ 3 years at death), recovered in a richly documented Oldowan archaeological context. Yet, based on the sole external inspection of its teeth, GAR IVE was diagnosed with a rare genetic disease–amelogenesis imperfecta (AI)–altering enamel. Since it may have impacted the child’s survival, this diagnosis deserves deeper examination. Here, we reassess and refute this diagnosis and all associated interpretations, using an unprecedented multidisciplinary approach combining an in-depth analysis of GAR IVE (synchrotron imaging) and associated fauna. Some of the traits previously considered as diagnostic of AI can be better explained by normal growth or taphonomy, which calls for caution when diagnosing pathologies on fossils. We compare GAR IVE’s dental development to other fossil hominins, and discuss the implications for the emergence of childhood in early Homo.

During the 20th century, numerous rivers were pumped, channeled, stratified, dammed, and diverted. Diverse water courses and bodies (rivers, streams, lakes, wetlands, estuaries, and aquifers) were transformed for agricultural irrigation and energy purposes, supplying urban areas or simply favoring economic interests. These transformations were driven by a mentality inherited from modernity that has led to understanding and exploiting rivers as mere water channels or fuel for hydroelectric power plants. This one-dimensional mentality continues to promote the conversion of rivers into paved channels and/or their clogging by constructing large hydroelectric dams worldwide. In this article, I use the conceptual framework of the “3Hs” (Habits, Habitats, co-in-Habitants) of my biocultural ethics to criticize the problematic modern habit of indiscriminately channeling water courses, which leads to the proliferation of homogeneous habitats (crossed by captive water courses) that entail the suffering or elimination of myriads of co-inhabitants. These co-inhabitants include both the exuberant biological diversity that inhabits rivers (freshwater fish, insects, plants, algae, and bacteria) and the rich cultural diversity of human communities that co-inhabit watersheds. In addition, the “3Hs” model of my biocultural ethics can guide us to protect and/or regenerate connections between human societies and rivers, transforming not only biophysical habitats but also our symbolic and material culture. I explore how the perspective of my biocultural ethics supports and is supported by: (i) the philosophical revaluation of the concept of meander developed by environmental thinker Irene Klaver; (ii) innovative scientific methodologies to study river biota proposed by freshwater ecologist Tamara Contador; (iii) the recent legal attribution of biocultural rights to rivers in Colombia, New Zealand, and India; and (iv) expressions of indigenous poets and other artists that communicate deep river-human interconnections. On the one hand, adopting my proposed biocultural ethics requires us to abandon a one-dimensional mentality to embrace ancient and new forms of systemic, contextual, complex, and dynamic thinking to understand and value rivers. On the other, we must cultivate habits of care for riparian habitats where we co-inhabit with various co-inhabitants (humans and other-than-humans), seeking their well-being. Thus, an ethic of co-inhabitation emerges that guides us to value and defend the biocultural conservation of rivers.

Abstract The Baka Pygmies are known for their short stature resulting from a reduced growth rate during infancy. They are peculiar also for their teeth erupt earlier than in any other African population, and their posterior dentition is larger than in non-Pygmy populations. However, the Baka’s dental morphology, like several other aspects of their biology, is still understudied. Here, we explore the variation of the Baka’s deciduous upper and lower second molars (dm2s) in comparison to a geographically heterogeneous human sample by means of 3D geometric morphometrics and analysis of dental traits. Our results show that the different populations largely overlap based on the shape of their dm2s, especially the lower ones. Their distal region and the height of the dentinal crown differ the most, with the Baka showing the most extreme range of variation. Upper and lower dm2s covary to a great extent (RV = 0.82). The Baka’s and South Americans’ dm2s were confirmed among the largest in our sample. Despite the Baka’s unique growth pattern, long-lasting isolation, and extreme dental variation, it is not possible to distinguish them from other populations based on their dm2s’ morphology only.

Biocultural homogenization is a wicked problem that implies the loss of biological and cultural diversity at different scales. It is promoted by globalized one-dimensional ways of thinking that ignore the biophysical and cultural singularities of the heterogeneous regions of the planet. In Chile, we find ecoregions as diverse as the arid Norte Grande, the semi-arid Mediterranean Metropolitan region, and the temperate rainforests in the south. We studied the perceptions that elementary education degree students (EEDS) have regarding the flora and fauna (co-inhabitants), their environments (habitats), and their daily customs or activities (habits) in these three ecoregions. We distributed 72 questionnaires to students from 3 universities in 2021, asking them about co-inhabitants, habitats, and habits. We identified similarities and differences between the responses. Similarities were associated with biocultural homogenization processes evidenced by the prevalence of vertebrate animals and vascular plants, or introduced species, such as domestic animals, and cultivated plants for edible, ornamental, and medicinal purposes. Differences were associated with biocultural conservation processes such as the collection of native species of mushrooms, plants and animals for food use, or the knowledge of ritual celebrations typical of their localities. We propose that teaching study programs should aim to redirect biocultural homogenization processes toward biocultural conservation processes. That way teachers can play a key role in teaching future generations to learn and value both local and scientific knowledge about the diversity of co-inhabitants, habitats, and the life habits in each of their ecoregions.

To compare preadolescents' smile outcomes after two different orthodontic treatments: RME/Schwarz plate (RS) and clear aligners (CAs). A sample of 31 patients (13 M, 18 F, mean age 8.3 ± 1.2 y.m) treated with RS and a sample of 28 patients (12 M, 16 F, mean age 7.9 ± 1.1 y.m) treated with CAS were included. Pre-treatment and post-treatment records were taken before the treatment (T1) and at the end of treatment (T2). Seventeen variables were evaluated. Both therapies were effective in smile width increase (RS = p < 0.02; CAs = p < 0.04) and buccal corridor reduction (RS = p < 0.02; CAs = p < 0.04). The intragroup analysis showed in the RS group an increase of incisor gingival display (p < 0.02), overbite (OVB) (p < 0.04) alongside a reduction of overjet (OVJ) (p < 0.01). Conversely, the CAs group evidenced a reduction in incisor gingival display (p < 0.04) and OVB (p < 0.01) with an increase in C angulation (p < 0.02) and maxillary incisor inclination (p < 0.04). An intergroup comparison evidenced a greater improvement in smile width, smile index and buccal corridor in the RS group with respect to the CAs group (p < 0.02; p < 0.02; p < 0.03). CAs were more effective in the management of gingival display, incisor position, midline correction (incisor gingival display p < 0.01; maxillary incisor position p < 0.04; maxillary dental midline p < 0.02), with a better control of OVJ (p < 0.01) and OVB (p < 0.02). The RS approach resulted in a greater smile width and a reduction in buccal corridor with respect to the CAs. The CAs provided a better management of both gingival display and smile aesthetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The ventral part of lateral prefrontal cortex (VLPF) of the monkey receives strong visual input, mainly from inferotemporal cortex. It has been shown that VLPF neurons can show visual responses during paradigms requiring to associate arbitrary visual cues to behavioral reactions. Further studies showed that there are also VLPF neurons responding to the presentation of specific visual stimuli, such as objects and faces. However, it is largely unknown whether VLPF neurons respond and differentiate between stimuli belonging to different categories, also in absence of a specific requirement to actively categorize or to exploit these stimuli for choosing a given behavior. The first aim of the present study is to evaluate and map the responses of neurons of a large sector of VLPF to a wide set of visual stimuli when monkeys simply observe them. Recent studies showed that visual responses to objects are also present in VLPF neurons coding action execution, when they are the target of the action. Thus, the second aim of the present study is to compare the visual responses of VLPF neurons when the same objects are simply observed or when they become the target of a grasping action. Our results indicate that: (1) part of VLPF visually responsive neurons respond specifically to one stimulus or to a small set of stimuli, but there is no indication of a “passive” categorical coding; (2) VLPF neuronal visual responses to objects are often modulated by the task conditions in which the object is observed, with the strongest response when the object is target of an action. These data indicate that VLPF performs an early passive description of several types of visual stimuli, that can then be used for organizing and planning behavior. This could explain the modulation of visual response both in associative learning and in natural behavior.

The study of electric power flow analysis (Load Flow) is intended to obtain information about the flow of power or voltage in an electric power system network. This information is needed to evaluate the performance of the power system. Electrical power flow problems include calculating the flow and system voltage at certain terminals or buses. The benefits of this power flow study are to find out the voltage at each node in the system, to find out whether all the equipment meets the specified limits to deliver the desired power, and to obtain the original conditions in the new system planning. This study is divided into two: the analysis of data when the conditions have not been added wind turbine and after the addition of 300 kW wind turbine with software power station ETAP software 12.6.0 and the Newton-Raphson method will be used in analyzing the power flow of the electric power system. Based on the results of the tests, it is found that the overall value of losses for power flow before the addition of DG is 0.031 MW and 0.037 Mvar, for the voltage drop with the lowest percentage, namely on bus 10 with a percentage of 96.45 for the 0.4 kV system and the 20 kV system on bus 19 with a percentage of 99.03, the largest% PF load was in lump 1 with 98.64 and the smallest% PF was in lump7 with a value of 84.92. The short circuit data value on the 20 kV bus system at Andalas University before the addition of DG with 3-phase disturbances averaged 13.354 A, 1-phase disturbances averaged 3.521 A, 2-phase disturbances averaged 11.719 A and 2 ground phases of 12.842 A Whereas for the value of power flow after the addition of DG in the form of the wind turbine of 300 kW the overall value of losses is 0.032 MW and 0.042 MvarAR, for the voltage drop with the percentage for voltage drop with the lowest percentage is bus 10 with a percentage of 96.63 for system 0, 4 kV and a 20 kV system on bus 14 with a percentage of 98.1, the largest% PF load is in lump 1 with 98.64 and the smallest% PF is in lump7 with a value of 84.92. The short circuit data value on the 20 kV bus system at Andalas University after the addition of DG with 3 phase disturbances has an average value of 13.354 A, 1 phase disturbance averages 3.523 A, 2 phase disturbances average 11.737 A and 2 phases ground is 12.059 A For the source in this system, after the addition of DG, there was a change in the% PF of the PLN grid, namely 79.53 and the wind turbine -83%.

ISR merupakan pelaporan tanggung jawab sosial yang mampu mengurangi terjadinya gejala salah satunya yaitu legitimacy gap dan gejala lain yang bisa mengakibatkan terganggunya sustainaibility perusahaan. Dalam penelitian lain masih ditemukan ketidak konsistenan variabel bebas yang berpengaruh, maka dalam penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana pengaruh Profitabilitas (GPM), Likuiditas (CR), dan Leverage (DER) terhadap Islamic Social Reporting (ISR) dengan Ukuran Perusahaan sebagai Variabel Moderasi, pada Bank Umum Syariah di Indonesia yang terdaftar pada OJK periode 2015-2019. Penelitian ini menggunakan jenis penelitian kuantitatif, jenis dengan data sekunder berupa panel yang dianalisis melalui metode analisis data regresi linier berganda dengan uji Moderate Regression Analysis (MRA) menggunakan software EViews 9. Populasi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Bank Umum Syariah (BUS) di Indonesia sebanyak 14 bank syariah. Teknik pengambilan sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah purposive sampling. Sampel yang digunakan sebagai objek penelitian adalah 12 BUS. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, hasil uji F menunjukkan bahwa Profitabilitas, Likuiditas dan Leverage berpengaruh secara simultan terhadap ISR dengan koefisien positif sedangkan uji T menunjukkan bahwa secara parsial Profitabilitas dan Leverage tidak berpengaruh terhadap ISR, Likuiditas berpengaruh negatif dan berpengaruh signifikan terhadap ISR. Berdasarkan uji MRA, Ukuran Perusahaan tidak mampu memoderasi hubungan antara pengaruh profitabilitas terhadap ISR, sedangkan Ukuran Perusahaan mampu memoderasi dan memperlemah hubungan antara Likuiditas dan ISR, dan Ukuran Perusahaan mampu memoderasi dan memperkuat hubungan antara Leverage dan ISR.

Abstract Patterns of human growth established for one population have rarely been tested in other populations. In a previous study, three growth curves from puberty were modelled for each sex in a longitudinal study of a Caucasian population based on stature, age at peak of growth and biological maturation. Each curve represents the canalisation of growth associated with the type of puberty. The high precision (± 3 cm) of individual adult stature predictions shows that growth kinetics are already set up at puberty and are canalised depending on biological maturity. Our aim is to assess whether this model can be extrapolated to other populations to test whether growth canalisation is a population-dependent phenomenon or if the model reflects a canalisation pattern specific to our species. The modelled curves predicted adult stature with the same high degree of precision in basketball players and the Baka pygmies. Therefore, (1) the relationship between growth kinetics and age at maturity is similar in all populations and (2) growth according to pubertal stages follows the same canalisation patterns in the populations despite the wide differences in their average adult statures. It suggests that morphological diversity in modern humans results from processes taking place in early development.

Abstract This case highlights the rare entity, salivary duct carcinoma (SDC), which is difficult to diagnose and manage. It is the first published case of a metastatic, HER2‐positive parotid SDC successfully treated by a dual anti‐HER2 treatment associated to a chemotherapy.

K-Nearest Neighbor is a data mining algorithm that can be used to classify data. K-Nearest Neighbor works based on the closest distance. This research using the Euclidean and Manhattan distances to calculate the distance of Lhokseumawe-Medan bus transportation. Data that used in this research was obtained from the Organisasi Angkutan Darat Kota Lhokseumawe. The results of the test with k = 3 has obtained the percentage of 44.94% for Precision, 37.06% Recall, and 81.96% Accuracy for the performance of K-NN with Euclidean Distance. Whereas by using Manhattan Distance the result obtained was 45.49% for Precision, 36.39% Recall, and 84.00% Accuracy. The result shown that Manhattan Distance obtained the highest accuracy, with the difference of 2.04% higher than Euclidean Distance. It indicates that Manhattan Distance is more accurate than Euclidean Distance to classify the bus transportation.

Familial hypercholesterolemia is a common genetic disorder with a propensity towards early onset of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD). The main goal of therapy is to reduce the LDL cholesterol and the current treatment generally consists of statin, ezetimibe and PCSK9 inhibitors. Unfortunately, lowering LDL cholesterol may be difficult for many reasons such as the variation of response to statin therapy among the population or the high cost of some therapies (i.e., PCSK9 inhibitors). In addition to conventional therapy, additional strategies may be used. The gut microbiota has been recently considered to play a part in chronic systemic inflammation and hence in CVD. Several studies, though they are still preliminary, consider dysbiosis a risk factor for various CVDs through several mechanisms. In this review, we provide an update of the current literature about the intricate relation between the gut microbiota and the familial hypercholesterolemia.