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Background: Phytochemical investigation of hydroalcoholic extract of the root of Inula racemosa Hook. Materials and Methods: Open silica gel column chromatographic techniques with different solvent systems was used for isolation of aliphatic and eudesmalolide esters from hydroalcoholic extract of the root of Inula racemosa. The structure elucidation of the compounds was done on the basis of spectral data analysis, chemical reactions and comparision with literature data. Results: Phytochemical investigation of the hydroalcoholic extract of the root of Inula racemosa Hook. f. led to the isolation of (5z, 13z)-n-decanyl-n-docos-5, 13-dienoate, a new fatty acid ester, two new sesquiterpenic ester identified as 15-[(13z, 18'z, 20'z)-n-tricos-13, 18, 20-trienyl]-eudesmal-4 (11), 6, 12 (13)-trien-8,14-olide-15-oate and 15- [(16'z), (21'z)-n- tetracos-16', 21'- dienyl]-eudesmal-4 (11) 6, 12 (13)-trien-8, 14-olide-15-oate, two new eudesmanolide ester i.e. 15-[(16z)-n-monadec-16'- enyl]-eudesmal-4 (11) 6, 12 (13)-trien-8,14-olide-15-oate and 15-[(16'z)-n-tetracos-16'- enyl]-endesmal-4 (11), 6, 12 (13)-trien-8,14-olide-15-oate along with the known compound n-Hexadecanyl n-docosanoate. Conclusion: Five new phytoconstituents were identified along with one known compound as aliphatic and eudesmalolide esters from the hydroalcoholic extract of the root of Inula racemosa , as mentioned above.

The aim of this study was to determine (i) whether plant nutritional strategy affects the composition of primary metabolites exuded into the rhizosphere and (ii) the impact of exuded metabolites on denitrification activity in soil. We answered this question by analysing primary metabolite content extracted from the root-adhering soil (RAS) and the roots of three grasses representing different nutrient management strategies: conservative (Festuca paniculata), intermediate (Bromus erectus) and exploitative (Dactylis glomerata). We also investigated the impact of primary metabolites on soil microbial denitrification enzyme activity without carbon addition, comparing for each plant RAS and bulk soils. Our data show that plant nutritional strategy impacts on primary metabolite composition of root extracts or RAS. Further we show, for the first time, that RAS-extracted primary metabolites are probably better indicators to explain plant nutrient strategy than root-extracted ones. In addition, our results show that some primary metabolites present in the RAS were well correlated with soil microbial denitrification activity with positive relationships found between denitrification and the presence of some organic acids and negative ones with the presence of xylose. We demonstrated that the analysis of primary metabolites extracted from the RAS is probably more pertinent to evaluate the impact of plant on soil microbial community functioning.

Background: There is always a need for developing novel drugs with higher efficacy and fewer side effects. Though statins are generally well-tolerated drugs for hyperlipidemia with high efficacy they are not free from adverse effects. Herbal drugs are well known for their cost-effectiveness and minimal side effects. Tinospora cordifolia (T. cordifolia) is one such plant with known hypolipidemic activity and wide availability in India. Hence this study is an attempt to verify and evaluate the extent of efficacy of T. cordifolia as a hypolipidemic agent. The objective of the study is to compare the hypolipidemic activity of aqueous root extract of T. cordifolia with that of Rosuvastatin in cholesterol diet-induced hyperlipidemia in rats. Methods: Hyperlipidemia was induced in male albino rats of wistar strain in the first 30 days of feeding period and continued in the next 30 days of treatment period. Aqueous root extract of T. cordifolia (2.5 and 5g/kg, per oral) was administered as test drug in the treatment period. Rosuvastatin (10 mg/kg, per oral) was used as the standard drug. Serum lipid profile, atherogenic index and body weights were estimated for all rats on the day before the start of the feeding period and on day 0, 15 and 30 of the treatment period. The results were analyzed statistically using student's unpaired and paired t-test wherever applicable. Results: Serum lipid levels showed significant reduction (p, {"references":["1. Mahley RW, Bersot TP. Drug therapy for hypercholesterolemia and dyslipidemia. In: Brunton LB, Lazo JS, Parker KL, eds. Goodman and Gilman's, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 12th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2011:878-908.\n\n2. Wiklund O, Pirazzi C, Romeo S. Monitoring of lipids, enzymes, and creatine kinase in patients on lipid-lowering drug therapy. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2013;15(9):397. 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The research was aimed to investigate: (1) distribution and population of Chromolaena odorata (siam weed) in different land-uses (paddy field, untreated land, houseyard, roadside and river/irigation side) in Bandar Lampung, South Lampung, Tanggamus, and East Lampung; (2) effect of C. odorata extract on in-vitro growth of Phytophthora palmivora, (3) effect of C. odorata extract on development of fruit rot symptom caused by P. palmivora on cocoa pod in the laboratory and in the field. Collecting of P. palmivora isolates and recording distribution and population of C. odorata were conducted in several locations known as endemic areas of cocoa pod rot disease. The effect of C. odorata extract on the growth of P. palmivora on agar media and cocoa pods was determine in the Laboratory of Plant Disease, Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Lampung. Field experiment was performed in a cocoa plantation in Kemiling, Bandar Lampung. The results showed that C. odorata weed can be found in all of the land-uses surveyed, but the highest population was found in the untreated land-use. The tips (young leaves and stems) extract of C. odorata showed a greater inhibition effect on the growth of P. palmivora compared to the root extract. The tips extract showed the best inhibition in-vitro growth of P. palmivora at 40% concentration level, inhibited symptom development on cocoa pods in the laboratory at 50% concentration level, and on cocoa pods in the field at 60% concentration level.

Since the discovery and subsequent widespread use of antibiotics, a variety of bacterial species of human and animal origin have developed numerous mechanisms that render bacteria resistant to some, and in certain cases to nearly all antibiotics, thereby limiting the treatment options and compromising effective therapy. In the present study, the green synthesis of nanoparticles is carried out by the reduction of silver acetate in the presence of crude methanolic root extracts of Diospyros paniculata, a member of family Ebenaceae. The UV-Vis absorption spectrum of the biologically reduced reaction mixture showed the surface plasmon peak at 428 nm, a characteristic peak of silver nanoparticles. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the face-centered cubic crystalline structure of metallic silver. The average diameter of Ag NPs is about 17 nm from Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) which is in good agreement with the average crystallite size (19 nm) calculated from XRD analysis. Further the study has been extended to the antimicrobial activity against test pathogenic Gram (+), Gram (-) bacterial and fungal strains. The biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles showed promising activity against all the tested pathogenic strains and the activity has been enhanced with the increased dose levels. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The role of the substrate on germination of Gigaspora albida Schenck & Smith was investigated. Spores were desinfested with 0.5% sodium hypochlorite (20 min.) and placed on Petri dishes over a Millipore filter, with one of the following media: a- 1% water-agar; b- water-agar + aqueous extract of roots of Panicum miliaceum L.; c- salt medium of Murashige & Skoog (MS) or sterilized sand; and incubated in the dark at room temperature (28ºC ± 2). The experimental design was at random with four treatments and four replicates. Germination was evaluated every 7 days until the 28th day. The water-agar medium was the most feasible for spore germination at the 7th day, followed by the MS medium at the 14th day. Conversely, the sand and the root extract medium did not allow high germination. Spores maintained in water-agar also presented longer germ tubes than spores in the other treatments. Auxiliary cells were observed at the beginning of formation of hyphal branching in all treatments, however they were more numerous in the water-agar medium.Foi investigado o papel do substrato sobre a germinação e o crescimento do tubo germinativo de Gigaspora albida Schenck & Smith. Os esporos foram desinfestados com hipoclorito de sódio a 0,5% por 20 min. sob agitação constante, lavados com água destilada esterilizada e colocados em membrana de milipore, em placas de Petri com: 1. ágar água 1%, 2. ágar água 1% + extrato aquoso de raizes de Panicum miliaceum, 3. meio com sais de Murashige & Skoog (MS) e 4. areia esterilizada. O material foi incubado no escuro, sob temperatura ambiente (28 ºC ± 2). O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos e quatro repetições e a avaliação feita a cada sete dias até completar 28 dias. O meio ágar água 1% foi o mais propício para germinação (100%) após sete dias, seguido pelo meio MS, aos 14 dias. Ao contrário, o solo e o meio com extrato de raiz proporcionaram baixo índice de germinação. Os esporos mantidos em ágar água também apresentaram maior crescimento do tubo germinativo, em relação aos demais tratamentos. Células auxiliares características do gênero foram observadas no início das ramificações hifálicas, em todos os tratamentos, sendo mais numerosas no tratamento em ágar água 1%.

The role of the substrate on germination of Gigaspora albida Schenck & Smith was investigated. Spores were desinfested with 0.5% sodium hypochlorite (20 min.) and placed on Petri dishes over a Millipore filter, with one of the following media: a- 1% water-agar; b- water-agar + aqueous extract of roots of Panicum miliaceum L.; c- salt medium of Murashige & Skoog (MS) or sterilized sand; and incubated in the dark at room temperature (28ºC ± 2). The experimental design was at random with four treatments and four replicates. Germination was evaluated every 7 days until the 28th day. The water-agar medium was the most feasible for spore germination at the 7th day, followed by the MS medium at the 14th day. Conversely, the sand and the root extract medium did not allow high germination. Spores maintained in water-agar also presented longer germ tubes than spores in the other treatments. Auxiliary cells were observed at the beginning of formation of hyphal branching in all treatments, however they were more numerous in the water-agar medium. Foi investigado o papel do substrato sobre a germinação e o crescimento do tubo germinativo de Gigaspora albida Schenck & Smith. Os esporos foram desinfestados com hipoclorito de sódio a 0,5% por 20 min. sob agitação constante, lavados com água destilada esterilizada e colocados em membrana de milipore, em placas de Petri com: 1. ágar água 1%, 2. ágar água 1% + extrato aquoso de raizes de Panicum miliaceum, 3. meio com sais de Murashige & Skoog (MS) e 4. areia esterilizada. O material foi incubado no escuro, sob temperatura ambiente (28 ºC ± 2). O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos e quatro repetições e a avaliação feita a cada sete dias até completar 28 dias. O meio ágar água 1% foi o mais propício para germinação (100%) após sete dias, seguido pelo meio MS, aos 14 dias. Ao contrário, o solo e o meio com extrato de raiz proporcionaram baixo índice de germinação. Os esporos mantidos em ágar água também apresentaram maior crescimento do tubo germinativo, em relação aos demais tratamentos. Células auxiliares características do gênero foram observadas no início das ramificações hifálicas, em todos os tratamentos, sendo mais numerosas no tratamento em ágar água 1%.

(2001). Flavonoids in the Extract and Exudate of the Roots of Leguminous Crops. Plant Production Science: Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 278-279.

(10E,12Z)-9-Hydroxy-10,12-octadecadienoic Acid, an Aromatase Inhibitor from Roots of Urtica dioica Aqueous-methanolic extracts from roots of Urtica dioica were fractionated and tested for aromatase-inhibition activity. After derivatization the most active fraction was separated by GC/ MS. Besides common fatty acids (10E,12Z)-9-hydroxy-10,12-octadecadienoic acid (1) was identified as a main component and confirmed to be the active principle. Lipoxygenase from tomatoes was used for synthesis of (9S)-1, which caused also inhibition of aromatase. Stereo models of the compound showed some structural similarity to steroidal natural substrates of aromatase. For that reason (10E,12Z)-9-oxo-10,12-octadecadienoic acid (2) was also synthesized. It showed an about tenfold higher activity compared to 1.