Search

Eleutherodactylus cattus sp. n. (Fig. 5 A,B) Holotype. CZACC14.14152, adult male collected while vocalizing in the trail to Pico El Gato, Sierra del Cobre, 20.01364 N, 76.04809 W, 844 m a.s.l, by A. Rodríguez and R. Alonso in May 2010. Paratypes. CZACC 14.14150–51, 14.14153–60, adult males with the same data as the holotype. Etymology. The species name is an invariable noun in apposition to the genus name, derived from Latin cattus = cat. It refers to the type locality Loma del Gato (Cat Mountain Ridge) in the Sierra Maestra Mountains, a locality that was neglected for long time in herpetological explorations of Cuba and that surely deserves further attention. Diagnosis. A small species of Eleutherodactylus that can be assigned to the subgenus Eleutherodactylus based on its genetic, acoustic, and morphological similarities with members of the E. auriculatus species group (Hedges, et al., 2008; Rodríguez, et al., 2010b). It is most closely related to E. glamyrus with which it shares several morphological, ecological, and behavioral features. However, males of Eleutherodactylus cattus can be readily differentiated from E. glamyrus by their larger size (SVL = 23.1–24.7 mm in E. cattus vs 17.4–21.3 mm in E. glamyrus) and the following combination of advertisement call features: longer duration (call duration = 128.4– 243.1 ms in E. cattus vs 47.2–112 ms in E. glamyrus), longer rise time (call rise time = 16–173.7 ms in E. cattus vs 1.9–32.2 ms in E. glamyrus), lower dominant frequency (dominant frequency = 3036.2–3337.6 Hz in E. cattus vs 3006–3799.6 Hz in E. glamyrus), and greater frequency modulation (frequency modulation = 140.9–332.8 Hz in E. cattus vs 73.2–262.3 Hz in E. glamyrus). Additionally, E. cattus differs from E. glamyrus in the studied mitochondrial DNA sequences by 8.2% (cob) and 3.2% (16S) and by one substitution in the nuclear Rag-1 gene (see results). Description. Head as wide as body, width smaller than length; snout subacute in dorsal and lateral views overhanging the jaw; narines laterally oriented and moderately protuberant; rostral canthus rounded and straight, loreal region smooth and abruptly tilted, lips not enlarged. Superior eyelids with conical and small tubercles also present but less evident in the interorbital area. Tympanum present without supratympanic fold, postrictal tubercles present. Coanae oval, partially concealed by the maxillary arch in ventral view. Vomerine odontophores short, straight, separated and nearly perpendicular to the longitudinal body axis. Tongue rounded, longer than wide with notched posterior edge, fixed by the anterior edge and free in its 3/4 of length. Vocal slits and enlarged vocal sac present in males. Dorsal skin slightly tuberculated, without dorsolateral folds, and less tuberculated in the lower half of flanks. Ventral skin slightly areolated but without folds. Cloacae not expanded. Glandular regions not evident. Hands with ulnar tubercle subconical, palmar tubercle simple and of similar size as the thenar; thenar tubercle oval and pronounced. Supernumerary tubercles absent; fingers with rounded and subconical subarticular tubercles and without lateral expansions. Finger tips rounded and expanded in all cases with the ventral surface forming a circular digital pad bordered by a circumferential groove in 2/3 of its distal edge. Width of the largest toe pad (finger III) roughly similar to tympanum diameter. Finger order III> II> IV> I. One moderate tubercle present on heel, no tubercles on the outer edge of the tarsal, metatarsal tubercles subconical and smaller than subarticular tubercles; internal oval, same size as external; plantar supernumerary tubercles absent; subarticular tubercles rounded and subconical. Toes not webbed, toe tips rounded and expanded in all cases with the ventral surface forming a circular digital pad bordered by a circumferential groove in 2/3 of its distal edge. Heels overlap when thighs are placed perpendicularly to the longitudinal body axis. Toe size order IV> III> V> II> I. Color in alcohol. Color pattern was similar among the individuals of the type series. Dorsum varies from brownish to beige with darker mottled and two mostly well-defined dark brownish or black anterior dorsolateral marks; the flanks show a similar pattern, lighter from dorsum to belly, a relatively wide dark brown strip from the insertion of the forelimb to the eye; belly pale and throat (vocal sac) from yellowish to light brown, underside of the limbs slightly yellowish (see Figure 5 A–B for dorsal and ventral views of the holotype). Color in life. Dorsum color varies from brownish to greenish tan, with an interocular bar of darker brown color followed by an X shaped mark both darker than the background color. A distinctive pattern of chevron-like bands is evident in the sacral region extending to the hind legs. Eyelids with a greenish wash, pupils creamy to coopery colored with horizontal slit, iris black. The flanks are lighter colored than the dorsum, tympanum creamy white. Loreal region color varies from tan to greenish with an obvious black stripe that extends from snout to supratympanic fold and becomes progressively diffuse towards the insertion of the forelimb. Venter whitish to translucent, vocal sac yellow. A photograph of a living paratype is presented in figure 5 C. Measurements of the holotype (mm).: (see Methods for abbreviations) SVL 23.9; HW 9.0; HL 9.1; IN 2.1; EN 2.9; IO 4.2; EL 3.0; TyL 1.2; FaL 5.7; HaL 1.8; F1 2.7; F2 3.0; F3 4.6; F4 2.9; FP1 0. 6; FP2 0.7; FP3 0.9; FP4 1.0; ThL 10.7; TL 11.6; FL 7.1; T1 3.6; T2 4.2; T3 6.1; T4 9.4; T5 7.3; TP1 0.7; TP2 0.6; TP3 0.6; TP4 0.7; TP5 0.6. Remarks. Although the proposed diagnostic features allow a clear discrimination between adult males of Eleutherodactylus cattus and E. glamyrus, a straightforward classification of non-vocal juveniles and females is so far impossible without genetic analyses. It is likely that adult females of E. cattus oversize those of E. glamyrus but no female specimens are available for E. cattus and a proper test of this hypothesis will require the collection of a sufficient number of female specimens of both taxa. It can also be hypothesized that additional diagnostic features for both taxa will be recovered after a detailed examination of osteological and soft tissue examinations are conducted. Distribution. This species is only known from the type locality but assuming it has specialized to high elevations like its sister taxon, Eleutherodactylus glamyrus, it could well be found in neighboring areas above 800 m a.s.l.. Natural history. Field data indicate that Eleutherodactylus cattus is a nocturnal species that inhabits the montane rainforests and elfin woodlands above 800 m a.s.l., in areas of Loma del Gato-Monte Líbano Ecological Reserve, in the Sierra del Cobre massif, Santiago de Cuba province, in eastern Cuba. In this region, the mean monthly air temperature is 18.4 °C with minimal and maximum mean values around to 15.7 °C and 22.4 °C, respectively. Mean monthly relative humidity is high year round, and ranges between 87–92%, the mean annual precipitation is 1.220 mm, with May and October being the rainiest months (Potrony, et al., 1994; Reyes, 1999). Males of Eleutherodactylus cattus were observed calling in the vegetation at 1.16 ± 0.47m (mean ± SD; range: 0.50–2.20 m) above the ground in the understory (Figure 5 C). This forest stratum is dense and rich in shrubs and herbaceous plants, with ferns, liverworts, mosses and terrestrial orchids (Figure 5 D). Calling males were heard in three nearby localities in Loma El Gato, between 844–1070 m a.s.l (ascent trail on the northern slope of Pico El Gato, 844 m a.s.l; surroundings of Loma de la Cruz, 1070 m a.s.l.; and Loma de La Juana, 900 m a.s.l). E. cattus showed an apparent acoustic activity peak at dusk (between 19:00–21:00 hrs) and shortly before dawn (5:00– 6:30hrs). Calling males appear to show preference for exposed surfaces of leaves and ferns, but they can call at different orientations, facing down or horizontally. At least another eight species of Eleutherodactylus are known to occur in sympatry with E. cattus in the surroundings of the type locality: Eleutherodactylus atkinsi Dunn, E. auriculatus, E. cuneatus (Cope), E. dimidiatus (Cope), E. gundlachi Schmidt, E. ionthus Schwartz, E. limbatus (Cope), E. ricordii (Duméril and Bibron), plus the hylid Osteopilus septentrionalis (Duméril and Bibron). Two species of the Eleutherodactylus auriculatus species group, E. ionthus and E. auriculatus (Hedges, et al., 2008; Padial, et al., 2014) were heard and observed vocalizing simultaneously with E. cattus at the type locality. The first species, E. ionthus, vocalizes from high perches (above three meters) on the arboreal stratum often on epiphytic plants (Bromeliaceae). This species produces a very different advertisement call in terms of temporal and spectral structure (Hedges et al., 1992; Díaz and Cádiz, 2008). The second species, E. auriculatus, uses similar calling sites (substrates and heights) in the understory as E. cattus, but the acoustic features of its advertisement call are distinctly different (e.g. faster call rate, shorter call duration and higher dominant frequency), as already noted by Estrada and Hedges (1997).

WOS: 000409156200003, PubMed ID: 28716741, The rise of high-throughput sequencing techniques provides the unprecedented opportunity to analyse controversial phylogenetic relationships in great depth, but also introduces a risk of being misinterpreted by high node support values influenced by unevenly distributed missing data or unrealistic model assumptions. Here, we use three largely independent phylogenomic data sets to reconstruct the controversial phylogeny of true salamanders of the genus Salamandra, a group of amphibians providing an intriguing model to study the evolution of aposematism and viviparity. For all six species of the genus Salamandra, and two outgroup species from its sister genus Lyciasalamandra, we used RNA sequencing (RNAseq) and restriction site associated DNA sequencing (RADseq) to obtain data for: (1) 3070 nuclear protein-coding genes from RNAseq; (2) 7440 loci obtained by RADseq; and (3) full mitochondrial genomes. The RNAseq and RADseq data sets retrieved fully congruent topologies when each of them was analyzed in a concatenation approach, with high support for: (1) S. infraimmaculata being sister group to all other Salamandra species; (2) S. algira being sister to S. salamandra; (3) these two species being the sister group to a Glade containing S. atra, S. corsica and S. lanzai; and (4) the alpine species S. atra and S. lanzai being sister taxa. The phylogeny inferred from the mitochondrial genome sequences differed from these results, most notably by strongly supporting a Glade containing S. atra and S. corsica as sister taxa. A different placement of S. corsica was also retrieved when analysing the RNAseq and RADseq data under species tree approaches. Closer examination of gene trees derived from RNAseq revealed that only a low number of them supported each of the alternative placements of S. atra. Furthermore, gene jackknife support for the S. atra - S. lanzai node stabilized only with very large concatenated data sets. The phylogeny of true salamanders thus provides a compelling example of how classical node support metrics such as bootstrap and Bayesian posterior probability can provide high confidence values in a phylogenomic topology even if the phylogenetic signal for some nodes is spurious, highlighting the importance of complementary approaches such as gene jackknifing. Yet, the general congruence among the topologies recovered from the RNAseq and RADseq data sets increases our confidence in the results, and validates the use of phylotranscriptomic approaches for reconstructing shallow relationships among closely related taxa. We hypothesize that the evolution of Salamandra has been characterized by episodes of introgressive hybridization, which would explain the difficulties of fully reconstructing their evolutionary relationships. 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)., Alexander von Humboldt FoundationAlexander von Humboldt Foundation; European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO)European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO); German Research Foundation (DFG)German Research Foundation (DFG) [STE1130/8-1, BL 1271/1-1]; German Israeli project cooperation (DIP) grant; TULIP Laboratory of Excellence [ANR-10-LABX-41]; Natural Environment Research CouncilNERC Natural Environment Research Council [NE/L501918/1]; Systematics Research Fund award from the Linnean Society of London; Systematics Association; CalculQuebec; Compute Canada, We are grateful to Marion Ballenghien and Nicolas Galtier for locality information on the sample used for their published S. salamandra transcriptome, to Martin Llewellyn for making computing resources available, to Alan Templeton for support with our research on S. infraimmaculata, to Franco Andreone and Philine Werner for help with obtaining crucial samples, and to David Donaire for continued support. We acknowledge the use of the Altamira Supercomputer (IFCA-CSIC), and support of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation to II and AR, the European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO) to II, the German Research Foundation (DFG) (STE1130/8-1 and BL 1271/1-1) as part of a German Israeli project cooperation (DIP) grant to SS, AN and LB, and of the TULIP Laboratory of Excellence (ANR-10-LABX-41) to HP. This research was supported in part by a Natural Environment Research Council PhD studentship NE/L501918/1 (with KRE and BM) and a Systematics Research Fund award from the Linnean Society of London and the Systematics Association to JB. Support was provided by CalculQuebec (www.calculquebec.ca) and Compute Canada (www.computecanada.ca).

ResumenEfecto de la distancia de siembra en variables morfoagronómicas de moringa ( Moringa oleifera ). El objetivo del estudio fue determinar el efecto de cinco distancias de siembra en variables morfoagronómicas de Moringa oleifera Lam. El trabajo se realizó en áreas del Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias “Jorge Dimitrov”, del municipio Bayamo, provincia Granma, Cuba, en el periodo noviembre-febrero de 2014-2015, respectivamente. Se utilizó un diseño de bloques al azar con tres repeticiones. Se evaluaron cinco tratamientos consistentes en las distancias de siembra, el corte se efectuó a 10 cm sobre el nivel del suelo cada quince días. Se encontraron efectos significativos (p

La realización de este estudio tiene el propósito de presentar la alimentación, el estado nutricional y el desempeño de las funciones ejecutivas de niños y niñas de tercer grado del Colegio Público Nueva España, departamento de Managua. El tipo de estudio es de carácter descriptivo, de corte transversal, no experimental. La muestra es igual al universo, siendo 39 niños/as activos en el año lectivo 2016. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron una encuesta dividida en 3 acápites, datos generales, frecuencia de consumo de alimentos y toma de medidas antropométricas, además del test Stroop para evaluar control inhibitorio y flexibilidad cognitiva. La recolección y análisis de la información se dieron mediante los programas Anthro Plus, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Word e IBW SPSS Statics. Encontrándose que, el 53.9% de la población pertenece al sexo femenino, el 35.8% corresponde a la edad de 9 años, 43.7% de los sujetos en estudio realizan dos tiempos de comida, 84.6% consumen comida chatarra, 76.3% recibió lactancia materna exclusiva de 4 a 6 meses, el patrón de consumo de la población está conformado por 12 alimentos, 64.1% de la población posee un estado nutricional normal, 46.2%se desempeñó normal en el Control Inhibitorio y 89.7% se desempeñó normal en la flexibilidad cognitiva. Se recomienda a la institución y a los padres de familia brindar una adecuada alimentación para estimular el desarrollo cognitivo de los niños/as y por ende, las funciones ejecutivas.

Este ensayo es un acercamiento al trabajo de lectura literaria realizado por Estanislao Zuleta (1935-1990), quien fuera unos de los intelectuales más influyentes en el pensamiento colombiano contemporáneo. Con apoyo en el marxismo y el psicoanálisis, realizó un ejercicio interpretativo riguroso de La montaña mágica, de Thomas Mann. Su propósito fundamental se explica desde una pedagogía libertaria (redentora, terapéutica, son otros atributos posibles); veíaen la literatura, y en particular en la obra del novelista alemán, una oportunidad para que el lector cuestione las falsas oposiciones que se le plantean desde las ideologías, revelando “las diferencias efectivas”. Por otra parte, considerabaque esto es posible gracias a que la literatura activa los procesos primarios del inconsciente a partir de los cuales el sujeto subvierte las leyes que lo limitan. This essay approaches the literary readings of Estanislao Zuleta (1935-1990), who was one of the most influential intellectuals in contemporary Colombian thought. On the basis of Marxism and psychoanalysis the author attempted a rigorous interpretation ofThe Magic Mountain, by Thomas Mann. His main purpose can be explained from the standpoint of a libertarian pedagogy (redeeming, therapeutic, are other possible attributes); he saw in literature, and particularly in the work of the German novelist, an opportunity for the reader to question the false oppositions that are presented to him by ideology, revealing "the effective differences". On the other hand, the author considers this possible because literature, according to him, has the ability to activate the primary processes of the unconscious, from which the subject may subvert the laws that bindhim. Fil: González Rodríguez, Ariel. Universidad Autónoma de Colombia; Colombia.

El desarrollo de las gónadas está determinado por los cromosomas sexuales y autosomas, estas producen hormonas que dirigen la formación de los genitales internos y externos. Los desórdenes en la diferenciación sexual se presentan cuando hay anormalidades en cromosomas, en el desarrollo gonadal o en la actividad o producción de hormonas. La presente revisión tiene como objetivo la recopilación de información que comprende los desordenes del desarrollo sexual que podrían presentar los niños al nacimiento y la posterior cirugía de corrección. Se desarrolla brevemente la anatomía normal tanto del sistema genitourinario masculino como el femenino, presentando las similitudes y diferencias. La sexualidad de las personas está determinada por el sexo cromosómico, sexo gonadal, sexo genital y sexo social, con base en estos determinantes se establece el procedimiento quirúrgico más adecuado. La investigación se enfoca en la cirugía de feminización, en la cual, se efectúa una reducción de clítoris, separación de vagina y uretra; además de una vaginoplastía. Actualmente, los resultados de la cirugía correctiva son los más óptimos, sin embargo, gran cantidad de estudios indica que no todas las personas que se someten a ellas están satisfechas con los resultados obtenidos refiriéndose a función sexual. Gonadal development is determined by sexual chromosomes and autosomes, which produce hormones that direct the formation of internal and external genitals. Disorders in sexual differentiation appear when abnormalities in chromosomes, gonadal development or activity or production of hormones are present. This investigation is a review of research about disorders in sexual development present in children at birth and the following correction surgery. Also, it includes information concerning the normal anatomy of male and female genitourinary system, showing similarities and differences between them. People’s sexuality is determined by the chromosome sex, gonadal sex, genital sex and social sex. Based on these factors, physicians can determine the best surgical procedure for the patient. This investigation is focused on feminization surgery, in which a reduction of clitoris is done. After this, a separation of the vagina and urethra is also performed to then finalize with a vaginoplasty. Nowadays, the results of the correction surgery are the best that can be done, however, several studies indicate that not all patients are fulfilled with the results.

Objetivo: dada la necesidad de evaluar varias razas bovinas en Colombia para caracteres de crecimiento y composición corporal, el objetivo de este estudio fue obtener mejores estimadores lineales insesgados para efectos de heterosis y grupo racial para tales caracteres. Métodos: las características de crecimiento evaluadas fueron el peso a diferentes edades: nacimiento (PN), y aproximadamente a los 4 meses (P4), destete (PD), año (PA), y 15 meses (P15). Las caracteristicas de composición corporal fueron área de ojo del lomo (AOL) y grasa dorsal (GD) medidas a las mismas edades que el peso, excepto al nacimiento: AOL4 y GD4, AOLD y GDD, AOLA y GDA, AOL15 y GD15. La población estuvo conformada por 352 progenies de 37 toros representando 9 razas (Brahman Gris, Brahman Rojo, Guzerat, Blanco Orejinegro, Romosinuano, Normando, Braunvieh, Limousin y Simmental) y hembras Brahman Gris. Se emplearon modelos animales uni-varidos con los efectos de: grupo contemporáneo, número de partos de la madre, edad del animal, fracción esperada de grupo racial en el animal, y proporción de heterocigosis como efectos fijos y aditivos directo y materno como aleatorios. Resultados: los mayores valores genéticos aditivos para PN, P4, PD, PA y P15 se encontraron en animales de la raza Guzerat (6.31 kg), Normando (12.67 kg), Normando (8.28 kg), Braunvieh (24.80 kg) y Normando (42.20 kg), respectivamente. Para AOL4, AOLD, AOLA y AOL15 se encontraron en animales de la raza Limousin (20.87 cm²), Limousin (12.60 cm²), Simmental (10.94 cm²) y Limousin (16.09 cm²), respectivamente. Y para GD4, GDD, GDA y GD15 se encontraron en animales de la raza Limousin (0.27 mm), Guzerat (0.21 mm), Blanco Orejinegro (1.05 mm) y Romosinuano (0.71 mm). Los valores de heterosis para peso variaron entre -3.22 kg (PA) y 7.43 kg (P15), para AOL entre 0.12 cm² (AOL4) y 4.39 cm² (AOLA) y para GD entre 0.01 (GDD y GD15) y 0.09 mm (GDA). Conclusiones: los resultados indicaron que en general Normando fue superior para peso vivo, y Limousin para AOL entre los animales de cada raza en el estudio. Objective: given the need to evaluate several cattle breeds for growth and body composition traits in Colombia, the objective of this study was to obtain the best linear unbiased estimators of heterosis and breed group effects for these traits. Methods: live weight was evaluated at birth (PN), and aproximately at 4 months (P4), weaning (PD), first year (PA), and 15 months of age (P15). Body composition traits evaluated were rib eye area (AOL) and back fat thickness (GD) measured at the same ages as live weight, except at birth: AOL4 and GD4, AOLD and GDD, AOLA and GDA, AOL15 and GD15. The evaluated population consisted of 352 offspring from 37 bulls representing 9 breeds (Gray Brahman, Red Brahman, Guzerat, Blanco Orejinegro, Romosinuano, Normando, Braunvieh, Limousin, and Simmental), and Gray Brahman females. The farms were located in southern Cesar, Colombia. Univariate animal models were used. Models included contemporary group, dam parity, age of the animal, expected fraction of breed group in the animal, and proportion of heterozygosis as fixed effects, with direct additive and maternal as random effects. Results: the highest additive genetic values for PN, P4, PD, PA, P15 were found in Guzerat (6.31 kg), Normando (12.67 kg), Normando (8.28 kg), Braunvieh (24.80 kg) and Normando (42.20 kg), respectively. Those for AOL4, AOLD, AOLA and AOL15 in Limousin (20.87 cm²), Limousin (12.60 cm²), Simmental (10.94 cm²) and Limousin (16.09 cm²). And those for GD4, GDD, GDA and GD15 in Limousin (0.27 mm), Guzerat (0.21 mm), Blanco Orejinegro (1.05 mm) and Romosinuano (0.71 mm), respectively. The heterosis values for live weight ranged from -3.22 (PA) to 7.43 kg (P15), for AOL from 0.12 (AOL4) to 4.39 mm² (AOLA) and for GD from 0.01 (GDD and GD15) to 0.09 mm (GDA). Conclusion: results indicated that Normando was generally superior for live weight and Limousin was superior for AOL among the animals sampled from each breed in the study. Objetivo: em virtude da necessidade de avaliar diversas raças de bovinos na Colômbia para características de crescimento e composição corporal, o objetivo deste estudo foi determinar o melhor estimador linear não-viciado para obter os efeitos de heterose e grupo racial para essas características. Métodos: as características de crescimento foram os pesos a diferentes idades: nascimento (PN), y aproximadamente aos quatro meses (P4), desmame (PD), ano (PA) e 15 meses (P15). Características de composição corporal como a área de olho de lombo (AOL) e espessura de gordura subcutânea (GD) foram mensuradas nas mesmas idades, exceto ao peso ao nascimento (AOL4 e GD4; AOLD e GDD; AOLA e GDA; AOL15 e GD15). A população estava conformada por 352 progênies de 37 touros pertencentes a nove raças (Brahman Cinza, Brahman Vermelho, Guzerá, Blanco Orejinegro, Romosinuano, Normando, Braunvieh, Limuosin e Simental) acasalados com fêmeas da raça Brahman Cinza. Foram empregados modelos animais univariados considerando: efeito de grupo de contemporâneos, número de partos da mãe, idade do animal, fração esperada do grupo racial no animal e proporção da heterozigose como efeitos fixos, e como aleatórios o efeito aditivo direto e o efeito materno. Resultados: os maiores valores genéticos aditivos para PN, P4, PD, PA e P15 foram encontrados em animais da raça Guzerá (6.31 kg), Normando (12.67 kg), Normando (8.28 kg), Braunvieh (24.80 kg) e Normando (42.20 kg) respectivamente. Para AOL4, AOLD, AOLA e AOL15 os maiores valores foram encontrados em animais da raça Limousin (20.87 cm²), Limousin (12.60 cm²), Simental (10.94 cm²) e Limousin (16.09 cm²), respectivamente. E para GD4, GDD, GDA e GD15 os maiores valores foram encontrados na raça Limousin (0.27 mm), Guzerá (0.21 mm), Blanco Orejinegro (1.05 mm) e Romosinuano (0.71 mm). Os valores de heterose para peso variaram de -3.22 kg (PA) ate 7.43 kg (P15), para AOL entre 0.12 cm² (AOL4) e 4.39 cm² (AOLA) e para GD entre 0.01 mm (GDD e GD15) e 0.09 mm (GDA). Conclusões: os resultados indicam que em geral animais da raça Normando foram superiores para peso vivo quando se compararam com as outras raças, e para a AOL animais da raça Limousin apresentaram os maiores valores.

The main goal of this work was to reviewthe tools and laboratory techniques employed to studythe interaction of sugarcane and Sporisorium scitamineum(Syd.) M. Piepe nbr., M. Stoll & F. Oberw. (Ustilagoscitaminea Sydow), smut’s causal agent. The sugarcaneresistance to this disease is determined by several factors,among them the activation of several resistance proteins, andother related genes. This interaction has been studied withdifferent tools, such as histological techniques for assessingthe disruptions at the cellular level caused by funguspenetration; the biochemical ones used to detect changesin the composition of several antimicrobial substances, thehistochemistry useful to stain in situ specific proteins, andmolecular biology, which provides us with valuable tools todiscover the activation or suppression of transcripts duringthe interaction. These approaches contribute to the betterunderstandings of plant defense responses and to createmolecular bases for genetic improvement to be applied asindicator in molecular assisted programs. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue revisar las herramientas y técnicas de laboratorio empleadas para conocer la interacción entre la caña de azúcar y Sporisorium scitamineum (Syd.) M. Piepenbr., M.Stoll & F. Oberw. (Ustilago scitaminea Sydow), agente causaldel carbón. La resistencia a esta enfermedad, en la caña,está dada por diversos factores, entre los que se destacan,la activación de numerosas proteínas de resistencia ademásde otros genes relacionados con el proceso de patogénesis.Para el estudio de esta interacción se han utilizado diferentesherramientas, entre las que se encuentran: las histológicas,en las que se evalúan los trastornos de la célula ante la penetracióndel hongo, las bioquímicas, las cuales se caracterizanpor cambios en la composición de diferentes sustancias antimicrobianas;las histoquímicas a través del marcaje in situde proteínas específicas y las moleculares que permiten laidentificación de transcriptos que se activan o reprimen durantela interacción. Estas técnicas contribuyen a un mejorconocimiento de los mecanismos que participan durante larespuesta defensiva de la planta. Ello puede sentar las basespara el mejoramiento genético y además de poder ser utilizadocomo indicador en los programas de selección asistidapor marcadores moleculares.

Tesis doctoral inédita. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Biología Molecular. Fecha de lectura: 17-07-09

El ganado Brahman en Colombia es el de mayor participación como raza pura para producción de carne y tiene gran influencia en el ganado comercial. Hasta el momento Asocebú ha realizado evaluaciones genéticas para características de crecimiento, pero aun no se han realizado para características de la canal. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar parámetros genéticos (heredabilidades y correlaciones) y valores genéticos (EPD’S) para área de ojo del lomo (AOL), grasa dorsal (GD), profundidad del musculo glúteo medio (PMGM) y grasa del anca (GA). Fueron medidos por medio de ultrasonido un total de 934 animales puros, hijos de 164 toros que se encontraban en un rango de edad de 15 a 18 meses. Para los análisis se crearon grupos contemporáneos teniendo en cuenta la época, sexo y manejo alimenticio. Se realizó un análisis univariado usando un Modelo Reproductor, teniendo en cuenta el grupo contemporáneo (animales del mismo sexo, de la misma época y en el mismo manejo alimenticio) la edad fue tomada como covariable y la finca fue incluida en el modelo. Los promedios ajustados por la metodología de los mínimos cuadrados fue: 67.87 cm2, 3,97 mm, 7,07 cm y 6.98 mm para AOL, GD, PMGM y GA respectivamente. Las heredabilidades fueron 0,37 ±0,11, 0,29 ± 0,10, 0,26 ± 0,10 y 0,11 ± 0,09 para AOL, GD, PMGM y GA respectivamente. Las DEP’S para AOL variaron de – 2,84 a 3,43, para GD de -0,372 a 0,235, para PMGM de -0,187 a 0,235 y para GD de -0,176 a 0,298. Las correlaciones genéticas fueron positivas y altas indicando que la selección por musculatura no afecta el grado de acabado. Este trabajo mostró que en ganado Brahman puro existe variación genética para las características medidas por ultrasonido relacionadas con la canal, lo cual permitirá tenerlas en cuenta en el programa de mejoramiento genético de la raza Brahman en Colombia. / Abstract. The Brahman cattle in Colombia is the beef cattle of greather participation as a pure breed and have greather influence over the commercial cattle. Until now Asocebu has done Genetic Evaluations for growth traits, but hasn’t done yet for carcass characteristics. The objective of this work was to determinate genetic parameters (Heritabilities and correlations) and breeding values (DEP’S) to loin eye area (LEA), back fat (BF), depth of gluteus medius muscle (DGMM) and rump fat (RF). Measurements of 934 progenies that were between 15 to 18 months of age of 164 Brahman sires were taken by ultrasound. To perform the analysis was create contemporary groups taking into account (animals of the same sex, same season and same feed managemen). Univariate analysis was performed using a Sire Model taking into account contemporary group (animals of the same sex, same season and same feed management), age as a covariable and the farm effect was included in the model. The means adjusted by least squares were 67.87 cm2, 3,97 mm, 7,07 cm y 6.98 mm to LEA, BF, DGMM and RF respectively. The estimates of heritabilities were 0,37 ±0,11, 0,29 ± 0,10, 0,26 ± 0,10 y 0,11 ± 0,09 to LEA, BF, DGMM and RF respectively. The EPD’S to LEA oscillate of –2,84 to 3,43 cm2, for BF of -0,372 to 0,235 mm, for DGMM of -0,187 a 0,235 cm and RF of -0,176 a 0,298 mm. The genetic correlations were positives and highs indicating that the genetic selection by musculature doesn’t affect the fat endpoint. This work showed that in Pure Brahman cattle exist genetic variation for the carcass characteristics measures by ultrasound and this will allow include them into Genetic Improvement Program from Asocebú Colombia. Maestría