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Item does not contain fulltext, Objectives: To prevent invasive fungal disease (IFD) in adult patients undergoing remission-induction chemotherapy for newly diagnosed acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). Patients and methods: In a double-blind multicentre Phase 3 study, patients received prophylactic liposomal amphotericin B (L-AMB) at 5 mg/kg intravenously or placebo twice weekly in a 2:1 random allocation during remission-induction treatment. The primary endpoint was the development of proven or probable IFD. Secondary endpoints included those focused on the safety and tolerability of prophylactic L-AMB. Results: Three hundred and fifty-five patients from 86 centres in Europe and South America received at least one dose of L-AMB ( n = 237) or placebo ( n = 118). Rates of proven and probable IFD assessed independently were 7.9% (18/228) in the L-AMB group and 11.7% (13/111) in the placebo group ( P = 0.24). Rates of possible IFD were 4.8% (11/228) in the L-AMB and 5.4% (6/111) in the placebo group ( P = 0.82). The remission-induction phase was a median of 22 days for both groups. Overall mortality was similar between the groups: 7.2% (17/237) for L-AMB and 6.8% (8/118) for placebo ( P = 1.00). Hypokalaemia and creatinine increase were significantly more frequent with L-AMB. Conclusions: The IFD rate among adult patients undergoing remission-induction chemotherapy for newly diagnosed ALL was 11.7% in the placebo group, and was not significantly different in patients receiving L-AMB, suggesting that the L-AMB regimen studied is not effective as prophylaxis against IFD. The IFD rate appears higher than previously reported, warranting further investigation. Tolerability of L-AMB was what might be expected. Further studies are needed to determine the optimal antifungal strategy during remission-induction chemotherapy of ALL.

Background: Novel theranostic options for high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer are urgently needed. This requires a thorough evaluation of experimental approaches in animal models best possibly reflecting human disease before entering clinical studies. Although several bladder cancer xenograft models were used in the literature, the establishment of an orthotopic bladder cancer model in mice remains challenging. Methods: Luciferase-transduced UM UC 3LUCK1 bladder cancer cells were instilled transurethrally via 24G permanent venous catheters into athymic NMRI and BALB/c nude mice as well as into SCID-beige mice. Besides the mouse strain, the pretreatment of the bladder wall (trypsin or poly-L-lysine), tumor cell count (0.5×106 – 5.0×106) and tumor cell dwell time in the murine bladder (30 min – 2 h) were varied. Tumors were morphologically and functionally visualized using bioluminescence imaging (BLI), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron emission tomography (PET). Results: Immunodeficiency of the mouse strains was the most important factor influencing cancer cell engraftment, whereas modifying cell count and instillation time allowed fine-tuning of the BLI signal start and duration – both representing the possible treatment period for the evaluation of new therapeutics. Best orthotopic tumor growth was achieved by transurethral instillation of 1.0×106 UM UC 3LUCK1 bladder cancer cells into SCID-beige mice for 2 h after bladder pretreatment with poly-L-lysine. A pilot PET experiment using 68Ga-cetuximab as transurethrally administered radiotracer revealed functional expression of epidermal growth factor receptor as representative molecular characteristic of engrafted cancer cells in the bladder. Conclusions: With the optimized protocol in SCID-beige mice an applicable and reliable model of high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer for the development of novel theranostic approaches was established.

Invasive fungal disease (IFD) causes increasing morbidity and mortality in haematological cancer patients. Reliable cost data for treating IFD in German hospitals is not available. Objective of the study was to determine the institutional cost of treating the IFD. Data were obtained by retrospective chart review in German hospitals. Patients had either newly diagnosed or relapsed acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) or myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Direct medical cost was calculated from hospital providers perspective. A total of 108 patients were enrolled at 5 tertiary care hospitals, 36 IFD patients and 72 controls. The vast majority of IFD patients (74%) were diagnosed with invasive aspergillosis. On average, the hospital stay for IFD patients was 12 days longer than in control patients. All patients in the IFD group and 89% of patients in the control group received antifungal drugs. Mean direct costs per patient were 51 pound 517 in the IFD group and 30 pound 454 in the control group. Incremental costs of 21 pound 063 were dominated by cost for antifungal drugs (36%), hospital stay (32%) and blood products (23%). From the perspective of hospitals in Germany the economic burden of IFD in patients with AML or MDS is substantial. Therefore, prevention of IFD is necessary with respect to both clinical and economic reasons.

Die Prävalenz allergischer Erkrankungen und des Asthma bronchiale haben bei Kindern und Jugendlichen in den letzten 20 Jahren deutlich zugenommen. Ursächlich scheinen dafür eher veränderte Umweltfaktoren als genetische Mutationen verantwortlich zu sein. Faktoren des Lebensstils, die sich in den letzten 50 Jahren gewandelt haben, wie z. B. Abnahme von schweren Infektionserkrankungen durch Verbesserung der Hygiene und Entwicklung von Antibiotika, Adipositas und Bewegungsmangel, Abnahme der Familiengröße, veränderte Ernährungsgewohnheiten und eine Zunahme der Innenraumallergen-Konzentration durch bauliche Veränderungen kommen als potentielle Risikofaktoren in Betracht. In einer prospektiven Geburtskohortenstudie (Multizentrische Allergiestudie MAS90) untersuchten wir relevante Expositionsfaktoren wie z. B. Milben- und Katzenallergene im Hausstaub, frühkindliche Infekte und vieles mehr in Hinblick auf die Entstehung des kindlichen Asthma bronchiale. Von den ursprünglich im Jahr 1990 rekrutierten 1314 Neugeborenen lagen uns zum Zeitpunkt 7. Geburtstag von 939 Kindern komplette Informationen vor. Die regelmäßigen Untersuchungen umfassten jährliche Interviews und Blutentnahmen zur Bestimmung von spezifischem Serum-IgE gegen Nahrungsmittel- und Inhalationsallergene und die Quantifizierung von Hausstaubmilben (Dermatophagoides)- und Katzenallergenen im Teppich- und Matratzenstaub an mehreren Zeitpunkten. Im Alter von 7 Jahren wurde bei 645 Kindern eine Lungenfunktionsuntersuchung sowie die Messung der bronchialen Überempfindlichkeit mit Hilfe der Histamin-Provokation gemessen. Bei 10% (94 von 938) der 7-Jährigen trat eine pfeifende Atmung im Beobachtungszeitraum der letzten 12 Monate vor der Untersuchung auf, 6,1% (57 von 939) der Kinder hatten die Arztdiagnose "Asthma bronchiale". Eine Sensibilisierung gegen Innenraumallergene war mit Asthma bronchiale und erhöhter bronchialer Empfindlichkeit assoziiert, es gab jedoch keine Beziehung zwischen der Asthmaprävalenz und der Höh, Epidemiological surveys indicate that there has been a notable increase in the prevalence of both asthma and other allergic symptoms in children and young adults. Since it seems unlikely that genetic factors contribute to the rising trend, environmental factors might play a major part in the development of childhood asthma. Several potential determinants have been proposed, such as lack of severe and repeated infections, obesity and lack of physical exercise, decreased family size, changing dietary habits, and increase of indoor allergen exposure. In a prospective birth-cohort study, we assessed the relevance of different exposures like mite and cat allergen exposure and early infectious diseases for the development of childhood asthma up to the age of 7 years. Of 1314 newborn infants enrolled in five German cities in 1990, follow-up data at age 7 years were available for 939 children. Assessments included repeated measurements of specific IgE to food and inhalant allergens, measurement of indoor allergen exposure at 6 months, 18 months, and 3 years of age, and yearly interviews by a paediatrician. At age 7 years, pulmonary function was tested and bronchial hyper-responsiveness was measured in 645 children. At age 7, the prevalence of wheezing in the past 12 months was 10 % (94 of 938), and 6.1 % (57 of 939) parents reported a doctor`s diagnosis of asthma in their children. Sensitization to indoor allergens was associated with asthma, wheeze, and increased bronchial hyper-responsiveness. However, no relation between early indoor allergen exposure and the prevalence of asthma, wheeze, and bronchial-hyperresponsiveness was seen. Our data do not support the hypothesis that exposure to environmental allergen causes asthma in childhood, but rather the induction of specific IgE responses and the development of childhood asthma are determined by independent factors. Indoor allergen avoidance is recommendable as first line of treatment in secondary and tertiary prevention