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TI's commitment to meeting customer requirements has resulted in the development of package technologies and process to improve performance and higher power at lower cost for wire-bonded packages and automotive products are requiring more stringent reliability requirements. Some of the strategies we have adopted include using thinner metal and low-K ILD for lower parasitics and higher performance, thick copper routings for higher power and larger wafer diameters and smaller scribe streets for lower cost and using Copper (Cu) wire. Cu wire is a key enabler due to higher electrical conductivity and lower cost than gold), but also poses integration challenges due to hardness, CTE mismatch and corrosion susceptibility. The hardness of the copper wire imposes significant challenges for wire-bonding on pads w thin metal and low-k ILD. This required co-design of die bond pad structure for enhanced reliability as well as Cu wire process development requires comprehensive approach encompassing multiple areas including ball and stitch parameters, capillary design, bonding processes like segmented bonding and validation of process margins using ‘hammer’ test. Copper wire also requires metrology and test/detection tools like Nomarski, stitch pull test in addition to the traditional wire pull at mid span and neck, rapid-bake test, measuring intermetallics & Al remaining under ball, and Al-splash. The susceptibility of Cu wire to corrosion required us to introduce new materials like PCC and Au-flash PCC, tight environmental controls in the form of forming gas, monitoring of Ph and ion-trappers in BOM, wire oxidation check at outgoing/incoming inspection as SERA (Sequential Electrochemical Reduction Analysis), and paying close attention to handling and non-process gases. More stringent qualification requirements like AEC-006 is driving additional changes to lead frame design and finish, selection of EMC and Die attach, to reduce delamination and epoxy bleed-out. The demands for lower cost is driving us to use larger sized wafers (like 300mm) and narrower scribe width, while packing more functionality into smaller dies thereby driving higher metal densities. Additional requirements for thinner and 3D packages requiring post backgrind thickness as low as 50–75um imposing challenges in terms of warpage and saw. The demand for higher power applications is requiring us to use thick copper routings. We have developed test structures and redesigned layout of the scribe street and scribe seal and pursuing new saw methods. We have also learned many lessons in terms of handling and corrosion risks and implemented safeguards in terms of process and material selection.

This action research was conducted to help students develop their vocabulary skills through parent-teacher collaboration and to help parents and teachers understand that collaboration is an important aspect that warrants enough attention. Thus, few studies have focused on parent-teacher collaboration to help students develop their vocabulary skills. This study applies Beck, McKeown, and Kucan’s (2013) three-tiered model of vocabulary to gauge the vocabulary level of the students. Moreover, the researchers used quasiexperimental research to test whether or not collaboration between teachers and parents is effective in improving the vocabulary skills of students. This study used pre-test and post-test to measure students’ vocabulary skills. A training matrix was developed by the researchers to be used for the monthlong duration of the experiment. In the matrix, the researchers employed vocabulary exercises during the experiment. The data gathered were statistically analyzed using SPSS. The results of the study are presented and discussed with reference to the aim of the study; (1) based on the computed mean of the pre- and post-tests, it was found out that there is an increase in the students’ level of performance in vocabulary. Moreover, (2) the results accepted the hypothesis that there is a significant difference before and after the exposure to parent-teacher collaboration. Lastly, (3) it is proposed that parent-teacher partnership shall be the next priority of the school Continuous Improvement Program (CIP) which will highlight communication skills primarily.

This chapter was written during the Workshop on Age Validation of Gadoids (WKAVGS 2013) which was held 6–10 May 2013 at Imedea in Esporles, Mallorca. The terms of reference for the workshop were to:1. Review information on age estimations, otolith exchanges, workshops, andvalidation works done so far on the following species: European hake, cod, pollock, saithe, haddock, whiting, and blue whiting;2. Assemble and compare the results of different validation methods (i.e. marking and recapture, marking the calcified structure, marginal increment analysis, marginal analysis, modal progression analysis, length back-calculation, etc.);3. Discuss and propose the most appropriate validation methods of age and growth pattern of calcified structures (CS), for each species and stock;4. Propose the appropriate validation methods to recognize the growth check as well as the spawning ring, demersal ring, migration ring, etc.;5. Propose an ICES Cooperative Research Report on: Age Validation Studies for ICES and GCFM Gadoid Stocks to ICES PGCCDBS, using previous studies and the outcome of this workshop;6. Based on results, conclusions, and recommendations from this workshop to initiate and design an international cooperation project on validation methods (such as on the validation of checks and spawning rings) to commence after the workshop.

La marca de joyería dirigido al público masculino HOMINE, busca ofrecer un mix de productos entre cadenas, pulseras y anillos elaborados en plata 925 combinado con materiales complementarios como piedras semipreciosas, cuero, caucho, entre otros materiales. Mediante este producto, se busca satisfacer a los hombres que se encuentren dentro de los niveles socio económicos B y C, dentro del rango de edades de 26 a 45 años, que se preocupan en cuidar su imagen personal ofreciendo una propuesta diferente a la existente en el mercado local. Se utilizará como canales de comunicación, promoción y venta las redes sociales como Facebook, Instagram y WhatsApp y asimismo la página Web de la empresa. Desde el canal offline, se ha considerado introducir el producto mediante dispensadores que serán colocados dentro de las barberías.

1 recurso en línea (páginas 156-165)., Crucifers are affected by phytosanitary problems, derived during the use of pesticides as a management strategy. Scientific and technical information on the presence of residues of organophosphorus pesticides in foods was compiled, along with the associated health effects. The production chain for broccoli and cauliflower in Colombia was also considered to characterize the risk of this danger to consumers, following the FAO methodology for creation of risk profiles in food safety. It was found that, in Colombia, the most commonly used organophosphorus pesticides are parathion, methamidophos, diazinon, chlorpyrifos and malathion, which could be present as residues in the studied crucifers. Within the review, there was no information specifically associated with the concentration of organophosphorus pesticide residues in broccoli and cauliflower from Colombia. The risk for the population was determined using residue concentration data in broccoli from studies reported in Mexico and Ecuador and information on the use of pesticides from Corpoica reports. The consumption data were extracted from ENSIN 2005. The safety risk determined for the studied food hazard was low, showing that the estimation only considered the presence of diazinon and chlorpyrifos residues in the studied matrices. It is necessary to note that this is an approximate risk profile for the two pesticides described and; specifically, in broccoli and cauliflower., Las crucíferas son afectadas por problemas fitosanitarios, que derivan en el uso de plaguicidas como medida de manejo. Se realizó una recopilación de información científica y técnica sobre la presencia de residuos de plaguicidas organofosforados en alimentos y sobre los efectos en salud asociados a este, también se consideró la cadena productiva del brócoli y el coliflor en Colombia, además, se realizó una aproximación a la caracterización del riesgo que este peligro representa para los consumidores del país, siguiendo la metodología FAO para la elaboración de perfiles de riesgo en inocuidad de alimentos. Se encontró que en Colombia los plaguicidas organofosforados más empleados son: paratión, metamidofos, diazinón, clorpirifos y malatión, por lo cual podrían estar presentes como residuos en las crucíferas estudiadas. Dentro de la revisión no se encontró información asociada específicamente a la concentración de residuos de plaguicidas organofosforados en brócoli y coliflor para Colombia. El riesgo para la población se determinó utilizando datos de concentración de residuos en brócoli de estudios realizados en México y Ecuador, y la información del uso de plaguicidas, correspondiente a los reportes de Corpoica. Los datos sobre el consumo, se extrajeron de la ENSIN 2005. El riesgo en inocuidad determinado para el peligro en el alimento estudiando fue bajo, aclarando que la estimación realizada considera únicamente la presencia de residuos de diazinón y clorpirifos en las matrices estudiadas. Es necesario aclarar que se trata de una aproximación al perfil de riesgo trabajada con los dos plaguicidas descritos y específicamente en brócoli y coliflor., Bibliografía y webgrafía: páginas 164-165