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Summary The Gulf War conflict of 1991 turned Partitioned Zone (PZ) of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the State of Kuwait into a high-risk area with regards to Unexploded Ordnance(UXO) and Explosive Remnants of War (ERW). A large national and international effort has previously cleared UXO/ERW from most of the country, but to date UXO/ERW is still found because of the dynamic nature of the environment. During 2014–16, a high resolution, multi-azimuth 3D seismic Survey was completed utilizing 168,000 UniQ channels, with 20 DX-80 vibrators, shooting flip flop with four fleets 24/7, covering approximately 4,612 km2 (5,346 km2 including the 2 zippers). The survey was planned to satisfy the geological objectives, safety and security threats, and restricted access due to oil production facilities. An innovative two-phase risk-based approach was implemented to ensure personnel and operational safety while maximizing seismic production. A total of 551 days was spent for UXO/ERW identification, with a total of 82 UXO found and destroyed. The seismic acquisition project of more than 100 vehicles and 600 personnel was completed without any incidents or accidents and a high standard of verification was maintained throughout the project execution.

The use of conventional molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) for biological sample preparation is a difficult procedure due to the presence of high concentrations of proteins which can obstruct the selective binding sites, decrease the adsorption capacity, and compromise the analytical validation. In this way, modifications of conventional MIPs have been carried out in order to give them the ability to exclude macromolecules. Superficial coverings with hydrophilic groups and/or proteins have been the main procedures to obtain these restricted access molecularly imprinted polymers (RAMIPs ). These materials have been efficiently used for the selective extraction of small molecules from untreated complex matrices (e.g., blood, plasma, serum, and milk), without the need of a pre-deproteinization step. In this chapter, we describe a generic synthesis protocol to obtain RAMIPs as well as the assays to evaluate the protein exclusion efficiency and possible applications in offline and online procedures.

Research is needed on how technology can facilitate cow−calf contact (CCC). This research communication describes the behaviour of dairy cow−calf pairs in two cow-driven CCC-systems differing in cows' access to the calves through computer-controlled access gates (smart gates, SG). Specifically, cow traffic through SG when visiting their calves, allogrooming, suckling and cross-suckling, cows' eating and resting behaviour and finally vocal response to separation were assessed. After 3 d in an individual calving pen, pairs (n = 8) were moved to the CCC compartment with a cow area, a calf creep and a meeting area. During the next 31 d calves could suckle the cows whenever they visited the meeting area (suckling phase). Cows had free (group 1, n = 4 pairs) or restricted access to the calves based on previous activity in the automatic milking system (group 2, n = 4 pairs). SG's controlled cow traffic between the meeting area and the cow area, in which the cows could access resources such as feed, cubicles, and the automatic milking system. Following the suckling phase cow access into the meeting area was gradually decreased over 9 d (separation phase). During the suckling phase, cows paid frequent and short visits to their calves. Pairs spent in total approximately one h/d suckling and allogrooming. However, the duration and frequencies of these events varied among pairs and groups, as did the vocal response to separation. Restricted access − cows performed more (unrewarded) attempts to visit the calves who cross-suckled more. Collectively, free access to the calves may have been more intuitive and welfare friendly. Although a low sample size limits interpretation beyond description and enabling hypothesis formulation for future research, the results indicate that the cow is motivated to visit her calf, albeit through a SG, thus facilitating particular behaviours for which cow-calf pairs are highly motivated.

Background To evaluate the impact of a restricted access policy on workplace violence in a healthcare setting. Methods We surveyed healthcare workers before and after the implementation of a restricted-access policy at a tertiary hospital in north-eastern China. Data were collected in April 2017 and January 2019. Fisher’s exact test were used to compare the difference in workplace violence prevalence between responses to two surveys. Survey 1 (S1) collected data from 345 healthcare professionals who had worked in the inpatient ward for at least 12 months. Survey 2 (S2) included 338 healthcare workers from the same ward who had been employed for more than two years. The effective response rates for the two studies was 79.31 and 83.25%, respectively. All 18 female security guards were included in the investigation in S2. Results The prevalence of psychological violence was 62.03% in S1 and 34.62% in S2, the difference in prevalence showing statistical significance (P = 0.000), while the prevalence of physical violence was 3.77 and 4.73% respectively, showing no statistical significance (P = 0.573). The change in the rate of injury caused by physical violence was also statistically significant at 76.92 and 31.25% (P = 0.025), respectively. Security guards were at high risk of workplace violence under the policy. Most healthcare professionals thought this policy ameliorated treatment order, the sense of security, anxiety about workplace violence, and so forth, but one-third of the respondents thought that it caused patient dissatisfaction. Conclusion While the restricted access policy may be effective for healthcare professionals in avoiding or dealing with violence, such policy could contribute to new problems regarding the safety of security guards and the potential dissatisfaction of patients. The policy should be further developed to alleviate this phenomenon.

Neste artigo, realizo uma análise de discursos midiáticos e institucionais sobre o microempreendedor individual (MEI) com o objetivo de pensar no conceito de cidadania empresarial, constantemente usado na promoção desta figura. Recorrendo a um referencial teórico proveniente sobretudo das ciências sociais e dos estudos culturais, reflito sobre as transformações do conceito de cidadania em um cenário neoliberal. Distanciando-se de uma concepção tradicional, segundo a qual a cidadania é pensada em termos coletivos e inclusivos, sugiro que a noção de cidadania empresarial se fundamenta sobre valores individualistas, recorrendo à noção de mérito para justificar seu restrito acesso.

Summary Stratal geometries, reservoir and source facies are different in true lakes, in lakes with restricted access to the global ocean, and in “lakes” continuously connected to the global ocean but capped by large quantities of freshwater. We illustrate the importance for exploration and development of addressing these issues in the pre-salt sequences of the South Atlantic. We have achieved this through interpretation of high quality seismic images of the pre-salt section, in a geological context provided by analysis of well and rock data, prediction of palaeoclimate and palaeohydrology, and an understanding of relative plate motions and global oceanic sea levels. We conclude that undrilled reservoir facies are present on the flanks of the main structural highs in the hypersaline basins of south Brazil, and in the freshwater basin of south Gabon.

We investigate patterns of racial bias in small business loans denial rates in the U.S. across different credit risk scores. We motivate this inquiry with a simple and generalizable statistical discrimination model where banks observe noisy signals of creditworthiness and hold prior beliefs of repayment probability based on the applicant’s group. Our model predicts that differences in approval rating across groups are more pronounced at middle range values and disappear at very high and very low credit scores. Using data constructed from the 1998 Survey of Small Business Finances and the restricted access Kauffman Firm Survey we find disparities in loan approval ratings between Black and White entrepreneurs in intermediate risk categories but not for the best and worst categories.

Comprehensive medicines reviews such as Home Medicines Review (HMR) and Residential Medication Management Review (RMMR) can resolve medicines-related problems. Changes to Australia’s longstanding HMR and RMMR programs were implemented between 2011 and 2014. This study examined trends in HMR and RMMR provision among older Australians during 2009–2019 and determined the impact of program changes on service provision. Monthly rates of general medical practitioner (GP) HMR claims per 1000 people aged ≥65 years and RMMR claims per 1000 older residents of aged care facilities were determined using publicly available data. Interrupted time series analysis was conducted to examine changes coinciding with dates of program changes. In January 2009, monthly HMR and RMMR rates were 0.80/1000 older people and 20.17/1000 older residents, respectively. Small monthly increases occurred thereafter, with 1.89 HMRs/1000 and 34.73 RMMRs/1000 provided in February 2014. In March 2014, immediate decreases of –0.32 (95%CI –0.52 to –0.11) HMRs/1000 and –12.80 (95%CI –15.22 to –10.37) RMMRs/1000 were observed. There were 1.07 HMRs/1000 and 35.36 RMMRs/1000 provided in December 2019. In conclusion, HMR and RMMR program changes in March 2014 restricted access to subsidized medicines reviews and were associated with marked decreases in service provision. The low levels of HMR and RMMR provision observed do not represent a proactive approach to medicines safety and effectiveness among older Australians. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

In Russia, urban development has gained importance as aspect of urban policy in the last decade. This change has been facilitated by Moscow-based consultancies on urban development and planning. These firms get increasingly influential. The chapter focuses on the restricted access to advising on cities and urban development and how particularly an approved class of specialists, mostly working as small-size consultancies, achieve this access. Tracing the process of creating such “boutique consultancy” firms and gaining advisory power, my analysis shows the prevalence of personal trust over the importance of professional organizations or public reputations.

This study proposes a new, efficient, and selective method for the analysis of cocaine in oral fluid. For this purpose, an extractive phase with restricted access materials (RAM) capable of extract and pre-concentrate low molecular weight analytes and simultaneously exclude macromolecules was developed for disposable pipette extraction (DPX) followed by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analyses. The proposed method was optimized using a 24 factorial design which pointed higher extraction efficiency under the following conditions: pH 9, 10 cycles of extraction (aspirate/dispense), 3 cycles of desorption (aspirate/dispense) and acetonitrile as desorption solvent. The DPX-RAM/LC-MS method showed linearity range from 10 to 100 ng mL-1 with determination coefficient (R2) = 0.999, accuracy values ranged from -0.9 to 4.3%, precision values ranged from 1.7 to 9.1% and recovery values ranged from 97.9 to 101.1%. The benefits of this method are that it can be performed in few minutes and that the analytical performances, including the limit of detection (3.13 ng mL-1), limit of quantitation (10 ng mL-1) and linear range were found to be in agreement with other methods used for similar analysis.

In modern Russia elements of e-judiciary in civil proceedings are quite widely used in the regular court enterprises of general jurisdiction. Practicing of mentioned elements allows citizens to use IT at the stage of proceedings, for example, when impleading, receiving information about the progress of the case, any other proceeding; simplifies the commencement of an action at court and other proceedings. In this research the authors explore the trends in the e-judiciary development in civil actions, their attention is paid to the e-judiciary development in civil actions, to the realities of IT using in Russian regular court. There are some problems with e-judiciary practicing. They include: court administrators take a decision to reject the filing with e-judiciary that is restricted access of citizens to justice, employees’ personalism in the court apparatus, which affects the progress of the case, paper duplication of electronic documents submitted to the court, spotty level of courts IT equipping in different Russian regions. The authors found another negative and positive aspects of e-judiciary in civil proceedings in civil proceedings, as well as prospects for the development of electronic proceedings in civil cases before the courts of general jurisdiction.

Summary Non-operating room anaesthesia (NORA) describes anaesthesia delivered outside a traditional operating room (OR) setting. Non-operating room anaesthesia cases have increased significantly in the last 20 yr and are projected to account for half of all anaesthetics delivered in the next decade. In contrast to most other medication administration contexts, NORA is performed in high-volume fast-paced environments not optimised for anaesthesia care. These predisposing factors combined with increasing case volume, less provider experience, and higher-acuity patients increase the potential for preventable adverse events. Our narrative review examines morbidity and mortality in NORA settings compared with the OR and the systems factors impacting safety in NORA. A review of the literature from January 1, 1994 to March 5, 2021 was conducted using PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, and ProQuest. After completing abstract screening and full-text review, 30 articles were selected for inclusion. These articles suggested higher rates of morbidity and mortality in NORA cases compared with OR cases. This included a higher proportion of death claims and complications attributable to inadequate oxygenation, and a higher likelihood that adverse events are preventable. Despite relatively few attempts to quantify safety concerns, it was possible to find a range of systems safety concerns repeated across multiple studies, including insufficient lighting, noise, cramped workspace, and restricted access to patients. Old and unfamiliar equipment, lack of team familiarity, and limited preoperative evaluation are also commonly noted challenges. Applying a systems view of safety, it is possible to suggest a range of methods to improve NORA safety and performance.

We propose a hybrid technique of black-box testing of virtual assistants (VAs) in the financial sector. The specifics of the highly regulated industry imposes numerous limitations on the testing process: GDPR and other data protection requirements, the absence of interaction logs with real users, restricted access to internal data, etc. These limitations also decrease the applicability of a few VA testing methods that are widely described in the research literature. The approach suggested in this paper consists of semi-controlled interaction logging from the trained testers and subsequent augmenting the collected data for automated testing.

Este estudo realizou uma abordagem cienciométrica sobre a bioatividade de briófitas contra insetos e gerou panoramas quanto às técnicas biotecnológicas promissoras para esta linha de pesquisa, em âmbito mundial. Buscaram-se, em bases virtuais de dados, produções acadêmico-científicas correlatas à temática, no período de 2000 a 2020, e sobre as atualidades e perspectivas em briotecnologia para o controle de insetos. Os dados quantitativos foram tabulados e analisados em frequências, utilizando o software Excel 2018, sendo representados em forma de tabelas e gráficos, e as informações qualitativas em quadros. Mapearam-se 19 trabalhos (16 artigos, duas notas científicas e um capítulo de e-book) dispersos entre os continentes (exceto Antártida) e entre os anos, com maior produção asiática em 2012-2013. Identificaram-se 16 espécies de hepáticas (10 famílias botânicas) e 38 de musgos (23 famílias), cuja bioatividade foi avaliada por meio de extratos ou plantas in natura contra lepidópteros, dípteros ou coleópteros, com resultados satisfatórios para antifeedant e/ou inseticida e/ou inibidor de desenvolvimento. Os manuscritos listados foram publicados em 15 períodicos de distintos fatores de impacto, quando havia, e um foi em e-book, geralmente, tendo acesso restrito. O número total de citações desses trabalhos foi de 255, sobretudo, em pesquisas indiferentes a esta temática. Técnicas de engenharia genética, cultivo in vitro e criopreservação de briófitas são citadas como tecnologias atuais que podem dar suporte à bioprospecção de plantas avasculares em escala comercial e sustentável. No mundo existem poucas pesquisas sobre a relação inseto-briófita que podem servir para o desenvolvimento de defensivos agrícolas naturais. Diante disso, sugere-se a ampliação da bioprospecção da brioflora devido o seu potencial biotecnológico no controle de pragas aliada às técnicas biotecnológicas atuais que podem impulsionar a produção comercial e sustentável de pesticidas à base de briófitas ou contribuir com o melhoramento de plantas agrícolas.

Objective Using the example of Pressurized Intra Peritoneal Aerosol Chemotherapy (PIPAC), we analyse the development model of this procedure and provide an ethical analysis of the involvement of the industry in a new development. Summary background data In the case of breakthrough innovation, medical training is essential for safe use of the new procedure. In some cases, pharmaceutical companies decide to organise this training. But when it becomes the only training opportunity to use the device, scientists and clinicians could be exposed to a conflict of interest? Methods We performed a literature review of PIPAC publications using the STROBE criteria. Then, we conducted interviews with an expert panel to analyse the ethical impact of involvement of the industry in the development of the PIPAC procedure. Results The number of publications has increased every year since the first publication in Germany, where the technology was developed in 2013. The scientific production was of good quality, with a mean STROBE score of 18.2 ± 2.4 out of 22 points. Ten of the 33 included studies declared a conflict of interest. From the interviews, the main axe concerning the implication of the industry was the training model. The company had decided that only trained and approval surgeon could perform the PIPAC procedure. All four interviewed practitioners agreed that it was initially a good way to implement the procedure safely, but later they felt uncomfortable about the control and validation by the industry. Conclusion Based on the growing number of published papers from a growing number of international centres, the controlled training model is not limiting. However, the different levels of conflict of interest complicate transparency, and we postulated that this development model is limited to the beginning of the procedure diffusion. Clinicaltrial.gov registration NCT04341337.

Accessing quality research when not part of an academic institution can be challenging. Dating back to the 1980s, open access (OA) was a response to journal publishers who restricted access to publications by requiring a subscription and limited access to knowledge. Although the OA movement seeks to remove costly barriers to accessing research, especially when funded by state and federal governments, it remains the subject of continuous debates. After providing a brief overview of OA, this article summarizes OA statutory and regulatory developments at the federal and state levels regarding free and open access to research. It compares similarities and differences among enacted and proposed legislation and describes the advantages and disadvantages of these laws. It analyzes the effects of these laws in higher education, especially on university faculty regarding tenure and promotion decisions as well as intellectual property rights to provide recommendations and best practices regarding the future of legislation and regulation in the United States.

Despite therapeutic advances for other malignancies, gliomas remain challenging solid tumors to treat. Complete surgical resection is nearly impossible due to gliomas’ diffuse infiltrative nature, and treatment is hampered by restricted access to the tumors due to limited transport across the blood–brain barrier. Recent advances in genomic studies and next-generation sequencing techniques have led to a better understanding of gliomas and identification of potential aberrant signaling pathways. Targeting the specific genomic abnormalities via novel molecular therapies has opened a new avenue in the management of gliomas, with encouraging results in preclinical studies and early clinical trials. However, molecular characterization of gliomas revealed significant heterogeneity, which poses a challenge for targeted therapeutic approaches. In this context, leading neuro-oncology researchers and clinicians, industry innovators, and patient advocates convened at the inaugural annual Remission Summit held in Orlando, FL in February 2019 to discuss the latest advances in immunotherapy and precision medicine approaches for the treatment of adult and pediatric brain tumors and outline the unanswered questions, challenges, and opportunities that lay ahead for advancing the duration and quality of life for patients with brain tumors. Here, we provide historical context for precision medicine in other cancers, present emerging approaches for gliomas, discuss their limitations, and outline the steps necessary for future success. We focus on the advances in small molecule targeted therapy, as the use of immunotherapy as an emerging precision medicine modality for glioma treatment has recently been reviewed by our colleagues.

The growth of social media has revolutionized the way people access information. Although platforms like Facebook and Twitter allow for a quicker, wider and less restricted access to information, they also consist of a breeding ground for the dissemination of fake news. Most of the existing literature on fake news detection on social media proposes user-based or content-based approaches. However, recent research revealed that real and fake news also propagate significantly differently on Twitter. Nonetheless, only a few articles so far have explored the use of propagation features in their detection. Additionally, most of them have based their analysis on a narrow tweet retrieval methodology that only considers tweets to be propagating a news piece if they explicitly contain an URL link to an online news article. By basing our analysis on a broader tweet retrieval methodology that also allows tweets without an URL link to be considered as propagating a news piece, we contribute to fill this research gap and further confirm the potential of using propagation features to detect fake news on Twitter. We firstly show that real news are significantly bigger in size, are spread by users with more followers and less followings, and are actively spread on Twitter for a longer period of time than fake news. Secondly, we achieve an 87% accuracy using a Random Forest Classifier solely trained on propagation features. Lastly, we design a Geometric Deep Learning approach to the problem by building a graph neural network that directly learns on the propagation graphs and achieve an accuracy of 73.3%.

Since 2009, the OECD Development Centre has been publishing the Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI), a cross-country measure of gender-based discrimination in social institutions (formal and informal laws, social norms and practices). This working paper presents the conceptual and methodological framework of the fourth edition of the SIGI, published in 2019. The SIGI 2019 methodology establishes a criterion for the computation of measures of gender-based discrimination –where zero denotes no discrimination and 100 denotes full discrimination – for 27 categorical and continuous variables combined into 16 indicators and 4 dimensions: discrimination in the family, restricted physical integrity, restricted access to productive and financial resources, and restricted civil liberties. The SIGI 2019 is then calculated as a translation-invariant generalised mean of these discrimination measures. The result is an indicator that measures aggregate level of discrimination in the social institutions of 180 countries and territories.

Time-series forecasting methods have often been used to mitigate some of the challenges associated with deploying chemical transport models at high resolution for use at local scales. In this study we deploy and evaluate Facebook’s Prophet model v0.6 in predicting hourly concentrations of Nitrogen Dioxide [NO2] over a 2 year period [2018–2019] across the UK’s Automatic Urban and Rural Network (AURN). Results indicate promising performance when comparing absolute values, diurnal trends and seasonality, with discrepancies increasing when the site is classified as having a larger contribution from regional sources and non-local sources. Using mobility and traffic volume data in the model fitting process allowed us to evaluate the ability of the model to forecast levels at two sites in Manchester where there were significant reductions in traffic levels during the COVID-19 lock-down, defined as a national state of restricted access. Prior to lock-down, comparison between hourly concentrations from the Prophet forecast and observations are significantly better compared with predictions from the EMEP regional model. Despite the simplified approach of fitting to derived NO2-per-traffic volume over a 5 year period, trends in absolute NO2 reductions and diurnal profiles were captured well at Manchester Piccadilly. However at a second site, in Sharston, we found that reliance on historical NO2-per-traffic volume resulted in errors in the prediction as the nature of local traffic changed under the COVID-19 lock-down; correlating with an increase in the Heavy Goods Vehicle fleet [HGV] relative to other forms of traffic. Ancillary meteorological information and predictions from the EMEP model enabled identification of significant contributions from regional sources during the lock-down period. These periods coincide with noticeable differences between measured and forecast values from Prophet. Overall the Prophet model offers a relatively effective and simple way to make predictions about NO2 at local levels. The source code to reproduce and expand on the work presented in this paper is made openly available.

This paper evaluates the effects on crime of supply‐side interventions that restricted access to pseudoephedrine‐based medications in the USA , drastically reducing the domestic production of methamphetamine. I find that these government interventions increased property and violent crime by around 3–4%, with criminogenic effects lasting for up to 7 months. Stronger evidence is detected in counties where laboratories producing methamphetamine were previously in operation. My findings suggest that policy interventions that have a limited effect on supply and no impact on the demand for drugs could open up the way to unwarranted crime responses. Timely policy implications are discussed.

Sugar-beet (Beta vulgaris L. subsp. vulgaris) pulp is a valuable by-product from the manufacture of beet sugar fresh which is normally preserved in the form of silage. The aim of the present research was to evaluate the effect of adding a homofermentative lactic acid bacteria silage additive during the ensiling period on fermentation and quality of sugar-beet (SB) pulp silage and the animal performance of dairy cows given restricted daily access to pasture. Twelve Holstein × Friesian crossbred cows were assigned to two groups according to milk yield, body weight, days in milk, parity and body condition score. Groups were randomly allocated to two treatments: silage of SB pulp without additive (control diet, SB) and silage of SB pulp with additive (SB+additive). The experiment was carried out in two periods of 28 d each. Once finished each period, cows were crossed for treatments. Chemical composition of SB silage was modified by the additive: Neutral detergent fiber (41.8% vs. 45.7% DM) and metabolizable energy (2.54 vs. 2.55 Mcal kg-1 DM) were greater and butyrate lower (0.34 vs. 4.10 mmol L-1) for SB+additive compared with SB. However, milk production (24.6 and 25.2 kg d-1) and composition were not affected (P > 0.05) by treatments. Similarly, rumen volatile fatty acids were similar between treatments. In conclusion, the use of homofermentative lactic acid additive on SB silage modified the chemical composition of silage and reduced the pasture intake, however, no changes in milk production and composition were detected.

As the usage of mobile devices has been enormously increased, the role of authentication became very prominent. Usually explicit authentication techniques such as passwords are employed. However the devices would be infracted if the passwords are stolen without the user's knowledge. Therefore, there is an adverse search for finding out the ways for improvising the authentication techniques for mobile platforms and services. Double door authentication for mobile devices is the method that provides privacy with enhanced security feature. This paper explores the main objective of providing an authentication facility that supports the users to manage all the confidential information with the feature of personalized locking(2 pins, hand-in-hand simultaneously).In a realistic manner, the personalized locking feature can exclude the devices from third-party security installations and interferences such as sure-lock, vault-hide etc. Here the primary and secondary users are considered to be the key players. Especially, the primary user has an extensive role of sensitive applications selection and restricted access implementation.

9535 Background: Molecular characterization of metastatic lung adenocarcinomas is mandatory but might be hampered by the quantity of tissue, restricted access to molecular platforms or limited economical resources. Our aim was to develop a tool supported by the hypothesis that radiological patterns of pts could help predict the rate of positivity of the most common oncogenic drivers. Methods: We defined an algorithm based on a molecularly defined cohort of 656 pts with stage IV lung adenocarcinoma. Two radiologists centrally reviewed the baseline imaging. Clinical data were retrospectively collected. There were 135 EGFR mutations, 81 ALK fusions, 47 BRAF mutations, 141 KRAS mutations, and 146 pan-negative tumors for these 4 oncogenic drivers. Univariate correlation analyses were performed to define an algorithm predicting the molecular testing positivity based on the metastatic pattern. Subsequently, an online tool was developed. This study was approved by our institutional review board. Results: Metastatic patterns correlated with the genomic drivers when compared to the pan-negative group. In the EGFR group, pleural metastases were more frequent (32% vs. 20%; p = 0.021), whereas adrenal and node metastases less frequent (6% vs.23%; p < 0.001 and 11% vs. 23% respectively; p = 0.011). In the ALK group, there were more brain and lung metastases (respectively 42% vs. 29%; p = 0.043 and 37% vs. 24% respectively; p = 0.037). In the BRAF group, pleural and pericardial metastases were more common (47% vs. 20%; p < 0.001 and 11% vs. 3% respectively; p = 0.04) and bone metastases less common (21% vs. 42%; p = 0.011). Lymphangitis was more frequent in EGFR, ALK and BRAF groups (6%, 7% and 15% vs. 1%; p = 0,016, p = 0,009 and p < 0,001 respectively). A free online access to the algorithm is now available after registration at http//tactic-ct.fr. Physicians enter age, sex, smoking status and the sites of metastases at diagnosis (present/absent/unknown). A mutation score is calculated, reflecting the % of chance to find an oncogenic driver. On the website, contributors can also enter new cases and an artificial intelligence will refine the algorithm and expand the number of oncogenic drivers. Conclusions: Our free access tool allows establishing a hierarchy in the molecular testing based on simple clinical and radiological information. Continual learning from new cases entered in the database will increase the sensitivity of the tool. This tool might save time, tumor tissue, economical resources and accelerate access to personalized treatment.

IEEE 802.11ah can support machine-to-machine (M2M) communications among many sensor devices, which is rapidly increasing with the Internet of Things (IoT). In 802.11ah, a restricted access window (RAW) is designed for a beacon interval (BI). RAW is divided into many slots that allow sensor devices to contend for transmission. This paper proposes a dynamic slot allocation scheme (DSAS) in 802.11ah networks. To alleviate the contention in crowded M2M environments, the DSAS defines two sets of thresholds, high and low, to determine the sleeping-time level of a machine and the contention level for a slot, respectively. The innovative aspect of the DSAS is that machines with short sleeping time are allocated to less congested slots whereas machines with long sleeping time are allocated to more congested slots. To avoid unnecessary slot reallocation, machines with sleeping-time levels or contention levels between the high and low thresholds continue to use their original transmission contention slots. Simulations performed on NS-3 show the DSAS can significantly improve average backoff time and packet delay and increase the overall system throughput by 30%.

Some surveys have identified people who have restricted access to work in environments with man-made electromagnetic exposures. This study attempts to determine their prevalence, an aspect not previously investigated in its own right. It is based on analyses of the two different types of surveys of people with Idiopathic Environmental Intolerance attributed to Electromagnetic Fields (IEI-EMF), or Electromagnetic Hyper-Sensitivity (EHS), either of the general population or of people with IEI-EMF/EHS. In addition, there are different definitions of IEI-EMF/EHS, with a range of subconscious, mild, moderate or severe symptoms, potentially leading in three stages to hyper-sensitivity. The current evidence is assessed as indicating that, in addition to subconscious sensitivity, the prevalence of IEI-EMF/EHS is between about 5.0 and 30 per cent of the general population for mild cases, 1.5 and 5.0 per cent for moderate cases and < 1.5 per cent for severe cases. The prevalence of people restricted in their access to work in a man-made electromagnetic environment is estimated at 0.65 per cent of the general population, at about 18% of the general population with moderate IEI-EMF/EHS. The estimate of 0.65% equates to 435,500 people in the UK’s population of 67 million. Some reasons for possible under-reporting are discussed. Adjustments can enable some people with this disability to remain in employment, suggesting that rates of restriction in access to work may fall as employers become aware of what adjustments are needed.

To enable shimless composite part assembly it is desired to manufacture composite spars in concave, female tools. However, due to restricted access this process is often associated with a high degr ...

Saliva, as the first body fluid encountering with the exogenous materials, has good correlation with blood and plays an important role in bioanalysis. However, saliva has not been studied as much as the other biological fluids mainly due to restricted access to its large volumes. In recent years, there is a growing interest for saliva analysis owing to the emergence of miniaturized sample preparation methods. The purpose of this paper is to review all microextraction methods and their principles of operation. In the following, we examine the methods used to analyze saliva up to now and discuss the potential of the other microextraction methods for saliva analysis to encourage research groups for more focus on this important subject area.

Reflections on changes in the book, from print to digital format, the eBook in the context of open access, the advantages and disadvantages of the book in electronic format, tools for authors to publish their own eBooks, as well as the prospects for the future of international e-Book production and uses. The study was of a descriptive exploratory nature, verified the profile of the eBook databases, available at the Capes-Brazil Portal. Among the results, 50 available eBook databases are described, classified as open or restricted access, country of origin, knowledge area and collection. For the analysis of the characteristics and quantitative data, the respective pages were consulted. It was possible to observe characteristics of the collection of academic eBooks available on the Capes portal. The sample indicates the predominance of paid access, with restricted access, mostly American commercial bases, with limited access only to the scientific community. This scenario opens motivations for various questions and possible research from various aspects. In this sense, it is necessary to reflect on the publishing market of scientific-academic books and their perspectives of access to the whole society., Reflexiones sobre los cambios en el libro, desde el formato impreso a la digital, el libro electrónico en el contexto del acceso abierto, las ventajas y desventajas del libro en formato electrónico, las herramientas para que los autores publiquen sus propios libros electrónicos, así como Las perspectivas para el futuro de la producción y usos internacionales de libros electrónicos. El estudio fue de naturaleza descriptiva exploratoria, verificó el perfil de las bases de datos de libros electrónicos, disponibles en el Portal Capes-Brasil. Entre los resultados, se describen 50 bases de datos de libros electrónicos disponibles, clasificadas como de acceso abierto o restringido, país de origen, área de conocimiento y colección. Para el análisis de las características y datos cuantitativos, se consultaron las páginas respectivas. Fue posible observar las características de la colección de libros electrónicos académicos disponibles en el portal de Capes. La muestra indica el predominio del acceso pagado, con acceso restringido, en su mayoría bases comerciales estadounidenses, con acceso limitado solo a la comunidad científica. Este escenario abre motivaciones para varias preguntas y posibles investigaciones desde varios aspectos. En este sentido, es necesario reflexionar sobre el mercado editorial de libros científicos / académicos y sus perspectivas de acceso a toda la sociedad., Apresenta-se reflexões a respeito das mudanças do livro, do formato impresso para o digital, o e-Book no contexto do acesso aberto, as vantagens e desvantagens do livro no formato eletrônico, ferramentas para autores publicarem seus próprios e-Books, assim como as perspectivas para o futuro da produção e usos do e-Book acadêmico em âmbito internacional. O estudo, de cunho exploratório descritivo, verificou o perfil das bases de dados de e-Books, disponíveis no Portal Capes-Brasil. Entre os resultados, são descritas 50 bases de dados de e-Books disponíveis, classificadas como de acesso aberto ou restrito, país de origem, área de conhecimento e acervo. Para a análise das características e dados quantitativos, foram consultadas as respectivas páginas. Foi possível observar características do acervo de e-Books acadêmicos disponíveis no portal da Capes. A amostra indica a predominância por bases pagas, com acesso restrito, em sua maioria bases comerciais americanas, com acesso limitado apenas à comunidade científica. Esse cenário abre motivações para diversos questionamentos e possíveis pesquisas das mais diversas vertentes. Nesse sentido se fazem necessárias reflexões a respeito do mercado editorial de livros científicos/acadêmicos e suas perspectivas de acesso a toda sociedade.

El Área Metropolitana de Guadalajara ha pasado por una serie de procesos que la llevaron a convertirse en una metrópolis, donde el fenómeno de las urbanizaciones cerradas tomó relevancia significativa, lo cual implica un resultado directo de la falta de planeación urbana. Las facilidades que encontró el sector inmobiliario le permitieron posicionarse como principal actor en el proceso de construcción urbana, logrando que en el 2016 la ciudad contara con 2973 fraccionamientos de acceso restringido. Es un fenómeno que requiere la reinterpretación del espacio público de la ciudad y de sus espacios de uso colectivo.

In this work, a restricted access volatile supramolecular solvent (RAM-VOL-SUPRAS) directly synthesized in milk is proposed for the first time for the simultaneous extraction and cleanup of benzimidazole anthelmintic drugs in milk meant for human consumption. The RAM-VOL-SUPRAS was formed by the self-assembly and coacervation of hexanol in tetrahydrofuran induced by the water content in milk. Benzimidazoles legislated by the European Union were quantitatively extracted (80-110%), and proteins were precipitated by the action of THF and the amphiphile; extraction of carbohydrates was avoided by a size exclusion mechanism, and lipids were removed during hexanol evaporation. The analytical methodology was fully validated according to Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. Method detection limits from 0.03 to 0.14 mu g L-1 were well below the maximum residue limits legislated in milk for these drugs, with interday precisions at maximum residue levels below 13%. This novel methodology guarantees a rapid and reliable tool for daily and routine laboratory analyses in the field of food quality control.

The treat-to-target strategy (T2T) was associated with better outcomes in psoriatic arthritis (PsA) compared to standard care in clinical trials. This study aimed to analyze factors precluding treatment optimization in a T2T strategy conducted in a real-world cohort of PsA patients. A retrospective cross-sectional study nested in a cohort was conducted. Medical records of patients ≥ 18 years old, fulfilling CASPAR criteria and with at least one visit in the PsA clinic, were reviewed. Demographic data, current medication, and minimal disease activity (MDA) criteria were recorded. Reasons for the non-escalation of therapy in patients who were not classified as MDA were reported as absolute and relative frequencies. In the 8-month period, 131 visits (corresponding to 74 patients) were conducted. The MDA criteria were available in 113 visits (86.3%) and patients were classified as MDA in 31.0% of the visits (N = 35/113). Although in 69.0% of the visits patients were not in MDA, (N = 78/113), therapy was adjusted in only 42.3% (N = 33/78). Reasons precluding treatment escalation in non-MDA subjects were physician's impression of remission (57.7%, N = 26), non-adherence to previous prescription (17.8%, N = 8), restricted access to drugs (17.8%, N = 8), adverse events (11.1%, N = 5), poor understanding of medication instructions (6.7%, N = 3), patient's refusal to escalate therapy (4.4%, N = 2), and recent change in therapy (2.2%, N = 1). Discordance between the physician's clinical evaluation and the MDA criteria, non-adherence to prescription, and poor access to drugs were the main factors precluding escalation of therapy in a T2T strategy in a real-world PsA cohort.

Off-stream waterers (OSWs) located in upland pastures may be effective in reducing livestock impacts on riparian areas and rivers, but little research has been conducted on the impact of OSWs located closer to rivers. We studied cattle behaviour over four years (2012–2015) for a portable OSW at two sites (18–25 m from river) along an unfenced reach, and two permanent OSWs (41–68 m from river) located adjacent to the fenced reach with restricted cattle-access along the Lower Little Bow River in southern Alberta. The number of cattle drinking from the OSW versus river or restricted access site, as well as number of cattle on the bench-terrace or riparian zone with and without OSW, was determined. Significantly (P ≤ 0.10) greater (15-fold) number of cattle per day preferred to drink from the OSW compared to the river at the first location (Site 1) along the unfenced reach in June of 2012, but there was no significant difference at the second location (Site 2) along this same reach in July–August of 2012. Significantly greater (1.7–3.4 fold) numbers of cattle were present on the bench-terrace than the riparian zone when the OSW was present along the unfenced reach. Similar number of cattle preferred to drink from the OSW and restricted river-access site along the south side of the fenced reach in 2013 and 2015, and greater (2.7 fold) number preferred to drink from the river than OSW in 2014. In contrast, the permanent OSW on the north side of the fenced reach had significantly more (2.7 fold) cattle preferring to drink from the OSW than river-access site in 2015. Our results generally supported the hypothesis that OSWs located closer (≤68 m) to rivers were effective, but there were some exceptions.

El objetivo de este artículo es caracterizar la situación de pobreza en Chile según la métrica de la perspectiva multidimensional. Como resultados se obtuvieron que a nivel general las carencias están más acentuadas en zonas rurales y que se agudizan al utili-zar indicadores multinivel. Desde este enfoque, los indicadores de mayor precariedad y relevancia son educación, trabajo y vivienda. Se plantea que pese a la precariedad económica y el acceso restringido de bienes y servicios en los medios rurales, estos continúan siendo un espacio donde las manifestaciones de solidaridad y de bienestar subjetiva alcanzan mayor intensidad respecto a la ciudad. Se concluye que, no obstante las reconocidas limitaciones de la incipiente perspectiva multidimensional, este nuevo enfoque diversifica analíticamente y aporta mayor densidad a la comprensión y abor-daje de la pobreza en Chile.

SummaryNatural resource-related conflicts between local communities and nation states can be extremely destructive. Worldwide, interest is growing in gaining a better understanding of why and how these conflicts originate, particularly in protected areas inhabited by local communities. The literature on local attitudes towards and perceptions of park conservation and park–people conflicts is quite extensive. Studies have examined the socioeconomic and geographical determinants of attitudes to protected areas. However, the role of such determinants in the experience of park–people conflicts has received considerably less attention. Drawing on 601 interviews with people living in or near 15 Colombian national protected areas (NPAs), we examine the socioeconomic and geographical variables that are most influential in people’s experience of conflict related to restricted access to natural resources. We find that the experience of this type of conflict is largely explained by the NPA where a person resides, pursuit of productive activities within the NPA, previous employment in NPA administration, gender and ethnicity. We recommend implementing socially inclusive conservation strategies for conflict prevention and resolution in Colombia’s NPAs, whereby both women and men from different ethnic groups are engaged in design and implementation.

This paper is part of a master‘s thesis which dealt with implementation of gamification in an online course offered by Judicial School at São Paulo Regional Labour Court. The question of this paper is to review relevant literature about benefits and pitfalls of gamification in learning contexts to propose a framework for implementing gamification in Moodle 2.5. The objective of this paper is to compare the creation of a framework of an online course without game elements with its gamified version with elements that can motivate and engage people in online learning contexts, such as activity completion, restricted access, progress bar block, badges, and jeopardy-like quizzes. After implementing these features in an existing online course without gamification, the main results are that it is feasible to implement simple game mechanics in Moodle 2.5, although it takes a long time to create some of them, such as badges, and it is mandatory to have knowledge of development if the course demands Moodle documentation to create a more complex gamification block.

The Urdu-speaking Biharis of Bangladesh have been facing obstructions in enjoying full citizenship rights since Bangladesh gained independence from Pakistan in 1971. This minority, living on the fringes of Bangladeshi society, still mostly in camps, experiences discrimination particularly in obtaining passports and other travel and identity documents, despite legal assertions that they are citizens. Using theoretical and empirical research, the article seeks to identify the extent of this denial of sociopolitical and legal rights. The research finds discriminatory policies and practices in public service delivery at local levels, regarding access to public education and employment, but especially concerning passports and driver’s licences. This supports a conclusion that the Biharis of Bangladesh remain even today effectively stateless. Not fully protected by the bureaucratic state structures that should be engaged in non-discriminatory public service delivery, they are defrauded of basic rights and equal opportunities, notably the freedom to travel.

This article examines the composition of firm ownership and entrepreneurship in Egypt between 1910 and 1949 by assembling a novel dataset on multi‐owned firms. The evidence supports two main results. First, Muslim participation remained disproportionately low in partnerships but was distinctly high in corporations relative to non‐Muslims. Second, Muslim‐owned firms were frailer and more likely to experience early exits. The findings are consistent with the view that the region's institutional legacy, such as disparities in physical or human capital, created obstacles for Muslims. When these implications are tested, the findings show that only small‐scale Muslim firms had restricted access to capital. The skewness in Muslim firms’ entry and start‐up size is probably the result of legal distortions introduced by the government, which entrenched a small class of political elites in large‐scale firms.

Teza. Współcześnie dostęp do edukacji muzułmańskich kobiet jest utrudniony, na co wpływ mają różnorodne czynniki, w tym m.in. religia, bieda, system patriarchalny oraz system polityczno-społeczny danego państwa. Omówione koncepcje. Artykuł jest próbą przedstawienia aktualnych danych dotyczących dostępu do edukacji muzułmańskich kobiet oraz zwrócenia uwagi na czynniki, które mogą go ograniczać. Dla uprawdopodobnienia wniosków autorka przytacza liczne przykłady ze świata muzułmańskiego. Zastosowane w artykule metody badawcze to metoda historyczna oraz formalno-dogmatyczna obejmująca analizę tekstów prawnych oraz raportów organizacji międzynarodowych. Wyniki i wnioski. Autorka dokonała przeglądu oraz analizy raportów organizacji międzynarodowych dotyczących problematyki dostępu do edukacji kobiet, w celu uzasadnienia konieczności badań nad tym zagadnieniem. Autorka doszła przy tym do wniosku, że głównymi problemami warunkującymi gorszy dostęp muzułmanek do edukacji wcale nie muszą być bieda i związany z tym analfabetyzm, a system patriarchalny świata muzułmańskiego i sama religia. Artykuł nie ma jednak na celu krytyki islamu ani systemu patriarchalnego świata muzułmańskiego, gdyż nie da się tych dwóch aspektów od siebie oddzielić. Autorka zwróciła też uwagę, na zbyt małe przykładanie uwagi do roli edukacji ponadgimnazjalnej oraz programów nauczania w świecie muzułmańskim.

Young people growing up in poverty often have restricted access to out-of-school enrichment activities that are important for generating the soft skills that support post-school transitions. This paper compares young Australians’ accounts of their opportunity structures – their engagement with enrichment activities, their post-school aspirations, and their knowledge of routes to achieve them – in two suburb types – improver suburbs (close to the median on many indicators) and isolate suburbs (severely disadvantaged on most indicators). While young people in improver suburbs felt able to access facilities and networks in equally or more affluent neighbouring suburbs, young people in isolate suburbs felt excluded from neighbouring suburbs, and experienced more restricted opportunity structures than young people living in improver suburbs, even those who were themselves economically disadvantaged. The paper argues that this geographical experience of exclusion prevents many economically disadvantaged...

Restricting when and where smoking can occur is a major focus of public health policies in Western countries. In conjunction with increased taxation, these approaches have contributed to a reduction in smoking uptake among adolescents, yet the consequences for established smokers are less clear. In order to further explore this relationship, we developed a novel animal model of restricted nicotine self-administration. Rats were trained to choose between three doses of nicotine (15, 30 and 60 μg/kg/infusion) under conditions where nicotine was (1) freely available at a low cost (20-second post-infusion time-out, fixed-ratio 1 [FR1]), (2) available under restricted access at a low cost (300-second post-infusion time-out, FR1), or (3) freely available at a high cost (20-second post-infusion time-out, FR5). We demonstrate that as access to nicotine is restricted or when cost increases, rats compensate for these changes by increasing their intake of the highest dose of nicotine available. This preference was impervious to treatment with the smoking cessation medication varenicline, but was reduced when the cost of the highest dose only was increased, or when nicotine was again made freely available at a low cost. These results provide the first evidence in rats that nicotine availability and cost influence nicotine choice independently of variations in nicotine and context exposure. They imply that established smokers may compensate for changes in the availability and cost of tobacco by increasing their rate of smoking when they are free to do so.

In order to understand the environmental impacts of various products, processes, or services, it should be possible to obtain life-cycle assessment (LCA) reports quickly and easily without having to delve into restricted access or hidden databases. The aim of this study is to assess the availability of environmental LCAs, water footprinting, and carbon footprinting studies conducted in New Zealand. To review the quantitative availability of life-cycle assessment studies for New Zealand, simple online searches were performed using the Google and Google Scholar search engines. Additionally, ScienceDirect and Scopus were used to determine the availability of other peer-reviewed LCA-related reports. For the period under review, 20 documents were publicly available. Additionally, other searches conducted via ScienceDirect, Scopus and Google Scholar yielded a further 15 restricted documents. The results included data carbon- and water footprinting studies. The number of LCAs and carbon footprinting reports both exceeded those of water footprinting. Over 35 studies were available through Internet searches. This number excludes wool which had six results (Scopus only) and many more through Google. These were not included due to possible repetition and miscounting of results.

A simple and high-throughput sample treatment, based on the use of a supramolecular solvent with restricted access properties (SUPRAS-RAM), was developed for the quantification of ochratoxin A (OTA) in spices subjected to EU regulation. The RAM properties of the SUPRAS permitted exclusion of macromolecules by chemical and physical mechanisms, and pigments and essential oils did not influence OTA extraction. Sample treatment took 10 min and required minute amounts of spice (0.2 g) and volume of SUPRAS (0.4 mL). After sample centrifugation, the crude extracts were directed analyzed by liquid chromatography/fluorescence detection (LC-FD) using external calibration. Method validation proved that it met the performance criteria set by the EU guidelines in terms of sensitivity, recoveries, precision, selectivity and trueness. Recoveries found for OTA in spices classified as difficult and unique commodities by the EU (i.e. Capsicum, Piper nutmeg, ginger and turmeric) ranged from 81 to 101%, with repeatability and intermediate precision, expressed as relative standard deviation, in the intervals 0.4–7% and 2–9%, respectively. Method detection and quantification methods were 1.2 and 3 μg/kg. The method meets the requirements to be applied in enforcement and surveillance programs related to OTA in spices.

Mothers of a child with intellectual disability face various challenges in parenting. However, most studies of support for parents of a child with intellectual disability have been conducted with families from Western cultural backgrounds. Little is known about support for families of children with disabilities in China. This study explored the perceptions of Chinese mothers of a child with intellectual disability about the support that they received. Semi-structured interviews were carried out with twelve mothers of a school-aged child with intellectual disability. The data were analysed thematically. It was found that Chinese mothers received support mainly from family members, social contacts, school teachers, and the government. Family conflicts, isolation from friends and community, unequal relationships with school teachers, and restricted access to information appear to be the main barriers for mothers to accessing and utilizing the available support. This research points to potential areas of difference between the experiences of mothers in China and those in Western countries.

Funding for this study was provided by the Clinical Neurosciences Division of the National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and a private donation. The work was supported by the Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Administration, Office of Research and Development. There has been little study of public literacy regarding posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Public knowledge and attitudes about PTSD are important for encouraging treatment, prevention, and informing policies. Using a national online survey of 541 adults across 47 U.S. states in November 2016, we assessed attitudes and knowledge about PTSD. Most notably with respect to attitudes, 76–94% of the sample endorsed more federal funding for research, training, and practice for PTSD; and 76% of the sample also believed people with PTSD should have restricted access to firearms. With respect to knowledge, participants demonstrated good general knowledge about PTSD, but tended to overestimate the rate of PTSD and trauma exposure, and demonstrated little knowledge about effective treatments. Sociodemographic characteristics and political affiliation were associated with PTSD knowledge and attitudes, but clinical characteristics did not explain much additional variance. Together, these findings suggest that there is strong public support for research and practice related to PTSD, but little public knowledge about evidence-based treatments for this disorder. Postprint

Prisons have been described as the final frontier for research on gangs and gang members. Criminological research in prisons is rare due to restricted access to facilities, concerns about harsh public scrutiny, and worries about security. There are added challenges for survey research involving prison gang members, as it is believed that gang norms inhibit reliable and valid responses and discourage participation in research. This article introduces the Study of Trajectories, Associations, and Reentry—the LoneStar Project—which involved interview-based surveys with 802 prison inmates in Texas, over 45% of whom were officially classified as gang members. We assess the prospect for conducting interview-based survey research with gang members in prison. We detail the planning and implementation phases of this study, assess whether gang members can be surveyed in prisons with fidelity, report descriptive statistics on gang and non-gang members, and identify five key operational lessons from this study. Our results revealed that gang members would not only participate in research, but that the methodological characteristics of their survey responses were indistinguishable statistically and substantively from those of non-gang prison inmates. We also determined that strong researcher-practitioner relationships, a nimble yet consistent research team, and a heavy emphasis on rapport building allowed this project to be carried out with few disruptions in a prison environment. These results are promising for future research in prisons, especially with gang members.

In an attempt to prevent tail biting in pigs, tail docking is often done. This management procedure is painful for the pigs, so the question arises whether pigs can be raised with intact tails and whether these pigs would benefit from an enriched environment. The aim of this study was to investigate the behavior and performance of fattening pigs with intact tails in an enriched environment and fattening pigs in a more barren environment. A total of 94 pigs with different genetic backgrounds (type C pigs: predisposed to better carcass traits vs. type G: predisposed to better growth) were followed up during the fattening period (30-110 kg). Half of these pigs (n = 48) were housed in 4 barren control pens (a hanging toy as enrichment). The other half of the pigs (n = 46) were housed in 4 enriched pens (a hanging toy, straw blocks in a dispenser, and a hiding wall). Type C and type G pigs were equally spread over these treatments, but were housed separately (n = 2 pens/type/treatment). Behavioral observations were carried out once a week, and the presence of skin lesions was recorded every 14 days. Pigs were weighed individually on 4 occasions (start of the study, 6 and 12 weeks later and at slaughter), and simultaneously, tail lengths were also measured. The results revealed a general higher frequency of ear biting compared to tail biting in both barren and enriched pens. However, a higher frequency of tail biting was observed in enriched pens in the period between weight 3 and slaughter (90-110 kg) compared to barren pens. The restriction of movements around the pen and restricted access to the straw dispensers caused by the hiding wall, in combination with decreased space allowance due to weight gain, might have resulted in increased tail biting. When looking at the entire fattening period, this higher frequency of tail biting in enriched pens was mainly observed in type G pigs, while no difference between barren and enriched pens was found for type C pigs. Pigs in enriched pens had a higher average daily weight gain over the entire fattening period. Pigs predisposed to better growth (type G) had a higher average individual weight and longer tails than pigs predisposed to better carcass traits at the start of the fattening stage, yet daily weight gain and daily growth of the tail over the entire fattening stage did not differ between pig types. In conclusion, the presence of both straw dispensers and a hiding wall did not contribute to a lower frequency of biting behavior and aggressive behavior. Tail biting increased in enriched pens during the last period of the fattening stage. The results suggest that genetic background should be considered when investigating the cause of tail-biting outbreaks and when evaluating the effect of enrichment on tail biting.