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Just as the ordinary Doppler effect serves as a tool to measure radial velocities of celestial objects, so can the relativistic Doppler effect be implemented to measure a combination of radial and transverse velocities by using recent improvements in observing techniques. A key element that makes a further use of this combination feasible is the periodicity in changes of the orbital velocity direction for the source. Two cases are considered: (i) a binary star; and (ii) a solitary star with the planetary companion. It is shown that, in case (i), several precision Doppler measurements employing the gas absorption cell technique would determine both the total orbital velocity and the inclination angle of the binary orbit disentangled from the peculiar velocity of the system. The necessary condition for that is the measured, at least with a modest precision, proper motion and distance to the system., Comment: 6 pages, TEX, uses mn.sty, mn.tex

Time dilation in rotational movement is shown to be a combination of two different phenomena: time dilation of theory of special relativity and time dilation of theory of general relativity. Two laboratory experiments are suggested to verify this. It is also shown that the uncertainty principle is covariant in the weak field approximations.

A phenomenological explanation is presented for the physics of aberration, which is in contrast with special relativity physics. The effect of relativity is identified with an effect due to the velocity of observation being affected by the velocity of a moving particle. In contrast with the currently accepted view, it is demonstrated that the classical concepts of time and simultaneity are natural for describing relativistic phenomena.

Relativistic aberration and Doppler effects on rotating mirrors have been claimed (Ragazzoni & Claudi, 1995) and later refuted (Hickson, Bhatia & Iovino, 1995). While an experimental confirmation of the absence of the Doppler effect has been carried out in 1974, a measurement of the absence of the aberration effect is missing. It is shown that analyzing published data on the LAGEOS pulse-return signature an experimental confirmation of the absence of the effect is obtained.

We construct a generalization of Maxwell's equations associated with the proper-time of the source which accounts for radiation reaction without any assumptions concerning the nature of the source. The theory leads to a new invariance group, related to the Lorentz group, which leaves the proper-time of the source fixed for all observers.

For the relativistic plasma, how to fix the Lorentz factors of the particles is an important but difficult problem. We resolve this problem by demonstrating the exact relation between the average Lorentz factor and temperature in relativistic plasmas. A rather simple relation is also obtained for the ultra-relativistic case.

We report a joint test of local Lorentz invariance and the Einstein equivalence principle for electrons, using long-term measurements of the transition frequency between two nearly degenerate states of atomic dysprosium. We present many-body calculations which demonstrate that the energy splitting of these states is particularly sensitive to violations of both special and general relativity. We limit Lorentz violation for electrons at the level of $10^{-17}$, matching or improving the best laboratory and astrophysical limits by up to a factor of 10, and improve bounds on gravitational redshift anomalies for electrons by 2 orders of magnitude, to $10^{-8}$. With some enhancements, our experiment may be sensitive to Lorentz violation at the level of $9\times 10^{-20}$., Updated to match published version

Lorentz transformations are key to relativistic particles. In this work, we construct the Lorentz transformations in the coordinates of the light front, and we will derive from them the well-known time dilation and space contraction in these coordinates, with surprising novel factors.

In this work, the electric field emitted from a moving source, an electric point dipole, is analyzed for the purpose of illustrating the physics behind the Doppler effect. It is found that if the (translational) motion of the source is nonrelativistic, the Doppler effect is realized in two steps: the motion of the source first causes the dyadic Green function associated with the electric field to acquire an oscillation frequency in the far-field region of the source, and then the frequency leads to the Doppler effect. It is also demonstrated that the Doppler effect is observable only in the far-field region of the source.

Since the Lorentz boost is symmetric under exchange of x and ct, special relativistic phenomena will also manifest this symmetry. Firstly, simultaneity becomes paired with 'colocality' ('at the same place'), and the 'Relativity of Colocality' becomes the dual to the well-known 'Relativity of Simultaneity'. Further, Lorentz time contraction arises from reversal of the observation conditions pertaining to time dilation, expressible figuratively as 'Moving clocks run slow, but moving time runs fast'. Symmetry also dictates that the most fundamental observational modes are: (1) the simultaneous observation of length, a process involving both the relativity of simultaneity and length contraction; and (2) the colocal measurement of duration, involving both the relativity of colocality and time contraction. Only the first of these modes is well known. The adoption of this symmetrical lexicon provides a necessary logical basis for interpretational studies of observation and measurement in special relativity.

The electric and magnetic fields of a line charge of finite length uniformly moving along its axis are derived by using retarded field integrals and also by using transformation equations of the special relativity theory. Both derivations yield the same field equations, although the derivation methods are drastically different. In particular, whereas transformation equations generally associated with Lorentz length contraction are crucial for the relativistic derivation, Lorentz contraction is not used in the retarded field derivation. On the other hand, although the retarded field derivation is based on the idea that retardation in the propagation of electromagnetic effects is a fundamental electromagnetic phenomenon, the relativistic derivation does not take retardation into account. An examination of the two solutions indicates that the field equations obtained classically and relativistically are identical because retardation is implicit in relativistic transformations.

We investigate the physics of an interstellar journey on board a spaceship with a constant acceleration, in the framework of special relativity. It is in principle possible to cross the Galaxy within a human lifetime. The aspect of the sky seen from the spaceship is severely distorted by relativistic aberration; most of the visible sky shrinks to a small region of strongly enhanced luminance in the direction of motion, leaving the rest of the celestial sphere almost entirely dark. The invisible universe becomes perceptible by the traveler, as the infrared and radio radiations are Doppler‐shifted to visible frequencies in the direction of motion. Navigational problems posed by these relativistic effects are examined.

It is shown that certain aspects of gravitation may be described using a relativistic action-at-a-distance formulation. The equations of motion of the model presented are invariant under Lorentz transformations and agree with the equations of Einstein's theory of general relativity, at the first post-Newtonian approximation, for any number of interacting point masses.

We examine the Michelson–Morley interferometer from an inertial frame in which the apparatus is in motion. Our goal is to complete the typical introductory exposition which drops this discussion as soon as the postulates of relativity are introduced. Computing the paths of light in the apparatus depends on understanding the tilting of the half‐silvered mirror due to Lorentz contraction, and also the effect of reflecting light from a moving mirror. The traditional ray diagrams of the classical analysis are augmented to show these features more clearly.

The relativistic extension of one‐dimensional simple harmonic motion is developed in the Lagrangian formalism. The relativistic equations of motion are derived and solved analytically. The motion with respect to proper time is analyzed in terms of an effective potential energy. While the motion remains bounded and periodic, the effect of time dilation along the world line is to cause it to become anharmonic with the period increasing with amplitude and the curvature concentrated at the turning points.

A complete picture of the relativity of wave fronts, heretofore lacking, is presented in the context of an expanding spherical light wave as recorded in two Lorentz frames in relative motion.

We compare the Doppler effect of special relativity with the cosmological redshift of general relativity in order to clarify the difference between them. Some basic concepts of observational cosmology, such as the definitions of distance and cosmological parameters, are also presented.

We present a physical-optics based theory of the physical mechanism for aberration of starlight. We apply non-relativistic and relativistic theories for wavefront image formation and include the effects of optically transmitting media within the sensor. We show that the sensors imaging properties combined with finite velocity of light fully accounts for aberration. That is, the influence of the moving sensor on the incident wavefront from the star fully explains aberration. Our treatment differs from all previous derivations because we include wavefront-imaging physics within the sensor model. Our predictions match Earth-sensor based measurements, but differ at larger sensor speeds from predictions of the special relativistic-based theory. While experimental uncertainty resulting from the low Earth-orbital velocity prevents experimental confirmation of the special relativistic model of aberration, we find that Earth-based sensors containing refractive optical media could experimentally differentiate between these competing descriptions and, in addition, yield an independent test of time dilation. We derive and present the details of such an experiment.

This review paper summarizes recent progress in lightning return stroke modeling and electromagnetic field computational methods. Recent work on electromagnetic and distributed-circuit models concerns essentially the inclusion of distributed nonlinearities along the channel. The nonlinear versions of electromagnetic and distributed-circuit models are able to reproduce experimentally-observed typical features of electromagnetic fields, especially the zero crossing of the remote fields. The equivalency between lumped-source and distributed-source models was the subject of recent investigations on engineering models, which have led to physical insight into the physics of lightning channel corona sheath. Other advances in engineering models concern a rigorous analysis of wave propagation along an extending transmission line which resulted in a revision of engineering models taking into account the reflections from the return stroke wavefront. The reflections are shown to be affected by relativistic Doppler effect. Recent studies on the identification of the main mechanisms responsible for the time of occurrence of the reversal of polarity in the far fields are described. Finally, the paper summarizes computational methods for the evaluation of electromagnetic fields along a lossy ground, with special emphasis on recent studies related to the case of inhomogeneous (vertically and horizontally stratified) ground.

The reciprocity principle requests that if an observer, say in the laboratory, sees an event with a given velocity, another observer at rest with the event must see the laboratory observer with minus the same velocity. The composition of velocities in the Lorentz-Einstein scheme does not fulfill the reciprocity principle because the composition rule is neither commutative nor associative. In other words, the composition of two non-collinear Lorentz boosts cannot be expressed as a single Lorentz boost but requires in addition a rotation. The Thomas precession is a consequence of this composition procedure. Different proposals such as gyro-groups have been made to fulfill the reciprocity principle. An alternative velocity addition scheme is proposed consistent with the invariance of the speed of light and the relativity of inertial frames. An important feature of the present proposal is that the addition of velocities is commutative and associative. The velocity reciprocity principle is then immediately fulfilled. This representation is based on a transformation of a hyperbolic scator algebra. The proposed rules become identical with the special relativity addition of velocities in one dimension. They also reduce to the Galilean transformations in the low velocity limit. The Thomas gyration needs to be revised in this nonlinear realization of the special relativity postulates. The deformed Minkowski metric presented here is compared with other deformed relativity representations.

We present in this paper a thorough analysis of current wave propagation with arbitrary speed along an extending transmission line. We derive rigorous analytical equations in the time and frequency domains expressing the reflections of the current wave occurring at the extending end of the line. The derived equations reveal that it is not possible to represent current reflections occurring at the extending end of a transmission line using a constant, frequency-independent reflection coefficient, as previously done in the literature. The reflected wave from the extending end of the line is shown to be affected by the Doppler frequency shift. In other words, the reflected wave from an extending transmission line suffers distortion, the amount of which depends on the incident wave form, its frequency content, and the speed of the extending end of the line. The derived expression is in agreement with the relativistic Doppler effect and is consistent with the Lorentz transformation. Finally, engineering models for return strokes are generalized and closed-form analytical expressions are derived for the spatial-temporal distribution of the current along the channel accounting for reflections at ground and at the return stroke wave front taking into account the Doppler effect.

Applying relativity theory and quantum mechanics, a formula calculating wavelength of the K α X-ray is obtained considering three different relativity effects which are spin-orbit coupling, kinetic energy relativity effect and potential relativity effect. The wavelengths from 11 elements to 90 elements have been calculated and the effects of each effect on X-ray spectrum have been studied. Calculation values agree with experimental data. Results show that Kinetic Energy Relativity Effect will widen the energy gap, largen the transition frequency and shorten the wavelength, while the Spin-Orbit Coupling Effect has the counter-effect. Relativistic Effect is proportional to the square of Z and affect distinctly to the elements with large atom number.

Based on a new detection scheme optical Ramsey fringes on the magnesium intercombination transition (λ=457 nm) have been demonstrated with a resolution of 4 kHz and an accuracy of 1 Hz (Δvv ≈2×10−15)using laser cooled and trapped atoms. Applying a pulsed excitation scheme to the trapped ensemble, the Ramsey signals are nearly undisturbed by the relativistic Doppler effect and phase errors of the Ramsey zones. The detection is based on the quantum amplification due to the electron shelving effect in cooperation with the trap dynamics, monitored as decrease of the trap fluorescence induced by the fast trapping transition. Simultaneously recorded Ramsey interferences on a thermal atomic beam allowed a direct measurement of the second order Doppler shift. The relevance of the experiment to future optical frequency standards achieving a stability and an accuracy of better than 10−15 as well as applications of this system for atom interferometry are discussed.

We study the orbits of two interacting particles described by a fully relativistic classical mechanical Hamiltonian. We use two sets of initial conditions. In the first set (dynamics 1) the system's center of mass is at rest. In the second set (dynamics 2) the center of mass evolves with velocity V. If dynamics 1 is observed from a reference frame moving with velocity -V, the principle of relativity requires that all observables must be identical to those of dynamics 2 seen from the lab frame. Our numerical simulations demonstrate that kinematic Lorentz space-time transformations fail to transform particle observables between the two frames. This is explained as a result of the inevitable interaction-dependence of the boost generator in the instant form of relativistic dynamics. In spite of general inaccuracies of Lorentz formulas, the orbital periods are correctly predicted by the Einstein's time dilation factor for all interaction strengths., 14 pages, 1 figure

The physical research deals mostly with intriguing problems which appear beyond the current physics. But sometimes they are not well established on theoretical and observational basis. There is however several already observed phenomena that are really beyond the current physics and wait for a rational explanation depending on new physical paradigms. For instance, the source of energy heating the galactic cold clouds and QSO, the excess infrared emission from planets, the planetary geophysical evolution and the cosmological evolution in nearly static universe. From the pure theoretical side there are good theories, as Special relativity that kept a “mysterious” character due to the persistent lack of interpretation within some physical paradigm. Considering the micro-quanta collisions with particles through the relativistic Doppler effect, some theoretical problems find solution, as the origin of particle mass, the origin of inertial forces, etc. New physical concepts arise from this paradigm, for instance the pushing gravitation that shows the basis for the unification of fundamental forces. Some old concepts hidden in our mind, as the Newton’s “gravitational mass”, hindered the gravitational research in the last century. For instance the incorporation of the Newton’s constant G in General relativity theory guided the theoretical research towards some blind alleys, as the unlimited gravitational collapse (black holes), the Big bang model, the dark energy, etc.

It is shown without making use of Lorentz transformation that there exists a phenomenon of relativistic zero-frequency shift in Doppler effect for a plane wave in free space, observed in two inertial frames of relative motion, and the zero shift takes place at a maximum aberration of light. When it is applied to analysis of a moving point light source, two unconventional physical implications result: (1) a light source, when it is approaching (moving closer to) the observer, may cause a red shift; (2) a zero-frequency-shift observation does not necessarily mean that the light source is not moving closer, and in contrast, the light source may be moving closer to the observer at a high speed. This fundamental result of special relativity may provide an alternative way to experimentally examine the principle of relativity, and might have a significant application in astrophysics., Comment: (1) The words:"...for a plane wave in free space, observed in two inertial frames of relative motion,...the definitions of 'approaching' and 'receding' do not apply. When the zero-shift effect is applied to approximate analysis..." are added on p. 7. (2) "Reply to Comment by Sfarti" is added on p. 9. 7 figures, 9 pages

In two inertial frames that move in a particular direction, may be registered a light signal that propagates in an angle with this direction. Applying Pythagoras theorem and principles of STR in both systems, we can derive all relativistic kinematics relations like the relativity of simultaneity of events, of the time interval, of the length of objects, of the velocity of the material point, Lorentz transformations, Doppler effect and stellar aberration.

A diagram borrowed from holographic interferometry has been applied to visualize phenomena in Special Relativity. It displays how a sphere of observation is by velocity elongated into an ellipsoid of observation and produces graphically all the well accepted equations of Einsteins Special Relativity. The Lorentz contraction, however, is explained as an elongation of the measuring rod, the meter, which by definition is based on either a specific number of wavelengths or the velocity of light multiplied by time. The diagram displays the total apparent object distortions including not only the Lorentz contraction but also larger apparent contractions and elongations caused by the classic Doppler Effect. The reasons of these deformations are the delays caused by variations in distance from observer to different parts of the moving object. In this paper we do not discuss the meaning of apparent, as compared to real, deformation.

Modern experimental techniques based on collinear laser spectroscopy have led to greatly improved versions of the classical Ives-Stilwell experiment. The new experiments employ collinear laser beams and measure the Doppler shift as it is seen in the rest frame of a relativistic particle beam. This note analyzes these experiments in the framework of a test theory of special relativity due to Mansouri and Sexl. It is found that the experiments can test the coefficient functiona(υ2 (responsible for time dilation), but are insensitive tob,d andɛ. While the Mansouri-Sexl theory in principle allows for an anisotropy of the velocity of light with respect to a moving reference frame, anisotropy effects cancel out in Ives-Stilwell type experiments. These experiments by themselves are not sufficient for a direct observation of such an anisotropy.

The Lorentz transformation equations for emission rates are calculated from the equations for the time dilation, the Doppler effect and aberration. Radiation from accelerated charges and from diffuse surfaces in motion is considered. The theory is applied to a model of an expanding star, and the modification of its apparent magnitude due to the expanding motion is calculated.

The traditional interpretation of radiative emission and absorption asserts that photons are created and annihilated in such processes. A Gedanken experiment is considered in which kinetic energy from observed photons is systematically removed until a limit of zero is reached. With the help of the relativistic Doppler effect it is shown that even for infinitesimally small kinetic energies the photons continue to exist, since in other inertial systems they will be observed to have a much higher energy/frequency falling in an easily detectable range. It is possible to formulate an alternative explanation for absorption and emission processes on this basis in terms of real photons with exactly zero kinetic energy being present before or after radiative interactions. Bolstering this hypothesis is the fact that the statistical mechanical treatment of photons interacting with oscillators in blackbody radiation theory predicts an infinite density of photons of this energy, both in the original Planck formulation employing Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics and in the subsequent Bose-Einstein description. These considerations demonstrate that the E = 0 state is greatly preferred as the product of absorption because of the requirement to have the interaction occur in a relatively narrow region of space- time. There is thus strong evidence that photons are not created and annihilated in radiative processes but simply have their kinetic energy changed either to or from a zero value. Accordingly a very high density of zero-energy photons is expected to exist uniformly throughout the universe. Finally, this development suggests that one should subject the creation-annihilation hypothesis to careful scrutiny in other areas of physics as well., Comment: 26 pages, 2 figures

Doppler effect, as currently formulated. uses numerical phase invariance and any linear coordinate transformations with identity transformations of nonzero spatial coordinates transverse to a rectilinear uniform relative motion; this is shown to subtly deny presumed motion, angular aberration effects, and Doppler effect. A critical review of past Doppler effect experiments confirms (10−3 to 10−7) a classical Doppler effect formulation that does not involve an ether concept, numerical phase invariance, or the use of any coordinate transformations.

The wavelength has been a common denominator to the various wave-like and particle-like models of the photon - this wavelength being inversely proportional to the momentum and energy ascribed to the photon. The Lorentz transformation has been utilized with both wave-like and particle-like descriptions to generate the relativistic Doppler Effect and the associated transformation of the wavelength. The relativistic transformation of those models is reexamined here, noting the common feature that wavelength transforms as a specific time-length projected along the trajectory of the photon. While in the wave-model this length can be associated with the periodicity of the wave, in the particle-model this length can be associated with a real, quantized geometric property of the photon. This associated length can tie the photon to the description of components of other quantum particles modeled variously by strings or membranes. Whatever description for the structure of light we ultimately converge upon should integrate this real, geometric property of wavelength. A novel membrane-like model for the photon is discussed that integrates this geometric time-length and suggests the correlation to mass-energy.

This paper is based on Einstein's key concept, 'Physical Interpretation of Co-ordinates' on which basis he developed his theory of relativity. However, in the present theory, space and time co-ordinates are abandoned and instead, internal components of energy are recognized as co-ordinates of Nature's geometry. This enables the development of the theory in full conformity to the principle of conservation of energy . Whereas, the co-ordinates that vary in the motions of matter particles are inertia and velocity of the applied momentum, in motion of photons, it is the inertia and frequency co-ordinates that vary , while velocity co-ordinate remains invariant at value c, making the result of Michelson's experiment self-explanatory. Thus, although this theory vindicates special theory of relativity in regard to the principle of the constancy of the velocity of light, it contradicts it by recognizing the possession of mass by a photon. By identifying that Newton has willfully omitted two important laws by the use of the Ockham's razor, since these have no significant effects on the motion of bodies at low velocities, and by re-instating these laws, classical mechanics is revised to apply to bodies moving at all velocities whatsoever, so that the revised theory becomes capable of accounting for gamma-factor, Lorentz transformation and other relativistic phenomena. The parallel between 'Lorentz transformation' of the displacement of a fast moving particle in a laboratory on earth , in terms of co-ordinate variation of inertia and velocity, and the relativistic Doppler effect of starlight incident on earth in terms of co-ordinate variation of inertia and frequency, is established.

Modifications to the classic time-delay effect and Doppler shift in General Relativity (GR) are studied in the context of the Lorentz-violating Standard-Model Extension (SME). We derive the leading Lorentz-violating corrections to the time-delay and Doppler shift signals, for a light ray passing near a massive body. It is demonstrated that anisotropic coefficients for Lorentz violation control a time-dependent behavior of these signals that is qualitatively different from the conventional case in GR. Estimates of sensitivities to gravity-sector coefficients in the SME are given for current and future experiments, including the recent Cassini solar conjunction experiment., Comment: 13 pages, 4 figures, references added, matches PRD version

Because of the finite speed of light, the photographic appearance of a relativistic body would not simply show a Lorentz contraction. In its simplest version, this effect provides exercises, accessible to undergraduates, that illustrate concepts of simultaneity and use of the Lorentz transformation. Transformation of light intensity also provides useful exercises and interesting results.

The interpretation of experimental results [L. A. Pobedonostsev, Sov. Phys. Tech. Phys. 34, 303 (1989)] on a test of the relativistic formula for the Doppler effect and the mistaken conclusion drawn by one author of the experiment that the special theory of relativity (STR) is unsound [L. A. Pobedonostsev, Galilean Electrodyn. 6(6), 117 (1995)] are criticized. It is suggested that the construction of the slit collimator be altered so as to take into account the aberration of light.

Although the Doppler-effect is we ll known, some recent publica tions discuss the necessity of relativistic corrections in the measurements of two-beam interferometers. This is remarkable because sensor and detector are in the same reference frame and, therefore, it is not necessary to empl oy the Lorentz transformation. The whole consideration can be made in one inertial frame even if one reflector is moving in respect to the frame of source and detector. However, the commonly used equation for the Doppler-effect for a reflection at a moving surface is not correct because this equation is derived as a quasi-static solution by using optical path lengths. If the speed of light is considered as finite a different equation containing effects of wave propagation follows. Retardation effects in interferometers are discussed in this paper and its influences to laser-Doppler measurements are derived. Keywords: Laser-Doppler vibrometry, heterodyne interferometer, retardation effects, relativistic Doppler effect, wave propagation

In a six-dimensional space-time involving three space and three time coordinates we investigate how a particle would appear to an observer when it is moving at a speedv and when its time direction lies at an angle θ to that of the observer. It is shown how, unlike the standard four-dimensional case, the world-line of the particle is able to slip off the light surface of the observer so that the particle seems to vanish. Whether or not it does so depends on the value of γ (v) cos θ. The Doppler shift of the radiation emitted by a nonvanishing particle is calculated and it is found that when θ= 0, then a value of the red-shift can be obtained with smaller values of the observed velocity than is the case in the standard theory.

The longitudinal classical and relativistic Doppler effects for sound are derived through use of space‐time diagrams. Diagrams appropriate to Galilean and Lorentz transformations are reviewed in order to stress their simplicity and instructional value. The relativistic limiting case in which the signal is light is also considered.

We have developed an innovative ray-tracing simulation algorithm to describe R elativistic E ffects in S pace T ime ("REST"). Our algorithm, called REST-frame , models light rays that have assumed infinite speed in conventional ray-tracing to have a finite speed in spacetime, and uses the non-Newtonian Lorentz Transformation to relate measurements of a single event in different inertial coordinate systems (inertial frames) . Our earlier work [5][6][7] explored the power of REST-frame as an experimentation tool to study the rich visual properties in natural world modeled by Special Relativity. Non-intuitive images of the anisotropic deformation ("warping") of space, the intensity concentration/spreading of light sources in spacetime, and the relativistic Doppler shift were visualized from our simulations.

We discuss various aspects of the post-Newtonian approximation in general relativity. After presenting the foundation based on the Newtonian limit, we show a method to derive post-Newtonian equations of motion for relativistic compact binaries based on a surface integral approach and the strong field point particle limit. As an application we derive third post-Newtonian equations of motion for relativistic compact binaries which respect the Lorentz invariance in the post-Newtonian perturbative sense, admit a conserved energy, and are free from any ambiguity.

Light Speed in vacuum, instead of being a constant, it changes with those observers moving at different speeds and directions with respect to light origins. Time, on the other hand, instead of moving slower with the traveler, it always keeps the same rate. These facts disagree with Einstein’s Special Relativity. Light speed in vacuum is a constant only if it is observed from light origins and those positions in stationary with light origins in Absolute Space System. This is because the emission of a Yangton and Yington circulation pair (Wu’s Particle or Still Photon) from the surface of a matter (String Structure or Higgs Boson) to form a free photon traveling in vacuum is a Non-Inertia Transformation and it only requires a small fixed amount of Force of Separation. Since light speed is not a constant to those observers moving at different speeds and directions with respect to light origins, Velocity Time Dilation derived from Einstein’s Special Relativity is not true and could never exist. Absolute Space System, Vision of Light and Non-Inertia Transformation are introduced to explain the relationships between Space, Time and Relativities. Doppler Effect, Blue Shift and Red shift are due to the Non-Inertia Transformation of light emission. Length contraction is caused by the difference of Visions of Light instead of Velocity Time Dilation. In an Inertia System, because of the same Visions of Light, the same light speeds in vacuum can be observed by all observers. Furthermore, Michelson - Morley Experiment proves that for two split light beams traveling in vacuum, the same light speeds can also be observed. Time is the measurement of the cycles of a fundamental process from start to end of an event. Both time and light speed at large gravitational field have relatively slower rates, which may be caused by the longer period and lower frequency of Yangton and Yington circulation due to the influence of large gravitational field. This agrees well with Gravitational Time Dilation in Einstein’s General Relativity.