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This material presented in ACHOST 2020

Thirteen new species are formally described: Cortinarius brunneocarpus from Pakistan, C. lilacinoarmillatus from India, Curvularia khuzestanica on Atriplex lentiformis from Iran, Gloeocantharellus neoechinosporus from China, Laboulbenia bernaliana on species of Apenes, Apristus, and Philophuga (Coleoptera, Carabidae) from Nicaragua and Panama, L. oioveliicola on Oiovelia machadoi (Hemiptera, Veliidae) from Brazil, L. termiticola on Macrotermes subhyalinus (Blattodea, Termitidae) from the DR Congo, Pluteus cutefractus from Slovenia, Rhizoglomus variabile from Peru, Russula phloginea from China, Stagonosporopsis flacciduvarum on Vitis vinifera from Italy, Strobilomyces huangshanensis from China, Uromyces klotzschianus on Rumex dentatus subsp. klotzschianus from Pakistan. The following new records are reported: Alternaria calendulae on Calendula officinalis from India; A. tenuissima on apple and quince fruits from Iran; Candelariella oleaginescens from Turkey; Didymella americana and D. calidophila on Vitis vinifera from Italy; Lasiodiplodia theobromae causing tip blight of Dianella tasmanica ‘variegata’ from India; Marasmiellus subpruinosus from Madeira, Portugal, new for Macaronesia and Africa; Mycena albidolilacea, M. tenuispinosa, and M. xantholeuca from Russia; Neonectria neomacrospora on Madhuca longifolia from India; Nothophoma quercina on Vitis vinifera from Italy; Plagiosphaera immersa on Urtica dioica from Austria; Rinodina sicula from Turkey; Sphaerosporium lignatile from Wisconsin, USA; and Verrucaria murina from Turkey. Multi-locus analysis of ITS, LSU, rpb1, tef1 sequences revealed that P. immersa, commonly classified within Gnomoniaceae (Diaporthales) or as Sordariomycetes incertae sedis, belongs to Magnaporthaceae (Magnaporthales). Analysis of a six-locus Ascomycota-wide dataset including SSU and LSU sequences of S. lignatile revealed that this species, currently in Ascomycota incertae sedis, belongs to Pyronemataceae (Pezizomycetes, Pezizales).

Objective(s): The objective of this study was to evaluate pharmacological effect of Calligonum polygonoides against Krait snake’s venom acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and to extent it for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Materials and Methods: Acetylcholinesterase activity was measured using Ellman method with some modification. The kinetic studies of methanolic extract of C. polygonoides against krait (Bungarus Sindanus) snake venom AChE was measured with the help of the Lineweaver Burk double reciprocal plot. Results: Statistical data of the results showed that C. polygonoides extract inhibited the krait venom AChE in concentration dependent manner. Kinetic analysis using Line weaver Burk plot revealed that C. polygonoides caused mixed type of inhibition i.e. km value increased (25-106.6%) while Vmax decreased from 15 to 50% with an increase of C. polygonoides extract concentrations (100-300 µg/ml). The calculated IC50 value of C. polygonoides was found to be 250 µg/ml. Conclusion: C. polygonoides extract can be considered as a therapeutic agent to cure Alzheimer’s disease via inhibition of AChE activity to increase the level of acetylcholine in the body system.

Objective: To analyzes and determines the prevalence of type of denture fracture infour hospitals.Method: Data were collected from patients who attended prosthodontic clinics fordenture repairs at four hospitals. For each patient requiring of a fractured completeand partial denture, the variables were recorded: causes of denture fracture, thetype of fracture and the history of previous recurrent fractures.Results: Of 560 repaired denture 330 (59%) were complete dentures, 160 (30%) wereremovable partial denture, which were excluded from the study, and 70(10%) involved replacement of the teeth that had debonded from the denturebases. The ratio of upper to lower complete denture fractures was approximately2:1, most of the fractured dentures (65%) were those of males.Poor fit appeared to be the main cause of denture fracture 120 (20%), and poorocclusion was the second most common case recorded 50 (8%) .Midline fracturewas the most common type of fracture during the period of study 210(40%). Mostof fracture the fractured dentures 180 (32%) had previously been repaired once ormore.Conclusion: The total number of complete denture fractures was considerablyenhanced by repetitive fractures, which can be reduced by the application ofprosthetic principles in constructing and maintaining dentures particular during thelaboratory stages.Improvements in the processing techniques and the type of resin can reduce theincidence of denture fracture .Various polymers have been developed for use asdenture base resins to overcome some of the mechanical deficiencies ofpolymethylmethacrylate .

Porous silicon (PSi) samples fabricated by electrochemical etching method at current density (40) mA/cm2 with different etching time (3, 3:30, 4, 4:30) min where ZnO, TiO2 and 70% ZnO:30% TiO2 deposited by chemical spray pyrolysis to be applied for gas sensors, these sample have been investigated scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. XRD measurement has confirmed the crystallinity with Nanopores were produced on the PSi layer. The (FE-SEM) photographs revealed the highly porous structure which proved ideal for the performance as gas sensing element. AFM confirms the nanometric size.

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) was prepared using chemical spray pyrolysis technique on glass substrate at 350 °C with a spray rate of 5 s/1 min, for a thickness of 350 nm. The material characterization of the TiO2 nanofiber was performed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The optical absorption of the fibers was measured using a UV – vis spectrophotometer. The X-ray diffraction measurements confirmed that the films grown by this technique have good crystalline tetragonal anatase phase structure and with the preferred orientation along the [1 0 1] direction. The surface morphology of the TiO2 fibers showed that the micrography of the nanofiber are extra-fine. UV – vis transmittance measurements have shown that TiO2 fibers are highly transparent (∼90 (%in the visible wavelength region. The optical band gap of TiO2 fiber is 3.32 eV. The diameters of titanium dioxide nanotubes are found to be 30 – 60 nm, retaining the size and near cylindrical shape of the pores.

Eight new species presented are Calostoma areolatum collected in Wuyishan National Park (China), Crinipellis bidens from Hubei Province (China), Lactifluus sainii from Himalayan India, Inocybe elata from Yunnan (China), Inocybe himalayensis from Pakistan. Specimens previously identified as Massalongia carnosa represent a new species, namely M. patagonica restricted to southern South America. Saprolegnia maragheica is a new oomycete species of fresh water in Maraghe (Iran). Uncispora wuzhishanensis is a new aquatic hyphomycete species. A type specimen of Raddetes turkestanicus was studied and based on this the new combination Conocybe turkestanica, is proposed. Argyranthemum frutescens is a new host for Alternaria alternata and Syzygium cumini for Phyllosticta capitalensis in India. Crepidotus ehrendorferi is confirmed for Hungary and Pluteus leucoborealis for Central Europe, and for the phytogeographical region of Carpaticum. Pseudopithomyces palmicola is shown to occur on grapevine and it is validated by adding a unique identifier. Terfezia fanfani is reported first from Algeria.

The Koh-e-Sultan volcano occurs in the western part of Chagai magmatic arc, situated in north-western part of Balochistan, Pakistan. The Koh-e-Sultan volcano stretches in a 770 km2 area and is mainly represented by andesitic to dacitic lava flows and volcanoclastic sediments including agglomerate, tuffs, pumice, volcanic conglomerate, breccia and pyroclastic flows. The last explosive activity of this volcano is represented by pumice deposits of 0.09 million years old, mostly found towards west and southwest of Koh-e-Sultan volcano. The petrological study of various samples collected reveals that the lava flows are mainly represented by three main types of porphyritic andesites including; (a) hypersthene-andesite, (b) hypersthene-hornblende-andesite and (c) hornblende-andesite. The dacitic lava flows are also porphyritic and represented by only one variety of hornblende dacite. The pumice has rhyolitic composition and contains fragments of plagioclase, quartz, volcanic glass and minor biotite. The petrographic studies show a systematic decrease of anorthite contents as being younger, in hypersthene andesite range decreasing from An28-50 to An27-49, in hornblende-hypersthene andesite from An26-47 to An21-40 in hornblende andesite from An20-38 to An17-35 and in dacite the range is An12-30. The mafic mineral exhibits change from hypersthene through hornblende to biotite in rhyolitic pumice. The composition and proportion of mafic minerals in younger lava flows also changes. The concentration of opaque minerals generally decreases towards younger lava flows. The phenocryst and groundmass ratios increase towards younger volcanics from 30:70 to 60:40. These studies clearly indicate the progressive magmatic evolution of Koh-e-Sultan volcano from older to younger volcanics during Pliocene to Late Pleistocene. Keywords: Magmatic evolution; Koh-e-Sultan Volcano; Chagai magmatic arc