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115. Global age-sex-specific fertility, mortality, healthy life expectancy (HALE), and population estimates in 204 countries and territories, 1950–2019: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

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Abbafati, C., Machado, D.B., Cislaghi, B., Salman, O.M., Karanikolos, M., McKee, M., Abbas, K.M., Brady, O.J., Larson, H.J., Trias-Llimós, S., Cummins, S., Langan, S.M., Sartorius, B., Hafiz, A., Jenabi, E., Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, N., Borzouei, S., Azarian, G., Khazaei, S., Abbasi, M., Asghari, B., Masoumi, S., Komaki, H., Taherkhani, A., Adabi, M., Abbasifard, M., Bazmandegan, G., Kamiab, Z., Vakilian, A., Anjomshoa, M., Mokari, A., Sabour, S., Shahbaz, M., Saeedi, R., Ahmadieh, H., Yousefinezhadi, T., Haj-Mirzaian, A., Nikbakhsh, R., Safi, S., Asgari, S., Irvani, S.N., Jahanmehr, N., Ramezanzadeh, K., Abbasi-Kangevari, M., Khayamzadeh, M., Abbastabar, H., Shirkoohi, R., Fazlzadeh, M., Janjani, H., Hosseini, M., Mansournia, M., Tohidinik, H., Bakhtiari, A., Fazaeli, A., Mousavi, S., Hasanzadeh, A., Nabavizadeh, B., Malekzadeh, R., Hashemian, M., Pourshams, A., Salimzadeh, H., Sepanlou, S.G., Afarideh, M., Esteghamati, A., Esteghamati, S., Ghajar, A., Heidari, B., Rezaei, N., Mohamadi, E., Rahimi-Movaghar, A., Rahim, F., Eskandarieh, S., Sahraian, M., Mohebi, F., Aminorroaya, A., Ebrahimi, H., Farzadfar, F., Mohajer, B., Pishgar, F., Saeedi Moghaddam, S., Shabani, M., Zarafshan, H., Abolhassani, H., Hafezi-Nejad, N., Heidari-Soureshjani, R., Abdollahi, M., Farahmand, M., Salamati, P., Mehrabi Nasab, E., Tajdini, M., Aghamir, S., Mirzaei, R., Dibaji Forooshani, Z., Khater, M.M., Abd-Allah, F., Abdelalim, A., Abualhasan, A., El-Jaafary, S.I., Hassan, A., Elsharkawy, A., Khater, A.M., Elhabashy, H.R., Salem, M.R.R., Salem, H., Sadeghi, M., Jafarinia, M., Amini-Rarani, M., Mohammadifard, N., Sarrafzadegan, N., Abdollahpour, I., Sarveazad, A., Tehrani-Banihashemi, A., Yoosefi Lebni, J., Manafi, N., Pazoki Toroudi, H., Dorostkar, F., Alipour, V., Sheikhtaheri, A., Arabloo, J., Azari, S., Ghashghaee, A., Rezapour, A., Naserbakht, M., Kabir, A., Mehri, F., Yousefifard, M., Asadi-Aliabadi, M., Babaee, E., Eshrati, B., Goharinezhad, S., Moradi-Lakeh, M., Abedi, P., Rashedi, V., Kumar, V., Elgendy, I.Y., Basu, S., Park, J., Pereira, A., Norheim, O.F., Eagan, A.W., Cahill, L.E., Sheikh, A., Abushouk, A.I., Kraemer, M.U.G., Thakur, B., Bärnighausen, T.W., Shrime, M.G., Abedi, A., Doshi, C.P., Abegaz, K.H., Geberemariyam, B.S., Aynalem, Y.A., Shiferaw, W.S., Abosetugn, A.E., Aboyans, V., Abrams, E.M., Gitimoghaddam, M., Kissoon, N., Stubbs, J.L., Brauer, M., Iyamu, I.O., Kopec, J.A., Pourmalek, F., Ribeiro, A.P., Malta, D.C., Gomez, R.S., Abreu, L.G., Abrigo, M.R.M., Almulhim, A.M., Dahlawi, S.M.A., Pottoo, F.H., Menezes, R.G., Alanzi, T.M., Alumran, A.K., Abu Haimed, A.K., Madadin, M., Alanezi, F.M., Abu-Gharbieh, E., Saddik, B., Abu-Raddad, L.J., Samy, A.M., El Nahas, N., Shalash, A.S., Nabhan, A.F., Kamath, A.M., Kassebaum, N.J., Aravkin, A.Y., Kochhar, S., Sorensen, R.J.D., Afshin, A., Burkart, K., Cromwell, E.A., Dandona, L., Dharmaratne, S.D., Gakidou, E., Hay, S.I., Kyu, H.H., Lopez, A.D., Lozano, R., Misganaw, A.T., Mokdad, A.H., Naghavi, M., Pigott, D.M., Reiner Jr, R.C., Roth, G.A., Stanaway, J.D., Vollset, S., Vos, T., Wang, H., Lim, S.S., Murray, C.J.L., Kalani, R., Ikuta, K.S., Cho, D.Y., Kneib, C.J., Crowe, C.S., Massenburg, B.B., Morrison, S.D., Acebedo, A., Adelson, J.D., Agesa, K.M., Alam, T., Albertson, S.B., Anderson, J.A., Antony, C.M., Ashbaugh, C., Assmus, M., Azhar, G., Balassyano, S., Bannick, M.S., Barthelemy, C.M., Bender, R.G., Bennitt, F.B., Bertolacci, G.J., Biehl, M.H., Bisignano, C., Boon-Dooley, A.S., Briant, P.S., Bryazka, D., Bumgarner, B.R., Callender, C.S., Cao, J., Castle, C.D., Castro, E., Causey, K., Cercy, K.M., Chalek, J., Charlson, F.J., Cohen, A.J., Comfort, H., Compton, K., Croneberger, A.J., Cruz, J.A., Cunningham, M., Dandona, R., Dangel, W.J., Dean, F.E., DeCleene, N.K., Deen, A., Degenhardt, L., Dingels, Z.V., Dippenaar, I.N., Dirac, M.A., Dolgert, A.J., Emmons-Bell, S., Estep, K., Farag, T., Feigin, V.L., Feldman, R., Ferrara, G., Ferrari, A.J., Fitzgerald, R., Force, L.M., Fox, J.T., Frank, T.D., Fu, W., Fukutaki, K., Fuller, J.E., Fullman, N., Galles, N.C., Gardner, W.M., Gershberg Hayoon, A., Goren, E., Gorman, T.M., Gottlich, H.C., Guo, G., Haddock, B., Hagins, H., Haile, L.M., Hamilton, E.B., Han, C., Han, H., Harvey, J.D., Henny, K., Henrikson, H.J., Henry, N.J., Herbert, M.E., Hsiao, T., Huynh, C.K., Iannucci, V.C., Ippolito, H., Irvine, C.M.S., Jafari, H., Jahagirdar, D., James, S.L., Johnson, C.O., Johnson, S.C., Keller, C., Kemmer, L., Kendrick, P.J., Knight, M., Kocarnik, J.M., Krohn, K.J., Larson, S.L., Lau, K.M., Ledesma, J.R., Leever, A.T., LeGrand, K.E., Lescinsky, H., Lin, C., Liu, H., Liu, Z., Lo, J., Lu, A., Ma, J., Maddison, E.R., Manguerra, H., Marks, A., Martopullo, I., Mastrogiacomo, C.I., May, E.A., Mooney, M.D., Mosser, J.F., Mullany, E.C., Mumford, J., Munro, S.B., Nandakumar, V., Nguyen, J., Nguyen, M., Nichols, E., Nixon, M.R., Odell, C.M., Ong, K.L., Orji, A.U., Ostroff, S.M., Pasovic, M., Paulson, K.R., Pease, S.A., Pennini, A., Pierce, M., Pilz, T.M., Pletcher, M., Rao, P.C., Razo, C., Redford, S.B., Reinig, N., Reitsma, M.B., Rhinehart, P., Robalik, T., Roberts, S., Roberts, N.L.S., Rolfe, S., Sbarra, A.N., Schaeffer, L.E., Shackelford, K.A., Shadid, J., Sharara, F., Shaw, D.H., Sheena, B.S., Simpson, K.E., Smith, A., Spencer, C.N., Spurlock, E.E., Stark, B.A., Steiner, C., Steuben, K.M., Sylte, D.O., Tang, M., Taylor, H.J., Terrason, S., Thomson, A.M., Torre, A.E., Travillian, R., Troeger, C.E., Vongpradith, A., Walters, M.K., Wang, J., Watson, A., Watson, S., Whisnant, J.L., Whiteford, H.A., Wiens, K.E., Wilner, L.B., Wilson, S., Wool, E.E., Wozniak, S.S., Wu, J., Wulf Hanson, S., Wunrow, H., Xu, R., Yadgir, S., Yearwood, J.A., York, H.W., Yuan, C., Zhao, J.T., Zheng, P., Zimsen, S.R.M., Zlavog, B.S., Chang, A.Y., Oren, E., Buchbinder, R., Chin, K.L., Guo, Y., Polkinghorne, K.R., Thrift, A.G., Lee, S.W.H., Ackerman, I.N., Cicuttini, F.M., Li, S., Zaman, S., Suleria, H., Zhang, J., Cowie, B.C., Wijeratne, T., Patton, G.C., Sawyer, S.M., Adair, T., Meretoja, A., Adetokunboh, O.O., Adamu, A.A., Iwu, C.J., Parry, C.D.H., Seedat, S., Ndwandwe, D.E., Mahasha, P.W., Stein, D.J., Nnaji, C.A., Sambala, E.Z., Wiysonge, C.S., Adebayo, O.M., Ilesanmi, O.S., Owolabi, M.O., Adeoye, A.M., Adedeji, I.A., Adekanmbi, V., Ibitoye, S.E., John-Akinola, Y.O., Oluwasanu, M.M., Oghenetega, O.B., Akinyemi, R.O., Zandian, H., Adham, D., Zahirian Moghadam, T., Advani, S.M., Teagle, W.L., Braithwaite, D., Agasthi, P., Saadatagah, S., Afshari, M., Agardh, E.E., Allebeck, P., Danielsson, A., Deuba, K., Carrero, J.J., Mohammad, D.K., Fereshtehnejad, S., Ärnlöv, J., Nowak, C., Cederroth, C.R., Ahmadi, A., Pathak, A., Mills, E.J., Kurmi, O.P., Olagunju, A.T., Agarwal, G., Sathish, T., Aghaali, M., Mohammadbeigi, A., Agrawal, A., Ahmad, T., Ahmadi, K., Maleki, S., Naderi, M., Salahshoor, M.R., Pourmirza Kalhori, R., Almasi, A., Salimi, Y., Siabani, S., Ziapour, A., Barzegar, A., Khazaie, H., Kianipour, N., Amiri, F., Salehi Zahabi, S., Mirzaei, M., Shamsi, M., Najafi, F., Jalali, A., Ghadiri, K., Heydarpour, F., Fattahi, N., Karami Matin, B., Kazemi Karyani, A., Pirsaheb, M., Rajati, F., Sadeghi, E., Safari, Y., Sharafi, K., Soltani, S., Vasseghian, Y., Atafar, Z., Jalilian, F., Mirzaei-Alavijeh, M., Saeidi, S., Soofi, M., Zangeneh, A., Mansouri, B., Ahmadi, M., Khafaie, M.A., Safiri, S., Moghadaszadeh, M., Asghari Jafarabadi, M., Doshmangir, L., Jadidi-Niaragh, F., Ghafourifard, M., Spotin, A., Khodayari, M., Samadi Kafil, H., Kalankesh, L.R., Ahmadpour, E., Yousefi, B., Ansari, F., Hassankhani, H., Karimi, S., Haririan, H., Mereta, S., Ahmed, M.B., Feyissa, G.T., Ciobanu, L.G., Aji, B., Aynalem, G.L., Gebresillassie, B., Tefera, Y.G., Akalu, T.Y., Baraki, A.G., Tesema, G.A., Tessema, Z.T., Tamiru, A.T., Azene, Z.N., Netsere, H.B., Yano, Y., Akinyemiju, T., Wu, C., Zadey, S., Samad, Z., Ji, J.S., Doshi, P.P., John, O., Jha, V., Maulik, P.K., Pesudovs, K., Resnikoff, S., Mitchell, P.B., Sachdev, P.S., Akombi, B., Godinho, M.A., Ivers, R.Q., Peden, A.E., Biswas, R., Boufous, S., Akunna, C.J., Alahdab, F., Hammer, M.S., van Donkelaar, A., Al-Aly, Z., Dellavalle, R.P., Alam, S., Martin, R.V., Alam, N., De Leo, D., Tadakamadla, S.K., Alam, K., Alcalde-Rabanal, J.E., Avila-Burgos, L., Serván-Mori, E., Denova-Gutiérrez, E., Rodríguez-Ramírez, S., Morales, L., Poznańska, A., Wojtyniak, B., Rivera, J.A., Campos-Nonato, I.R., Campuzano Rincon, J., Sánchez-Pimienta, T.G., Mengesha, M.B., Welay, F.T., Alema, N.M., Demsie, D.G., Teame, H., Teklehaimanot, B.F., Alemu, B.W., Gultie, T., Bante, A.B., Yeshitila, Y.G., Geramo, Y.C.D., Glagn, M., Sorrie, M.B., W/hawariat, F.G., Amare, A., Kasa, A., Alemu, Y., Mihretie, K.M., Atnafu, D.D., Demeke, F.M., Melese, A., Bante, S.A., Dessie, G.A., Mengesha, E.W., Nigatu, D., Almadi, M.A.H., Alhabib, K.F., Mohammad, Y., Altirkawi, K.A., Temsah, M., Kugbey, N., Ayanore, M.A., Alhassan, R.K., Ali, M., Ali, S., Alicandro, G., Kalhor, R., Alijanzadeh, M., Alinia, C., Yusefzadeh, H., Didarloo, A., Alizade, H., Nikpoor, A., Aljunid, S.M., Alla, F., Leal, L.F., Almasi-Hashiani, A., Moradzadeh, R., Zamanian, M., Nazari, J., Amini, S., Ghamari, F., Almasri, N.A., Khan, M., Al-Mekhlafi, H.M., Bedi, N., Alonso, J., Ciber, E.S.P., Al-Raddadi, R.M., Zakzuk, J., Alvis-Guzman, N., Alvis-Zakzuk, N.J., Castañeda-Orjuela, C.A., Malagón-Rojas, J.N., Gezae, K., Gesesew, H.A., Muthupandian, S., Gebremeskel, G.G., Berhe, K., Amare, B., Ayza, M.A., Gebremeskel, L.G., Gebreslassie, A.A.A., Bitew, H., Zewdie, K.A., Tela, F.G.G., Gill, T.K., Noubiap, J., Lassi, Z.S., Bhandari, D., Amit, A.L., Antonio, C.T., Faraon, E.A., Lopez, J.F., Atre, S.R., Ballew, S.H., Matsushita, K., Khoja, A.T., Daneshpajouhnejad, P., Ghadimi, M., Shafaat, O., Fanzo, J., Amugsi, D.A., Amul, G.H., Koh, D.S.Q., Venketasubramanian, N., Anbesu, E.W., Mohammed, J.A., Wondmeneh, T.G., Andrei, C., Negoi, R.I., Davitoiu, D.V., Manda, A., Negoi, I., Preotescu, L., Hostiuc, M., Hostiuc, S., Ancuceanu, R., Hasan, M., Leung, J., Anderlini, D., Mamun, A.A., Maravilla, J.C., McGrath, J.J., Lalloo, R., Uddin, R., Erskine, H.E., Knibbs, L.D., Mantilla Herrera, A.M., Santomauro, D.F., Mirica, A., Ausloos, M., Herteliu, C., Oţoiu, A., Pana, A., Andrei, T., Ştefan, S., Androudi, S., Angus, C., Ansari, I., Pourjafar, H., Shams-Beyranvand, M., Ansari-Moghaddam, A., Khammarnia, M., Antonazzo, I., Ferrara, P., Conti, S., Cortesi, P.A., Fornari, C., Lee, P.H., Antriyandarti, E., Yousefi, Z., Rafiei, A., Javidnia, J., Faridnia, R., Anvari, D., Goudarzian, A., Moosazadeh, M., Rezai, M., Daryani, A., Fareed, M., Anwer, R., Appiah, S., Paudel, D., Dichgans, M., Riahi, S., Rajabpour-Sanati, A., Arab-Zozani, M., Arba, A.A.K., Aremu, O., Ariani, F., Aripov, T., Armoon, B., Mahdavi, M.M., Arowosegbe, O.O., Tediosi, F., Aryal, K.K., Mosapour, A., Yaminfirooz, M., Arzani, A., Bijani, A., Jahani, M.A., Mouodi, S., Zamani, M., Asaad, M., Dianatinasab, M., Bahrami, M., Pakshir, K., Asadi-Pooya, A.A., Bayati, M., Shahabi, S., Athari, S., Atout, M.M.W., Atteraya, M.S., Brugha, T., Ausloos, F., Avokpaho, E.F.G., Room, R., Islam, M., Edvardsson, D., Rahman, M., Ayala Quintanilla, B., Gething, P.W., Briggs, A.M., Ayano, G., Hendrie, D., Miller, T.R., Azzopardi, P.S., Hoogar, P., B, D.B., Kulkarni, V., Kumar, N., Mithra, P., Shetty, R.S., Thapar, R., Padubidri, J., Bakkannavar, S.M., Nayak, V.C., Rastogi, P., Shetty, B.K., Bhageerathy, R., Gudi, N., Boloor, A., Holla, R., Rathi, P., Unnikrishnan, B., Janodia, M.D., Lang, J.J., Badawi, A., Orpana, H.M., Bhutta, Z.A., Shield, K.D., Chattu, V., Badiye, A.D., Kapoor, N., Bagherzadeh, M., Rabiee, N., Bagli, E., Baig, A.A., Bairwa, M., Lodha, R., Sagar, R., Rath, G.K., Bhardwaj, P., Charan, J., Kanchan, T., Joshi, A., Pakhare, A.P., Bakhshaei, M., Naghshtabrizi, B., Balachandran, A., Hoek, H.W., Postma, M.J., Geremew, A., Gebrehiwot, A.M., Balakrishnan, S., Desalew, A., Bojia, H.A., Mohammed, A.S., Regassa, L.D., Parmar, P.G.K., Balalla, S., Baldasseroni, A., Stokes, M.A., Ball, K., Islam, S., Maddison, R., Balzi, D., Levi, M., Banach, M., Banerjee, S.K., Banik, P.C., Barua, L., Faruque, M., Barboza, M.A., Barker-Collo, S.L., Jonas, J.B., Panda-Jonas, S., De Neve, J., Kohler, S., Moazen, B., Mohammed, S., Barrero, L.H., Basaleem, H., Bassat, Q., Haro, J.M., Koyanagi, A., Car, J., Greaves, F., Majeed, A., Davis, A.C., Steiner, T.J., Kusuma, D., Palladino, R., Rawaf, S., Saxena, S., Rawaf, D.L., Baune, B.T., Karch, A., Baye, B.A., Darega Gela, J., Kolola, T., Becker, J.S., DeLang, M., West, J., Gad, M.M., Serre, M.L., Gallus, S., Lugo, A., Beghi, E., Pupillo, E., Bosetti, C., Giussani, G., Bikbov, B., Perico, N., Remuzzi, G., Imani-Nasab, M., Nouraei Motlagh, S., Sharafi, Z., Behzadifar, M., Béjot, Y., Bekuma, T.T., Yilma, M.T., Bell, M.L., Bello, A.K., Rafiee, A., Keddie, S.H., Lucas, T.C.D., Dolecek, C., Dunachie, S.J., Rumisha, S.F., Weiss, D.J., Lewington, S., Collins, E.L., Nandi, A.K., Zhao, Y., Bennett, D.A., Karim, M.A., Lacey, B., Khundkar, R., Yaya, S., Goulart, A.C., Santos, I.S., Bensenor, I.M., Lotufo, P.A., Tovani-Palone, M.R., Castaldelli-Maia, J., Wang, Y., Furtado, J.M., Benziger, C.P., Berman, A.E., Mazidi, M., Bernabe, E., Dargan, P.I., Molokhia, M., Shibuya, K., Douiri, A., Wolfe, C.D.A., Hay, R.J., Flohr, C., Suchdev, P.S., Ram, P., Bernstein, R.S., Liu, Y., Bhagavathula, A.S., Khan, G., Grivna, M., Bhala, N., Chandan, J.S., Gaidhane, A.M., Quazi Syed, Z., Saxena, D., Khatib, M., Bhat, A.G., Bhattacharyya, K., Bhattarai, S., Das, J.K., Bibi, S., Bilano, V., Bin Sayeed, M., Cherbuin, N., D'Amico, E., Grosso, G., Borzì, A.M., Biondi, A., Vacante, M., Valli, A., Birihane, B.M., Bisanzio, D., Hassan, S., Bjørge, T., Øverland, S., Bockarie, M.J., Mensah, G.A., Sliwa, K., Gholamian, A., Bohlouli, S., Esmaeilnejad, S., Bohluli, M., Bolla, S.R., Borges, G., Bose, D., Bourne, R., Brayne, C., Breitborde, N.J.K., Fisher, J.L., Breitner, S., Brenner, H., Breusov, A.V., Rakovac, I., Briko, N.I., Lopukhov, P.D., Glushkova, E.V., Korshunov, V.A., Polibin, R.V., Jakovljevic, M., Briko, A.N., Britton, G.B., Castro, F., Moreno Velásquez, I., Burnett, R.T., Burugina Nagaraja, S., Busse, R., Butt, Z.A., Caetano dos Santos, F., Cai, T., Hall, B.J., Cahuana Hurtado, Lucero, Cámera, L.A., Valdez, P.R., Tudor Car, L., Cárdenas, R., Gorini, G., Carreras, G., Fernandes, E., Freitas, M., Pereira, D.M., Santos, J.V., Ribeiro, D., Pinheiro, M., Massano, J., das Neves, J., Dias da Silva, D., Carvalho, F., Costa, V.M., Silva, J.P., Morgado-da-Costa, J., Castelpietra, G., Catalá-López, F., Pakhale, S., Cerin, E., Yip, P., Ho, H., Chang, J., Chang, A.R., Chang, K., Cooper, O.R., Chaturvedi, S., Chimed-Ochir, O., Chirinos-Caceres, J.L., Choi, J.J., Christensen, H., Truelsen, T.C., Chu, D., Kivimäki, M., Chung, S., Kumar, M., Ward, J.L., Chung, M.T., Cirillo, M., Virclo, R., Classen, T.K.D., Lauriola, P., Corso, B., Hugo, F.N., Kieling, C., Cousin, E., Duncan, B.B., Goulart, B.N.G., Schmidt, M.I., Stein, C., Cowden, R.G., MacLachlan, J.H., Leigh, J., Cross, M., Ferreira, M.L., Smith, E.U.R., Driscoll, T.R., Huda, T.M., Hoy, D.G., Horita, N., Cross, D.H., Dai, H., Hu, G., Damasceno, A.A.M., Damiani, G., La Vecchia, C., Sanabria, J., Pandey, A., Mathur, M.R., Zodpey, S., Kumar, G., Lal, D.K., Hamagharib Abdullah, K., Hosseinzadeh, M., Darwesh, A.M., Faraj, A., Omar Bali, A., Das Gupta, R., Dash, A.P., Davey, G., Deribe, K., Gebremedhin, K.B., Wondmieneh, A.B., Dereje, N.D., Dávila-Cervantes, C.A., Davletov, K., Mereke, A., Serdar, B., Haile, T.G., Tadesse, D.B., Weldesamuel, G.T., Demoz, G.T., Woldu, G., Handiso, D., Dervenis, N., Topouzis, F., Desai, R., Dhungana, G.P., Emamian, M., Diaz, D., Djalalinia, S., Nguyen, T.H., Vu, G.T., Do, H.T., Dokova, K., Doku, D.T., Neupane, S., Takala, J.S., Doxey, M.C., Doyle, K.E., Renzaho, A.M.N., Ogbo, F.A., Robinson, S.R., Vukovic, A., Ilic, I.M., Santric-Milicevic, M.M., Vujcic, I.S., Dubljanin, E., Vukovic, R., Rasella, D., Duraes, 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Vlassov, V, Vollset, Se, Vos, T, Vujcic, I, Vukovic, A, Vukovic, R, Waheed, Y, Wallin, Mt, Walters, Mk, Wang, Hb, Wang, Yp, Watson, S, Wei, Jk, Weiss, J, Weldesamuel, Gt, Werdecker, A, Westerman, R, Whiteford, Ha, Wiangkham, T, Wiens, Ke, Wijeratne, T, Wiysonge, C, Wojtyniak, B, Wolfe, Cda, Wondmieneh, Ab, Wool, Ee, Wu, Am, Wu, Jj, Xu, Gl, Yamada, T, Yamagishi, K, Yano, Y, Yaya, S, Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V, Yearwood, Ja, Yeheyis, Ty, Yilgwan, C, Yip, P, Yonemoto, N, Yoon, Sj, Lebni, Jy, York, Hw, Younis, Mz, Younker, Tp, Yousefi, Z, Yousefinezhadi, T, Yousuf, Ay, Yusefzadeh, H, Moghadam, Tz, Zakzuk, J, Bin Zaman, S, Zamani, M, Zamanian, M, Zandian, H, Zhang, Zj, Zheng, P, Zhou, Mg, Ziapour, A, Murray, Cjl, Wang, Haidong, Abbas, Kaja M, Abbasifard, Mitra, Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen, Abbastabar, Hedayat, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdelalim, Ahmed, Abolhassani, Hassan, Abreu, Lucas Guimarãe, Abrigo, Michael R M, Abushouk, Abdelrahman I, Adabi, Maryam, Adair, Tim, Adebayo, Oladimeji M, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adekanmbi, Victor, Adeoye, Abiodun Moshood, Adetokunboh, Olatunji O, Advani, Shailesh M, Afshin, Ashkan, Aghaali, Mohammad, Agrawal, Anurag, Ahmadi, Keivan, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Tahiya, Alanezi, Fahad Mashhour, Alanzi, Turki M, Alcalde-Rabanal, Jacqueline Elizabeth, Ali, Muhammad, Alicandro, Gianfranco, Alijanzadeh, Mehran, Alinia, Cyru, Alipour, Vahid, Alizade, Hesam, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Allebeck, Peter, Almadi, Majid Abdulrahman Hamad, Almasi-Hashiani, Amir, Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Alumran, Arwa Khalid, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amini-Rarani, Mostafa, Aminorroaya, Arya, Amit, Arianna Maever L, Ancuceanu, Robert, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Androudi, Sofia, Angus, Colin, Anjomshoa, Mina, Ansari, Fereshteh, Ansari, Iman, Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Antony, Catherine M, Anvari, Davood, Appiah, Seth Christopher Yaw, Arabloo, Jalal, Arab-Zozani, Morteza, Aravkin, Aleksandr Y, Aremu, 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Maria, Borzouei, Shiva, Brady, Oliver J, Braithwaite, Dejana, Brauer, Michael, Briko, Andrey Nikolaevich, Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich, Bumgarner, Blair R, Burugina Nagaraja, Sharath, Butt, Zahid A, Caetano dos Santos, Florentino Luciano, Cai, Tianji, Callender, Charlton SKH, Cámera, Luis LA Alberto, Campos-Nonato, Ismael R, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carreras, Giulia, Carrero, Juan J, Carvalho, Felix, Castaldelli-Maia, Joao Mauricio, Castelpietra, Giulio, Castro, Franz, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Cederroth, Christopher R, Cerin, Ester, Chattu, Vijay Kumar, Chin, Ken Lee, Chu, Dinh-Toi, Ciobanu, Liliana G, Cirillo, Massimo, Comfort, Haley, Costa, Vera Marisa, Cowden, Richard G, Cromwell, Elizabeth A, Croneberger, Andrew J, Cunningham, Matthew, Dahlawi, Saad M A, Damiani, Giovanni, D'Amico, Emanuele, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Dargan, Paul I, Darwesh, Aso Mohammad, Daryani, Ahmad, Das Gupta, Rajat, das Neves, José, Davletov, Kairat, De Leo, Diego, Denova-Gutiérrez, Edgar, Deribe, Kebede, Dervenis, Nikolao, Desai, Rupak, Dhungana, Govinda Prasad, Dias da Silva, Diana, Diaz, Daniel, Dippenaar, Ilse N, Djalalinia, Shirin, Do, Hoa Thi, Dokova, Klara, Doku, David Teye, Dorostkar, Fariba, Doshi, Chirag P, Doshmangir, Leila, Doyle, Kerrie E, Dubljanin, Eleonora, Duraes, Andre Rodrigue, Edvardsson, David, Effiong, Andem, El Sayed, Iman, El Tantawi, Maha, Elbarazi, Iffat, El-Jaafary, Shaimaa I, Emamian, Mohammad Hassan, Eskandarieh, Sharareh, Esmaeilzadeh, Firooz, Estep, Kara, Farahmand, Mohammad, Faraj, Anwar, Fareed, Mohammad, Faridnia, Roghiyeh, Faro, Andre, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fattahi, Nazir, Fazaeli, Ali Akbar, Fazlzadeh, Mehdi, Feigin, Valery L, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Eduarda, Ferreira, Manuela L, Filip, Irina, Fischer, Florian, Flohr, Carsten, Foigt, Nataliya A, Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin, Fomenkov, Artem Alekseevich, Freitas, Marisa, Fukumoto, Takeshi, Fuller, John E, Furtado, João M, Gad, Mohamed M, Gakidou, Emmanuela, Gallus, Silvano, Gebrehiwot, Abiyu Mekonnen, Gebremedhin, Ketema Bizuwork, Gething, Peter W, Ghamari, Farhad, Ghashghaee, Ahmad, Gholamian, Asadollah, Gilani, Syed Amir, Gitimoghaddam, Mojgan, Glushkova, Ekaterina Vladimirovna, Gnedovskaya, Elena V, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Goulart, Alessandra C, Gugnani, Harish Chander, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Subodh Sharan, Haagsma, Juanita A, Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin, Haj-Mirzaian, Arya, Halvaei, Iman, Hamadeh, Randah R, Hamagharib Abdullah, Kanaan, Han, Chieh, Handiso, Demelash Woldeyohanne, Hankey, Graeme J, Haririan, Hamidreza, Haro, Josep Maria, Hasaballah, Ahmed I, Hassanipour, Soheil, Hassankhani, Hadi, Hay, Simon I, Heibati, Behzad, Heidari-Soureshjani, Reza, Henny, Kiana, Henry, Nathaniel J, Herteliu, Claudiu, Heydarpour, Fatemeh, Hole, Michael K, Hoogar, Praveen, Hosgood, H Dean, Hossain, Naznin, Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi, Hostiuc, Mihaela, Hostiuc, Sorin, Househ, Mowafa, Hoy, Damian G, Hu, Guoqing, Huda, Tanvir M, Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel, Ikuta, Kevin S, Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen, Ilic, Irena M, Ilic, Milena D, Imani-Nasab, Mohammad Hasan, Islam, Mdmohaimenul, Iso, Hiroyasu, Iwu, Chinwe Juliana, Jaafari, Jalil, Jacobsen, Kathryn H, Jahagirdar, Deepa, Jahanmehr, Nader, Jalali, Amir, Jalilian, Farzad, James, Spencer L, Janjani, Hosna, Jenabi, Ensiyeh, Jha, Ravi Prakash, Jha, Vivekanand, Ji, John S, Jonas, Jost B, Joukar, Farahnaz, Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy, Jürisson, Mikk, Kabir, Zubair, Kalani, Hamed, Kalankesh, Leila R, Kamiab, Zahra, Kanchan, Tanuj, Kapoor, Neeti, Karch, André, Karimi, Salah Eddin, Karimi, Seyed Asaad, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal, Kawakami, Norito, Kayode, Gbenga A, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Keller, Cathleen, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khalid, Nauman, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khan, Maseer, Khang, Young-Ho, Khater, Amir M, Khater, Mona M, Khazaei, Salman, Khazaie, Habibolah, Khodayari, Mohammad Taghi, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kianipour, Neda, Kim, Cho-il, Kim, Young-Eun, Kim, Yun Jin, Kinfu, Yohanne, Kisa, Adnan, Kisa, Sezer, Kissimova-Skarbek, Katarzyna, Kivimäki, Mika, Komaki, Hamidreza, Kopec, Jacek A, Kosen, Soewarta, Koul, Parvaiz A, Koyanagi, Ai, Kravchenko, Michael A, Krishan, Kewal, Krohn, Kris J, Kuate Defo, Barthelemy, Kumar, G Anil, Kumar, Manasi, Kumar, Pushpendra, Kumar, Vivek, Kusuma, Dian, Kyu, Hmwe Hmwe, La Vecchia, Carlo, Lacey, Ben, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lami, Faris Hasan, Lansky, Sonia, Larson, Samantha Leigh, Larsson, Anders O, Lasrado, Savita, Lassi, Zohra S, Lazarus, Jeffrey V, Lee, Paul H, Lee, Shaun Wen Huey, Leever, Andrew T, Legrand, Kate E, Leonardi, Matilde, Li, Shanshan, Lim, Lee-Ling, Lim, Stephen S, Linn, Shai, Lodha, Rakesh, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Lopez, Alan D, Lopukhov, Platon D, Lotufo, Paulo A, Lozano, Rafael, Lu, Alton, Lunevicius, Raimunda, Madadin, Mohammed, Maddison, Emilie R, Magdy Abd El Razek, Hassan, Magdy Abd El Razek, Muhammed, Mahasha, Phetole Walter, Mahdavi, Mokhtar Mahdavi, Malekzadeh, Reza, Mamun, Abdullah A, Manafi, Navid, Mansour-Ghanaei, Fariborz, Mansouri, Borhan, Mansournia, Mohammad Ali, Mapoma, Chabila Christopher, Martini, Santi, Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlândio, Masaka, Anthony, Mastrogiacomo, Claudia I, Mathur, Manu Raj, May, Erin A, Mcalinden, Colm, Mcgrath, John J, Mckee, Martin, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Mehri, Fereshteh, Mehta, Kala M, Meitei, Wahengbam Bigyananda, Memiah, Peter T N, Mendoza, Walter, Menezes, Ritesh G, Mengesha, Endalkachew Worku, Mensah, George A, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Mestrovic, Tomislav, Michalek, Irmina Maria, Mihretie, Kebadnew Mulatu, Miller, Ted R, Mills, Edward J, Milne, George J, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M, Mirzaei, Hamed, Mirzaei, Maryam, Mirzaei-Alavijeh, Mehdi, Misganaw, Awoke Temesgen, Moazen, Babak, Moghadaszadeh, Masoud, Mohamadi, Efat, Mohammad, Dara K, Mohammad, Yousef, Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, Naser, Mohammadbeigi, Abolfazl, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah, Mohammadpourhodki, Reza, Mohammed, Hussen, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mohebi, Farnam, Mohseni Bandpei, Mohammad A, Mokari, Amin, Mokdad, Ali H, Momen, Natalie C, Monasta, Lorenzo, Mooney, Meghan D, Moradi, Ghobad, Moradi, Masoud, Moradi-Joo, Mohammad, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Moradzadeh, Rahmatollah, Moraga, Paula, Moreno Velásquez, Ilai, Morgado-da-Costa, Joana, Morrison, Shane Dougla, Mosser, Jonathan F, Mouodi, Simin, Mousavi, Seyyed Meysam, Mousavi Khaneghah, Amin, Mueller, Ulrich Otto, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Muthupandian, Saravanan, Nabavizadeh, Behnam, Naderi, Mehdi, Nagarajan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman, Naghavi, Mohsen, Naghshtabrizi, Behshad, Naik, Gurudatta, Najafi, Farid, Nangia, Vinay, Nansseu, Jobert Richie, Ndwandwe, Duduzile Edith, Negoi, Ionut, Negoi, Ruxandra Irina, Ngunjiri, Josephine W, Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi, Nguyen, Trang Huyen, Nigatu, Yeshambel T, Nikbakhsh, Rajan, Nikpoor, Amin Reza, Nixon, Molly R, Nnaji, Chukwudi A, Nomura, Shuhei, Noubiap, Jean Jacque, Nouraei Motlagh, Soraya, Nowak, Christoph, Oţoiu, Adrian, Odell, Christopher M, Oh, In-Hwan, Oladnabi, Morteza, Olagunju, Andrew T, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Omar Bali, Ahmed, Ong, Kanyin L, Onwujekwe, Obinna E, Ortiz, Alberto, Otstavnov, Nikita, Otstavnov, Stanislav S, Øverland, Simon, Owolabi, Mayowa O, P A, Mahesh, Padubidri, Jagadish Rao, Pakshir, Keyvan, Palladino, Raffaele, Pana, Adrian, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Park, Jame, Pasupula, Deepak Kumar, Patel, Jenil R, Patel, Sangram Kishor, Patton, George C, Paulson, Katherine R, Pazoki Toroudi, Hamidreza, Pease, Spencer A, Peden, Amy E, Pepito, Veincent Christian Filipino, Peprah, Emmanuel K, Pereira, Alexandre, Pereira, David M, Perico, Norberto, Pigott, David M, Pilgrim, Thoma, Pilz, Tessa M, Piradov, Michael A, Pirsaheb, Meghdad, Pokhrel, Khem Narayan, Postma, Maarten J, Pourjafar, Hadi, Pourmalek, Farshad, Pourshams, Akram, Poznańska, Anna, Prada, Sergio I, Prakash, Sanjay, Preotescu, Liliana, Quazi Syed, Zahiruddin, Rabiee, Mohammad, Rabiee, Navid, Radfar, Amir, Rafiei, Alireza, Raggi, Alberto, Rahman, Muhammad Aziz, Rajabpour-Sanati, Ali, Ram, Pradhum, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Rao, Sowmya J, Rasella, Davide, Rashedi, Vahid, Rastogi, Prateek, Rathi, Priya, Rawal, Lal, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Renjith, Vishnu, Renzaho, Andre M N, Resnikoff, Serge, Rezaei, Nima, Rezai, Mohammad sadegh, Rezapour, Aziz, Rickard, Jennifer, Roever, Leonardo, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Rostamian, Morteza, Rubagotti, Enrico, Rwegerera, Godfrey M, Sabour, Siamak, Saddik, Basema, Sadeghi, Ehsan, Sadeghi, Masoumeh, Saeedi Moghaddam, Sahar, Safari, Yahya, Safi, Sare, Safiri, Saeid, Sagar, Rajesh, Sahebkar, Amirhossein, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Sajadi, S Mohammad, Salahshoor, Mohammad Reza, Salama, Joseph S, Salamati, Payman, Salem, Marwa R Rashad, Salimi, Yahya, Salomon, Joshua A, Salz, Inbal, Samad, Zainab, Samy, Abdallah M, Sanabria, Juan, Santric-Milicevic, Milena M, Saraswathy, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer, Sartorius, Benn, Sarveazad, Arash, Sathian, Brijesh, Sathish, Thirunavukkarasu, Sattin, Davide, Saylan, Mete, Schaeffer, Lauren E, Schiavolin, Silvia, Schwebel, David C, Schwendicke, Falk, Sekerija, Mario, Senbeta, Anbissa Muleta, Senthilkumaran, Subramanian, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Serván-Mori, Edson, Shabani, Mahsima, Shahabi, Saeed, Shahbaz, Mohammad, Shaheen, Amira A, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shalash, Ali S, Shams-Beyranvand, Mehran, Shamsi, Mohammadbagher, Shamsizadeh, Morteza, Shannawaz, Mohammed, Sharafi, Kiomar, Sharafi, Zeinab, Sharara, Fablina, Sharma, Rajesh, Shaw, David H, Sheikh, Aziz, Shin, Jae Il, Shiri, Rahman, Shrime, Mark G, Shuval, Kerem, Siabani, Soraya, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Sigurvinsdottir, Rannveig, Silva, Diego Augusto Santo, Simonetti, Biagio, Simpson, Kyle E, Singh, Jasvinder A, Skiadaresi, Eirini, Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich, Soheili, Amin, Sokhan, Anton, Sorensen, Reed J D, Soriano, Joan B, Sorrie, Muluken Bekele, Soyiri, Ireneous N, Spurlock, Emma Elizabeth, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stockfelt, Leo, Stokes, Mark A, Stubbs, Jacob L, Sudaryanto, Agu, Sufiyan, Mu'awiyyah Babale, Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Rizwan, Sykes, Bryan L, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tabb, Karen M, Tadakamadla, Santosh Kumar, Taherkhani, Amir, Tang, Muming, Taveira, Nuno, Taylor, Heather Jean, Teagle, Whitney L, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash, Teklehaimanot, Berhane Fseha, Tessema, Zemenu Tadesse, Thankappan, Kavumpurathu Raman, Thomas, Nihal, Thrift, Amanda G, Titova, Mariya Vladimirovna, Tohidinik, Hamid Reza, Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Topouzis, Foti, Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto Roberto, Traini, Eugenio, Tran, Bach Xuan, Travillian, Ravensara, Trias-Llimós, Sergi, Truelsen, Thomas Clement, Tudor Car, Lorainne, Unnikrishnan, Bhaskaran, Upadhyay, Era, Vacante, Marco, Vakilian, Alireza, Valdez, Pascual R, Valli, Alessandro, Vardavas, Constantine, Vasankari, Tommi Juhani, Vasconcelos, Ana Maria Nogale, Vasseghian, Yasser, Veisani, Yousef, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Vidale, Simone, Violante, Francesco S, Vlassov, Vasily, Vollset, Stein Emil, Vos, Theo, Vujcic, Isidora S, Vukovic, Ana, Vukovic, Rade, Waheed, Yasir, Wallin, Mitchell Taylor, Walters, Magdalene K, Wang, Hongbo, Wang, Yuan-Pang, Watson, Stefanie, Wei, Jingkai, Weiss, Jordan, Weldesamuel, Girmay Teklay, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Whiteford, Harvey A, Wiangkham, Taweewat, Wiens, Kirsten E, Wijeratne, Tissa, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Wojtyniak, Bogdan, Wolfe, Charles D A, Wondmieneh, Adam Belay, Wool, Eve E, Wu, Ai-Min, Wu, Junjie, Xu, Gelin, Yamada, Tomohide, Yamagishi, Kazumasa, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaya, Sanni, Yazdi-Feyzabadi, Vahid, Yearwood, Jamal A, Yeheyis, Tomas Y, Yilgwan, Christopher Sabo, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Yoosefi Lebni, Javad, York, Hunter W, Younis, Mustafa Z, Younker, Theodore Patrick, Yousefi, Zabihollah, Yousefinezhadi, Taraneh, Yousuf, Abdilahi Yousuf, Yusefzadeh, Hasan, Zahirian Moghadam, Telma, Zakzuk, Josefina, Zaman, Sojib Bin, Zamani, Mohammad, Zamanian, Maryam, Zandian, Hamed, Zhang, Zhi-Jiang, Zheng, Peng, Zhou, Maigeng, Ziapour, Arash, Murray, Christopher J L, Collaborators, GBD 2019 Demographics, GBD 2019 Demographics Collaborator, Violante FS, Value, Affordability and Sustainability (VALUE), Real World Studies in PharmacoEpidemiology, -Genetics, -Economics and -Therapy (PEGET), Microbes in Health and Disease (MHD), Department of Earth Systems Analysis, Biomechanical Engineering, TechMed Centre, Biomolecular Nanotechnology, Research Methodology, Measurement and Data Analysis, Materials Science and Technology of Polymers, Inorganic Materials Science, MESA+ Institute, Biomedical and Environmental Sensorsystems, Mesoscale Chemical Systems, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Nonlinear Solid Mechanics, Digital Society Institute, Pervasive Systems, Nanobiophysics, Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, Multi Scale Mechanics, Engineering Fluid Dynamics, Physics of Complex Fluids, Developmental BioEngineering, Physics of Fluids, Elastomer Technology and Engineering, Medical Cell Biophysics, European Membrane Institute, Department of Earth Observation Science, Biomaterials Science and Technology, Sustainable Process Technology, Department of Urban and Regional Planning and Geo-Information Management, Department of Natural Resources, XUV Optics, Databases (Former), Department of Water Resources, Psychology, Health & Technology, Membrane Science & Technology, Department of Public Health, Clinicum, HUS Neurocenter, HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Environmental Sciences

Subjects
Male, very elderly, Demographic transition, HALE, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, preschool child, Global Burden of Disease, Carga Global de Enfermedades, 0302 clinical medicine, newborn, Risk Factors, Surveys and Questionnaires, and Risk Factors Study, 80 and over, 030212 general & internal medicine, Birth Rate, Child, Migration, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, Aged, 80 and over, education.field_of_study, Injuries, Geography, Mortality rate, 1. No poverty, DEATH, Censuses, General Medicine, SDG 10 - Reduced Inequalities, Middle Aged, Demographic analysis, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health, 3. Good health, demographic analysis, Estilo de Vida Saludable, risk factor, Child, Preschool, Demography/statistics & numerical data, Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, Risk Factors, Fertility, Mortality, Migration, Population, epidemiology, Female, A990 Medicine and Dentistry not elsewhere classified, CHILD-MORTALITY, Live Birth, Global Health Metrics, TRANSITION, demographics, GBD, fertility, mortality, hale, Adult, Adolescent, Total fertility rate, Population, Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study, Birth rate, 03 medical and health sciences, Young Adult, Life Expectancy, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, General & Internal Medicine, SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS, Demografía, Humans, Global Burden of Disease Study, human, Mortality, education, Preschool, Aged, Demography, Spatial Analysis, questionnaire, Infant, Newborn, Klinisk medicin, HIV, Infant, Global Burden of Diseases, sex-specific fertility, Live Birth/epidemiology, purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#3.02.00 [https], MODEL, Fertilidad, Fertility, Demographic change, Life expectancy, NA, global disease burden, Clinical Medicine, population research
Abstract

Background Accurate and up-to-date assessment of demographic metrics is crucial for understanding a wide range of social, economic, and public health issues that affect populations worldwide. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 produced updated and comprehensive demographic assessments of the key indicators of fertility, mortality, migration, and population for 204 countries and territories and selected subnational locations from 1950 to 2019. Methods 8078 country-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 938 surveys, 349 censuses, and 238 other sources were identified and used to estimate age-specific fertility. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) was used to generate age-specific fertility rates for 5-year age groups between ages 15 and 49 years. With extensions to age groups 10-14 and 50-54 years, the total fertility rate (TFR) was then aggregated using the estimated age-specific fertility between ages 10 and 54 years. 7417 sources were used for under-5 mortality estimation and 7355 for adult mortality. ST-GPR was used to synthesise data sources after correction for known biases. Adult mortality was measured as the probability of death between ages 15 and 60 years based on vital registration, sample registration, and sibling histories, and was also estimated using ST-GPR. HIV-free life tables were then estimated using estimates of under-5 and adult mortality rates using a relational model life table system created for GBD, which closely tracks observed age-specific mortality rates from complete vital registration when available. Independent estimates of HIV-specific mortality generated by an epidemiological analysis of HIV prevalence surveys and antenatal clinic serosurveillance and other sources were incorporated into the estimates in countries with large epidemics. Annual and single-year age estimates of net migration and population for each country and territory were generated using a Bayesian hierarchical cohort component model that analysed estimated age-specific fertility and mortality rates along with 1250 censuses and 747 population registry years. We classified location-years into seven categories on the basis of the natural rate of increase in population (calculated by subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate) and the net migration rate. We computed healthy life expectancy (HALE) using years lived with disability (YLDs) per capita, life tables, and standard demographic methods. Uncertainty was propagated throughout the demographic estimation process, including fertility, mortality, and population, with 1000 draw-level estimates produced for each metric. Findings The global TFR decreased from 2.72 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 2.66-2.79) in 2000 to 2.31 (2.17-2.46) in 2019. Global annual livebirths increased from 134.5 million (131.5-137.8) in 2000 to a peak of 139.6 million (133.0-146.9) in 2016. Global livebirths then declined to 135.3 million (127.2-144.1) in 2019. Of the 204 countries and territories included in this study, in 2019, 102 had a TFR lower than 2.1, which is considered a good approximation of replacement-level fertility. All countries in sub-Saharan Africa had TFRs above replacement level in 2019 and accounted for 27.1% (95% UI 26.4-27.8) of global livebirths. Global life expectancy at birth increased from 67.2 years (95% UI 66.8-67.6) in 2000 to 73.5 years (72.8-74.3) in 2019. The total number of deaths increased from 50.7 million (49.5-51.9) in 2000 to 56.5 million (53.7-59.2) in 2019. Under-5 deaths declined from 9.6 million (9.1-10.3) in 2000 to 5.0 million (4.3-6.0) in 2019. Global population increased by 25.7%, from 6.2 billion (6.0-6.3) in 2000 to 7.7 billion (7.5-8.0) in 2019. In 2019, 34 countries had negative natural rates of increase; in 17 of these, the population declined because immigration was not sufficient to counteract the negative rate of decline. Globally, HALE increased from 58.6 years (56.1-60.8) in 2000 to 63.5 years (60.8-66.1) in 2019. HALE increased in 202 of 204 countries and territories between 2000 and 2019. Interpretation Over the past 20 years, fertility rates have been dropping steadily and life expectancy has been increasing, with few exceptions. Much of this change follows historical patterns linking social and economic determinants, such as those captured by the GBD Socio-demographic Index, with demographic outcomes. More recently, several countries have experienced a combination of low fertility and stagnating improvement in mortality rates, pushing more populations into the late stages of the demographic transition. Tracking demographic change and the emergence of new patterns will be essential for global health monitoring. Copyright (C) 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Published
2020
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116. Unraveling the nature of ferrimagnetism and associated exchange interactions in distorted honeycomb Ni4Nb2O9

Author

Thota, S., Seehra, M. S., Chowdhury, M. R., Singh, H., Ghosh, S., Jena, S. K., Pramanik, Pratyusha, Sarkar, Tapati, Rawat, R. S., Medwal, R., Weise, B., Thota, S., Seehra, M. S., Chowdhury, M. R., Singh, H., Ghosh, S., Jena, S. K., Pramanik, Pratyusha, Sarkar, Tapati, Rawat, R. S., Medwal, R., and Weise, B.

Abstract

Ferrimagnetism in orthorhombic Ni4Nb2O9 below its Neel temperature, T-FN similar to 76K is reported to result from two inequivalent Ni2+ ions having different magnetic moments. However, a clear understanding of the temperature variation of its magnetization [M(T)] for T > T-FN and T < T-FN in terms of a single set of exchange parameters is still lacking. In this work, experimental results obtained from a detailed analysis of the temperature and magnetic field dependence of magnetization [M(T, H)], ac-magnetic susceptibility [chi(ac)( f, T, H)], and heat-capacity [C-P(T, H)] measurements are combined with theoretical analysis to provide new insights into the nature of ferrimagnetism in Ni4Nb2O9. X-ray diffraction/Rietveld analysis of the prepared sample yielded the structural parameters of the orthorhombic crystal in agreement with previous studies, whereas x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed the Ni2+ and Nb5+ electronic states in Ni4Nb2O9. Analysis of chi(ac)(T) shows the paramagnetic-to-ferrimagnetic transition occurs at 76.5 K (T-FN), which increases with applied field H as T-FN proportional to H-0.35 due to the coupling of the ferromagnetic component with H. For T > T-FN, the chi(dc) versus T data are fitted to the Neel's expression for ferrimagnets, yielding the g-factors for the two Ni2+ ions as g(A) = 2.47 and g(B) = 2.10. Also, the antiferromagnetic molecular field constants between the A and B sublattices were evaluated as N-AA = 26.31, N-BB = 8.59, and N-AB = 43.06, which, in turn, yield the antiferromagnetic exchange parameters: J(AA)/k(B) = 4.27 K, J(BB)/k(B) = 1.40 K, and J(AB)/k(B) = 6.98 K. For T < T-FN, the M versus T data clearly show the magnetic compensation point at T-COM similar to 33 K. The mathematical model presented here using the magnitudes of NAA, NBB, and NAB correctly predicts the position of T-COM as well the temperature variation of M both above and below T-COM. The data of C-P(T) versus T shows a lambda-type anomaly

Published
2022
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121. Spin Hall angle of rhodium and its effects on magnetic damping of Ni₈₀Fe₂₀ in Rh/Ni₈₀Fe₂₀ bilayer

Author

Mahato, Bipul Kr., Medwal, R., Baidya, S., Kumar, Durgesh, Piramanayagam, S. N., Rawat, R. S., School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, National Institute of Education, and Division of Physics and Applied Physics

Subjects
Physics::Atomic physics::Solid state physics [Science], Spin−Orbit Torque, Spin Hall Conductivity
Abstract

We report the investigation of the spin Hall angle (SHA) of Rhodium (Rh) and the effective magnetic damping constant of Ni80Fe20 in Rh (10 nm)/Ni80Fe20 (10 nm) bilayer system using Spin Torque Ferromagnetic Resonance (STFMR) spectroscopy and density functional theory based analysis. The filtered DC output voltages from Rh (10 nm)/Ni80Fe20 (10 nm) bilayer system at different input signal frequencies and powers for a complete 360º angle were measured. The average magnetic damping constant of Ni80Fe20 is found to be 0.017 and the angle-dependent study shows a 2-fold symmetry with the in-plane anisotropy field of 120 Oe. The SHA of Rh is found to be 0.2 %. The results agrees well with the calculations based on density functional theory where we found spin Hall conductivity (𝜎𝑥𝑦 𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑧) at the charge-neutral Fermi level (EF) is positive and it’s magnitude is ~423 (ℏ 𝑒) (S/cm). Ministry of Education (MOE) National Research Foundation (NRF) Submitted/Accepted version We acknowledge the financial support from Ministry of Education (MOE), Singapore through grant number MOE2019-T2-1-058 and also the National Research Foundation (NRF), Singapore for grant NRF- CRP21-2018-0003.

Published
2022

123. Five insights from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author

Murray, C, Abbafati, C, Abbas, K, Abbasi, M, Abbasi-Kangevari, M, Abd-Allah, F, Abdollahi, M, Abedi, P, Abedi, A, Abolhassani, H, Aboyans, V, Abreu, L, Abrigo, M, Abu-Gharbieh, E, Abu Haimed, A, Abushouk, A, Acebedo, A, Ackerman, I, Adabi, M, Adamu, A, Adebayo, O, Adelson, J, Adetokunboh, O, Afarideh, M, Afshin, A, Agarwal, G, Agrawal, A, Ahmad, T, Ahmadi, K, Ahmadi, M, Ahmed, M, Aji, B, Akinyemiju, T, Akombi, B, Alahdab, F, Alam, K, Alanezi, F, Alanzi, T, Albertson, S, Alemu, B, Alemu, Y, Alhabib, K, Ali, M, Ali, S, Alicandro, G, Alipour, V, Alizade, H, Aljunid, S, Alla, F, Allebeck, P, Almadi, M, Almasi-Hashiani, A, Al-Mekhlafi, H, Almulhim, A, Alonso, J, Al-Raddadi, R, Altirkawi, K, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amare, B, Amare, A, Amini, S, Amit, A, Amugsi, D, Anbesu, E, Ancuceanu, R, Anderlini, D, Anderson, J, Andrei, T, Andrei, C, Anjomshoa, M, Ansari, F, Ansari-Moghaddam, A, Antonio, C, Antony, C, Anvari, D, Appiah, S, Arabloo, J, Arab-Zozani, M, Aravkin, A, Arba, A, Aripov, T, Arnlov, J, Arowosegbe, O, Asaad, M, Asadi-Aliabadi, M, Asadi-Pooya, A, Ashbaugh, C, Assmus, M, Atout, M, Ausloos, M, Ausloos, F, Ayala Quintanilla, B, Ayano, G, Ayanore, M, Azari, S, Azene, Z, B, D, Babaee, E, Badawi, A, Badiye, A, Bagherzadeh, M, Bairwa, M, Bakhtiari, A, Bakkannavar, S, Balachandran, A, Banach, M, Banerjee, S, Banik, P, Baraki, A, Barker-Collo, S, Basaleem, H, Basu, S, Baune, B, Bayati, M, Baye, B, Bedi, N, Beghi, E, Bell, M, Bensenor, I, Berhe, K, Berman, A, Bhagavathula, A, Bhala, N, Bhardwaj, P, Bhattacharyya, K, Bhattarai, S, Bhutta, Z, Bijani, A, Bikbov, B, Biondi, A, Bisignano, C, Biswas, R, Bjorge, T, Bohlouli, S, Bohluli, M, Bolla, S, Boloor, A, Bose, D, Boufous, S, Brady, O, Braithwaite, D, Brauer, M, Breitborde, N, Brenner, H, Breusov, A, Briant, P, Briggs, A, Britton, G, Brugha, T, Burugina Nagaraja, S, Busse, R, Butt, Z, Caetano dos Santos, F, Camera, L, Campos-Nonato, I, Campuzano Rincon, J, Car, J, Cardenas, R, Carreras, G, Carrero, J, Carvalho, F, Castaldelli-Maia, J, Castelpietra, G, Castro, F, Catala-Lopez, F, Causey, K, Cederroth, C, Cercy, K, Cerin, E, Chandan, J, Chang, J, Charan, J, Charlson, F, Chattu, V, Chaturvedi, S, Cherbuin, N, Chin, K, Chirinos-Caceres, J, Cho, D, Choi, J, Chu, D, Chung, S, Chung, M, Cicuttini, F, Cirillo, M, Cislaghi, B, Cohen, A, Compton, K, Corso, B, Cortesi, P, Costa, V, Cousin, E, Cowden, R, Cross, M, Crowe, C, Cummins, S, Dai, H, Damiani, G, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Daneshpajouhnejad, P, Darwesh, A, Das, J, Das Gupta, R, das Neves, J, Davey, G, Davila-Cervantes, C, Davis, A, De Leo, D, Denova-Gutierrez, E, Deribe, K, Dervenis, N, Desai, R, Deuba, K, Dhungana, G, Dianatinasab, M, Diaz, D, Dichgans, M, Didarloo, A, Dippenaar, I, Dokova, K, Dolecek, C, Dorostkar, F, Doshi, P, Doshi, C, Doshmangir, L, Doxey, M, Driscoll, T, Duncan, B, Eagan, A, Ebrahimi, H, Ebrahimi Kalan, M, Edvardsson, D, Ehrlich, J, Elbarazi, I, Elgendy, I, El-Jaafary, S, El Sayed Zaki, M, Elsharkawy, A, El Tantawi, M, Elyazar, I, Emamian, M, Eshrati, B, Eskandarieh, S, Esteghamati, A, Esteghamati, S, Fanzo, J, Faro, A, Farzadfar, F, Fattahi, N, Feigin, V, Fereshtehnejad, S, Fernandes, E, Ferrara, P, Ferrari, A, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Fisher, J, Fitzgerald, R, Foigt, N, Folayan, M, Fomenkov, A, Foroutan, M, Franklin, R, Freitas, M, Fukumoto, T, Furtado, J, Gad, M, Gaidhane, A, Gakidou, E, Gallus, S, Gardner, W, Geberemariyam, B, Gebremedhin, K, Gebremeskel, L, Gebresillassie, B, Geramo, Y, Gesesew, H, Gething, P, Gezae, K, Ghadiri, K, Ghaffarifar, F, Ghafourifard, M, Ghamari, F, Ghashghaee, A, Gholamian, A, Giampaoli, S, Gill, P, Gillum, R, Ginawi, I, Giussani, G, Gnedovskaya, E, Godinho, M, Golechha, M, Gona, P, Gopalani, S, Gorini, G, Goulart, B, Goulart, A, Grada, A, Greaves, F, Gudi, N, Guimaraes, R, Guo, Y, Gupta, S, Gupta, R, Haagsma, J, Hachinski, V, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Haile, L, Haj-Mirzaian, A, Hall, B, Hamadeh, R, Hamidi, S, Han, C, Hankey, G, Haro, J, Hasaballah, A, Hashi, A, Hassan, A, Hassanipour, S, Hassankhani, H, Havmoeller, R, Hay, S, Hayat, K, Henok, A, Henry, N, Herteliu, C, Heydarpour, F, Ho, H, Hole, M, Holla, R, Hoogar, P, Hopf, K, Hosgood, H, Hossain, N, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, M, Hostiuc, S, Househ, M, Hoy, D, Hu, G, Huda, T, Hugo, F, Humayun, A, Hussain, R, Hwang, B, Iavicoli, I, Ibeneme, C, Ibitoye, S, Ikuta, K, Ilesanmi, O, Ilic, I, Ilic, M, Inbaraj, L, Iqbal, U, Irvani, S, Islam, M, Islam, S, Iso, H, Iwu, C, Jaafari, J, Jahagirdar, D, Jahani, M, Jakovljevic, M, Jalali, A, Jalilian, F, Janodia, M, Javaheri, T, Jenabi, E, Jha, R, Jha, V, Ji, J, Johnson, C, Jonas, J, Jurisson, M, Kabir, A, Kabir, Z, Kalani, R, Kalankesh, L, Kalhor, R, Kanchan, T, Kapoor, N, Karami Matin, B, Karch, A, Karim, M, Karimi, S, Kasa, A, Kassebaum, N, Kayode, G, Kazemi Karyani, A, Keiyoro, P, Khalid, N, Khammarnia, M, Khan, M, Khan, E, Khan, G, Khatab, K, Khater, M, Khatib, M, Khazaie, H, Khoja, A, Khubchandani, J, Kianipour, N, Kieling, C, Kim, Y, Kimokoti, R, Kinfu, Y, Kisa, S, Kisa, A, Kissoon, N, Kivimaki, M, Kneib, C, Knight, M, Koh, D, Komaki, H, Kopec, J, Kosen, S, Kotlo, A, Koul, P, Koyanagi, A, Krishan, K, Krohn, K, Ks, S, Kumar, G, Kumar, N, Kumar, M, Kurmi, O, Kusuma, D, Kyu, H, Lacey, B, Lal, D, Lalloo, R, Lallukka, T, Lan, Q, Landires, I, Larson, H, Lasrado, S, Lau, K, Lauriola, P, La Vecchia, C, Leal, L, Leasher, J, Ledesma, J, Lee, P, Lee, S, Leonardi, M, Leung, J, Li, B, Li, S, Lim, L, Lin, R, Listl, S, Liu, X, Liu, Y, Logroscino, G, Lopez, J, Lorkowski, S, Lozano, R, Lu, A, Lugo, A, Lunevicius, R, Lyons, R, Ma, J, Machado, D, Maddison, E, Mahasha, P, Mahmoudi, M, Majeed, A, Maled, V, Maleki, S, Maleki, A, Malekzadeh, R, Malta, D, Mamun, A, Manguerra, H, Mansouri, B, Mansournia, M, Mantilla Herrera, A, Martini, S, Martins-Melo, F, Martopullo, I, Masoumi, S, Massenburg, B, Mathur, M, Maulik, P, Mazidi, M, Mcalinden, C, Mcgrath, J, Mckee, M, Mehndiratta, M, Mehri, F, Mehta, K, Melese, A, Memish, Z, Mendoza, W, Menezes, R, Mengesha, E, Meretoja, T, Meretoja, A, Mestrovic, T, Miazgowski, B, Michalek, I, Milne, G, Miri, M, Mirica, A, Mirrakhimov, E, Mirzaei, H, Mirzaei, M, Mirzaei-Alavijeh, M, Misganaw, A, Moazen, B, Moghadaszadeh, M, Mohajer, B, Mohamad, O, Mohammad, Y, Mohammad, D, Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, N, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammed, S, Mohebi, F, Mokdad, A, Molokhia, M, Monasta, L, Mooney, M, Moradi, M, Moradi, G, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Moradzadeh, R, Moraga, P, Morawska, L, Morgado-da-Costa, J, Morrison, S, Mosapour, A, Mosser, J, Mousavi, S, Mousavi Khaneghah, A, Mueller, U, Mullany, E, Musa, K, Naderi, M, Nagarajan, A, Naghavi, M, Naghshtabrizi, B, Naimzada, M, Najafi, F, Naldi, L, Nayak, V, Nazari, J, Ndejjo, R, Negoi, I, Negoi, R, Netsere, H, Nguefack-Tsague, G, Ngunjiri, J, Nguyen, D, Nguyen, H, Nichols, E, Nigatu, Y, Nikbakhsh, R, Nixon, M, Nnaji, C, Nomura, S, Noubiap, J, Nowak, C, Nsoesie, E, Nunez-Samudio, V, Ogbo, F, Oghenetega, O, Okunga, E, Oladnabi, M, Olagunju, A, Olusanya, J, Olusanya, B, Omar Bali, A, Omer, 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Roshandel, G, Rubagotti, E, Rumisha, S, Rwegerera, G, Saadatagah, S, Sabour, S, Sachdev, P, Saddik, B, Sadeghi, M, Sadeghi, E, Saeedi Moghaddam, S, Sahebkar, A, Sahraian, M, Sajadi, S, Salem, M, Salem, H, Salimzadeh, H, Salomon, J, Salz, I, Samad, Z, Samadi Kafil, H, Samy, A, Sanabria, J, Santomauro, D, Santric-Milicevic, M, Saraswathy, S, Sarrafzadegan, N, Sartorius, B, Sarveazad, A, Sathian, B, Sathish, T, Sattin, D, Schaeffer, L, Schiavolin, S, Schmidt, M, Schutte, A, Schwebel, D, Schwendicke, F, Sepanlou, S, Sha, F, Shafaat, O, Shahabi, S, Shaheen, A, Shaikh, M, Shams-Beyranvand, M, Shamsizadeh, M, Sharafi, K, Sharara, F, Sheikh, A, Shetty, B, Shibuya, K, Shigematsu, M, Shin, M, Shin, J, Shiri, R, Shivakumar, K, Shrime, M, Shuval, K, Sigfusdottir, I, Sigurvinsdottir, R, Silva, D, Silva, J, Simonetti, B, Singh, J, Singh, P, Singh, A, Sinha, D, Skryabin, V, Sliwa, K, Smith, E, Soheili, A, Soltani, S, Somefun, O, Sorensen, R, Soriano, J, Sorrie, M, Soyiri, I, Sreeramareddy, C, 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Abstract

The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 provides a rules-based synthesis of the available evidence on levels and trends in health outcomes, a diverse set of risk factors, and health system responses. GBD 2019 covered 204 countries and territories, as well as first administrative level disaggregations for 22 countries, from 1990 to 2019. Because GBD is highly standardised and comprehensive, spanning both fatal and non-fatal outcomes, and uses a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of hierarchical disease and injury causes, the study provides a powerful basis for detailed and broad insights on global health trends and emerging challenges. GBD 2019 incorporates data from 281 586 sources and provides more than 3·5 billion estimates of health outcome and health system measures of interest for global, national, and subnational policy dialogue. All GBD estimates are publicly available and adhere to the Guidelines on Accurate and Transparent Health Estimate Reporting. From this vast amount of information, five key insights that are important for health, social, and economic development strategies have been distilled. These insights are subject to the many limitations outlined in each of the component GBD capstone papers.

Published
2020

124. Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author

Abbafati, C, Abbas, K, Abbasi-Kangevari, M, Abd-Allah, F, Abdelalim, A, Abdollahi, M, Abdollahpour, I, Abegaz, K, Abolhassani, H, Aboyans, V, Abreu, L, Abrigo, M, Abualhasan, A, Abu-Raddad, L, Abushouk, A, Adabi, M, Adekanmbi, V, Adeoye, A, Adetokunboh, O, Adham, D, Advani, S, Afshin, A, Agarwal, G, Aghamir, S, Agrawal, A, Ahmad, T, Ahmadi, K, Ahmadi, M, Ahmadieh, H, Ahmed, M, Akalu, T, Akinyemi, R, Akinyemiju, T, Akombi, B, Akunna, C, Alahdab, F, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Alam, S, Alam, T, Alanezi, F, Alanzi, T, Alemu, B, Alhabib, K, Ali, M, Ali, S, Alicandro, G, Alinia, C, Alipour, V, Alizade, H, Aljunid, S, Alla, F, Allebeck, P, Almasi-Hashiani, A, Al-Mekhlafi, H, Alonso, J, Altirkawi, K, Amini-Rarani, M, Amiri, F, Amugsi, D, Ancuceanu, R, Anderlini, D, Anderson, J, Andrei, C, Andrei, T, Angus, C, Anjomshoa, M, Ansari, F, Ansari-Moghaddam, A, Antonazzo, I, Antonio, C, Antony, C, Antriyandarti, E, Anvari, D, Anwer, R, Appiah, S, Arabloo, J, Arab-Zozani, M, Aravkin, A, Ariani, F, Armoon, B, 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E., Leigh J., Leonardi M., Lescinsky H., Leung J., Levi M., Li S., Lim L. -L., Linn S., Liu S., Liu Y., Lo J., Lopez A. D., Lopez J. C. F., Lopukhov P. D., Lorkowski S., Lotufo P. A., Lu A., Lugo A., Maddison E. R., Mahasha P. W., Mahdavi M. M., Mahmoudi M., Majeed A., Maleki A., Maleki S., Malekzadeh R., Malta D. C., Mamun A. A., Manda A. L., Manguerra H., Mansour-Ghanaei F., Mansouri B., Mansournia M. A., Mantilla Herrera A. M., Maravilla J. C., Marks A., Martin R. V., Martini S., Martins-Melo F. R., Masaka A., Masoumi S. Z., Mathur M. R., Matsushita K., Maulik P. K., McAlinden C., McGrath J. J., McKee M., Mehndiratta M. M., Mehri F., Mehta K. M., Memish Z. A., Mendoza W., Menezes R. G., Mengesha E. W., Mereke A., Mereta S. T., Meretoja A., Meretoja T. J., Mestrovic T., Miazgowski B., Miazgowski T., Michalek I. M., Miller T. R., Mills E. J., Mini G. K., Miri M., Mirica A., Mirrakhimov E. M., Mirzaei H., Mirzaei M., Mirzaei R., Mirzaei-Alavijeh M., Misganaw A. T., Mithra P., Moazen B., Mohammad D. K., Mohammad Y., Mohammad Gholi Mezerji N., Mohammadian-Hafshejani A., Mohammadifard N., Mohammadpourhodki R., Mohammed A. S., Mohammed H., Mohammed J. A., Mohammed S., Mokdad A. H., Molokhia M., Monasta L., Mooney M. D., Moradi G., Moradi M., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moradzadeh R., Moraga P., Morawska L., Morgado-Da-Costa J., Morrison S. D., Mosapour A., Mosser J. F., Mouodi S., Mousavi S. M., Khaneghah A. M., Mueller U. O., Mukhopadhyay S., Mullany E. C., Musa K. I., Muthupandian S., Nabhan A. F., Naderi M., Nagarajan A. J., Nagel G., Naghavi M., Naghshtabrizi B., Naimzada M. D., Najafi F., Nangia V., Nansseu J. R., Naserbakht M., Nayak V. C., Negoi I., Ngunjiri J. W., Nguyen C. T., Nguyen H. L. T., Nguyen M., Nigatu Y. T., Nikbakhsh R., Nixon M. R., Nnaji C. A., Nomura S., Norrving B., Noubiap J. J., Nowak C., Nunez-Samudio V., Oancea B., Odell C. M., Ogbo F. A., Oh I. -H., Okunga E. W., Oladnabi M., Olagunju A. T., Olusanya B. O., Olusanya J. O., Omer M. O., Ong K. L., Onwujekwe O. E., Orpana H. M., Ortiz A., Osarenotor O., Osei F. B., Ostroff S. M., Otoiu A., Otstavnov N., Otstavnov S. S., Overland S., Owolabi M. O., Mahesh P. A., Padubidri J. R., Palladino R., Panda-Jonas S., Pandey A., Parry C. D. H., Pasovic M., Pasupula D. K., Patel S. K., Pathak M., Patten S. B., Patton G. C., Toroudi H. P., Peden A. E., Pennini A., Pepito V. C. F., Peprah E. K., Pereira D. M., Pesudovs K., Pham H. Q., Phillips M. R., Piccinelli C., Pilz T. M., Piradov M. A., Pirsaheb M., Plass D., Polinder S., Polkinghorne K. R., Pond C. D., Postma M. J., Pourjafar H., Pourmalek F., Poznanska A., Prada S. I., Prakash V., Pribadi D. R. A., Pupillo E., Syed Z. Q., Rabiee M., Rabiee N., Radfar A., Rafiee A., Raggi A., Rahman M. A., Rajabpour-Sanati A., Rajati F., Rakovac I., Ram P., Ramezanzadeh K., Ranabhat C. L., Rao P. C., Rao S. J., Rashedi V., Rathi P., Rawaf D. L., Rawaf S., Rawal L., Rawassizadeh R., Rawat R., Razo C., Redford S. B., Reiner R. C., Reitsma M. B., Remuzzi G., Renjith V., Renzaho A. M. N., Resnikoff S., Rezaei N., Rezapour A., Rhinehart P. -A., Riahi S. M., Ribeiro D. C., Ribeiro D., Rickard J., Rivera J. A., Roberts N. L. S., Rodriguez-Ramirez S., Roever L., Ronfani L., Room R., Roshandel G., Roth G. A., Rothenbacher D., Rubagotti E., Rwegerera G. M., Sabour S., Sachdev P. S., Saddik B., Sadeghi E., Sadeghi M., Saeedi R., Saeedi Moghaddam S., Safari Y., Safi S., Safiri S., Sagar R., Sahebkar A., Sajadi S. M., Salam N., Salamati P., Salem H., Salem M. R., Salimzadeh H., Salman O. M., Salomon J. A., Samad Z., Samadi Kafil H., Sambala E. Z., Samy A. M., Sanabria J., Sanchez-Pimienta T. G., Santomauro D. F., Santos I. S., Santos J. V., Santric-Milicevic M. M., Saraswathy S. Y. I., Sarmiento-Suarez R., Sarrafzadegan N., Sartorius B., Sarveazad A., Sathian B., Sathish T., Sattin D., Saxena S., Schaeffer L. E., Schiavolin S., Schlaich M. P., Schmidt M. I., Schutte A. E., Schwebel D. C., Schwendicke F., Senbeta A. M., Senthilkumaran S., Sepanlou S. G., Serdar B., Serre M. L., Shadid J., Shafaat O., Shahabi S., Shaheen A. A., Shaikh M. A., Shalash A. S., Shams-Beyranvand M., Shamsizadeh M., Sharafi K., Sheikh A., Sheikhtaheri A., Shibuya K., Shield K. D., Shigematsu M., Shin J. I., Shin M. -J., Shiri R., Shirkoohi R., Shuval K., Siabani S., Sierpinski R., Sigfusdottir I. D., Sigurvinsdottir R., Silva J. P., Simpson K. E., Singh J. A., Singh P., Skiadaresi E., Skou S. T., Skryabin V. Y., Smith E. U. R., Soheili A., Soltani S., Soofi M., Sorensen R. J. D., Soriano J. B., Sorrie M. B., Soshnikov S., Soyiri I. N., Spencer C. N., Spotin A., Sreeramareddy C. T., Srinivasan V., Stanaway J. D., Stein C., Stein D. J., Steiner C., Stockfelt L., Stokes M. A., Straif K., Stubbs J. L., Sufiyan M. B., Suleria H. A. R., Suliankatchi Abdulkader R., Sulo G., Sultan I., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tabb K. M., Tabuchi T., Taherkhani A., Tajdini M., Takahashi K., Takala J. S., Tamiru A. T., Taveira N., Tehrani-Banihashemi A., Temsah M. -H., Tesema G. A., Tessema Z. T., Thurston G. D., Titova M. V., Tohidinik H. R., Tonelli M., Topor-Madry R., Topouzis F., Torre A. E., Touvier M., Tovani-Palone M. R., Tran B. X., Travillian R., Tsatsakis A., Tudor Car L. T., Tyrovolas S., Uddin R., Umeokonkwo C. D., Unnikrishnan B., Upadhyay E., Vacante M., Valdez P. R., van Donkelaar A., Vasankari T. J., Vasseghian Y., Veisani Y., Venketasubramanian N., Violante F. S., Vlassov V., Vollset S. E., Vos T., Vukovic R., Waheed Y., Wallin M. T., Wang Y., Wang Y. -P., Watson A., Wei J., Wei M. Y. W., Weintraub R. G., Weiss J., Werdecker A., West J. J., Westerman R., Whisnant J. L., Whiteford H. A., Wiens K. E., Wolfe C. D. A., Wozniak S. S., Wu A. -M., Wu J., Wulf Hanson S., Xu G., Xu R., Yadgir S., Yahyazadeh Jabbari S. H., Yamagishi K., Yaminfirooz M., Yano Y., Yaya S., Yazdi-Feyzabadi V., Yeheyis T. Y., Yilgwan C. S., Yilma M. T., Yip P., Yonemoto N., Younis M. Z., Younker T. P., Yousefi B., Yousefi Z., Yousefinezhadi T., Yousuf A. Y., Yu C., Yusefzadeh H., Moghadam T. Z., Zamani M., Zamanian M., Zandian H., Zastrozhin M. S., Zhang Y., Zhang Z. -J., Zhao J. T., Zhao X. -J. G., Zhao Y., Zheng P., Zhou M., Ziapour A., Zimsen S. R. M., Lim S. S., and Murray C. J. L.

Abstract

Background: Rigorous analysis of levels and trends in exposure to leading risk factors and quantification of their effect on human health are important to identify where public health is making progress and in which cases current efforts are inadequate. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 provides a standardised and comprehensive assessment of the magnitude of risk factor exposure, relative risk, and attributable burden of disease. Methods: GBD 2019 estimated attributable mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years of life lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 87 risk factors and combinations of risk factors, at the global level, regionally, and for 204 countries and territories. GBD uses a hierarchical list of risk factors so that specific risk factors (eg, sodium intake), and related aggregates (eg, diet quality), are both evaluated. This method has six analytical steps. (1) We included 560 risk–outcome pairs that met criteria for convincing or probable evidence on the basis of research studies. 12 risk–outcome pairs included in GBD 2017 no longer met inclusion criteria and 47 risk–outcome pairs for risks already included in GBD 2017 were added based on new evidence. (2) Relative risks were estimated as a function of exposure based on published systematic reviews, 81 systematic reviews done for GBD 2019, and meta-regression. (3) Levels of exposure in each age-sex-location-year included in the study were estimated based on all available data sources using spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression method, or alternative methods. (4) We determined, from published trials or cohort studies, the level of exposure associated with minimum risk, called the theoretical minimum risk exposure level. (5) Attributable deaths, YLLs, YLDs, and DALYs were computed by multiplying population attributable fractions (PAFs) by the relevant outcome quantity for each

Published
2020

135. Effect of film thickness on the electrical transport in Co2FeAl0.5Si0.5 thin films.

Author

Longchar, Lanuakum A., Rahaman, Mainur, Hazra, Binoy Krishna, Raja, M. Manivel, Rawat, R., Kaul, S. N., and Srinath, S.

Subjects
THIN films, MAGNETRON sputtering, BUFFER layers, ULTRAHIGH vacuum
Abstract

The effect of film thickness on the structural- and electrical-properties is investigated in Co2FeAl0.5Si0.5 (CFAS) thin films of thickness, t, in the range 12–75 nm. These films are grown by ultrahigh vacuum dc magnetron sputtering on Si(100) substrates with SiO2 buffer layer (300 nm), at the substrate temperature of 500 ◦C. The GIXRD patterns reveal that B2 structural order decreases with increasing t. The film with t = 75 nm has sizable A2 disorder. Irrespective of t, ρ(T, H = 0) goes through a minimum at Tmin. An elaborate quantitative analysis of the ρ(T, H = 0) data, taken over the temperature range 5 K to 300 K, demonstrates that the electron-diffuson (e–d) and weak localization (WL) effects (responsible for the negative temperature coefficient of resistivity (TCR) for T < Tmin) compete with the electron-magnon (e–m) and electron–phonon (e–p) scattering (positive TCR) contributions to produce a minimum at Tmin. Residual resistivity, ρ5K, and the e–d, wl, e–m and e–p scattering contributions to ρ(T, H = 0), ρe–d, ρwl, ρe–m and ρe–p, all go through a minimum at t = 50 nm. Regardless of t, the thermal renormalization of the spin-wave stiffness makes a significant contribution to ρe–m. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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136. A STUDY ON WORK FROM HOME DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: A SEM OF EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE

Author

Rawat, R. B., Puja Bhardwaj, and Waghulkar, S.

Subjects
Covid-19, Work from Home, Employee Perception, Employee attitude, Employee Behaviour, Employee Performance, Home Atmosphere
Abstract

The covid-19 virus changed everything suddenly, the lockdown was imposed, and social distancing became the new normal. This pandemic has affected the routine operations of every business organisation overall industries globally in the year 2020. With the lockdown in place, billions of people, excluding the essential workers, have been forced to work from home. Corporate authorities around the world have no other alternative than providing flexible worksetting including work from home. This research was an attempt to explore the relationships/impact of work from home on employee performance under descriptive research design.The research was aimed to test the relationship between the variables affecting employee performance while working from home during the lockdown, based on the hypothecated model of the theory of planned behaviour. Hypothetical relations among the variables were tested using parametric statistical analysis with the help of AMOS model testing. It was found that employee’s performanceduring their tenure of work from home is dependent on their attitude towards work from home and home atmosphere.

Published
2021
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137. The electrical asymmetry effect in a multi frequency geometrically asymmetric capacitively coupled plasma: A study by a nonlinear global model.

Author

Saikia, P., Bhuyan, H., Escalona, M., Favre, M., Bora, B., Kakati, M., Wyndham, E., Rawat, R. S., and Schulze, J.

Subjects
RESONANT vibration, MICROELECTRONICS, ATMOSPHERIC pressure, CURRENT density (Electromagnetism), ION energy
Abstract

We investigate the electrical asymmetry effect (EAE) and the current dynamics in a geometrically asymmetric capacitively coupled radio frequency plasma driven by multiple consecutive harmonics based on a nonlinear global model. The discharge symmetry is controlled via the EAE, i.e., by varying the total number of harmonics and tuning the phase shifts ( θ k ) between them. Here, we systematically study the EAE in a low pressure (4 Pa) argon discharge with different geometrical asymmetries driven by a multifrequency rf source consisting of 13.56 MHz and its harmonics. We find that the geometrical asymmetry strongly affects the absolute value of the DC self-bias voltage, but its functional dependence on θ k is similar at different values of the geometrical asymmetry. Also, the values of the DC self-bias are enhanced by adding more consecutive harmonics. The voltage drop across the sheath at the powered and grounded electrode is found to increase/decrease, respectively, with the increase in the number of harmonics of the fundamental frequency. For the purpose of validating the model, its outputs are compared with the results obtained in a geometrically and electrically asymmetric 2f capacitively coupled plasmas experiment conducted by Schuengel et al. [J. Appl. Phys. 112, 053302 (2012)]. Finally, we study the self-excitation of nonlinear plasma series resonance oscillations and its dependence on the geometrical asymmetry as well as the phase angles between the driving frequencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018
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150. Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) practices in Ethiopia and Zambia and their association with child nutrition: analysis of demographic and health survey data

Author

Disha, A.D., Rawat, R., Subandoro, A., and Menon, P.

Subjects
Nutrition -- Requirements, Agricultural industry, Food/cooking/nutrition, Health
Abstract

Data from the 2005 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) and the 2007 Zambia Demographic Health Survey (ZDHS) were analyzed to examine the association between World Health Organization (WHO) recommended IYCF indicators and nutritional status among children 0-23 months of age in Ethiopia and Zambia. A total of 1810 and 2512 children within this age group from Ethiopia and Zambia, respectively, were included in the analysis. Exclusive breast-feeding among children 0-5.9 months of age is low in both Ethiopia (43 %) and Zambia (51 %). Timely introduction of complementary food is lower in Ethiopia (61 %) compared to Zambia (90 %). Only 7 percent of children between 6-23 months of age consumed diets that met the minimum dietary diversity requirement of four or more food groups consumed per day compared to 37 % in Zambia. Multiple linear and logistic regression analyses using appropriate measures to account for the complex survey design were applied to examine the associations between IYCF practices and child anthropometry. Linear regression results show that exclusive breast-feeding (EBF) is positively associated with weight-for-height z-score (WHZ) (effect size (ES) 0.65; p Key words: anthropometry, IYCF indicators, Ethiopia, Zambia, INTRODUCTION The prevalence of childhood undernutrition is high in many low-income countries particularly in regions of Asia and sub-Saharan Africa [1]. More than a third of child deaths globally, and [...]

Published
2012

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