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The popularity of the Olympic Games is so great that Games hosting tries to use a wide range of tools to protect the Olympic brand, achieve hosting goals, and connect with audiences. As one of the tools, social media has become an important part of media policies of sport events. The aim of the present study is to investigate the use of Twitter, as a social media in the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games. In this study, the official twitter account of the 2020 Olympic Games Organizing Committee was reviewed from 2014 to the end of 2019. Finally, with the text-mining of 2,364 tweets published online at the timeline of the Tokyo 2020 account hashtags, tags, number of likes, retweets, and multimedia including photos, videos and gifs used in tweets were extracted. What is generally evident in Twitter-related research that the most important operator on this platform is retweets. Despite the increase in the number of retweets, the main goals of an organization can be achieved on Twitter. In fact, hashtags, hyperlinks, tag, and the use of multimedia content are used to increase user engagement in terms of the number of retweets.

Spiritual intelligence is something more than mental ability and connects an individual to beyond. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of spiritual intelligence on sleep quality and attention of skilled volleyball players. Therefore 116 (76 female, 40 male) volleyball players of Mobarakeh county in Isfahan who had participated in regional competitions were selected. Abdollazadeh’s Spiritual Intelligence Questionnaire, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality, and Mari shook Test were used to measure the data. Results of path analysis showed that spiritual intelligence affects both sleep quality and attention. Moreover, the quality of sleep mediated the effect of spiritual intelligence on attention, and the results showed the appropriateness of structural equation model fit.

Introduction: Production of mobile health apps and their use has grown increasingly in recent years which indicate the profound influence of these apps on health care processes and health of the community. Mobile health apps must be made on the basis of reliable scientific resources so that users can use them with confidence. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the reliability of resources used in the creation of the content of the top Persian mobile health applications. Methods: In this descriptive, cross-sectional study conducted in March 2015, 200 of the top mobile health applications were installed, and their references and some of their other features were studied. The data were collected using a checklist, entered into an Excel spreadsheet, and were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: Review of the references used in the apps studied showed that 20% of them had no list of references, and only 5.10% (21 cases) used content from reliable sources. Conclusion: The results of this study are applicable to taking control of the quality of mobile health apps and helping users have access to high-quality and reliable apps by regulatory agencies.

Background: Severe Acute Respiratory Infection (SARI) is responsible for mortality and hospital admissions in millions of people across the world. The present study, for the first time, aimed at estimating the incidence, mortality, and burden of SARI in Iran in 2015. Methods: Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) was used as an index to estimate the burden of SARI. The SARI-related DALYs was calculated using a method developed by the WHO for assessing the Global Burden of Diseases. DALYs are calculated as the sum of the Years Lost due to Disability (YLDs) and the Years of Life Lost (YLLs) due to premature mortality. The data on the incidence and mortality were obtained from the SARI surveillance system of Iran's Ministry of Health and Medical Education. The average duration until remission or death and the disease disability weight were set at four weeks and 0.373, respectively. Results: In 2015, the incidence of SARI was 21309 and 20885 among males and females, respectively. Moreover, 773 males and 737 females died from this disease (Case fatality rate was about 0.035). Total SARI-related DALYs in males and females was 17264 and 16720, respectively. Furthermore, YLLs was responsible for more than 96% of SARI-related DALYs in 2015. Conclusion: There was no significant difference between males and females in terms of the incidence, mortality, and burden of SARI in 2015. Epidemiological data are required to adopt appropriate policies and responses to prevent and control SARI. The incidence, mortality, fatality, and burden of SARI are significant in Iran. It is necessary to develop appropriate strategies, such as vaccination against major pathogens of the disease at least in high-risk groups, strengthening the disease surveillance system, and attracting the attention of policy makers and health authorities of the country.

Professional development and professional identity of English language teachers have usually been explored separately in the research agenda. However, there might be a nexus of relationships between professional identity and professional development in the context of English language teaching. This study, therefore, explored how professional identity might contribute to professional development of English language teachers. To this end, 60 English language teachers from inner, 60 from outer, and 60 from expanding circle of language use were sampled to fill in a questionnaire which was constructed and validated by the researchers. The study concluded that language teachers’ professional development could be theorized on a development of past-present-aspirational identity. It was also found that language teachers’ professional identity could be improved through development of interpersonal relations, system of knowledge and belief, and intrapersonal identity that would be considered as sub-identities of English language teachers’ professional identity.

A community of practice may shape and reshape the identity of members of the community through providing them with situated learning or learning environment. This study, therefore, is to clarify the salient learning-based features of the language teaching community of practice that might formulate the identity of language teachers. To this end, the study examined how learning situations in two communities of practice (English and Arabic) developed the professional identity of language teachers. The results of the semi-structure interviews with 5 language teachers highlighted some differences between English and Arabic language teaching communities of practice in terms of the situated learning activities they provide for language teachers to develop their professional identity. Furthermore, since the community of practice can be considered a potential curriculum that may be learned by newcomers with legitimate peripheral access, it would be considered as a main source of identity formation of both English and Arabic language teachers. The findings of the study can be used to better understand the nature of being a professional language teacher in non-native contexts. They have implications for novice and experienced language teachers as well as for teacher educators to review the content of the teacher training courses

Introduction: The intrauterine device (IUD) is one of the modern contraception methods that is reversible, safe, effective, and with long-term efficacy. The problem of using this method is early discontinuation. The survival of the IUD use has been reported differently in different studies. In this meta-analysis, we estimated average time of surviving in Iranian women. Materials and Methods: We evaluated the incident of IUD removed in the Iranian women with a broad systematic review of the literature regarding MOOSES criteria. ISI, Scopus, Medline, WHO, Cochrane, Web of Science, Biological abstracts, Google Scholar and DARE and Iran Medex, SID, Magiran and IranDoc were searched. We defined inclusion and exclusion criteria for selection of articles. All chosen articles were appraised using Critical Appraisal Skills Programme checklist. Data were extracted regarding prepared sheets. We used a Cochrane Q-test with a significance 75% as high heterogeneity. We applied both fix and random effect model by comprehensive meta-analysis software. Results: A total of 14 articles was included in the systematic review. These were obtained from screening 63 potentially relevant citations and reviewing 17 full-text study articles. One-year survival of IUD, for the random effects model was 78.4% (69.8-85.1%). Three-year survival for the random effects model was 69.4% (53.3-81.9%). Five years for the random effects model was 49.7% (36-63.4%). Conclusion: Above half of Iranian IUD users discontinued it within 5 years after insertion, it means half of IUD expected lifetime was used and make additional costs to the state and the consumer. To reduce these costs, it is recommended for Iranian women to use the IUD with 5-year survival, and they should be consulted before insertion.

Background: Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is a major cause of acute viral hepatitis worldwide. Annual medical and work loss costs of hepatitis A are significant even in low-endemic countries. It is recommended that each country should collect and review the information needed to estimate its national burden of hepatitis A to provide evidence for health policy makers to implement appropriate and cost-effective preventive strategy for HAV infection. The objective of this study was to estimate accurate prevalence of HAV infection in Iran for best preventive measures. Materials and Methods: MEDLINE, Institute of Scientific Information, Scopus, Iranmedex, Irandoc, Magiran and Scientific Information Database were searched. The seroprevalence of HAV were pooled by age, sex and residence using fixed and random effect models. Results: Sixteen papers representing 11857 subjects were included. The overall HAV seroprevalence was 51% (confidence interval [CI] 95%: 50-52%) in fixed and 66% (95% CI: 50-79%) in random effects models. The prevalence was 32% (CI 95%: 11-63%) in less than 20, 50% (CI 95%: 24-75%) in 20-30, and 67% (CI 95%: 17-95%) in more than 30 years of age. The difference was not significant in gender or residence subgroups. Conclusion: HAV infection in Iran may be considered as low or very low. Therefore, targeted vaccination of high-risk groups and more improvement in environmental sanitation would be the best preventive measure.

Background: There is a belief that in patients with acromegaly, first-generation somatostatin analogs (SSAs) might improve cardiovascular (CV) structure and function. However, most published clinical trials involved only a few patients and their results are rather variable. We aimed to conduct a systematic review on available studies on the impact of these drugs on CV parameters. Materials and Methods: A literature search was conducted in MEDLINE (OVID), EMBase, Cochrane, and ISI Web of Science for citations published until April 30 2018 to identify studies on our objective that considered changes in CV parameters. For this search, we established a Boolean search strategy using keywords related to “acromegaly,” “Somatostatin analog,” and “cardiovascular diseases and parameters.” All study types except for case reports or conference abstracts were included. Twenty-four studies (n = 558) fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were selected for final analysis. Results: In 12 studies (n = 350), decrease in heart rate (HR) and in 4 studies (n = 128), decrease in blood pressure (BP) was significant. In 15 studies (n = 320), left ventricular mass index (LVMi) changes were significant. In 9 studies (n = 202), the early diastole to peak velocity flow in late diastole (E/A ratio) was evaluated, and in 5 of them (n = 141), the improvement was significant. Eighteen studies (n = 366) examined changes in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), 5 of which (n = 171) reported that these changes were significant. Decrease of left ventricular end-diastolic diameter was reported in only 2 studies (n = 27). Conclusion: We found that first-generation SSAs have a beneficial effect on cardiac parameters such as HR and LVMi. For other parameters such as LVEF, BP, LV diameter, and E/A ratio, we were not able to draw a firm conclusion.

Eosinophilic gastroenteritis is a rare disease characterized by focal or diffuse eosinophilic infiltration of the gastrointestinal system. The clinical presentation is depending on the involved area and its extension into the layers of the gastrointestinal tract. We repor ted a case of eosinophilic gastroenteritis in the setting of cryptogenic cirrhosis which initially appeared as a tumoral obstruction of the 3rd portion of duodenum which is relieved by surgical bypass and two years later presented as eosinophilic ascitis. The patient was treated with corticosteroid with full absorption of ascitis.

Introduction: Recent progress in providing innovative solutions in the organization of electronic resources and research in this area shows the global trend in the use of new strategies such as metadata to facilitate descripting, locating, organizing, and searching resources in the web environment. In this context, library metadata standards are of great importance. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to compare the central library websites of Iranian state universities in terms of HTML and Dublin Core metadata elements usage in 2011. Methods: This was an applied–descriptive study. The data collection tool was the researcher constructed checklist. The statistical population included 98 websites of Iranian state universities of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MOHME), and the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology. The sampling method used was census. Data were collected by observing and referring directly to every website. Data analysis was performed by descriptive statistics, and the graphs were prepared by Excel software. Results: The findings of study indicated that none of the websites have used Dublin Core metadata. Some of them have used corresponding elements of HTML and Dublin Core. In the MOHME the corresponding elements of description and keywords (both 56%) were most used. In the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology the element of keywords (45%) and description (39%) were most used. However, HTML meta tag elements were mostly used in the library websites studied. The most-used elements of HTML were keywords and description (both 56%) and the least-used elements were date and formatter (0%). Conclusion: It seems we can expect both ministries to use Dublin Core standard more in the future for designing these websites. As library's websites are scientific web pages, special attention should be paid to designing them, in order to help researchers in accessing information resources faster and more accurately. Moreover, the role of librarians in the awareness of designers and developers of library websites in using metadata elements and applying their standards should not be overlooked. Keywords: Metadata Elements; Hyper Text Markup Language; Dublin Core Metadata Standard; Websites; University Libraries

مقدمه: نرم‌افزار کتابخانه، برنامه‌ای رایانه‌ای برای ذخیره، پردازش و بازیابی اطلاعات در کتابخانه‌ها و مراکز اطلاع‌رسانی است. محيط رابط در نرم‌افزار كتابخانه‌اي بخشي از نرم‌افزار است كه تعامل كاربر با نرم‌افزار را برقرار مي‌سازد و انتقال اطلاعات كاربر به نظام و بالعكس توسط آن صورت مي‌گيرد. هدف از اجرای این پژوهش، شناسایی دیدگاه کتابداران کتابخانه‌های دانشگاه علوم پزشکی اصفهان نسبت به ویژگی‌های محیط رابط نرم‌افزار پارس آذرخش در سال 1388 بود. روش بررسی: این مطالعه از دسته‌ی مطالعات توصیفی- مقطعی بود که در سال 1388 انجام شد. برای گردآوری داده‌ها از پرسش‌نامه‌ی محقق ‌ساخته متشکل از 51 سؤال استفاده شد و جامعه‌ی این پژوهش، کتابداران کتابخانه‌های دانشکده‌ای و کتابخانه‌ی مرکزی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی اصفهان (50 نفر) بودند که به صورت سرشماری مورد مطالعه قرار گرفتند. روایی ابزار به وسیله‌ی کارشناسان و متخصصین موضوعی و پایایی آن با استفاده از آزمون Cronbach's alpha (با مقدار 81/0) تأیید شد. برای تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌ها، روش‌هاي آماري توصيفي (توزیع فراوانی، میانگین، انحراف استاندارد) و نیز آزمون‌ همبستگي Spearman مورد استفاده قرارگرفت. یافته‌ها: از دیدگاه کتابداران دانشگاه علوم پزشکی اصفهان، بین متغیرهای مختلف رابط کاربر نرم‌افزار پارس آذرخش، متغیر يادگيري چگونگي کار با نرم‌افزار بیشترین نمره (56/3 از حداکثر 5) را به خود اختصاص داد و پس از آن متغیرهای صفحه‌ی نمايش اطلاعات (40/3)، واژگان و پيام‌هاي نرم‌افزار (3) قرار گرفتند. همچنین نمره‌ی کسب شده در مورد راهنمای نرم‌افزار (6/2) و سایر امکانات و قابلیت‌های آن کمتر از حد متوسط (96/2) بود. در مجموع نمره‌ی کسب شده در مورد تعامل با رابط کاربری نرم‌افزار پارس آذرخش در حد متوسط (20/3) به دست آمد. بین دیدگاه کتابداران در مورد رابط کاربری نرم‌افزار پارس آذرخش و سواد رایانه‌ای کتابداران، هیچ ارتباط معنی‌داری وجود نداشت. همچنین تنها بین وضعیت واژگان و پيام‌هاي نرم‌افزار و سواد کتابخانه‌ای کتابداران، رابطه‌ی معنی‌دار وجود داشت و بین سایر ویژگی‌های رابط کاربری و سواد کتابخانه‌ای کتابداران هیچ ارتباط معنی‌داری مشاهده نگردید. نتيجه‌گيري: نتایج نشان داد، دیدگاه کتابداران شرکت کننده در این پژوهش در مورد ویژگی‌های نرم‌افزار پارس آذرخش در حد متوسطی بود. در میان متغیرهای مورد بررسی، متغيرهاي چگونگي کار با نرم‌افزار، صفحه‌ی نمايش اطلاعات و واژگان و پيام‌هاي نرم‌افزار در وضعیت بهتری قرار داشتند، این در حالی است که متغیرهای راهنما و سایر امکانات و قابلیت‌های نرم‌افزار به بازنگری و ارتقای بیشتری نیاز دارند. واژه‌های کلیدی: کتابداران؛ رابط کاربر کامپیوتر؛ نرم‌افزار؛ کتابخانه‌ها؛ دانشگاه‌ها

Introduction: Ergonomics is the science of improvement of the work environment, job and equipment and adapting them to the human capabilities and limitations. Observing ergonomic principles of computer application is essential for the computer users. Lack of attention to these principles would decrease efficiency and cause irreparable somatic complications. The present study assesses the knowledge of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Librarians about ergonomics principles of computer application. Methods: This is a cross-sectional analytic study. The study population was all the librarians who worked in Isfahan University of Medical Sciences at the time of the study. The data was gathered using a knowledge measurement researcher- made questionnaire, consisting of 28 questions which its content validity were checked and revised. The data were analyzed by T-test and ANOVA using SPSS software version 15. Results: Mean score of correct answers to the questions was reported as 5.65 ± 4.45 of 18. There was no significant relationship between the total questionnaire score and the variables sex, educational level, type of education, employment status, educational Course for the proper use of the computer and the number of hours of computer use per day however there was significant relationship between total score and the study for the proper use of computer. Conclusion: The findings indicated that the knowledge of the Isfahan University of Medical Sciences librarians about ergonomic principles of computer application was low. This can be due to disregard of authorities, librarians or both of them that it can be harmful to their health and the University should also pay the heavy cost of reduced staff productivity. Therefore, it is recommended that the responsible organizations promote the librarians' knowledge about ergonomic principles of computer application through training courses, conferences, consized brochures. It is also recommended that librarians expand their studies on this topic. Keywords: Human Engineering; Occupational Health; Awareness; Librarians; Universities.

Transition-metal-catalyzed reductive cross-coupling is highly efficient for forming C-C bonds. It earns its limelight from its application by coupling unreactive electrophilic substrates to synthesize a variety of carbon-carbon bonds with various hybridizations (sp, sp 2 , and sp 3 ), late-stage functionalization, and bioactive molecules' synthesis. Reductive cross-coupling is challenging to bring selectivity but promising approach. Cobalt is comparatively more affordable than other highly efficient metals e.g., palladium and nickel but cobalt catalysis is still facing efficacy challenges. Researchers are trying to harness the maximum out of cobalt's catalytic properties. Shortly, with efficiency achieved combined with the affordability of cobalt, it will revolutionize industrial applications. This review gives insight into the core of cobalt-catalyzed reductive cross-coupling reactions with a variety of substrates forming a range of differently hybridized coupled products., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)

A strong synthetic tool for many naturally occurring chemicals, polymers, and pharmaceutical substances is transition metal-catalyzed synthesis. A serious concern to human health is the emergence of bacterial resistance to a broad spectrum of antibacterial medications. The synthesis of chemical molecules that are potential antibacterial candidates is underway. The main contributions to medicine are found to be effective in transition metal catalysis and heterocyclic chemistry. This review underlines the use of heterocycles and certain effective transition metals (Pd, Cu, and Ni) as catalysts in chemical methods for the synthesis of antibacterial compounds. Pharmaceutical chemists might opt for clinical exploration of these techniques due to their potential.

The emergence of extensively drug-resistant Salmonella Typhi (XDR- S. Typhi ) poses a grave public health threat due to its resistance to fluoroquinolones and third-generation cephalosporins. This resistance significantly complicates treatment options, underscoring the urgent need for new therapeutic strategies. In this study, we synthesized pyrazine carboxamides ( 3, 5a - 5d ) in good yields through the Suzuki reaction. Afterward, we evaluate their antibacterial activities against XDR- S. Typhi via the agar well diffusion method; 5d has the strongest antibacterial activity with MIC 6.25 (mg/mL). Moreover, in vitro Alkaline Phosphatase inhibitor activity was also determined; 5d is the most potent compound, with an IC 50 of 1.469 ± 0.02 µM. Further, in silico studies were performed to find the type of interactions between synthesized compounds and target proteins.

Microwave-assisted protocols have become extensively accepted across various scientific and technological domains because of their numerous advantages, shorter reaction times, higher yields, and often milder reaction conditions. In this review, we focus on the synthesis of N, O, and S-containing heterocyclic structural cores, crucial in the development of pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and materials science following through conventional and microwave method via eliminating the side products and enhances the product yield that is nowadays the biggest barrier for a synthetic chemist. The major findings emphasizes the substantial advantages of microwave-assisted techniques over conventional synthetic protocols. This comparative study underscores the potential of microwave-assisted techniques to revolutionize heterocyclic compound synthesis, providing insights into optimizing reaction conditions and expanding the scope of chemical synthesis in industrial applications., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)

Optic neuritis (ON) can present as the first demyelinating attack in both multiple sclerosis (MS) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody-associated disease (MOGAD), which may require different treatment depending on the final diagnosis. We present 2 young Hispanic women who presented with ON during pregnancy, one of whom was diagnosed with MS and the other with MOGAD. We describe key clinical features to help differentiate between MS and MOGAD including ON features, brain and spinal MRI, CSF profiles, and serum MOG and aquaporin-4 (AQP-4) antibodies, which all can help guide clinicians to an ultimate diagnosis. Pregnancy is usually considered an immunotolerant state because complex immunologic shifts arising to support tolerance of the developing fetus seem to decrease the risk of relapses. However, relapses may still occur during pregnancy, and relapse rates increase immediately postpartum. Our cases raise the possibility that young Hispanic patients may face increased risk of demyelinating disease activity even during the relatively immunotolerant state of pregnancy. A high index of suspicion for demyelinating disease should be maintained to accelerate diagnosis and prevent disability.

Some antibiotics that are frequently employed are β -lactams. In light of the hydrolytic process of β -lactamase, found in Gram-negative bacteria, inhibitors of β -lactamase (BLIs) have been produced. Examples of first-generation β -lactamase inhibitors include sulbactam, clavulanic acid, and tazobactam. Many kinds of bacteria immune to inhibitors have appeared, and none cover all the β -lactamase classes. Various methods have been utilized to develop second-generation β -lactamase inhibitors possessing new structures and facilitate the formation of diazabicyclooctane (DBO), cyclic boronate, metallo-, and dual-nature β -lactamase inhibitors. This review describes numerous promising second-generation β -lactamase inhibitors, including vaborbactam, avibactam, and cyclic boronate serine- β -lactamase inhibitors. Furthermore, it covers developments and methods for synthesizing M β L (metallo- β -lactamase inhibitors), which are clinically effective, as well as the various dual-nature-based inhibitors of β -lactamases that have been developed. Several combinations are still only used in preclinical or clinical research, although only a few are currently used in clinics. This review comprises materials on the research progress of BLIs over the last five years. It highlights the ongoing need to produce new and unique BLIs to counter the appearance of multidrug-resistant bacteria. At present, second-generation BLIs represent an efficient and successful strategy.

The chemistry of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds has been a multifaceted area of research for an extended period due to their varied therapeutic and biological significance. N-Aryl pyrrolidine formed by condensation of aryl group with nitrogen atom of pyrrolidine is present in a wide array of compounds. Various significant activities shown by N-arylated pyrrolidine include anti-Alzheimer, antihypoxic, anticancer, plant activator, analgesic effect, and hepatitis C inhibitor. This review summarizes different synthetic approaches, e.g., transition-metal catalyzed and transition-metal-free synthesis, decarboxylation reaction, reductive amination, nucleophilic cyclization, Ullmann-Goldberg amidation, Buchwald-Hartwig reaction, Chan-Evans-Lam coupling, addition to benzyne, multistep reaction, green synthesis, rearrangement reaction, and multicomponent reaction, to afford the derivatives of N-aryl pyrrolidine. It encompasses synthetic strategies documented from 2015 to 2023., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)

A new class of thiophene-based molecules of 5-bromothiophene-2-carboxylic acid ( 1 ) have been synthesized in current research work. All analogs 4A - 4G were synthesized with optimized conditions by coupling reactions of 2-ethylhexyl 5-bromothiophene-2-carboxylate ( 3 ) with various arylboronic acids. The results indicated that the majority of compounds showed promising effective in vitro antibacterial activity. Herein, 2-ethylhexyl-5-(p-tolyl)thiophene-2-carboxylate ( 4F ), in particular among the synthesized analogs, showed outstanding antibacterial action (MIC value 3.125 mg/mL) against XDR Salmonella Typhi compared to ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone. The intermolecular interaction was investigated by using a molecular docking study of thiophene derivatives 4A - 4G against XDR S . Typhi. The values of the binding affinity of functionalized thiophene molecules and ciprofloxacin were compared against bacterial enzyme PDB ID: 5ztj. Therefore, 4F appears to be a promising antibacterial agent and showed the highest potential value. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were executed to examine the electronic, structural, and spectroscopic features of the newly synthesized molecules 4A - 4G .

Viruses are a real threat to every organism at any stage of life leading to extensive infections and casualties. N -heterocycles can affect the viral life cycle at many points, including viral entrance into host cells, viral genome replication, and the production of novel viral species. Certain N -heterocycles can also stimulate the host's immune system, producing antiviral cytokines and chemokines that can stop the reproduction of viruses. This review focused on recent five- or six-membered synthetic N -heterocyclic molecules showing antiviral activity through SAR analyses. The review will assist in identifying robust scaffolds that might be utilized to create effective antiviral drugs with either no or few side effects.

Background: Assessment of the ocular fundus, traditionally by direct ophthalmoscopy (DO), is essential to evaluate many neurologic diseases. However, the status of DO training in neurology residencies is unknown. We conducted a needs assessment to determine current attitudes, curricula, and gaps in DO training., Methods: A survey was developed and administered to residents and program directors (PDs) at ACGME accredited neurology residencies in the United States. The survey assessed factors such as current DO curricula, perceived importance of DO, confidence of skills, and need for improvement. Data analysis was performed using the Mann Whitney U test and Fisher Exact Test., Results: Nineteen PDs (11.6%) and 74 (41.1%) residents responded to the survey. 97.1% of residents and 100.0% of PDs believe DO is an important skill to learn. 29.4% of PDs expected graduating residents to have completed > 10 supervised DO exams, while 0.0% of graduating fourth year residents reported doing so (p = 0.03). 35.7% of graduating residents had never correctly identified an abnormal finding on DO. The number of times residents practiced DO unsupervised correlated with increasing confidence in all components of the DO exam (p < 0.05). Residents who felt their program emphasized DO were more likely to perform DO at least once a week compared to residents who did not perceive program emphasis (61.9% vs. 35.0%, p = 0.02) and were more confident in DO (p < 0.05). 66.7% of residents and 42.1% of PDs were not satisfied with current levels of DO training. 96.7% of residents and 78.9% of PDs felt it was important to improve curriculum for DO training. Supervised practice and practice skills sessions were identified as the most helpful interventions to improve DO training., Conclusions: The vast majority of neurology PDs and residents believe DO is an important skill to learn, are unsatisfied with the current level of DO training, and advocate for improvement in DO curricula. Current DO curricula have limited formal didactic training and supervised practice. The bulk of DO learning occurs through unsupervised practice, which is influenced by motivational factors such as perceived residency emphasis on DO learning., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

In the pursuit of finding efficient D-π-A organic dyes as photosensitizers for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), first-principles calculations of guanidine-based dyes [ A1 - A18 ] were executed using density functional theory (DFT). The various electronic and optical properties of guanidine-based organic dyes with different D-π-A structural modifications were investigated. The structural modification of guanidine-based dyes largely affects the properties of molecules, such as excitation energies, the oscillator strength dipole moment, the transition dipole moment, and light-harvesting efficiencies. The energy gap between the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) is responsible for the reduction and injection of electrons. Modification of the guanidine subunit by different structural modifications gave a range of HOMO-LUMO energy gaps. Chemical and optical characteristics of the dyes indicated prominent charge transfer and light-harvesting efficiencies. The wide electronic absorption spectra of these guanidine-based dyes computed by TD-DFT-B3LYP with 6-31G, 6-311G, and cc-PVDZ basis sets have been observed in the visible region of spectra due to the presence of chromophore groups of dye molecules. Better anchorage of dyes to the surface of TiO 2 semiconductors helps in charge-transfer phenomena, and the results suggested that -COOH, -CN, and -NO 2 proved to be proficient anchoring groups, making dyes very encouraging candidates for DSSCs. Molecular electrostatic potential explained the electrostatic potential of organic dyes, and IR spectrum and conformational analyses ensured the suitability of organic dyes for the fabrication of DSSCs., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (© 2024 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.)

Depression is one of the most mutilating conditions in the world today. It has been difficult to make advancements toward better, more effective therapies since the introduction of antidepressant medicines in the late 1950s. One important field of medicinal chemistry is the synthesis of antidepressant molecules through metal-catalyzed procedures. The important role that different transition metals, including iron, nickel, ruthenium, and others, serve as catalysts in the synthesis of antidepressants is examined in this review. Key structural motifs included in antidepressant drugs such as tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), and others can be synthesized in a variety of effective ways using metal-catalyzed steps. This review examines current developments in the catalytic synthesis of antidepressants and their potential application over the previous thirteen years., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

Zinc (Zn) is a crucial element with remarkable significance in organic transformations. The profusion of harmless zinc salts in the Earth's outer layer qualifies zinc as a noteworthy contender for inexpensive and eco-friendly reagents and catalysts. Recently, widely recognized uses of organo-Zn compounds in the field of organic synthesis have undergone extensive expansion toward asymmetric transformations. The ProPhenol ligand, a member of the chiral nitrogenous-crown family, exhibits the spontaneous formation of a dual-metal complex when reacted with alkyl metal (R-M) reagents, e.g., ZnEt 2 . The afforded Zn complex possesses two active sites, one Lewis acid and the other Brønsted base, thereby facilitating the activation of nucleophiles and electrophiles simultaneously within the same chiral pocket. In this comprehensive analysis, we provide a thorough account of the advancement and synthetic potential of these diverse catalysts in organic synthesis, while emphasizing the reactivity and selectivities, i.e., dr and ee due to the design/structure of the ligands employed., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (© 2024 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.)

Purpose of Review: Whipple's disease is an infectious cause of uveitis that may present with nonspecific findings of intraocular inflammation, which can precede the development of neurologic symptoms and signs. Whipple's disease, then, may evade consideration in the differential diagnosis for uveitis., Recent Findings: Molecular tests can be helpful in identifying the presence of Tropheryma whipplei from ocular specimens. The application of metagenomic sequencing for ocular specimens is promising, as it offers the opportunity to identify the pathogen when suspicion for an intraocular infection is high. Whipple's disease demonstrates the ability to abrogate the host immune response, which gives some insight into its pathogenesis., Summary: Whipple's disease should be suspected in patients who have uveitis refractory to anti-inflammatory therapy. Knowledge of this important pathogen can help direct the timely implementation of diagnostic testing., (Copyright © 2023 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Susac syndrome is a vasculopathy, resulting in the classic triad of branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO), inner ear ischemia, and brain ischemia. In this retrospective chart review, we characterize fluorescein angiography (FA) findings and other ancillary studies in Susac syndrome, including the appearance of persistent disease activity and the occurrence of new subclinical disease on FA., Methods: This multicenter, retrospective case series was institutional review board-approved and included patients with the complete triad of Susac syndrome evaluated with FA, contrasted MRI of the brain, and audiometry from 2010 to 2020. The medical records were reviewed for these ancillary tests, along with demographics, symptoms, visual acuity, visual field defects, and findings on fundoscopy. Clinical relapse was defined as any objective evidence of disease activity during the follow-up period after initial induction of clinical quiescence. The main outcome measure was the sensitivity of ancillary testing, including FA, MRI, and audiometry, to detect relapse., Results: Twenty of the 31 (64%) patients had the complete triad of brain, retinal, and vestibulocochlear involvement from Susac syndrome and were included. Median age at diagnosis was 43.5 years (range 21-63), and 14 (70%) were women. Hearing loss occurred in 20 (100%), encephalopathy in 13 (65%), vertigo in 15 (75%), and headaches in 19 (95%) throughout the course of follow-up. Median visual acuity at both onset and final visit was 20/20 in both eyes. Seventeen (85%) had BRAO at baseline, and 10 (50%) experienced subsequent BRAO during follow-up. FA revealed nonspecific leakage from previous arteriolar damage in 20 (100%), including in patients who were otherwise in remission. Of the 11 episodes of disease activity in which all testing modalities were performed, visual field testing/fundoscopy was abnormal in 4 (36.4%), MRI brain in 2 (18.2%), audiogram in 8 (72.7%), and FA in 9 (81.8%)., Conclusions: New leakage on FA is the most sensitive marker of active disease. Persistent leakage represents previous damage, whereas new areas of leakage suggest ongoing disease activity that requires consideration of modifying immunosuppressive therapy., (Copyright © 2023 by North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society.)

Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a contagious infection of cattle caused by a virus of the Poxviridae family, genus Capripoxvirus. In Pakistan, recent outbreaks have resulted in significant nationwide mortality and economic losses. A 20-day prospective cohort study was performed on sixty infected cattle with the aim to evaluate LSD-induced oxidative stress's genotoxic role and to determine the ameliorative effect of antioxidant therapy using principal component analysis (PCA) and a multivariable ordinal logistic regression model. LSDV was identified from scab samples and nodular lesions using RPO30-specific gene primers. The infected cattle were divided into control and treated groups. The animals were observed initially and finally on day 20 to evaluate the homeostatic, oxidative, and genotoxic changes. The animals in the treated group were administered a combination of selenium (Se) and vitamin E at the standard dose rate for five consecutive days. A substantial ( p < 0.05) improvement in the hematological indices was observed in the treated group. The treated group also showed a significant ( p < 0.05) reduction in levels of serum nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) post-therapy. The PCA at the final sampling data of the treated group showed that Principal Component (PC1 eigenvalue 1.429) was influenced by superoxide dismutase (SOD; 0.3632), catalase (CAT; 0.2906), and glutathione (GSH; 0.0816) and PC2 (eigenvalue 1.200) was influenced by CAT (0.4362), MDA (0.2056), and NO (0.0693). A significant correlation between serum NO (76%) and MDA levels (80%) was observed with genetic damage index (GDI) scores. The ordinal logistic regression model regarding the use of antioxidant therapy revealed 73.95-times (95%CI; 17.36-314.96) improvement in the GDI in treated animals. The multivariable ordinal logistic regression showed that each unit increase in NO and MDA resulted in a 13% increase in genotoxicity in infected individuals. In conclusion, our study revealed that LSD-induced oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation product causes genotoxicity in affected animals. Furthermore, the combined Se and vitamin E therapy significantly alleviated oxidative stress and genotoxicity in LSD-affected cattle.

Background and Objectives: Dermatological disorders are highly prevalent among children in Pakistan. The present cross-sectional study aims to identify the spectrum of dermatological conditions among children and adolescents in Pakistan. Materials and Methods: A total of 582 patients (50.9% males; 49.1% females) were included in the study based on their age (5.7 ± 4.1 years), dermatological condition, and epidemiology. The youngest patient was aged ten days, whereas the eldest was seventeen. Age criteria were further stratified into three categories: infants and toddlers (≤5 years), children (≥5 to <12 years), and adolescents (≥12 to <18 years). Amongst them, the majority was from Punjab (81.6%), while the other regions included were Azad Jammu and Kashmir (14.4%), Islamabad (3.3%), and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (0.7%). Results: Scabies was the highest reported skin condition with 281 (45.55%) patients, followed by 114 (19.6%) with eczema, 60 (10.3%) with dermatitis, 33 (5.7%) with tinea capitis, 17 (2.9%) with tinea corporis, 16 (2.7%) with impetigo, and 15 (2.6%) with folliculitis. Other conditions include urticaria, burns, infections, pediculosis, tinea inguinalis, tinea faciei, nappy rashes, alopecia, warts, tinea incognito, tinea cruris, and acne vulgaris. The chi-squared test showed a high prevalence of tinea corporis and acne among adolescents (12-17 years), whereas eczema, dermatitis, and impetigo were more prevalent among infants and toddlers. Conclusions: Pets or livestock and poor hygiene were found to be highly reported risk factors for many dermatological conditions like scabies and fungal infections. Dermatological conditions are common in younger individuals, but unfortunately, many children do not receive the desired medical assistance.

Whey protein-based biocomposite films (WBF) are gaining significant importance as edible packaging materials due to their eco-friendly, biodegradable and barrier properties. The review aims to explore the impact of different reinforcing agents on the techno-functional properties of WBF. The incorporation of reinforcing agents, such as polysaccharides, lipids, starch, chitosan, cellulose, essential oils, and hydrocolloid gums, plays a crucial role in shaping the techno-functional properties of WBF. The review article suggests that whey biocomposite films, when strengthened with various additives, have the potential to be used as edible food packaging materials with desirable attributes. However, despite extensive studies, the utilization of WBF in model food systems remains limited, highlighting a significant gap for further exploration. Further research in this domain could potentially unlock new opportunities for utilizing WBF in various model food systems., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)