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Despite the relevant presence of nonlinear components on heart period (HP) likely due to cardiorespiratory coupling (CRC), the HP is frequently analyzed in absence of concomitant recordings of respiratory movements (RESP). This study aims to assess the cardiovascular dynamics and CRC during postural challenge in athletes and non-athletes via joint symbolic analysis (JSA).A cross-sectional study was conducted in 50 men, aged between 20 and 40 yrs, divided into athletes (n = 25) and non-athletes (n = 25) groups. The electrocardiogram, blood pressure and RESP signals were recorded during 15 min in both supine position (REST) and after active postural maneuver (STAND). From the beat-to-beat series of HP, systolic arterial pressure (SAP) and RESP, we computed the time and frequency domain indexes and baroreflex sensitivity. The JSA was based on the definition of symbolic HP and RESP patterns and on the evaluation of the rate of their simultaneous occurrence in both HP and RESP series.The JSA analysis was able to identify higher CRC strength at REST in athletes. Moreover, the response of CRC to STAND depended on the time scales of the analysis and was much more evident in athletes than in non-athletes, thus indicating a more reactive autonomic control in athletes.Assessing CRC in athletes via JSA provides additional information compared to standard linear time and frequency domain tools likely due to the more relevant presence of nonlinearities in HP-RESP variability relationship.

Aims Sports practice, especially in competition, is usually restrained in patients diagnosed with long QT syndrome (LQTS). Although data are scarce, a low incidence of cardiac arrhythmic events (CAEs) during sports practice is reported. We aim to evaluate the incidence of CAE during sports practice in LQTS patients. Methods and results All consecutive patients above 18 years of age diagnosed with LQTS and prospectively followed at the referral centre for inherited arrhythmia syndrome received a survey to retrospectively assess their sports practice prior to and after the diagnosis of LQTS. Two hundred and forty-six patients were included (57% females). The median age was 43 years, and the median QTc was 457 ms (428; 482). Patients reported a total of 4092 years [1376 (34%) after diagnosis] of sports practice: 2905 (77%) [1138 (39%) after diagnosis] years of leisure practice and 1187 (23%) [238 (20%) after diagnosis] years of competitive practice. One hundred and eighty (73%) patients practiced sport prior to the diagnosis of LQTS and 170 (69%) after. Prior to the diagnosis, four (2%) patients presented a CAE during leisure sports practice and one during competition. After diagnosis, only one patient presented a CAE, appropriately treated by an implantable cardioverter defibrillator discharge, in the context of beta-blocker non-compliance. The CAE event rate was 0.0007 events/year in the 1376 years of total sports practice after the diagnosis of LQTS. Conclusion After the diagnosis of LQTS, the occurrence of CAE is very low during sports practice, even in competitive practice. There was no CAE in patients properly treated with beta-blocker therapy with good compliance.

The rise of the Internet of Things (IoT) and theconstant growth of portable electronics have leveraged the con-cern with energy consumption. Nonvolatile memory (NVM)emerged as a solution to mitigate the problem due to its abilityto retain data on sleep mode without a power supply. Non-volatile processors (NVPs) may further improve energy savingby using nonvolatile flip-flops (NVFFs) to store system state,allowing the device to be turned off when idle and resume ex-ecution instantly after power-on. In view of the potential pre-sented by NVPs, this work describes the initial steps to imple-ment a nonvolatile version of Neander, a hypothetical processorcreated for educational purposes. First, we implemented Ne-ander in Register Transfer Level (RTL), separating the com-binational logic from the sequential elements. Then, the lat-ter was replaced by circuit-level descriptions of volatile flip-flops. We then validated this implementation by employinga mixed-signal simulation over a set of benchmarks. Resultshave shown the expected behavior for the whole instructionset. Then, we implemented circuit-level descriptions of mag-netic tunnel junction (MTJ) based nonvolatile flip-flops, usingan open-source MTJ model. These elements were exhaustivelyvalidated using electrical simulations. With these results, weintend to carry on the implementation and fully equip our pro-cessor with nonvolatile features such as instant wake-up.

Background: Stress Generated by Remote Exams During the Covid-19 Crisis and its Relationship to Physical Activity: A Cross-Sectional Study Among Medicine Students. The study aimed to verify the autonomic alterations that occur in medical students in remote exams during the Covid-19 crisis and their relationship with physical activity. Study conducted with 22 medical students (9 women and 13 men) with a mean age of 19±1.5 years (18-24 years). The dependent variables were: changes in HRV. The independent variables of the study were physical activity (number of steps/day), age and sex. The results showed that the evaluation did not generate changes in the measured autonomic indicators, indicating that this model minimizes stress. It was evident that the greater the number of steps, the lower the stress index (r=-0.920). The other autonomic variables did not show a significant correlation with the number of steps. The remote assessment model used in the medical course during the Covid-19 crisis did not generate autonomic alterations indicative of stress in medical students. However, there was a low level of physical activity in this sample through the number of daily steps, on the other hand, those who had a higher number of steps had a lower stress rate.

This study investigated the acute blood pressure (BP) effects of different exercise modalities in older adults with hypertension. Sixty volunteers were randomly assigned (n = 15/group) into different exercise protocols: resistance, bike, water-based exercise (WE), and a control session—all for ∼45 min. Clinic BP measurements were taken before, immediately after, and 15 and 30 min after protocols. The data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance; generalized estimating equations, following Bonferroni post hoc (p p p

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Recently, inspiratory muscle training (IMT) has been widely used by professionals and amateurs’ athletes as a complementary exercise training method, with the aim of improving sports performance. However, there is still no consensus on the IMT prescription protocols in the literature, as well as the effects on cardiovascular autonomic control. It is known that the modulation of breathing has a strong influence on the cardiovascular system and that IMT can be an ally to improve cardiovascular homeostasis with possible effects on physical performance. Study 1 – Aims: To carry out a systematic review to determine if IMT promotes changes in cardiovascular autonomic responses in humans. Methods: The methodology followed the PRISMA statement for reporting systematic review analysis. MEDLINE, PEDro, SCOPUS and PubMed electronic databases were searched from the inception to March 2017. The quality assessment was performed using a PEDro scale. The articles were included if: (1) primary objective was related to the effects of IMT on the cardiovascular autonomic nervous system, and (2) randomized clinical trials and quasi-experimental studies. Exclusion criteria were reviews, short communications, letters, case studies, guidelines, theses, dissertations, qualitative studies, scientific conference abstracts, studies on animals, non-English language articles and articles addressing other breathing techniques. Outcomes evaluated were measures of cardiovascular autonomic control, represented by heart rate variability (HRV) and blood pressure variability (BPV) indexes. Results: The search identified 729 citations and a total of 6 studies were included. The results demonstrated that IMT performed at low intensities can chronically promote an increase in the parasympathetic modulation and/or reduction of sympathetic cardiac modulation in patients with diabetes, hypertension, chronic heart failure and gastroesophageal reflux, when assessed by HRV spectral analysis. However, there was no study which evaluated the effects of IMT on cardiovascular autonomic control assessed by BPV. Conclusion: IMT can promote benefits for cardiac autonomic control, however the heterogeneity of populations associated with different protocols, few studies reported in the literature and the lack of randomized controlled trials make the effects of IMT on cardiovascular autonomic control inconclusive. Study 2 – Aims: To evaluate the chronic effects of different IMT intensities on cardiovascular control in amateur cyclists. Methods: A longitudinal, randomized, controlled blind study was performed on 30 recreational male cyclists undergoing IMT for 11 wk. Participants were randomly allocated into sham-trained group (SHAM, n = 9), trained group at 60% of the maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP60, n = 10), and trained group at critical inspiratory pressure (CIP, n = 11). Electrocardiogram (ECG), finger arterial pressure, and respiratory movements were recorded before (PRE) and after (POST) training at rest in supine position (REST) and during active standing (STAND). From the beat-to-beat series of heart period (HP) and systolic arterial pressure (SAP), we computed time domain markers, frequency domain indexes in the low frequency (LF, 0.04–0.15 Hz) and high frequency (HF, 0.15– 0.4 Hz) bands, an entropy-based complexity index (CI), and baroreflex markers estimated from spontaneous HP-SAP sequences. Results: Compared with SHAM, the positive effect of MIP60 over the HP series led to the HF power increase during REST (PRE: 521.2 ± 447.5 ms2; POST: 1,161 ± 878.9 ms²) and the CI rise during STAND (PRE: 0.82 ± 0.18; POST: 0.97 ± 0.13). Conversely, the negative effect of CIP took the form of the decreased HP mean during STAND (PRE: 791 ± 71 ms; POST: 737 ± 95 ms). No effect of IMT was visible over SAP and baroreflex markers. Conclusion: These findings suggest that moderate-intensity IMT might be beneficial when the goal is to limit cardiac sympathetic hyperactivity at REST and/or in response to STAND. Study 3 – Aims: To evaluate the effect of IMT on cardiorespiratory coupling in amateur cyclists. Methods: Thirty male young healthy cyclists underwent a sham IMT-SHAM (n = 9), an IMT-MIP60 (n = 10) and IMT-CIP (n = 11). The ECG, non-invasive arterial pressure, and thoracic respiratory movement (RM) were PRE and POST at REST and during STAND. The beat-to-beat series of HP and SAP were analyzed with the RM signal via a traditional non-causal approach, such as squared coherence function, and via a causal model-based transfer entropy (TE) approach. Cardiorespiratory coupling was quantified via the HP-RM squared coherence at the respiratory rate (K2HP-RM), the unconditioned TE from RM to HP (TERM→HP) and the TE from RM to HP conditioned on SAP (TERM→HP|SAP). Results: In PRE condition we found that STAND led to a decrease of TERM→HP|SAP. After SHAM and CIP training this tendency was confirmed, while MIP60 inverted it by empowering cardiorespiratory coupling. This behavior was observed in presence of unvaried SAP mean and with usual responses of the baroreflex control and HP mean to STAND. TERM→HP and K2HP-RM were not able to detect the post-training increase of cardiorespiratory coupling strength during STAND, thus suggesting that conditioning out SAP is important for the assessment of cardiorespiratory interactions. Conclusion: Since the usual response of HP mean, SAP mean and baroreflex sensitivity to postural stressor were observed after MIP60 training, we conclude that the post-training increase of cardiorespiratory coupling during STAND in MIP60 group might be the genuine effect of some rearrangements at the level of central respiratory network and its interactions with sympathetic drive and vagal activity. General conclusions: According to this thesis, we conclude that the IMT, when performed at moderate intensity, is able to promote an increase in cardiac parasympathetic modulation at rest, as well as promoting a greater cardiorespiratory coupling to cope with the postural challenge, requiring lower cardiovascular autonomic to deal with orthostatic stress. This response may be beneficial for athletes, considering the constant exposure to physiological stresses to guarantee cardiovascular demand during sport. O treinamento muscular inspiratório (TMI) tem sido amplamente utilizado por atletas de elite e amadores como um método de treinamento complementar de exercício físico, com o objetivo de melhorar o desempenho desportivo. Contudo, ainda não há um consenso sobre os protocolos de prescrição do TMI na literatura, bem como os efeitos sobre o controle autonômico cardiovascular. Sabe-se que a modulação da respiração promove forte influência sobre o sistema cardiovascular e que o TMI pode ser um aliado para melhorar a homeostase cardiovascular com possíveis efeitos sobre a performance física. Esta tese é composta por por três estudos. Estudo 1 - Objetivo: Realizar uma revisão sistemática para determinar se o treinamento muscular inspiratório (TMI) promove mudanças nas respostas autonômicas cardiovasculares em humanos. Métodos: A metodologia seguiu a declaração do PRISMA para reportar estudos de revisão sistemática. As bases de dados eletrônicas MEDLINE, PEDro, SCOPUS e PubMed foram pesquisadas desde o início até 13 de Março de 2017. A avaliação da qualidade metodológica foi realizada por meio da escala PEDro. Os artigos foram incluídos se: (1) o objetivo primário estivesse relacionado aos efeitos do TMI no sistema nervoso autônomo cardiovascular e (2) ensaios clínicos randomizados e estudos quase experimentais. Os critérios de exclusão foram revisões, comunicações curtas, cartas, estudos de caso, diretrizes, teses, dissertações, estudos qualitativos, resumos de conferências científicas, estudos em animais, artigos em outros idiomas e artigos sobre outras técnicas respiratórias associadas. Os resultados avaliados foram as medidas de controle autonômico cardiovascular, representado pelos índices de variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC) e variabilidade da pressão arterial (VPA). Resultados: A busca identificou 729 citações e um total de 6 estudos foram incluídos. Os resultados mostraram que o TMI realizado em baixas intensidades pode promover cronicamente aumento da modulação parassimpática e/ou redução da modulação simpática cardíaca em pacientes com diabetes, hipertensão, insuficiência cardíaca crônica e refluxo gastroesofágico, quando avaliados pela análise espectral da VFC. No entanto, não houve estudo que avaliasse os efeitos do TMI sobre o controle autonômico vascular avaliado pela VPA. Conclusões: O TMI pode promover benefícios para o controle autonômico cardíaco, porém a heterogeneidade das populações associada a diferentes protocolos, o pequeno número de estudos relatados na literatura e a falta de ensaios clínicos randomizados tornam inconclusivos os efeitos do TMI no controle autonômico cardiovascular. Estudo 2 - Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos crônicos de diferentes intensidades de TMI sobre o controle cardiovascular de ciclistas amadores. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo longitudinal, randomizado, controlado e cego realizado em 30 ciclistas recreacionais do sexo masculino submetidos a 11 semanas de TMI. Os participantes foram alocados aleatoriamente em um grupo com treinamento simulado (SHAM, intensidade leve, n=9), grupo treinado com 60% da pressão inspiratória máxima (MIP60, intensidade moderada, n=10) e grupo treinado com pressão inspiratória crítica (CIP, intensidade alta, n=11). O eletrocardiograma (ECG), pressão arterial de pulso e movimentos respiratórios foram registrados antes (PRÉ) e após (PÓS) o TMI, em repouso em decúbito dorsal (REP) e durante a posição ortostática ativa (ORTO). Das séries do período cardíaco (PC) e pressão arterial sistólica (PAS), batimento a batimento, foram calculados marcadores de domínio de tempo, índices de domínio de frequência nas bandas de baixa frequência (BF, 0,04–0,15 Hz) e alta frequência (AF, 0,15– 0,4 Hz), um índice de complexidade baseado em entropia (IC) e marcadores barorreflexos estimados a partir de sequências PC-PAS espontâneas. Resultados: Em comparação com SHAM, o efeito positivo do MIP60 sobre o PC levou ao aumento da potência AF durante REP (PRÉ: 521,2 ± 447,5 ms2; PÓS: 1,161 ± 878,9 ms2) e aumento do IC durante STAND (PRÉ: 0,82 ± 0,18; PÓS : 0,97 ± 0,13). Por outro lado, o efeito negativo da CIP assumiu a forma de diminuição da média do PC durante ORTO (PRÉ: 791 ± 71 ms; PÓS: 737 ± 95 ms). Nenhum efeito do TMI foi visível sobre os marcadores da PAS e barorreflexo. Conclusões: Esses achados sugerem que o TMI de intensidade moderada pode ser benéfico quando o objetivo é limitar a hiperatividade simpática cardíaca no REP e/ou em resposta ao ORTO. Estudo 3 – Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos do TMI sobre o acoplamento cardiorrespiratório em ciclistas amadores. Métodos: Trinta jovens ciclistas saudáveis do sexo masculino foram submetidos a um TMI-SHAM (n = 9), TMI-MIP60 (n = 10) e TMI-CIP (n = 11). ECG, pressão arterial não invasiva e movimento respiratório torácico (MR) foram coletados PRÉ e PÓS o treinamento em REP e ORTO. As séries batimento a batimento do PC e da PAS foram analisados com o sinal MR por meio de uma abordagem não causal tradicional, como função de coerência quadrada, e por meio de uma entropia de transferência (ET) baseada em modelo causal. O acoplamento cardiorrespiratório foi quantificado por meio da coerência quadrada de PC-MR na frequência respiratória (K2PC-MR), a ET não condicionada de MR para PC (ETMR→PC) e a ET do MR para PC condicionado pela PAS (ETMR→PC|PAS). Resultados: Na condição PRÉ, descobrimos que o ORTO levou a uma diminuição da ETMR→PC|PAS. Após o treinamento de SHAM e CIP, essa tendência foi confirmada, enquanto o MIP60 a inverteu, potencializando o acoplamento cardiorrespiratório. Esse comportamento foi observado sem modificação na PAS média e com respostas usuais do controle barorreflexo e da média do PC durante ORTO. A ETMR→PC e K2PC-MR não foram capazes de detectar o aumento da força de acoplamento cardiorrespiratório pós TMI durante ORTO, sugerindo que o condicionamento da PAS é importante para a avaliação de interações cardiorrespiratórias. Conclusões: Uma vez que a resposta usual da média do PC, média da PAS e sensibilidade barorreflexa ao estressor postural foram observadas após o treinamento MIP60, concluímos que o aumento do acoplamento cardiorrespiratório durante ORTO no grupo MIP60 pode ser o efeito genuíno de alguns rearranjos no nível de rede respiratória central e suas interações com o impulso simpático e a atividade vagal. Conclusões gerais: De acordo com os achados dessa tese, concluímos que o TMI quando realizado em intensidade moderada, é capaz de promover um aumento da modulação parassimpática cardíaca de repouso, bem como, promover uma maior força de acoplamento cardiorrespiratório para lidar com o desafio postural, necessitando menor contribuição do controle autonômico cardiovascular para lidar com o estresse ortostático. Além disso, essa resposta pode ser benéfica para atletas, considerando a constante exposição à estresses fisiológicos para garantir a demanda cardiovascular durante o desporto. FAPESP: 2017/13402-0 FAPESP: 2018/11123-0 CAPES, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Fisioterapia, processo: 001

O objetivo da revisao sistematica com meta-analise foi sumarizar as informacoes de ensaios clinicos randomizados e controlados, que investigaram os efeitos do treinamento muscular respiratorio no controle da pressao arterial em hipertensos. A revisao sistematica com meta-analise foi conduzida seguindo as diretrizes estabelecidas pelo PRISMA. As pesquisas dos artigos foram realizadas em quatro bases de dados eletronicas (PubMed, Cochrane Library, SCOPUS e PEDro). Os criterios de inclusao dessa revisao foram ensaios clinicos randomizados e controlados, que avaliassem o impacto do treinamento muscular respiratorio na pressao arterial de individuos com hipertensao arterial sistemica, sem outras doencas associadas. Oito estudos foram incluidos para meta-analise (total de 270 participantes; idade entre 18 e 85 anos). Esses estudos tiveram uma pontuacao media de 6,25 na escala PEDro, sendo considerados de alta qualidade metodologica. Os resultados da meta-analise mostraram uma reducao na pressao arterial sistolica e diastolica para o treinamento muscular respiratorio quando uma resistencia foi aplicada [Diferenca media (DM): −15,72 (Intervalo de Confianca (IC): −18,63; −12,81) e DM: −7,08 (IC: −9,03; −5,13) mmHg, respectivamente]. Tambem houve reducao da pressao arterial sistolica, mas nao da pressao arterial diastolica, quando o treinamento foi realizado sem resistencia [DM: −5,08 (IC: −7,49; −2,66) e DM: −1,04 (IC: −2,55; +0,46) mmHg, respectivamente]. Concluimos que o treinamento muscular respiratorio tem um efeito positivo sobre a pressao arterial em hipertensos, porem, apenas quando realizado com resistencia parece ser capaz de promover algum efeito benefico na reducao da pressao arterial diastolica.

Aims Sudden cardiac arrest remains a major complication of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and is frequently related to ventricular fibrillation (VF). Incidence and impact of VF among patients hospitalized for AMI were evaluated. Methods and results Data from the FAST-MI programme consisting of 5 French nationwide prospective cohort studies between 1995 and 2015 were analysed, totally including 14 423 patients with AMI (66 ± 14 years, 72% males, 59% ST-elevation myocardial infarction). Overall, proportion of patients presenting in-hospital VF decreased from 3.9% in 1995 to 1.8% in 2015 (P < 0.001). One-year mortality decreased from 60.7% to 24.6% (P < 0.001). However, compared with patients who did not develop VF, the over-risk of 1-year mortality associated with VF was stable over time [hazard ratio (HR) 6.78, 95% confidence interval (CI) 5.03–9.14 in 1995 and HR 6.64, 95% CI 4.20–10.49 in 2015, P = 0.52]. This increased mortality in the VF group was mainly related to fatal events occurring prior to hospital discharge, representing 86.2% of 1-year mortality, despite the very low rate of implantable cardioverter defibrillator in the VF group (2.6%). Conclusion This study demonstrates that in-hospital VF incidence and mortality in the setting of AMI have significantly decreased over the past 20 years. Nevertheless, VF remained steadily associated with approximately a 10-fold increased relative risk of in-hospital mortality, without an impact on post-discharge mortality. Beyond long-term cardiac defibrillation strategy, these results emphasize the need to identify in-hospital interventions to further reduce mortality in VF patients. Study registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00673036, NCT01237418, NCT02566200

Cardiorespiratory coupling is defined as the link between respiration and heartbeat and has been previously studied with respect to the inspiratory onset. The repeatability of the latency of the R-wave with respect to the phase transitions of respiration was taken as an index of coupling and tested in two groups of amateur athletes during a rest-to-stand protocol carried out before and after inspiratory muscle training. Our results suggest that the orthostatic challenge causes a reduction of cardiorespiratory coupling strength especially after moderate inspiratory training and that both inspiratory and expiratory onsets should be considered in the assessment of cardiorespiratory coupling.

Short-term cardiovascular control, comprising cardiac baroreflex and mechanisms governing cardiac contractility and vascular properties, links heart period (HP) and systolic arterial pressure (SAP) fluctuations. It is activated during postural challenge and this activation is traditionally quantified via linear tools such as HP-SAP squared coherence function. In this study the ability of a nonlinear bivariate tool based on joint symbolic analysis (JSA) approach was tested against HP-SAP coherence function during orthostatic challenge in recreational athletes. We studied 9 men healthy cycling practitioners (age: 20-40 yrs) at rest in supine condition (REST) and during active standing (STAND). The JSA method is based on the definition of symbolic HP and SAP patterns and on the evaluation of the rate of their simultaneous occurrence in both HP and SAP series. HP-SAP squared coherence was computed in the low frequency band (LF, from 0.04 to 0.15 Hz). We found the expected response to the postural stimulus, namely the increase of sympathetic modulation and the contemporaneous vagal withdrawal. However, only JSA was able to detect the expected increase of association between HP and SAP variability series over slow time scales. This result suggests that recreational athletes have more relevant nonlinear interactions between HP and SAP that might be missed by traditional linear tools and might require nonlinear tools to be efficiently described.

Durante o Cretáceo, houve um intenso evento magmático relacionado à fragmentação da parte oeste do supercontinente Gondwana, dando início ao desenvolvimento da bacia de margens continentais brasileira e africana e a abertura do Oceano Atlântico Sul. Este magmatismo é representado pelos derrames basálticos e enxames de diques máficos associados à enorme província ígnea Paraná (Brasil) – Etendeka (África) de 133 a 135 Ma. Destacando-se em imagens magnetométricas, no estado de Minas Gerais ocorrem vários enxames de diques com idades desde o Pré Cambriano até o Cretáceo. Atravessando o Cráton do São Francisco e suas Faixas Móveis Brasilianas, os diques Transminas e parte dos diques máficos Serra do Mar compõem os mais jovens enxames de Minas Gerais. Em Minas Gerais, idade plateau de 124.56 ± 2.15 Ma e idade isocrônica inversa de 131.92 ± 3.63 Ma para um dique do enxame Serra do Mar, bem como idade plateau de 135.72 ± 4.35 Ma e idade isocrônica inversa de 128.43 ± 8.46 Ma para um dique do enxame Transminas, obtidas pelo método Ar-Ar, inserem ambos os enxames de Minas Gerais no mesmo contexto geotectônico de intrusão dos diques máficos Serra do Mar (fora de Minas Gerais), Ponta Grossa (Paraná), Florianópolis (Santa Catarina) e Vitória-Colatina (Espirito Santo), todos eles associados à Província Ígnea Paraná-Etendeka.

BACKGROUND Hypertension can be prevented and modified with lifestyle interventions that include regular exercise. Aquatic exercise is widely recommended for older adults for a variety of health benefits, but few studies have assessed the immediate ambulatory blood pressure (BP) response to aquatic exercise, a response termed postexercise hypotension (PEH). Thus, we assessed PEH after a session of aquatic exercise in physically active, older women with hypertension. METHODS Twenty-four women 70.0 ± 3.9 years with a resting systolic (SBP)/diastolic (DBP) BP of 124.0/72.3 mm Hg and body mass index of 29.8 ± 4.1 kg/m2 were randomly assigned to participate in a 45-minute session of moderate intensity, water-based exercise (WATER) and a 45-minute land control session (CONTROL). All experimental sessions started at 9 am sharply with 7 days between them. Subjects left the experiments wearing an ambulatory BP monitor for the next 21 hours. RESULTS SBP was lower by 5.1 ± 1.0 mm Hg after WATER than CONTROL over 21 hours (P < 0.001), over awake hours by 5.7 ± 1.1 mm Hg (P < 0.001), and sleep hours by 4.5 ± 0.4 mm Hg (P = 0.004). DBP was lower following WATER compared to CONTROL: 1.2 ± 0.3 mm Hg over 21 hours (P = 0.043); 0.9 ± 0.6 mm Hg over awake hours (P = 0.101); and 1.4 ± 0.9 mm Hg over sleep hours (P = 0.039). CONCLUSIONS Aquatic exercise elicited PEH (~5 mm Hg) over 21 hours, BP reductions that are comparable in magnitude to land aerobic exercise. The immediate antihypertensive benefits of acute aquatic exercise should continue to be explored in future studies.

Este trabalho apresenta a lâmpada de lava como valioso material didático que permite a experimentação analógica para ilustrar importante processo geodinâmico que envolve a ascensão de plumas mantélicas no manto inferior da Terra.

BACKGROUND: There are few reports in the literature supporting the understanding of the physiological mechanisms of intolerance in patients with COPD to perform unsupported upper limb activities. The aims of this study were to quantify the electrical activity and oxygenation of inspiratory and upper limb muscles, and to investigate whether electromyographic manifestations of muscle fatigue are related to upper limb function as assessed by the 6-min pegboard and ring test (6PBRT) in subjects with COPD and in healthy subjects. METHODS: Thirty subjects with COPD (FEV1 42.1 ± 16.4% predicted; 68.0 ± 7.6 y old) comprised the COPD group, and 34 healthy subjects (66.8 ± 8.0 y old) comprised the control group. Both groups were assessed for body composition with dual-energy radiograph absorptiometry and spirometry. The 6PBRT was performed with simultaneous assessment of electromyography, near-infrared spectroscopy, and gas analyses (expiratory minute volume). RESULTS: Differences were observed between groups for performance (number of rings) in the 6PBRT, with the COPD group achieving lower values than the control group (P CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that the 6PBRT was performed at a higher electrical activity in the accessory inspiratory muscles, such as the sternocleidomastoid muscle, and a lower oxygenation profile in the intercostal muscles in subjects with COPD compared with healthy controls, but without muscle fatigue signs. These findings suggest that the higher ventilatory demand presented in subjects with COPD could have contributed to the worse performance in this group without signals of peripheral muscle limitation.

In heart period (HP) variability (HPV) recordings the percentage of negative HP variations tends to be greater than that of positive ones and this pattern is referred to as HPV asymmetry (HPVA). HPVA has been studied in several experimental conditions in healthy and pathological populations, but its origin is unclear. The baroreflex (BR) exhibits an asymmetric behavior as well given that it reacts more importantly to positive than negative arterial pressure (AP) variations. We tested the hypothesis that the BR asymmetry (BRA) is a HPVA determinant over spontaneous fluctuations of HP and systolic AP (SAP). We studied 100 healthy subjects (age from 21 to 70 yr, 54 men) comprising 20 subjects in each age decade. Electrocardiogram and noninvasive AP were recorded for 15 min at rest in supine position (REST) and during active standing (STAND). The HPVA was evaluated via Porta’s index and Guzik’s index, while the BRA was assessed as the difference, and normalized difference, between BR sensitivities computed over positive and negative SAP variations via the sequence method applied to HP and SAP variability. HPVA significantly increased during STAND and decreased progressively with age. BRA was not significantly detected both at REST and during STAND. However, we found a significant positive association between BRA and HPVA markers during STAND persisting even within the age groups. This study supports the use of HPVA indexes as descriptors of BRA and identified a challenge soliciting the BR response like STAND to maximize the association between HPVA and BRA markers.

A forca das interacoes cardiorrespiratorias diminui com a idade. O exercicio fisico pode reduzir a taxa dessa tendencia. O treinamento muscular inspiratorio (TMI) e uma tecnica capaz de melhorar as interacoes cardiorrespiratorias. Este estudo avalia o efeito do TMI no acoplamento cardiorrespiratorio em ciclistas amadores. Trinta jovens ciclistas saudaveis do sexo masculino foram submetidos a um TMI simulado de intensidade muito baixa (SHAM, n = 9), um TMI de intensidade moderada a 60% da pressao inspiratoria maxima (MIP60, n = 10) e um TMI de alta intensidade no ponto critico pressao inspiratoria (CIP, n = 11). Eletrocardiograma, pressao arterial nao invasiva e movimento respiratorio toracico (MR) foram registrados antes (PRE) e apos (POS) o treinamento em repouso em decubito dorsal (REP) e durante a posicao ortostatica ativa (ORTO). A serie batimento a batimento do periodo cardiaco (PC) e da pressao arterial sistolica (PAS) foram analisados com o sinal MR por meio de uma abordagem nao causal tradicional, como funcao de coerencia quadrada, e por meio de uma entropia de transferencia (ET) baseada em modelo causal. O acoplamento cardiorrespiratorio foi quantificado via coerencia quadrada PC-MR na frequencia respiratoria (K2PC-RM), a ET nao condicionado do MR para PC (ETMR→PC) e o ET de MR para PC condicionado pela PAS (ETMR→PC|PAS). Na condicao PRE, descobrimos que ORTO levou a uma diminuicao do ETMR→PC|PAS. Apos o treinamento com SHAM e CIP, essa tendencia foi confirmada, enquanto o MIP60 a inverteu, potencializando o acoplamento cardiorrespiratorio. Esse comportamento foi observado na presenca de media da PAS nao variada e com respostas usuais do controle barorreflexo e da media do PC para ORTO. ETMR→PC e K2PC-RM nao foram capazes de detectar o aumento pos-treinamento da forca de acoplamento cardiorrespiratorio durante ORTO, sugerindo que o condicionamento da PAS e importante para a avaliacao das interacoes cardiorrespiratorias. Uma vez que a resposta usual da media de PC, media da PAS e sensibilidade barorreflexa ao estressor postural foram observadas apos o treinamento MIP60, concluimos que o aumento pos-treinamento do acoplamento cardiorrespiratorio durante ORTO no grupo MIP60 pode ser o efeito genuino de alguns rearranjos no nivel de rede respiratoria central e suas interacoes com o impulso simpatico e atividade vagal.

Background Inspiratory muscle training (IMT) has brought great benefits in terms of improving physical performance in healthy individuals. However, there is no consensus regarding the best training load, as in most cases the maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) is used, mainly the intensity of 60% of MIP. Therefore, prescribing an IMT protocol that takes into account inspiratory muscle strength and endurance may bring additional benefits to the commonly used protocols, since respiratory muscles differ from other muscles because of their greater muscular resistance. Thus, IMT using critical inspiratory pressure (PThC) can be an alternative, as the calculation of PThC considers these characteristics. Therefore, the aim of this study is to propose a new IMT protocol to determine the best training load for recreational cyclists. Methods Thirty recreational cyclists (between 20 and 40 years old) will be randomized into three groups: sham (SG), PThC (CPG) and 60% of MIP, according to age and aerobic functional capacity. All participants will undergo the following evaluations: pulmonary function test (PFT), respiratory muscle strength test (RMS), cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET), incremental inspiratory muscle endurance test (iIME) (maximal sustained respiratory pressure for 1 min (PThMAX)) and constant load test (CLT) (95%, 100% and 105% of PThMÁX) using a linear load inspiratory resistor (PowerBreathe K5). The PThC will be calculated from the inspiratory muscle endurance time (TLIM) and inspiratory loads of each CLT. The IMT will last 11 weeks (3 times/week and 55 min/session). The session will consist of 5-min warm-up (50% of the training load) and three sets of 15-min breaths (100% of the training load), with a 1-min interval between them. RMS, iIME, CLT and CPET will be performed beforehand, at week 5 and 9 (to adjust the training load) and after training. PFT will be performed before and after training. The data will be analyzed using specific statistical tests (parametric or non-parametric) according to the data distribution and their respective variances. A p value

Background: Inspiratory muscle training(IMT) has brought great benefits to improving physical performance in healthy individuals. However, there is no consensus regarding the best training load as in most cases the maximum inspiratory pressure(MIP) has been used, whereby 60% of MIP is the most used. Therefore, the prescription of an IMT protocol that takes into account respiratory muscle strength and endurance may bring additional benefits to the commonly used protocols as respiratory muscles differ from other muscles because of their greater muscular resistance. Thus, IMT using inspiratory critical pressure(PThC) appears as an alternative since the calculation of PThC considers these characteristics. Therefore, the aim of this study is to propose a new IMT protocol to determine the best training load for recreational cyclists. Methods: Thirty recreational cyclists(between 20-40 years) will be randomized to the SHAM Group(SG), the PThC Group(PCG) and the 60% of MIP Group(60G), taking into account age and aerobic functional capacity. All participants will undergo the following evaluations: pulmonary function test(PFT), respiratory muscle strength test(RMS), cardiopulmonary test(CPET), incremental respiratory muscle endurance test(iRME) [maximum sustained respiratory pressure for 1 minute(PThMAX)] and constant load test(CLT) (95%, 100% and 105% of PThMÁX) using a linear load inspiratory resistor(PowerBreathe K5). The PThC will be calculated from the inspiratory muscle endurance time(TLIM) and inspiratory loads of each CLT. The IMT will last 11 weeks(3 times/week and 1 hour/session). The session will consist of 5-minute warm-ups(50% of the training load) and 3 sets of 15-minute breaths (100% of the training load), with a 1 minute interval between them. RMS, iRME, CLT and CPET will be performed before, at week 3 and 7(to adjust the training load) and after training. PFT will be performed before and after training. The data will be analyzed by specific statistical tests (parametric or non-parametric) according to the data distribution and their respective variances. The p

Background: Inspiratory muscle training (IMT) has brought great benefits in terms of improving physical performance in healthy individuals. However, there is no consensus regarding the best training load being in most cases the maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) is used, mainly the intensity of 60% of MIP. So, the prescription of an IMT protocol that considers respiratory muscle strength and endurance may bring additional benefits to commonly used protocols, since the respiratory muscles that differ from other muscles because of their greater muscular resistance. Thus, IMT using inspiratory critical pressure (PThC) can be an alternative as the calculation of PThC considers these characteristics. Therefore, the aim of this study is to propose a new IMT protocol to determine the best training load for recreational cyclists. Methods: Thirty recreational cyclists (between 20-40 years) will be randomized into the SHAM Group (SG), the PThC Group (PCG) and the 60% of MIP Group (60G), according to age and aerobic functional capacity. All participants will undergo the following evaluations: pulmonary function test (PFT), respiratory muscle strength test (RMS), cardiopulmonary test (CPET), incremental respiratory muscle endurance test (iRME) [maximal sustained respiratory pressure for 1 minute (PThMAX)] and constant load test (CLT) (95%, 100% and 105% of PThMÁX) using a linear load inspiratory resistor (PowerBreathe K5). The PThC will be calculated from the inspiratory muscle endurance time (TLIM) and inspiratory loads of each CLT. The IMT will last 11 weeks (3 times/week and 1 hour/session). The session will consist of 5-minute warm-ups (50% of the training load) and 3 sets of 15-minute breaths (100% of the training load), with a 1-minute interval between them. RMS, iRME, CLT and CPET will be performed beforehand, at week 3 and 7 (to adjust the training load) and after training. PFT will be performed before and after training. The data will be analyzed using specific statistical tests (parametric or non-parametric) according to the data distribution and their respective variances. The p Discussions: It is expected that the results of this study will enable the training performed with PThC to be used by health professionals as a new tool to evaluate and prescribe IMT. Clinical Trial: ClinicalTrial.gov, ID Number NCT02984189. Registered on December 6, 2016, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02984189. Keywords: Physical Exercise, Physiotherapy, Physical Performance, Critical Power, Respiratory Muscle

We develop a framework linking organizational and industry architectures to value creation and value capture, and apply it to the case of Industry 4.0 (the coordinated use of digitally-enabled technologies like robots, sensors, and artificial intelligence) in the automotive industry. We argue that if factory owners develop automation methods that capitalize on their greater access to the context in which production data is generated, they will be better able to prevent value from migrating to “digital entrants” that offer automation consulting and data analytics. Manufacturers can do this by adopting an organizational architecture that empowers shop-floor workers to combine their local knowledge with digital tools. Conversely, to the extent that digital entrants develop a more abstract version of these tools that they spread across industries, they will capture more value.

It was known that the thermal response varies according to some variables. Until now, there are no studies that have investigated the relationship of skin temperature and heart rate during and after the workout, either the thermal behavior during postural changes. Objective: the aim of this study was to evaluate the behavior of skin temperature and heart rate, during exercise and up to an hour of recovery (with postural change), performed in two different intensities sessions (70% and 85% of 10 repetitions maximum) and observe the correlation between them. Method: This was a short longitudinal study, carried out with women aged from 18 to 30 years. A sample of 31 untrained women, aged 18 and 30 was used. The volunteers were randomized into two groups: Biceps Group (BG), with 15 women, and Quadriceps Group (QG) with 16 women. Results: During and after completion of the exercise session, there was a significant reduction in skin temperature on the active muscles in both groups (BG and QG), with similar thermal responses for the two intensities studied (70% and 85%) to the minute 15 (which marks the end of the recovery in the standing position). From minute 15 to minute 20–60, the skin temperature increases abruptly and significantly, returning to levels close to those observed before exercise. Conclusion: There were no statistical differences in thermal response to exercises in 70% or 85% of 10RM. There is a negative correlation between heart rate and skin temperature when untrained women perform anaerobic exercise. It was observed that after a change of posture (from a standing position to a sitting posture) skin temperature increased abruptly and significantly.

This study investigated the chronic effect of inspiratory muscle training (IMT) on the human serum metabolome in healthy male recreational cyclists. Using a randomized, parallel group design, twenty-eight participants were randomized to three IMT groups: low intensity (LI, n = 7), moderate intensity (MI, n = 10), and high intensity (HI, n = 11). The IMT was performed for 11 weeks. Another group of participants under the same conditions, who did not perform the IMT but participated in all procedures, was included as controls (CG, n = 6). Blood samples were collected one week before and after 11 weeks of IMT and analyzed for metabolite shifts using 1H NMR. Statistical analysis included a 4 (group) &times, 2 (time) repeated measures ANOVA using the general linear model (GLM), and multivariate principal component analysis (PCA). Untargeted metabolomics analysis of serum samples identified 22 metabolites, including amino acids, lipids, and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates. Metabolites shifts did not differ between groups, indicating that IMT at three intensity levels did not alter the serum metabolome relative to the control group. These results reveal novel insights into the metabolic effects of the IMT and are consistent with the results from other studies showing negligible chronic alterations in the serum metabolome in response to physical training.

Fundamento: O treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade (TIAI) tem sido utilizado como estrategia de exercicio cardiovascular para promover maior adesao na reabilitacao cardiovascular. No entanto, pouco se sabe sobre o efeito dessa modalidade de treinamento no controle autonomico cardiaco. Objetivo: Realizar uma revisao sistematica para avaliar os efeitos do TIAI nas respostas autonomicas cardiacas em humanos. Metodos: PEDro, SCOPUS e PubMed foram pesquisados desde o inicio ate 29 de marco de 2018. Alem disso, a qualidade metodologica e os relatorios estatisticos de todos os ensaios clinicos elegiveis foram avaliados pela escala PEDro. Os artigos eram elegiveis se: O objetivo principal estivesse relacionado aos efeitos do TIAI no sistema nervoso autonomo cardiaco. Os desfechos avaliados foram medidas indiretas de controle autonomico cardiaco, representadas por indices de VFC. Resultados: As estrategias de busca resultaram em 339 citacoes e 2 citacoes adicionais foram identificadas por meio de outras fontes. Apos excluir os artigos duplicados e revisar o texto completo, 6 artigos foram incluidos. De maneira geral, os resultados mostraram uma melhora na modulacao parassimpatica e / ou simpatica apos TIAI, quando avaliada por indices lineares e nao lineares de VFC. Conclusoes: O TIAI e uma ferramenta promissora para melhorar o controle autonomico cardiaco, com mais recomendacao em individuos saudaveis e pacientes com sindrome metabolica.

Resumo: Granitoides podem se formar nao apenas nos varios ambientes dos diferentes estagios do ciclo de Wilson, como tambem acima de plumas mantelicas, como resultado da fusao crustal decorrente do calor fornecido pelas plumas. Com base na geoquimica e geocronologia disponivel na literatura, este artigo leva em conta essa ultima possibilidade na reinterpretacao do ambiente tectonico de formacao do leucogranito de Gouveia (Minas Gerais), que havia sido previamente interpretado como granitoide de ambiente tectonico colisional. Palavras Chave: Granito tipo-A, Gouveia, fusao crustal Abstract: TECTONIC SETTING OF THE GOUVEIA LEUCOGRANITE (MINAS GERAIS) REINTERPRETED. Granitoids can be originated not only in the diverse tectonic settings of the Wilson Cycle, but also above mantle plumes, as a result of the crustal melting promoted by heat transfer from plumes. Based on geochemistry and geochronology available in literature, this paper takes this possibility into account on the reinterpretation of the Gouveia leucogranite tectonic setting, previously interpreted as collisional. Keywords: A-type granite, Gouveia, crustal melting

Introduction: Inspiratory muscle training (IMT) has been used as a complementary method to improve the performance in athletes. However, there is no consensus about the effects of IMT on cardiac autonomic control assessed by heart rate variability (HRV). Objective: To identify the effects of IMT on cardiac autonomic control, assessed by the analysis of HRV, after active postural maneuver. Methods: Nine healthy recreational cyclists, all men with aged between 20-40 years, performed an IMT for 11 weeks, 1 hour/session, 3 times for week. The intensity was set at 60% of maximal inspiratory pressure, which was applied using an inspiratory resistor. The electrocardiogram was recorded continuously, in the supine and orthostatic postures (15 min each), before and after IMT. Spectral analysis of the HRV was performed, in which the high frequency (HF) and low frequency (LF) in normalized units (nu), represents vagal and sympathetic modulation, respectively. Paired t-test was used to compare the delta HRV indices (orthostatic minus supine), adopting p Results: There was observed increasing in sympathetic (ΔLFnu: 9.8 vs 24.3, p=0.007) and decreasing in parasympathetic modulation (ΔHFnu: -11.9 vs -24.3, p=0.010) after postural maneuver. Conclusions: IMT promoted increased cardiac autonomic response to postural maneuver, i.e., increased sympathetic modulation at orthostatic. This result reflects an improvement to the ability of this system to adapt to an external stimulus, which is important to athletes, once they are constantly exposed to physiological stress during sports practice. Moreover, these findings may guide future research in patients with postural hypotension. Support: Fapesp(2017/13402 0);CNPq(311938/2013-2).

Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-12T17:26:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2018. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2018-11-12T17:34:21Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S0103-51502018000100305.pdf: 1067984 bytes, checksum: 48a738124d378de400413f7fba039003 (MD5) ResumoIntrodução:A hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) é um dos principais fatores de risco cardiovasculares que afeta diferentes populações. Sendo assim, o exercício físico em piscina aquecida tem surgido como uma potencial alternativa ao exercício físico em solo para a redução da pressão arterial (PA) de indivíduos hipertensos.Objetivo:Revisar a evidência dos efeitos do exercício físico em piscina aquecida na redução da PA em populações não especificas.Métodos:Foram pesquisadas as bases de dados eletrônicas Scielo, Pubmed e Scopus, de 2005 a 2016, com os seguintes descritores em inglês: “pressão arterial, exercício, imersão, pressão arterial e hidroterapia”. Foram encontrados 10.461 artigos e, após a aplicação dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão, foram selecionados 13 artigos que fizeram parte da análise final. Todos os artigos incluídos avaliaram indivíduos de diferentes populações, em diferentes faixas etárias, submetidos a uma sessão e/ou programa de exercícios físicos em piscina aquecida.Resultados:Os resultados sugerem que uma sessão aguda de exercício físico em piscina aquecida, bem como um programa de treinamento de 12 a 24 semanas, pode reduzir a pressão arterial em diferentes populações (normotensos, hipertensos, mulheres na pós-menopausa e transplantados cardíacos). Houve uma grande variação na magnitude e duração do efeito hipotensivo do exercício, o que pode ter sido devido à grande variação de frequência, duração e intensidade das sessões, bem como de populações estudadas.Conclusão:Estes resultados sugerem que o exercício físico em piscina aquecida pode ter efeito hipotensivo agudo e crônico em diferentes populações. No entanto, não há homogeneidade nos protocolos utilizados, o que pode ter levado à heterogeneidade na magnitude e duração das reduções de PA. AbstractIntroduction: Systemic arterial hypertension is one of the main cardiovascular risk factors affecting several population. In this context, heated water-based exercise has emerged as a potential alternative to land- based physical exercise to reduce blood pressure (BP) in hypertensive patients.Objective: To systematically synthesize evidence for the lowering effects of heated water-based exercise on BP in a non-specific population.Methods: Scielo, Pubmed and Scopus electronic databases were searched for studies from 2005 to 2016, with the following descriptors in English: “blood pressure, exercise, immersion, blood pressure and hydrotherapy”. A total of 10,461 articles were found and, after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 13 articles were selected and included in the final analysis. All included articles evaluated individuals from different populations and age groups, submitted to a heated water-based exercise session and/or program.Results: The results suggest that both an acute single session and chronic training period (12 to 24 weeks) of heated water-based exercise may reduce BP in different populations (normotensive, hypertensive, postmenopausal women, and heart transplant populations). The magnitude and duration of acute and chronic hypotensive effect of exercise ranged substantially, which was probably due to the variety of exercise frequency, duration and intensity, as well as due to the studied population.Conclusion: These results suggest that heated water-based exercise may promote acute and chronic hypotensive effects in different populations. However, there is no homogeneity in the protocols used, which may have led to the heterogeneity in magnitude and duration of BP reductions. ResumenIntroducción:La hipertensión arterial sistémica es uno de los principales factores de riesgo cardiovascular que afecta diferentes poblaciones. Siendo así, el ejercicio físico en piscina calentada ha surgido como una alternativa potencial al ejercicio físico en suelo para la reducción de la presión arterial (PA) de pacientes hipertensos.Objetivo:Revisar la evidencia de los efectos del ejercicio físico en la piscina calentada en la reducción de la PA en poblaciones no específicas.Métodos:Buscamos las bases de datos electrónicas Scielo, Pubmed y Scopus, de 2005 a 2016, con los siguientes descriptores en inglés: “presión arterial, ejercicio, inmersión, presión arterial e hidroterapia”. Se encontraron 10461 artículos y, después de la aplicación de los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, fueron seleccionados 13 artículos que fueron parte del análisis final. Todos los artículos incluidos evaluaron individuos de diferentes poblaciones en diferentes grupos de edad sometidos a programas de ejercicios físicos acuáticos.Resultados:Los resultados sugieren que el ejercicio físico realizado en una piscina calentada puede llevar a diferentes respuestas en la presión arterial, dependiendo de la frecuencia, la duración y la intensidad de las sesiones.Conclusión:Estos resultados sugieren que el ejercicio realizado en una piscina calentada durante 12 a 24 semanas de entrenamiento puede promover efectos benéficos sobre la reducción de la PA. Por otra parte, la sesión aguda no es suficiente para causar un efecto hipotensor. Sin embargo, no hay homogeneidad en los protocolos utilizados, lo que puede haber llevado la divergencia en los resultados. Universidade Estadual Paulista Universidade Federal de São Carlos Universidade Estadual Paulista

Thermography measures have been increasingly used as a preventive resource and control method in the sports training monitoring. The purpose of this study was to present an overview of applications and analysis of thermal images in sports training, as well as presenting the parameters and standards for its use in the sports training monitoring. This is a narrative review of the literature. The results of studies with thermography have shown different responses in body temperature regulation with the exercise practice, which in turn has been linked to the exercise prescription characteristics, such as type of exercise, intensity, among others. The application of thermography has been used also as a strategic resource in the monitoring of high-level athletes, which has been reduced, significantly, the number of sports injuries, by the use of the tomographic image analysis. For this purpose, technical parameters and standards for carrying out the thermographic images must be carefully observed in order to maintain the reliability of the data. Thus, through a suitable design methodology, it is possible to perform a physiological monitoring to sports training with the use of thermography, maximizing strategies to prevent possible injury.

In the last few years, spintronics has attracted the full attention of the scientific community for the synergy it provides to conventional complimentary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) devices (nonvolatility, infinite endurance, radiation immunity, increased density, and so on). Many hybrid (magnetic/CMOS) cells have been proposed which can store and process data in both electrical and magnetic ways. Such cells are mainly based on magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) and are suitable for use in magnetic random access memories (MRAMs) and reprogrammable computing (magnetic FPGAs, nonvolatile registers, processor cache memories, and so on). In this paper, we report the results of exhaustive energy-performance analysis of the set of hybrid cells recently published in the literature. We explore their limits in metrics of the required silicon area, robustness, read/write speed, and consumed energy. Two different mechanisms for writing non-volatile data stored in MTJs are applied to each hybrid cell: thermally assisted switching (TAS) and spin-transfer torque (STT). All the results were obtained through simulations in Cadence Spectre 7.2. For the CMOS part, we used 45 nm predictive transistor models whereas the MTJ part was simulated using the 120 nm $\times 120$ nm TAS Spintec model and the 100 nm $\times 50$ nm STT Spinlib model. The results presented here are a valuable resource for future designers of hybrid devices if they need to select an appropriate hybrid cell for a target application.

Besides increasing a computing throughput, multi-core processor architectures bring increased capacity of SRAM-based cache memory. As a result, cache memory now occupies large proportion of recent processor chips, becoming a major source of the leakage power consumption. The power gating technique applied on a SRAM cache is not efficient since it is paid by data loss. In this paper, we present two hybrid memory cells that combine a conventional volatile CMOS part with Magnetic Tunnel Junctions (MTJs) able to store a data bit in a non-volatile way. Being inherently non-volatile, these hybrid cells enable instantaneous power off and thus complete reduction of the leakage power. Moreover, given that the data bit can be stored in local MTJs and not in distant storage memories, these cells also offer instantaneous and efficient data retrieval. To demonstrate their functionality, the cells are designed using 28 nm FD-SOI technology for the CMOS part and 45 nm round spin transfer torque MTJs (STT-MTJs) with perpendicular magnetization anisotropy. We report the measured performances of the cells in terms of required silicon area, robustness, read/write speed and energy consumption.