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статья посвящена влиянию занятий спортом на социальную активность студентов. Большой поток новой информации и быстроразвивающаяся современная жизнь поставили новые задачи перед высшими учебными заведениями. Это задачи необходимости внедрения физических упражнений и спортивной интеллектуальной деятельности в образовательный процесс студентов. Главным решением является определение факторов, влияющих на социальную активность студентов, и возможность на них воздействовать.

With the increase of system complexity in both platforms and applications, power modelling of heterogeneous systems is facing grand challenges from the model scalability issue. To address these challenges, this chapter studies two systematic methods: selective abstraction and stochastic techniques. The concept of selective abstraction via black-boxing is realised using hierarchical modelling and cross-layer cuts, respecting the concepts of boxability and error contamination. The stochastic aspect is formally underpinned by Stochastic Activity Networks (SANs). The proposed method is validated with experimental results from Odroid XU3 heterogeneous 8-core platform and is demonstrated to maintain high accuracy while improving scalability.

Traditional speedup models, such as Amdahls, facilitate the study of the impact of running parallel workloads on manycore systems. However, these models are typically based on software characteristics, assuming ideal hardware behaviors. As such, the applicability of these models for energy and/or performance-driven system optimization is limited by two factors. Firstly, speedup cannot be measured without instrumenting the original software codes, and secondly, the parallelization factor of an application running on specific hardware is generally unknown. In this paper, we propose a novel method, whereby standard performance counters found in modern many-core platforms can be used to derive speedup without instrumenting applications for time measurements. We postulate that speedup can be accurately estimated as a ratio of instructions per cycle for a parallel manycore system to the instructions per cycle of a single core system. By studying the application instructions and system instructions for the first time, our method leads to the determination of the parallelization factor and the optimal system configuration for energy and/or performance. The method is extensively demonstrated through experiments on three different platforms with core numbers ranging from 4 to 61, running parallel benchmark applications (including synthetic and PARSEC benchmarks) on Linux operating system. Speedup and parallelization estimations using our method and their extensive cross-validations show negligible errors (up to 8%) in these systems. Additionally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our method to explore parallelization-aware energy-efficient system configurations for many-core systems using energy-delay-product based formulations.

Trade-offs between extra-functional properties, such as performance, reliability and resource utilisation, have been recognised as crucial in system design. The concept of Holistic Fault Tolerance (HFT) is aimed at targeting these trade-offs in run-time system control. Previous work has shown that HFT systems can have significant complexity, which may require sophisticated modelling at the design stage. This paper presents a novel HFT design methodology based on hierarchical modelling and stochastic simulations. The former caters to system complexity and the latter estimates extra-functional properties in the trade-offs. The method is demonstrated with an application example of number plate recognition software.

This article studies the interplay between the performance, energy, and reliability (PER) of parallel-computing systems. It describes methods supporting the meaningful cross-platform analysis of this interplay. These methods lead to the PER software tool, which helps designers analyze, compare, and explore these properties. The web extra at https://youtu.be/aijVMM3Klfc illustrates the PER (performance, energy, and reliability) tool, expanding on the main engineering principles described in the article.

With the increase of system complexity in both platforms and applications, power modelling of heterogeneous systems is facing grand challenges from the model scalability issue. To address these challenges, this paper studies two systematic methods: selective abstraction and stochastic techniques. The concept of selective abstraction via black-boxing is realised using hierarchical modelling and cross-layer cuts, respecting the concepts of boxability and error contamination. The stochastic aspect is formally underpinned by Stochastic Activity Networks (SANs). The proposed method is validated with experimental results from Odroid XU3 heterogeneous 8-core platform and is demonstrated to maintain high accuracy while improving scalability.

Modern embedded systems execute multiple applications, both sequentially and concurrently. These applications are exercised on heterogeneous platforms generating varying power consumption and system workloads (CPU or memory intensive or both). As a result, determining the most energy-efficient system configuration (i.e. the number of parallel threads, their core allocations and operating frequencies) tailored for each kind of workload and application scenario is extremely challenging. In this paper, we propose a novel runtime optimization approach with the aim of achieving maximized power normalized performance considering dynamic variation of workload and application scenarios. Fundamental to this approach is a comprehensive study to investigate the tradeoffs between inter-application concurrency with performance and power consumption under different system configurations. Using real experimental measurements on an Odroid XU-3 heterogeneous platform with a number of PARSEC benchmark applications, we model power normalized performance (in terms of IPS/Watt) underpinning analytical power and performance models, derived through multivariate linear regression (MLR). Using these models, we show that with increasing number of concurrent CPU intensive applications show variable gains in IPS/Watt compared to the memory intensive applications in both sequential and concurrent application scenarios. Furthermore, we demonstrate that it is possible to continuously adapt system configuration through a low-cost and linear-complexity runtime algorithm, which can improve the IPS/Watt by up to 125% compared to the existing approach.

Continued technology scaling in VLSI has enabled more and more computation cores to be integrated in the same chip. This has facilitated the parallelization of processing and the increase of performance whilst keeping energy consumption at reasonable levels. To study the potential improvement of performance in such many core systems, three existing models have been popular in both the research community and industry. Amdahl's law is the original speedup model that estimates the maximum performance improvement with fixed workloads. Gustafson's law is a popular model that introduces variable workloads and estimates fixed time speedup. Sun and Ni combined the above two models into one considering the memory-bounded situation. These models are further extended via the Hill-Marty model to cover a limited form of heterogeneity. This paper extends these models to cover a more comprehensive assumption of core heterogeneity. We also present power and energy models based on the extended heterogeneous models. Our models cover popular power and performance control methods such as Dynamic Voltage Frequency Scaling (DVFS), power gating, etc. A case study is performed with an ARM big.LITTLE architecture containing Cortex A7 and A15 cores, including a comprehensive analysis with different ratios of parallel and sequential workloads to identify the most energy-efficient system configuration based on these models. Experimental results demonstrated high correlations between practically measured power normalized performance and that of the proposed extended models.

The choice of radix is crucial for multivalued logic synthesis. Practical examples, however, reveal that it is not always possible to find the optimal radix when taking into consideration actual physical parameters of multivalued operations. In other words, each radix has its advantages and disadvantages. Our proposal is to synthesize logic in different radices, so it may benefit from their combination. The theory presented in this paper is based on Reed-Muller expansions over Galois field arithmetic. The work aims to first estimate the potential of the new approach and to second analyze its impact on circuit parameters down to the level of physical gates. The presented theory has been applied to real-life examples focusing on cryptographic circuits where Galois Fields find frequent application. The benchmark results show that the approach creates a new dimension for the trade-off between circuit parameters and provides information on how the implemented functions are related to different radices.

Traditional hierarchical modelling methods tend to have layers of abstraction corresponding to naturally existing layers of concern in multi-level systems. Although logically and functionally intuitive, this is not always optimal for analysis and design. For instance, parts of a system in the same logical layer may not contribute to the same degree on some metric, e.g. system power consumption. When focusing on a specific parameter or set of parameters, to moderate the analysis, design and runtime effort, less significant parts of the system should be modelled at higher levels of abstraction and more significant ones with more detail. This parametric significance-driven modelling approach focuses more on optimal parametric fidelity than on logical intuition. Using system power consumption as an example parameter, this paper presents Order Graphs (OGs), which have a clear hierarchical structure, and provide straightforward vertical zooming across multiple layers (orders) of model abstraction, resulting in the discovery of power-proportional cuts that run through different orders to be analysed together in a flat manner. Stochastic Activity Networks (SANs), a good flat modelling method, is suggested as an example of studying techniques for cuts discovered with OGs. A series of experiments on an Odroid development system consisting of an ARM big.LITTLE multi-core structure provides initial validation for the approach.

We relate the experience of a defining a formal domain specific language (DSL) for the construction and reasoning about OS-level management logic of multi-core systems. The approach is based on a novel, iterative development principle where results of prototyping studies feed back into the next language revision. We illustrate the DSL with several examples of executable scripts.

Results of treatment of fulminating scrotum gangrene (Fournier disease) in 17 patients at the age of 34-82 years are presented. Bounded (slow progressive) forms were observed in 12 patients, widespread (fulminant and rapidly progressive) forms--in 5 patients. Colorectal pathology as the most likely cause of Fournier disease was observed in 8 patients, urogenital pathology--in 7 patients. In 2 patients blunt injury (1) and gunshot wound (1) of scrotum preceded the development of Fournier disease. 5 patients suffered from diabetes mellitus differed in severity. Non-clostridial anaerobic bacteria appeared to be the main infection agents causing purulo-necrotic lesion (88.2%). Lethality amounted 29.4% (5 patients from 17 died). Authors consider that active tactics applying on the aim of surgical management in complex with early and staged necrectomy and complex system of local management of the wound, used against a background of intensive multicomponent medical correction of homeostasis disturbances, allows to improve treatment results.

The interplay between pairs of critical factors such as performance, energy and reliability within modern computing systems has always been an interesting topic of study. However, studying the interplay of all three factors together in a many-core, multi-layer design setting has been a relatively recent undertaking. This work explores the practical problems encountered in such studies and introduces the modelling framework ArchOn, which is based on a novel resource-driven graph representation. ArchOn facilitates the analysis and potentially design and synthesis of systems whose design domains are more conveniently organized into multiple layers or levels (e.g. application, OS, hardware, etc.) and potentially large scale and diverse types of concurrency. The layer-agnostic formalism helps designers reason about cross-layer issues and the resource-driven approach is advantageous for reasoning about such issues as energy and time. Example single- and multi-core case studies help explain and illustrate the method.

This article reports on the European Digital Kitchen, an EU-funded language learning project which promotes learning of languages, cultures and cuisines in digital interactive kitchens. The project involves taking a normal kitchen and specifically adapting it for language learning using the next generation of digital technology, namely activity recognition and sensor technology. We intend that learners will be able to learn aspects of the language whilst performing a meaningful real-world task and will simultaneously experience the cultural aspect of learning to cook a foreign dish. The article starts by outlining the project background, including rationale, motivation and aims. We then explain in detail how the technology works (using photographs) and outline our design methodology, which blends Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT) and Human-Computer Interaction (HCI). We then present 3 extracts of Digital Kitchen interaction to illustrate the type of learning which takes place., Cet article rend compte de la ‘European Digital Kitchen’, un projet d'apprentissage de la langue financé par l'UE qui favorise l'apprentissage des langues, des cultures et des cuisines dans les cuisines interactifs digitales. Le projet consiste à prendre une cuisine normale et l’adapter spécifiquement pour l'apprentissage des langues à l'aide de la prochaine génération de la technologie digitale, à savoir la reconnaissance de l'activité et de la technologie de capteur. Nous avons l'intention que les apprenants seront en mesure d'apprendre les aspects de la langue tout en effectuant une tâche utile dans le monde réel et auront simultanément l'expérience de l'aspect culturel d’apprendre à cuisiner un plat étrangère. L'article commence en décrivant le contexte du projet , y compris la justification, la motivation et les objectifs. Nous expliquons ensuite en détail le fonctionnement de la technologie ( à l'aide de photos ) et décrivons notre méthodologie de conception, qui est basée sur les tâches enseignement des langues ( TBLT ) et l'Interaction Homme - Machine (IH ). Nous présentons ensuite trois extraits de l'interaction de la cuisine digitale pour illustrer le type d'apprentissage qui a lieu.

This paper describes the first steps towards the development of a modelling method for large complex computing systems focusing on many-core types and concentrating on the cross-layer aspects. The models resulting from this method will help system designers reason about, analyse, and ultimately design such systems across all conventional computing and communication layers, from application, operating system, down to the finest hardware details. The main points of concern are energy and power and the physical parameters related to them, such as supply voltages and temperature, among other things, and how these impact on and relate to system"performance" metrics, including speed, throughput, and crucially, reliability.In this paper, we will first establish our outlook for the general modelling method, and then develop an initial system simulator based on this methodological outlook. The simulator will then be demonstrated with an example case study.

In this paper we continue work to investigate how we can engage young adults in behaviors of recycling and the prevention of food waste through social media and persuasive and ubiquitous computing systems. Our previous work with BinCam, a two-part design combining a system for the collection of waste-related behaviors with a Facebook application, suggested that although this ubiquitous system could raise awareness of recycling behavior, engagement with social media remained low. In this paper we reconsider our design in terms of engagement, examining both the theoretical and practical ways in which engagement can be designed for. This paper presents findings from a new user study exploring the re-design of the social media interface following this analysis. By incorporating elements of gamification, social support and improved data visualization, we contribute insights on the relative potential of these techniques to engage individuals across the lifespan of a system’s deployment.

29 patients, aged 18-63 years, with diaphragm ruptures and severe polytraumatic injuries were treated. 26 patients had laparotomy, the rest 2 were thoracotomyzed for the surgical treatment. The rupture of the diaphragm was diagnosed during surgery in 8 (27,6%) patients, who were initially operated on cause of massive bleeding. In 16 (55,2%) cases there were no signs of bleeding, though patients showed clinical picture of abdominal contents' dislocation to the pleural cavity. Rupture of the diaphragm was misdiagnosed during the first operation and caused the second laparotomy in 4 (13,8%) patients. Rupture was left-sided in 28 patients, right-sided in 1 case. Postoperative lethality was 13,8% (4 patients).

The highest malaria morbidity rates have been observed in the Tajikistan's Khatlon Region that is contiguous with Afghanistan. This area is notorious for its high malariogenicity ("susceptibility" according to the WHO terminology), caused by natural climatic factors, as well as a significant vulnerability associated with socioeconomic conditions (intensive migration of populations among which there are many infected subjects). In children, tropical malaria is generally characterized by an acute onset, abnormal fever, and its polymorphism of clinical manifestations that are exemplified by the lack of typical malaria paroxysms, as well as a gradual progression of parasitemia during the first malaria attacks. Recurrences are induced by ineffective treatment and chloroquine resistance in the tropical malaria pathogen. The reduction in malaria morbidity has resulted from a package of large-scale malaria-controlling measures implemented with the support of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria.

The electrical properties of bismuth oxide films with direct and alternating current have been studied. A charge carrier transfer is shown to be dominant in these films both at low temperatures and at high frequencies due to the carrier jumps between the localized states with the energy near the Fermi level N(EF). The value of N(EF) at the localization radius α-1 = 8A, the angular coefficient in Mott's law for jumping conductivity B = 93 K 1 4 and the average length of jumping at 230 K, R = 70 A, have been calculated by two independent methods for τ-Bi2O3 films.

A conversion driven design approach is described. It takes the outputs of mature and time-proven EDA synthesis tools to generate mixed radix datapath circuits in an endeavour to investigate the added relative advantages or disadvantages. An algorithm underpinning the approach is presented and formally described together with m-of-n encoded gate-level implementations. The application is found in a wide variety and overlapping areas of circuit design, here a subset are analysed where the method finds the strongest application: arithmetic circuits and hardware security. The obtained results are reported showing an increase in power consumption but with considerable improvement in resistance to differential power analysis (DPA).

To detect problematic circuit behaviour, such as potential hazards and deadlocks, in a reasonable amount of time a technique is required which would avoid exhaustive exploration of the state space of the system. Many of the existing methods rely on symbolic traversal of the state space, with the use of binary decision diagrams (BDDs) and associated software packages. This paper presents an alternative approach of using a special type of Petri nets to represent circuits. An algorithm for automatic conversion of a circuit netlist into a behaviourally equivalent Petri net is proposed. Once the circuit Petri net is constructed and composed with the provided environment specification, the presence and reachability of troublesome states is verified by using methods based on finite prefixes of Petri net unfoldings. The shortest trace leading to a deadlock or a hazard in the circuit Petri net is mapped back onto the gate-level representation of the circuit, thus assisting a designer in solving the problem. The method has been automated and compared against previously existing circuit verification tools.

Acute enteric infections (AEI), including shigellosis, are characterized by their extremely wide spread in Tajikistan. Their hyperendemicity is due to a high activity of the water route of transmission under the conditions of hot climate. The morbidity level of AEI both in the republic as a whole and in its individual territories has been found to directly depend on the degree of the potential epidemiological danger of the water supply system, as well as on the quality of water used by the population in the presence of its pronounced deficiency. The important role of breast feeding for the prophylaxis of AEI among young children is shown.

The article deals with the results of the investigation which has demonstrated the spread of rotavirus infection on the territory of the Republic of Tajikistan. This infection has gained an important place in the regional pathology and requires increased epidemiological surveillance on its spread. As established in the course of this investigation, in patients with the clinical manifestations of pronounced gastroenteritis rotavirus plays the role of the etiological agent in 25.8% of cases in children aged up to 14 years and in 11.0% of cases in adults. Synchronism in the seasonal dynamics of morbidity in acute enteric infections of unclear etiology and rotavirus gastroenteritis among children aged 0-2 years, annually reaching morbidity peak in October, has been revealed. Rotavirus gastroenteritis requires close attention as regards its prophylaxis as one of the main nosological forms of acute enteric infections in the Republic.

The characteristic feature of the Republic of Tajikistan, as well as other republics of Central Asia, is the wide spread of virus hepatitis E. The epidemiology of this grave disease, recently known as virus hepatitis non A, non B with the fecal-oral mechanism of transmission of this infection, has been yet insufficiently studied. The article points out to the specific character of this infection which essentially differs, both epidemiologically and clinically, from other enteric hepatitis (hepatitis A), also hyperendemic for the republic. The results of the study of the immunostructure of the population with respect to both hepatitis E and hepatitis A are presented.

The Republic of Tajikistan belongs to the territories, traditionally hyperendemic with respect to acute enteric diseases (AED). The problem of AED still remains topical in recent years, especially among child population. The study of the etiological structure of AED in children has made it possible to establish that more than 70% of these diseases are of infectious nature. The leading role in the etiological structure of these diseases belongs to Shigella infections (32.4%), enterovirus diarrhea (12.1%) and Escherichia infections (8.9%). No significant differences in the character of the etiological structure of AED in children of urban and rural areas have been detected with the exception of enterovirus diarrhea, found to occur 2.7 times more frequently on children of urban areas (15.9%) than in those of rural areas (5.8%). The ascertaining of the etiological structure of AED in Tajikistan will make it possible to essentially increase epidemiological surveillance on AED and render it more concrete.