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As one of the postquantum protocol candidates, the supersingular isogeny key encapsulation (SIKE) protocol delivers promising public and secret key sizes over other candidates. Nevertheless, the considerable computations form the bottleneck and limit its practical applications. The modular multiplication operations occupy a large proportion of the overall computations required by the SIKE protocol. The VLSI implementation of the high-speed modular multiplier remains a big challenge. In this article, we propose three improved modular multiplication algorithms based on an unconventional radix for this protocol, all of which cost about 20% fewer computations than the prior art. Besides, a multiprecision scheme is also introduced for the proposed algorithms to improve the scalability in hardware implementation, resulting in three new algorithms. We then present very efficient high-speed constant-time modular multiplier architectures for the six algorithms. It is shown that these new architectures can be extensively pipelined and highly optimized to obtain high throughput and low latency. The field-programmable gate array (FPGA) implementation results show that all proposed multipliers achieve much higher throughput than previous designs, but the increase in resources is relatively small. In addition, the multipliers without the multiprecision scheme have very low latency, which is very friendly to high-speed applications of the SIKE protocol.

In this paper, confocal micro-Raman spectrum (CMR) was used to investigate the distribution of main components (ferulic acid and nicotinic acid) in Radix Angelicae sinensis (RAS). The ferulic acid and nicotinic acid were scanned to obtain their Raman spectra of single component; the RAS from different origins were scanned to obtain the Raman spectrum of RAS, and the Raman spectrum was compared with single component. The Raman spectrum of a single component was introduced into the map review to localize ferulic acid and nicotinic acid in RAS. In the results, the RAS from different origins showed strong similarity, with obvious characteristic peaks at 120 cm–1 140 cm–1210 cm–1,480 cm–1 and 1050 cm–1. The characteristic peaks of ferulic acid are mainly concentrated in the spectrum range of 100-1100 cm1 with obvious characteristic peaks around 160 cm150 cm–1 and 1800 cm–1 while the peaks of nicotinic acid mainly concentrated in the spectrum range of 100-1100 cm–1, with obvious characteristic peaks around 120 cm–1, 140 cm–1,810 cm–1and 1050 cm–1 The red and the green color represent the locations of ferulic acid and nicotinic acid, respectively. In conclusion, CMR can be used to establish the Raman fingerprint library of RAS for a quick and accurate identify, and locate the known active components.

Taraxacum officinale (dandelion) and Radix Astragali are traditional medicinal and edible plants with high nutritional value. In this study, the synergistic hypoglycemic effect of DRE and Radix Astragali extract (RAE) was evaluated. Our results showed that water extract of dandelion (DRE‐w), mainly containing polysaccharides (63.92 ± 1.82 mg/g), total flavonoid (2.57 ± 0.06 mg/g), total phenolic compounds (8.93 ± 0.34 mg/g), and saponins (0.54 ± 0.05 mg/g), exhibited significantly inhibitory effect on α‐glucosidase and α‐amylase. DRE‐w and RAE had synergistic hypoglycemic effect; we found that DRE‐w and its combination with RAE could relieve the state of insulin resistance in IR‐HepG2 cells. The combination could more significantly increase the glucose consumption and intracellular glycogen content, and improve the activity of hexokinase and pyruvate kinase in IR‐HepG2 cells. In summary, DRE and its combination with RAE can be developed as the drugs or functional foods for diabetes prevention and treatment., In this study, the effect of dandelion root extracts (DREs) on the hypoglycemic effect and analysis of active compounds were investigated. We found that DRE and RAE had synergistic hypoglycemic effect. We believe that the results of this research are significant to the development of functional foods and healthcare drugs with hypoglycemic effects.

Angelicae Sinensis Radix is a world-renowned herbal medicine originating in China. Owing to many environmental and geographical factors, Angelicae Sinensis Radix from various origins may have a difference in the content of ingredients, which made the confusion in the clinical practice and market. Herein, a binary chromatographic fingerprinting analysis method is developed via hydrophilic interaction chromatography and reversed-phase liquid chromatography to obtain more chemical information. Following that, a ultra-performance liquid chromatography with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometry method is furnished to simultaneously detect 17 ingredients of Angelicae Sinensis Radix gathered from 6 geographic zones in China. Eventually, the principal component analysis is successfully carried out to classify and differentiate the Angelicae Sinensis Radix from different origins, meanwhile the quantitative volcano plots was used to observe the changes of ingredient trends vividly. Accordingly, the proposed binary chromatography and triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry coupled with multivariate statistical analysis can be utilized as a facile and reliable method for origin tracing and quality control of Angelicae Sinensis Radix. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Angelicae Sinensis Radix is a widely used traditional Chinese medicine and spice in China. The purpose of this study was to develop a methodology for geographical classification of Angelicae Sinensis Radix and determine the contents of ferulic acid and Z-ligustilide in the samples using near-infrared spectroscopy. A qualitative model was established to identify the geographical origin of Angelicae Sinensis Radix using Fourier transform near-infrared (FT-NIR) spectroscopy. Support vector machine (SVM) algorithms were used for the establishment of a qualitative model. The optimum SVM model had a recognition rate of 100% for the calibration set and 83.72% for the prediction set. In addition, a quantitative model was established to predict the content of ferulic acid and Z-ligustilide using FT-NIR. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) algorithms were used for the establishment of a quantitative model. Synergy interval-PLS (Si-PLS) was used to screen the characteristic spectral interval to obtain the best PLSR model. The coefficient of determination for calibration (R2C) for the best PLSR models established with the optimal spectral preprocessing method and selected important spectral regions for the quantitative determination of ferulic acid and Z-ligustilide was 0.9659 and 0.9611, respectively, while the coefficient of determination for prediction (R2P) was 0.9118 and 0.9206, respectively. The values of the ratio of prediction to deviation (RPD) of the two final optimized PLSR models were greater than 2. The results suggested that NIR spectroscopy combined with SVM and PLSR algorithms could be exploited in the discrimination of Angelicae Sinensis Radix from different geographical locations for quality assurance and monitoring. This study might serve as a reference for quality evaluation of agricultural, pharmaceutical, and food products.

A rapid procedure for the determination of 482 pesticide residues in Chinese Materia Medica by GC-Q-TOF/MS and LC-Q-TOF/MS (379 pesticides for LC, 327 pesticides for GC, and 226 pesticides for both) was developed. Radix codonopsis was chosen as the matrix for verification, and a comparative study on the QuEChERS sample preparation was carried out, between a fully automated workstation and manual operation, in terms of limits of quantitation, recovery rate and RSD at 3 spiked levels of 10 μg kg-1, 20 μg kg-1 and 100 μg kg-1. In the linear range of each pesticide in a concentration range of 5-100 μg L-1, the linear correlation coefficients R2 of 85% of the pesticides for GC and 88% for LC were equal to or greater than 0.990. Taking recovery 70-120% and RSD ≤ 20% as the satisfactory standard, the automated workstation performed better at 10 μg kg-1 and 20 μg kg-1 than manual operation, and the numbers of satisfactory pesticides of GC & LC were 401 and 418 for the automated approach, and 378 and 400 for manual, while the two approaches were almost even at 100 μg kg-1, 421 vs. 424. Besides, the automated workstation presented lower RSD (more pesticides ≤10%) and better recovery quality (more pesticides within 90-110%). Following the method verification, 50 Radix codonopsis samples purchased from local markets were prepared with the automated workstation and analyzed by GC and LC-Q-TOF/MS. 18 pesticides were detected in 38 samples, one of which was a highly toxic pesticide. The automated QuEChERS workstation can handle 40 samples in one cycle within 6 hours, and realize whole-process automation covering from samples after "weighing" to "injection into vials". The batch-to-batch, day-to-day, and lab-to-lab consistency and 24 × 7 workability of the automated solution have demonstrated a promising and ideal replacement for manual operation in sample preparation.

Background The sentence of “Danshen (Salvia Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma) and Siwu decoction are similar in function” was first recorded in an ancient Chinese medical book “Fu Ren Ming Li Lun”. This theory has far-reaching influence on the clinical practice of Chinese medicine and is highly respected by Chinese medical doctors. However, the theory has limitations and controversial part for there is no in-depth and system comparative study. Methods We collected the molecular structures of 129 compounds of Danshen and 81 compounds of Siwu decoction from the literatures. MACCS fingerprints and Tanimoto similarity were calculated based on the molecular structures for comparing the structural feature. Molecular descriptors which represent physical and chemical properties were calculated by Discovery Studio. Principal component analysis (PCA) of was performed based on the descriptors. The ADMET properties were predicted by FAF-Drugs4. The effect targets for the compounds with good ADMET properties were confirmed from experimental data and predicted using the algorithm comprising Bernoulli Naive Bayes profiling. Results Based on the molecular structures, the presented study compared the structural feature, physical and chemical properties, ADMET properties, and effect targets of compounds of Danshen and Siwu decoction. It is found that Danshen and Siwu decoction do not have the same main active components. Moreover, the 2D structure of compounds from Danshen and Siwu decoction is not similar. Some of the compounds of Danshen and Siwu decoction are similar in 3D structure. The compounds with good ADMET properties of Danshen and Siwu decoction have same predicted targets, but some have different targets. Conclusions It can be inferred from the result that Danshen and Siwu decoction have some similarities, but also present differences from each other in the structure of the compounds and predicted targets. This may be the material basis of the similar and different traditional efficacy of Danshen and Siwu decoction. The setence of “ Danshen and Siwu decoction are similar in function. “ which is used in clinical has its material basis and target connotation to some extent. However, the traditional effects of Danshen and Siwu decoction are not exactly the same.

Objective Based on trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) hydrolysis, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) analysis, the carbohydrate responsible for immunomodulatory activity are used as quality indicators for Astragalus Radix (AR). Methods In this study, 24 batches of AR from different germplasm resources were selected as the research object, and AR polysaccharides were extracted. PAGE and HPTLC methods were used to analyze the partial acid hydrolyzate of AR polysaccharides and obtain a series of saccharide fingerprints. The data were analyzed by principal component analysis to obtain the difference between AR from different germplasm resources. Results The results showed that trisaccharide and tetrasaccharide could be used as differential fragments to distinguish AR of different cultivation methods; Disaccharides and trisaccharides can be used as differential fragments to distinguish different species of AR. The immunological activity analysis of the specific oligosaccharide fragment of AR showed that the specific oligosaccharide fragment of AR could promote the secretion of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and NO in THP-1 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Conclusion Both PAGE and HPTLC methods can be used to evaluate AR from different germplasm resources. This study laid the foundation for the quality evaluation of AR medicinal herbs.

Traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs), with a history of thousands of years, are widely used clinically with effective treatment. However, the drug delivery systems (DDSs) for TCMs remains major challenges due to the characteristics of multi-components including alkaloids, flavones, anthraquinones, glycosides, proteins, volatile oils and other types. Therefore, the novel preparations and technology of modern pharmaceutics is introduced to improve TCM therapeutic effects due to instability and low bioavailability of active ingredients. Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, the radix and rhizomes of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (Danshen in Chinese), is a well known Chinese herbal medicine for protecting the cardiovascular system, with active ingredients mainly including lipophilic tanshinones and hydrophilic salvianolic acids. In this review, this drug is taken as an example to present challenges and strategies in progress of DDSs for TCMs. This review would also summary the characteristics of active ingredients in it including physicochemical properties and pharmacological effects. The purpose of this review is to provide inspirations and ideas for the DDSs designed from TCMs by summarizing the advances on DDSs for both single- and multi-component from Danshen.

In this paper, a novel architecture of area-effective high-radix floating-point divider with low power consumption is proposed. By extending the principle of the standard SRT algorithm, the divider can estimate the partial quotient digits by a simpler circuit and tolerate certain calculation errors in each recurrence cycle. In addition, the accumulation of errors in the recurrence process can be eliminated automatically without additional calculation cycle. The latency and area cost of the divider are linear with the radix number, which solves the problem that the quotient digits selection tables in high-radix divider have high area cost. Base on the proposed architecture a single-precision floating-point divider is implemented, which has an area of 6037.20 $\mu {\mathrm{ m}}^{2}$ in 65nm process. The dynamic power consumption of the divider is only 0.848mW at 250MHz. Compared with other dividers reported in the literature, the area cost can be reduced by about 90% with the same computation precision and performance.

Context Achyranthes bidentata Blume (Amaranthaceae) (ABR) and semen vaccariae (SV) are used commonly in the clinical treatment of erectile dysfunction in males with diabetes mellitus (DMED) to strengthen the kidney and promote blood circulation, and often achieve good curative effects. Objective Explore mechanistic details of ABR + SV treatment against DMED. Materials and methods Prediction of key targets by network pharmacology. A rat model of DM was established by streptozotocin injection (55 mg/kg). Apomorphine (100 μg/kg) was injected into rats to screen the DMED model. Group C (n = 6) and group M (n = 6) were gavaged with deionized water; group T (n = 6) was given Achyranthis bidentatae radix–semen vaccariae granule suspension (2.5 g/kg). It lasted 8 weeks. Real-time reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blotting (WB) were used to measure the expression of tissue-related proteins and mRNA. Results The predicted key targets are albumin (ALB), caspase-3 (CASP3), vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). Compared with the M group (0.52 ± 0.04; 0.50 ± 0.03; 0.49 ± 0.02; 0.23 ± 0.03), CASP3, VEGFA, and ACE protein expression reduced in the T group (0.39 ± 0.06; 0.34 ± 0.03; 0.39 ± 0.03), and eNOS protein expression increased (0.34 ± 0.03). Conclusion ABR + SV can improve erectile function in DMED rats. This study provides a potential mechanism for the treatment of DMED with ABR + SV and can benefit from more patients.

To increase the production of exopolysaccharides (EPS) and expand the application of Schizophyllum commune (S. commune) fermentation liquid, the traditional Chinese medicine Radix Puerariae (RP) with outstanding biological activity was selected as a culture additive to improve the EPS yield and enhance the antioxidant activity of fermented products from S. commune. The effects of three independent factors: A: initial pH (5.0–6.0), B: concentration of RP (10–14 g L−1), and C: inoculum size (8–12%, v/v) on the EPS yield were evaluated. The results of response surface methodology (RSM) showed that the optimal fermentation conditions were: A: 5.40, B: 12.80 g L−1, and C: 10.0%. The optimal yield of EPS was 8.41 ± 0.12 mg mL−1, which showed an insignificant (p > 0.05) difference with the predicted value (8.45 mg mL−1). The fermented supernatants cultured from RP-supplemented medium (SC-RP) or regular medium (SC) were collected for further study. FT-IR analysis of EPS-1 (purified from SC) and EPS-2 (purified from SC-RP) showed that their structures were consistent, indicating that the addition of RP did not affect the structure of schizophyllan (SPG). In addition, compared with SC, the in vitro antioxidant activities of SC-RP were significantly improved with ORAC values and FRAP values increasing by 11.56-fold and 14.69-fold, respectively. There was a significant correlation among the phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity of SC-RP in this study. Besides, SC-RP was detected to contain more than 25 bioactive ingredients compared with that of SC, which may play a key role in its antioxidant activities. Thus, these results indicated that RP enhanced the yield of SPG and improved the antioxidant activity of the fermented products by S. commune. Accordingly, the fermentation liquid of S. commune with the addition of RP may have potential application in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries.

Background Astragali Radix (AR),the dried root of legumes, belongs to the Qi- invigorating herbs in traditional Chinese medicine and plays an important role in the treatment of many diseases. In order to understand the mechanism of action of AR extract, we used AR extract to treat M-1, mouse kidney cells, and used transcriptome sequencing technology to detect the genomic transcription level of the cells under the action of AR at different concentrations and times. Result The results showed that after a low concentration of AR treatments on the cells, the expression of genes related to cell growth and cellular immune response changed significantly, among which multiple genes are related to mitochondrial function, while high concentrations of AR affected the expression of histones and disease-related genes. It showed that the low concentration of AR extract can achieve the effect of invigorating Qi by regulating the function of mitochondria. In addition, several important genes and pathways were identified as potential targets of AR activation. Conclusion The research not only clarified the main molecular biological mechanism of AR invigorating Qi, but also provided experimental basis and cellular physiology reference for the further clinical application of AR.

Conflict-free addressing (CFA) techniques are necessary for Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) hardware. For low radices, well-proven XOR-based addressing architectures are available in the literature. Applications such as wireless communication use higher FFT radices, more processing elements, and a larger number of memory sets for a continuous flow of data. In the existing CFA techniques, the complexity increases with increasing radices or memory sets. In the proposed technique, the higher number of memory sets and radix are leveraged to advantage. A novel scheme is suggested to reduce the complexity using a progressive shifting technique. The mathematical basis of the scheme is derived here and illustrated with an example of 512-point radix-16 FFT. The proposed and existing CFA architectures are designed using Verilog and implemented in the Semiconductor Laboratory, Chandigarh, 180 nm SCL library. The synthesis results show that the proposed scheme achieves a 33% area reduction, 23% lower power consumption, and 39% improvement in execution time performance compared with the existing XOR based schemes. The area reduction factor further improves with a higher number of FFT points.

Even though many consider it a weed without any use, dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) is a valuable plant, used both as food and as medicine. However, more and more research show that dandelion root is one of the most powerful weapons in the fight against cancer. Dandelion is known to have diuretic properties, cleanses the liver, helps treat allergies and is a good ally in the fight against high cholesterol. Dandelion root is a good source of potassium, vitamin A, iron, calcium, folic acid, magnesium and vitamin C. In this study we used Radix Taraxaci cum herba (RTH) as a medium for the cultivation of Cordyceps militaris mushushroom liquid mycelium culture to investigate the amount of cordicepine. In the classical liquid culture after 21 days of fermentation without stirring, 23.33 ppm cordicepine was determined, and in the liquid culture with RTH, 29.72 ppm cordicepine was determined.

Aim and Objective: Myocardial infarction, cerebral infarction, and other diseases caused by vascular obstruction have always jeopardized human life and health. Several reports indicate that Rhei Radix et Rhizoma has a good clinical effect in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Owing to the complexity of herbal medicine, the pharmacodynamic mechanism of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma is still unclear. The objectives of this study were to explore the two-way adjustment mechanism of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma and provide a new solution for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease. Materials and Methods: This study used data mining, reverse pharmacophore matching, network construction, GO and KEGG Analysis, and molecular docking to investigate the two-way adjustment mechanism of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma. The methods used were based on systems pharmacology and big data analysis technology. Results: The results suggest that Rhei Radix et Rhizoma uses a two-way adjustment of activating blood circulation, as well as blood coagulation in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. The components involved in activating blood circulation are mainly anthraquinone components. The corresponding targets are NOS2, NOS3, CALM1, and the corresponding pathways are calcium signaling pathway, VEGF signaling pathway, platelet activation, and the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. For blood coagulation, the components are mainly tannin components; the corresponding targets are F2, F10, ELANE, and the corresponding pathways are the neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, complement and coagulation cascades. Conclusion: This study indicated that Rhei Radix et Rhizoma exerts the two-way adjustment of activating blood circulation and blood coagulation in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. It can make up for the side effects of the existing blood circulation drugs for cardiovascular disease, only activating blood circulation, and the uncontrollable large-area bleeding due to the long-term use of the drugs. This study provides a material basis for the development of new blood-activating drugs based on natural medicine.

The article is devoted to research on the possibilities to use redundant number systems for bit error notification in a successive-approximation ADC during the main conversion mode. The transfer function of a successive-approximation ADC with a non-binary radix is analyzed. If the radix is less than 2, not all possible code combinations appear on the converter output. The process of formation of unused combinations is investigated. The relationship between the bit’s deviations and the list of unused combinations is established. The possibilities of estimating the bit error value without interrupting the process of analog-to-digital conversion is considered.

Purpose This paper aims to present a single-block memory-based FFT processor design with a conflict-free addressing scheme for field-programmable gate arrays FPGAs with dual-port block memories. This study aims for a single-block dual-port memory-based N-point radix-2 FFT design that uses memory locations and spending minimum clock cycle. Design/methodology/approach A new memory-based Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) design that uses a dual-port memory block is proposed. Dual-port memory allows the design to perform two memory reads and writes in a single clock cycle. This approach achieves low operational clock and smallest memory simultaneously, excluding some small overhead for exceptional address changes. The methodology is to read from while writing to a memory location, eliminating the need for excess memory and additional clock cycles. Findings With the minimum memory size and the simplest architecture, radix-2 FFT and single-memory block are used. The number of clock pulses spent for all FFT operations does not provide much advantage for low-point FFT operations but is important for high-point FFT operations. With the developed algorithm, N memory is used, and the number of clock pulses spent for all FFT stages is (N/2 +1)log2N for all FFT operations. Originality/value This is an original paper, which has simultaneously in whole or in part been submitted anywhere else.

Background and Aims. Radix Rehmanniae and Corni Fructus (RC) have been widely applied to treat diabetic nephropathy (DN) for centuries. But the mechanism of how RC plays the therapeutic role against DN is unclear as yet. Methods. The information about RC was obtained from a public database. The active compounds of RC were screened by oral bioavailability (OB) and drug-likeness (DL). Gene ontology (GO) analysis was performed to realize the key targets of RC, and an active compound-potential target network was created. The therapeutic effects of RC active compounds and their key signal pathways were preliminarily probed via network pharmacology analysis and animal experiments. Results. In this study, 29 active compounds from RC and 64 key targets related to DN were collected using the network pharmacology method. The pathway enrichment analysis showed that RC regulated advanced glycosylation end product (AGE-) RAGE and IL-17 signaling pathways to treat DN. The animal experiments revealed that RC significantly improved metabolic parameters, inflammation renal structure, and function to protect the kidney against DN. Conclusions. The results revealed the relationship between multicomponents and multitargets of RC. The administratiom of RC might remit the DM-induced renal damage through the AGE-RAGE signaling pathway to improve metabolic parameters and protect renal structure and function.

Radix-4 Booth encoding provides ease in the generation of partial products, thus is widely used to achieve power-efficient and low-area signed multipliers. Conversely, the radix-8 Booth encoding exhibits low-performance as it requires generation of odd multiples of the multiplicand. In this brief, this issue is addressed by approximating the odd multiples of radix-8 to their nearest power of two such that the errors complement each other. In the pursuit of an accuracy-energy trade-off, hybrid low radix (HLR) based two approximate Booth multipliers (HLR-BM1 and HLR-BM2) are designed. HLR-BM2, compared to the previous best error-optimized design (ABM1), achieved a reduced energy of 22% with a comparable MRED. Moreover, HLR-BM2 achieves an improvement of 75% in MRED and 11% in energy consumption compared to the previously best energy-optimized design (RAD64). As a case study, performance for image transformation is evaluated. A high peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR, close to 50dB) is obtained for the proposed multiplier designs.

In this paper, an HPLC peak fractionation approach combined with homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence analysis is proposed for screening epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors from Rhei Radix et Rhizoma. With this approach, the amount of sample used for a single HPLC run is sufficient for performing a multiple assay due to the miniaturization ability of the homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence technology. This allows for improving the stability and repeatability of the activity assay for each fraction. From a total of 26 fractions collected from the Rhei Radix et Rhizoma extract, 13 fractions exhibit inhibitory activity against the epidermal growth factor receptor. The structures of activity compounds were determined by HPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap MS, revealing the presence of gallic acid, rhein, and emodin with IC50 values of 21.5, 5.29, and 10.2 µM, respectively. The ligand epidermal growth factor receptor interactions were explored by molecular docking simulations, and the inhibitory effects of the three compounds on A549 cell growth were tested in vitro by an MTT assay. This study demonstrates the suitability of the present screening method for drug discovery in natural products.

We are presenting the experimental measurements of the power consumption and the maximum frequency in an ASIC prototype of 12 versions of the Trivium cipher: one standard version and two low power versions (FPLP and MPLP) with four different radix (radix-1, radix-2, radix-8 and radix-16). It is also described the mechanism for measuring power consumption in each Trivium implemented in the ASIC prototype. The clock tree of the ciphers has been designed in such a way that the clock signal of each Trivium can be cut independently. The experimental setup uses the Agilent 93000 testing system. The results show that the higher radix versions have a lower operating frequency and that the lower radix low-power versions have a very high power reduction. However, the Trivium radix-16 versions generate 16 bit/clock cycle so the measurements conclude that the MPLP version is the one with the lowest power consumption per bit (0.69 pJ/bit at 50 MHz).

This paper proposes efficient fixed-point and floating-point implementations for radix-10 square root in Xilinx FPGAs devices. The method implements digit recurrence with restoring algorithm, which supports the three decimal floating-point (DFP) types specified in the IEEE 754-2008 standard. The technique used for restoring is optimal and novel. The designs use new techniques based on the efficient utilization of dedicated resources in the programmable devices. Implementations were made in Xilinx 7-series devices. For fixed-point square root, they are capable of operating up to 212 MHz for p=7, 197 MHz for p=16, and 190 MHz for p=34. As for DFP square root, the operation frequency obtained is 194 MHz for p=7, 183 MHz for p=16, and 174 MHz for p=34. The proposed architecture achieves better computation times than related works.

The delay owing to the generation of odd multiples $$(\pm \,3)$$ in Radix-8 Booth recoding is minimized in this paper using carry resist adder (CRA). CRA is intentionally developed for performing the exact addition of $$\pm \,1$$ and $$\pm \,2$$ without carry propagation. The theoretical delay analysis proves that the 8-bit CRA reduces 86.26% of delay when compared to the conventional Carry Propagate Addition (CPA) methods. Subsequently, the relative comparisons of CRA with various approximation-based recoding show that the CRA consumes fewer area, power and critical path delay. Further, the $$8\times 8$$ and $$16\times 16$$ signed binary multiplication using CRA-based Radix-8 Booth recoder is developed and synthesized on TSMC 65nm CMOS standard cell library. Also, the trade-off between area, power, delay and accuracy is verified for the proposed design using truncation. Finally, the CRA-based truncated Radix-8 Booth $$8\times 8$$ multiplier is applied to the color space conversion for quantifying its amicability in imaging. The PSNR and MSE are used to evaluate the quality of the resultant image and show better performance than other existing approximated as well as truncated Radix-8 Booth multipliers.

Objective. This study is aimed to analyze the active ingredients, drug targets, and related pathways in the combination of Salvia miltiorrhiza (SM) and Radix puerariae (RP) in the treatment of cardio-cerebral vascular diseases (CCVDs). Method. The ingredients and targets of SM and RP were obtained from Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP), and the disease targets were obtained from Therapeutic Target Database (TTD), National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), and Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) Database. The synergistic mechanisms of the SM and RP were evaluated by gene ontology (GO) enrichment analyses and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) path enrichment analyses. Result. A total of 61 active ingredients and 58 common targets were identified in this study. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis results showed that SM- and RP-regulated pathways were mainly inflammatory processes, immunosuppression, and cardiovascular systems. The component-target-pathway network indicated that SM and RP exert a synergistic mechanism for CCVDs through PTGS2 target in PI3k-Akt, TNF, and Jak-STAT signaling pathways. Conclusion. In summary, this study clarified the synergistic mechanisms of SM and RP, which can provide a better understanding of effect in the treatment of CCVDs.

In a recent work on multiple constant multiplication (MCM) problems, a fully predictable sub-linear runtime heuristic was introduced, called Radix-2 r MCM. This method shows competitive results in speed, power and area, comparatively with the leading algorithms. In this study, the authors combine Radix-2 r MCM with an exact common subexpression elimination (CSE) algorithm. The resulting algorithm denoted Radix-2 r -CSE allows a substantial reduction in the number of addition/subtraction operations in MCM by maximising the sharing of partial terms after an initial recoding in Radix-2 r MCM. The savings over Radix-2 r MCM ranges from 4.34 to 18.75% (10% on average) when considering a set of 14 benchmark finite impulse response filters of varying complexity.

Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma (Danshen in China) and its related preparations are widely used in clinical practice due to its high medicinal value. In recent years, 1H NMR technology has made great progress and demonstrated its unique advantages in the field of botanical metabolomics. In this study, 1H NMR-based metabolomics was used to investigate the dissolution of various metabolites in Danshen as a function of ethanol concentration. 1H NMR spectroscopy of Danshen extract identified 28 metabolites including 6 sugars, 11 amino acids, 3 organic acids, 4 salvianolic acids, and 4 tanshinones. Multivariate statistical analysis was used to classify and compare various Danshen extracts. PCA and HCA were used to obtain a global overview of the similarity in the samples and two-class OPLS-DA models were established for identifying characteristic metabolites. Then, 1H-qNMR method was used to estimate the concentration of 22 metabolites, which is helpful to further describe the changes in metabolite ratios of various Danshen extracts. The result of this study laid the foundation for further biological activity research, and also provided an important reference for subsequent process research and quality control of Danshen related preparations.

The Vector Radix Fast Fourier Transform, with the inherent amenity for parallel implementation is very favourable for high throughput video processing applications. The conventional implementation of two-dimensional Fast Fourier Transform as one dimensional transforms of rows and columns can be replaced with this approach. This brief presents a novel Single Instruction Multiple Data architecture for the $8\times 8$ vector radix Fast Fourier Transform implemented in Field-Programmable Gate Array with Digital Signal Processing Slice as the processing element. The performance metrics of the design is compared to the two dimensional Fast Fourier Transform implemented using one dimensional Fast Fourier Transform Intellectual Property from Xilinx. The analysis demonstrates the dominance of the design for high throughput low latency video applications.

The rapid and handy high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) method has been widely adopted to qualitatively identify herbs or medicinal materials from Chinese patent medicine. Weikangling capsules, as one of the traditional Chinese patent medicines for treating chronic gastritis, consist of Paeoniae Radix Alba, Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, Bletillae Rhizoma, Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma, Poria, Corydalis Rhizoma, Sepiae Endoconcha, and Belladonnae Extractum. However, there has been no effective method to identify both monarch and minister drugs in the prescription simultaneously so far. We report in this paper a new HPTLC method for the simultaneous qualitative identification of four herbs in Weikangling capsules using the lower layer of the chloroform‒methanol‒water (14:5:1, V/V) mixture as the mobile phase. Importantly, the method achieved “one-plate multi-drug” and could identify the monarch drugs (Paeoniae Radix Alba and Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma) and the minister drugs (Bletillae Rhizoma and Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma) at the same time, which could better reflect the effect of emolliating the liver and harmonizing the stomach, dissipating stasis, and stopping bleeding.

Reversible logic has been emerging as a replacement for conventional digital computers and has been found to be a promising technology for the future that can improve the quality of circuits in terms of power, speed, heat dissipation, life span, and input traceability. The new generation of quantum processors demands the efficient implementation of decimal data path elements in many commercial, financial, and Internet-based applications. Reversible binary-coded decimal multipliers are among the important circuits in quantum computers. In this approach, we propose a low-power reversible radix binary-coded decimal multiplier. The proposed methodology uses a novel 4221 reversible recorder gate to select precomputed constant multiples and binary to excess-six conversion reversible decimal adder for partial product compression. The proposed multiplier is designed with 180-nm application-specific integrated circuit technology using the Cadence EDA tool and is compared with state-of-the-art BCD algorithms designed using reversible gates. Experimental evaluations revealed that the proposed design demonstrates power and power-delay product reductions of 28% and 37%, respectively, compared to those of the best BCD algorithms implemented in reversible logic.

The Booth multipliers require lower number of addition operations compared to the traditional multipliers. Further, higher radix Booth multiplier requires lesser number of adders in its circuit implementation. Multiply and accumulate (MAC) unit plays a crucial role in digital signal processing circuits. Handling the data in area-efficient MAC circuits is challenging since the data word length closely doubles on each multiplication. The data path of higher word length possesses higher hardware complexity. However, such hardware complexity can be minimized by deploying the fixed-width multipliers (FWM) in MAC circuits. In FWMs, the multiplication result of $${{X}_{L-\mathrm{bits}}}\times {{Y}_{L-\mathrm{bits}}}$$ is rounded to the higher significant L bits by truncating the rest of lower significant bits. Nevertheless, this truncation introduces the error in multiplication result. This paper presents a radix-8 Booth-based fixed-width signed multipliers with error compensation. Moreover, the estimation of bias value for the error compensation in radix-8 Booth FWM is presented. Accuracy of the fixed-width multiplication with the proposed compensation is analyzed. In addition, the multiplier circuits based on the proposed methods are designed and implemented and the experimental results are discussed.

In this study, Radix Paeoniae Alba with different appearance traits and from three geographical regions was analyzed using a combination of high-performance liquid chromatography fingerprints, chemometrics, and content determination. Hierarchically clustered heatmap was developed for sample visualization. Principal component analysis was used to classify 47 Radix Paeoniae Alba samples with different appearance traits and from three different geographical regions. Principal component analysis results revealed that the Radix Paeoniae Alba samples fell into three clusters, which were related to geographical location and appearance traits. In addition, orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis was established to predict samples classification and obtain the 14 most significant variables (chemical markers) by a variable importance in the project. The six chemical markers were gallic acid (1), oxypaeoniflorin (7), paeoniflorin (12), 1,2,3,4,6-O-pentagalloylglucose (19), benzoic acid (20), and benzoyl paeoniflorin (24). Finally, the content of gallic acid, oxypaeoniflorin, paeoniflorin, and benzoyl paeoniflorin was determined, and the total contents of the four components were class 2 > class 1 > class 3, which suggests that geographical origins and appearance traits can be used to determine the quality of Radix Paeoniae Alba.

Introduction The formula of Chinese medicine, Ding-Zhi-Xiao-Wan (DZXW), has the distinct feature of compatibility therapy, which is attributed to the interactions of multi-herbs. However, the quantification problem caused by the absence of pure reference standards is a bottleneck to clarify the compatibility advantages from the perspective of pharmacokinetics (PKs). Objective This study aimed to develop a putative multiple-reaction monitor (PMRM) strategy for exploring the comparative PKs of DZXW and its single herbs. Methods First, precursor ion and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) chromatograms were obtained via ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight MS (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS) under different collision energy (CE) values. Then, the two most abundance ions in the MS/MS chromatograms were chosen as product ions, and CE values were selected according to the abundance of the product ion peaks. Next, a PMRM strategy consisting of optimal MRM parameters was constructed. Finally, the established PMRM parameters were imported to UHPLC coupled with triple quadrupole MS (UHPLC-TQ-MS) for quantification. Results The strategy was exemplified by the comparative PK study of DZXW and its single herbs. This strategy could extend the PK scopes of multi-components. The quantitative results displayed substantial variations in PK parameters between DZXW and its single herbs. Conclusion The PK parameters indicated that the DZXW formula could increase the exposure levels of most ingredients and reduce the maximum concentration (Cmax ) of Radix Polygala, indicating that herb compatibility could produce synergistic effects and diminish possible toxic effects. This study provides a viable orientation for the compatibility investigation of traditional Chinese medicine.

Let A be an expanding matrix with characteristic polynomial $$f(x)=x^2+px+3$$ and $$\mathcal {D}=\{0,v,\ell v+kAv\}$$ be a digit set where $$\ell ,k\in {\mathbb {Z}},\ v\in {\mathbb {R}}^2$$ so that $$\{v,Av\}$$ is linearly independent. It is well known that there exists a unique self-affine fractal T satisfying $$AT=T+\mathcal {D}$$ . In this paper, we give a complete characterization for the connectedness of T by using radix expansion.

High‐performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) and flow‐injection mass spectrometric (FIMS) fingerprinting profiles were used to differentiate between wild and artificial cultivated Stephaniae tetrandrae Radix samples. HPLC and FIMS fingerprints of 15 wild S. tetrandrae Radix samples and 12 artificial cultivated S. tetrandrae Radix samples were obtained and analyzed with the aid of principal component analysis (PCA). PCA of the fingerprints showed that the chemical differences between wild and artificial cultivated S. tetrandrae Radix samples could be differentiated by either HPLC or FIMS fingerprints. The HPLC fingerprints provided more chemical information but required longer analytical time compared with FIMS fingerprints. This study indicated that the wild samples contained higher concentrations of almost all of the major compounds than the cultivated samples. Three characteristic compounds which were responsible for the differences between the samples were tentatively identified with the aid of MS data. Furthermore, these three compounds, tetrandrine (TET), fangchinoline (FAN), and cyclanoline (CYC), were quantified. The HPLC and FIMS fingerprints combined with PCA could be used for quality assessment of wild and artificial cultivated S. tetrandrae Radix samples.