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The analysis of Bronze Age barrow sites excavated as long ago as 25 years can provide information on more significant and wide ranging topics than basic funerary rites. At Buckskin no primary burial rite was recorded nor any high status artefacts found. The analysis, of stored soil samples and animal bones however, produced evidence for ceremonial activity and feasting prior to the construction of the barrow mound. This encourages discussion on both the role of this barrow and the primary function, other than interment, of similar monuments, especially from the evidence of environmental data. Study of both land Mollusca and faunal remains enabled a greater explanation of the cultural history of this monument and aided the site phasing.

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (UK) is a constitutional monarchy and a unitary state consisting of four countries: England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. The UK is governed by a parliamentary system with its seat of power in London; there are devolved administrations in Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland.1 All powers that have not been devolved remain with the UK parliament.2 In relation to the media, these reserved matters include broadcasting, telecommunications, data protection, film classification, UK official secrets legislation, competition policy (including newspaper mergers), and intellectual property. The UK has no formal written constitution. Many rules relating to government take the form of unwritten conventions, though certain values or principles that can be considered to have constitutional status are enshrined in legislation, such as the Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA).3 As a member of the European Union (EU), the courts in the UK have accepted the primacy of EU law.4

To test single cycle to failure tensile strength characteristics of 6 suture material-pattern combinations in equine superficial digital flexor (SDF) tenorrhaphy, specifically to compare a 10-strand modification of the Savage core suture technique with the 3-loop pulley technique.Ex vivo mechanical experiment comparing 3 different suture patterns with 2 different materials.Forelimb and hindlimb SDF tendons (n=48) harvested from adult Thoroughbred and Standardbred horses of mixed age and gender.Six suture material-pattern combinations were evaluated: (1) 10-strand Savage, size 2 polydioxanone (PDS); (2) 10-strand Savage, size 2 polyglactin 910 (PG910); (3) 10-strand Savage, size 2 PDS with Lin-locking epitenon suture, size 2-0 PDS; (4) 10-strand Savage size 2 PG910 with Lin-locking epitenon suture, size 2-0 PDS; (5) 3-loop pulley, size 2 PDS; and (6) 3-loop pulley, size 2 PG910. Maximum load at failure (N), gap at failure (mm), and mode of failure (suture breakage or pull through) were evaluated for each of the 6 suture material-pattern combinations and underwent statistical analysis to determine significance of differences and interactions of the measured data.The 10-strand Savage technique failed at a mean load of 872 (804-939, 95% CI). The 10-strand Savage with Lin-locking failed at a significantly greater mean load of 998 (930-1065, 95% CI). The 3-loop pulley pattern failed with a mean load of 337 (270-405, 95% CI). There were significant interactions between the technique and suture material used.The 10-strand Savage technique for repair of transected cadaver SDF tendons has superior strength characteristics with or without the epitenon suture when compared to the 3-loop pulley. Suture material and pattern interactions were observed with PG 910 conferring higher strength for the 10-strand Savage whereas PDS did so for the 3-loop pulley.

Objectifs: Determiner l'incidence des metastases ganglionnaires dans le recessus sous-musculaire (niveau 2B) lors des evidements cervicaux selectifs. Le but etait d'evaluer la necessite oncologique de dissequer cette zone pour eviter la morbidite associee a la devascularisation du nerf spinal accessoire. Methodes: Nous presentons une etude prospective de 74 patients qui ont subi 80 evidements entre juillet 2002 et mars 2004. Soixante-seize des 80 evidements etaient chez des patients porteurs de carcinome epidermoide et les autres pour un carcinome papillaire de la thyroide. Tous les echantillons de recessus sous-musculaires ont ete separes du reste de l'evidement. Nous avons enregistre la localisation de la tumeur primaire, le stade, l'utilisation de radiotherapie pre-operatoire et le nombre de ganglions dans chacun des specimens. Resultats: Nous avons retrouve du carcinome chez 46% (37 sur 80) des evidements. De ces 80 evidements, 8.75% (7) avaient des ganglions positifs dans le recessus sous-musculaire. Tous ces patients avaient un stade clinique d'au moins N2B avant l'intervention. Conclusion: Nos donnees suggerent que la dissection du recessus sous-musculaire chez les patients avec un carcinome epidermoide, n'est necessaire que chez les patients avec au moins un stade N2B.

To determine whether trauma to the larynx caused by nasotracheal intubation induced mucosal ulceration of the arytenoid cartilages of adult horses, and to determine the incidence of such ulceration in yearling Thoroughbred horses and its effect on athletic performance.Laryngeal trauma was induced in a group of 21 adult horses by introduction of a nasogastric tube into the trachea three times within 5 min. Injury to the arytenoid cartilages or vocal cords was subjectively assessed immediately after intubation, and thereafter at weekly intervals for 10 weeks. The outcome and athletic performance of 33 Thoroughbred yearling horses with idiopathic disease of the arytenoid cartilages, diagnosed at the yearling sales, were evaluated and compared to those of control horses of the same gender and age, from the same sale.Mucosal injury was noted immediately after intubation in every horse. Evidence of injury to the vocal or corniculate processes of the arytenoid cartilages or vocal cords was still apparent in 10/21 (48%) horses 1 week after intubation, five of which developed persistent lesions that remained present and unchanged from 28 days following intubation until the end of the 10-week observation period. All persistent lesions were nodules or focal swellings of the vocal cords or arytenoid cartilages, and there was no evidence of mucosal ulceration, infection or discharge. Mucosal ulceration of the vocal processes was the most common abnormality detected in the yearlings, affecting 16/33 (48%) that were diagnosed with idiopathic arytenoid disease at the yearling sales. Five of the 33 (15%) horses were diagnosed with arytenoid chondritis at the time of sale and were excluded from the performance outcome analysis. Of the 28 horses diagnosed with arytenoid abnormalities excluding chondritis, 19 (68%) raced with no history of respiratory-related problems, two (7%) were subsequently diagnosed with laryngeal hemiplegia, and seven (25%) were lost to follow-up. The case animals were 2.7 times more likely to race than control horses, but there was no difference between cases and controls in the likelihood of starting more than three times.This study showed that nasotracheal intubation in adult horses could result in immediate mucosal trauma, persistent swelling, and focal scarring of the arytenoid cartilages, but this did not mimic mucosal ulceration or chondritis of the arytenoid cartilages observed in yearling Thoroughbred horses. The population studied, however, may not accurately represent the population in which idiopathic disease occurs. In this study, arytenoid mucosal ulceration detected at sale did not commonly progress to arytenoid chondritis. However, a study of a larger population of horses with untreated, naturally occurring disease is required to confirm these findings.It is unlikely that trauma from nasogastric intubation caused arytenoid mucosal ulceration, therefore this procedure should not necessarily be discouraged. This study did not find evidence that horses diagnosed with arytenoid mucosal ulceration at yearling sales had a reduced performance history, therefore it is reasonable to continue to pass horses with uncomplicated arytenoid mucosal ulceration during post-sale endoscopic examination. However, monitoring of the lesions and treatment, if required, may be indicated in the post-sale period.

Objective—To compare the effects of oral administration of omeprazole and ranitidine on gastric squamous ulceration in Thoroughbreds in race training. Design—Modified crossover study. Animals—60 Thoroughbreds in race training with gastric squamous mucosal ulceration. Procedure—Horses were randomly allocated into 3 groups. Group 1 received no treatment for 28 days followed by administration of omeprazole (4 mg/kg [1.8 mg/lb], PO, once daily) for 28 days; group 2 received omeprazole (4 mg/kg, PO, once daily) for 28 days followed by no treatment for 28 days; and group 3 received ranitidine (6.6 mg/kg [3.0 mg/lb], PO, q 8 h) for 28 days followed by administration of omeprazole (4 mg/kg, PO, once daily) for 28 days. Ulceration was assessed endoscopically at days 0, 28, 42, and 56. Lesions were scored from 0 (no ulceration) to 3 (severe ulceration). Results—After the initial 28 days of treatment, the decrease in ulcer severity was significantly greater after omeprazole treatment than after ranitidine treatment. Ulcer severity decreased significantly in group 3 horses after 14 days of treatment with omeprazole. Discontinuation of omeprazole resulted in worsening of ulcer scores; however, ulcer scores at completion of the study were less than at day 0. Horses that received omeprazole after 28 days of ranitidine treatment had a further reduction in ulcer severity. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Omeprazole was more effective than ranitidine in healing gastric squamous ulcers in Thoroughbreds in race training. Improvement was detected by 14 days and persisted in most of the group 2 horses for at least 28 days after omeprazole treatment was discontinued. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005;227:1636–1639)

Acknowledgments List of Authors Table of Cases Table of Legislation Text of Article 151 of the European Community Treaty Chapter 1: Introduction PART I THE DEVELOPMENT OF CULTURAL POLICY BY THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY Chapter 2: European Community Intervention in the Cultural Field: Continuity or Change? PART II TRADING CULTURES: CULTURE AND COMMERCE IN THE EUROPEAN UNION Chapter 3: Labels, Locals, and the Free Movement of Goods Chapter 4: Sport as Culture in European Community Law Chapter 5: The Gardener and other Stories: the Peregrinations of Cultural Artefacts within the European Union PART III COMMUNICATING CULTURE IN THE EUROPEAN UNION: THE MEDIA, LANGUAGE, AND EDUCATION Chapter 6: European Community Law and the Cultural Aspects of Television Chapter 7: Language Law of the European Union: Protecting or Eroding Linguistic Diversity? Chapter 8: Reflections on Education and Culture in European Community Law PART IV: CULTURE, IDENTITY, AND EUROPEAN INTEGRATION Chapter 9: Article 151 and European Identity Chapter 10: Long-Term Resident Third Country Nationals in the European Union: Institutional Legacies and Evolving Norms PART V CULTURE AND THE EUROPEAN UNION'S EXTERNAL RELATIONS: TRADE AND AID Chapter 11: Preserving and Promoting Differences? The External Dimension of Cultural Cooperation Chapter 12: From Regional to Global Freedom of Trade in Audio-Visual Goods and Services? A Comparison of the Impact on the Audio-Visual Sector of the Preferential Trade Zones Established by the European Community and the World Trade Organization PART VI CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS Chapter 13: Culture and European Union Law: The Exploration of an Interface

This chapter explores the role of health professionals in promoting sexual health and briefly reviews the literature examining aspects that influence young people’s sexual knowledge, skills and behaviour, as well as the role of the nurse as a sexual health promoter. A small-scale research study is described that utilised a qualitative approach to explore further the development of young people’s sexual health by interviewing a sample of student nurses. Findings and possible implications for a number of health professionals are discussed.

INTRODUCTION\ud Young people with psychosis typically have higher rates of premature cardiovascular disease and metabolic disorders compared to non-psychotic peers. This has been primarily due to a sedentary lifestyle, poor diet composition, misuse of harmful substances and higher rates of obesity and smoking. When prescribed obesogenic antipsychotic medication, a weight gain of >12 kg within 2 years is typical.\ud \ud PURPOSE: To examine the benefits of a 12 wk exercise and lifestyle intervention entitled ‘Supporting Health and Promoting Exercise’ (SHAPE) for young people recently diagnosed with psychosis. \ud \ud METHODS\ud Participants (n=26; 8 females; mean age 27.7 ± 5.1) engaged in weekly 45’ education sessions on healthy lifestyle behaviors, including:\ud managing anxiety and depression,\ud mindfulness and relaxation training,\ud substance misuse,\ud smoking cessation,\ud healthy eating and nutritional advice,\ud dental and sexual health care.\ud \ud This was followed by a 45’ exercise session including activities such as circuit and resistance training, yoga, and badminton, led by qualified exercise instructors. \ud \ud Anthropometric data were measured at baseline, 12 wk and 12 month post-intervention. Lifestyle behaviors and clinical measurements, including resting heart rate, blood pressure, total cholesterol, triglycerides, HbA1c and prolactin, were assessed at baseline and 12 months post-intervention as part of their routine clinical care plan. Significant differences over time were assessed using Paired Sample t-tests.\ud \ud RESULTS\ud SHAPE participants (n=26) presented with first episode psychosis (n=11), schizophrenia (n=11), bipolar disorder (n=2), at risk mental state (n=1), and persistent delusion disorder (n=1) of which 52% were prescribed highly obesogenic antipsychotic medications (Clozapine and Olanzepine).\ud \ud Mean baseline data suggests participants were at an increased health risk due to elevated values in mean BMI (70% were overweight or obese), waist circumference, resting heart rate, and triglycerides (see Table 1 & 2). Over 50% reported smoking daily and 85% had elevated resting blood pressure (>120/80 mm Hg).\ud \ud At 12 wk post-intervention, no changes were observed in mean BMI or waist circumference (see Table 1); 19 participants either maintained (mean 0.5 kg: range ± 2 kg) or decreased (mean -5.7 kg: range 2-7 kg) weight; 7 participants increased weight (mean 4.9 kg: range 2.0-9.6 kg). \ud \ud \ud At 12 month post-intervention (n=16), no change was evident in mean BMI, waist circumference, or any other clinical variable (see Table 2). Positive impacts on lifestyle behaviors included 7 participants eating ~400g of fruit/vegetables daily, 2 ceased substance use, 2 ceased alcohol use, 4 ceased smoking and 5 were less sedentary.\ud \ud CONCLUSION\ud At the start of the programme, participants were already at an increased risk for cardiometabolic disorders. Findings suggest that SHAPE supported young people with psychosis to:\ud \ud -attenuate their physical health risk following a 12 wk exercise and lifestyle intervention which were sustained at 12 months follow up.\ud \ud -make positive lifestyle behavior changes leading to sustained improvements in weight maintenance and physical health.