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Motivation: The competitive nature of the aid world means agencies often struggle to convince donors of the merits of investing in the sectors in which they work. This context, unsurprisingly, influences the process of their situational and needs analysis, which donors in turn rely on heavily to inform their own programming. An inherent risk is that the groups who receive the most support may not necessarily be the most vulnerable but rather those whose interests are championed by the most powerful actors. Purpose: This article explores the contradiction between the roles of aid actors as providers of specialist knowledge, and promoters of particular beneficiaries. Specifically, it analyses the evolution of UNHCR's discourse regarding the needs of returning refugees in Afghanistan over the period 2001–2015. Methods: An interdisciplinary mixed‐methods approach is employed, consisting of over 70 interviews, analysis of around 3,000 Afghanistan‐focused contemporary media articles and UNHCR documents, and limited quantitative data analysis. Findings: The study finds that, as the relative needs of returnees diminished in comparison to the wider Afghan population, UNHCR's official pronouncements conversely portrayed these needs as increasing as a way to focus donor attention on an area that would otherwise receive a diminished level of support. Policy implications: These findings have important implications for policy‐makers both in Afghanistan and more generally. They show the need to go beyond aid agencies' public pronouncements and critically examine in depth the sources of data on which they are based. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the experience narrated by young migrant returnees and deportees from the United States, settled in the state of Guanajuato, Mexico. Based on their experience, we discuss the explanatory limits of the perspectives of transnationalism and return migration. The cases analyzed allow us to determine that when migrating from North to South, young people undergo an adaptation process supported by family networks that nonetheless constitute a double-edged sword: while facilitating their integration in Mexico, family members also provide their first encounter with discrimination, which they will later experience in other contexts. Although initially, young people forced to return find themselves caged in by these intangible resources, they also overcome them by expanding their identity repertoires and reconstructing their sense of belonging to Mexico. This work seeks to highlight the need to develop a research agenda focused on young migrants, to whom it is difficult to extrapolate existing analytical perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Stanovništvo is the property of Demographic Research Center of Institute of Social Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Mali has one of the highest migration rates in Africa, but we still know very little about the processes and drivers of migration – particularly in the context of the current political crisis. This article draws on 27 focus groups with 220 returnees and male youth respondents conducted in the summer of 2018. Respondents cite underemployment and the inability to provide for relatives as well as a feeling of hopelessness about a future life in Mali as drivers of migration. Returnees report that the voyage was more difficult than anticipated. However, even with knowledge of the significant risks they face, most (68%) returnees express a desire to try to migrate again: this is particularly true for returned migrants who failed in an attempt to reach Europe (89%). The research illustrates very different experiences for migrants attempting to reach Europe and those with goals of intra-African migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number of international returnees is increasing in emerging economies. However, very little has been known about their career development in their home country. This study explored how Vietnamese returnees from Australia developed their career after returning to Vietnam. The study deployed a qualitative approach using in-depth interviews with 15 returnees of Australian universities. The findings revealed the returnees faced a range of barriers hindering their career progression amongst which 'the rigid working culture' was the most significant and 'stereotyped perceptions about Australian qualifications' was an emerging issue due to recent changes in economy and society in Vietnam. The findings revealed three main strategies that the returnees utilised to negotiate their employability including being 'navigator', being 'rebels, and being 'retreatist'. The findings also revealed that there was not a simple answer to whether Australian education outcomes were useful and applicable in Vietnam or not because the usefulness and application were determined by the extent to which the returnees could be able to use their overseas skills and knowledge. The study provided insights about constraints and opportunities in the home market and enrich the current literature about the returnee phenomenon. These insights would support international students to better support their plans for career development upon their return. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article aims to show how returnees interpret the transfer of their accumulated knowledge, experience and ideas in Lithuania, using the concept of social remittances, and discussing normative structures and practice systems, and how returnees identify their relationship with the social environment of the country of origin. The aims are to discuss what types of social remittances were brought from migration, the experience, and how and to whom they are most often transferred. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the specific features of counteracting the pandemic in Afghanistan, which differ from those in other neighboring countries, the essence of the “five-phase” strategy declared by President Ashraf Ghani and the stages of its implementation. It presents the overall picture of the local antivirus management tactics and the implementation of relevant largescale organizational and legal measures by the Afghan authorities in the context of countering terrorism and extremism, armed attacks by militants on government agencies, hospitals and doctors, and deportation of Afghan citizens from Iran. The effectiveness of the infrastructure developed in the country for countering COVID-19, the successful interaction of the central authorities and provincial leaderships, the operation of counter-unemployment systems, and the general minimization of pandemic consequences are revealed. The article substantiates the need for further democratization of Afghan society, the negotiations between the authorities and the opposition, observation of human rights, continued efforts of the Afghan Ombudsperson and other civil institutions during the quarantine period, and prevention of authoritarian tendencies. The mandatory and required transformation of external borrowing and donor assistance is revealed in the context of competition of the U.S., China, India, the EU, Pakistan, Iran in the economic and political field. Finally, specific recommendations are made to step up the efforts of the state and the global community in the spheres of industry, agriculture, trade, construction, transport, communications, education, culture, health care, utilities, environment, and anti-corruption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was found to be the causative microorganism of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which started to spread in Wuhan, China. This study was to evaluate the effectiveness of questionnaire, symptoms-based screening, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) screening of returnees from COVID-19-endemic areas on a chartered flight, to examine the proportion of infected persons and the proportion of asymptomatic persons among infected persons who returned from Wuhan. Methods A retrospective cohort study was done in 7 tertiary medical institutions in Japan. A total of 566 Japanese who returned from Wuhan participated in the study. Results Overall, 11 of the 566 passengers had a positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR result for pharyngeal swabs and 6 were asymptomatic. Only fever differed between SARS-CoV-2-positive and -negative individuals (P <.043). Six of the 11 PCR-positive individuals were asymptomatic; 4 remained positive on day 10, and 1 asymptomatic person tested positive up to day 27. Two of the 11 were negative on the first PCR test and positive on the second. Conclusions Our results will be important insights on screening returnees from locked-down cities, as well as providing important data on the proportion of asymptomatic individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2. A 13-day observation period and a second round of PCR may be effective to screen patients, including asymptomatic infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is an introduction to a special issue on the role played by veterans of the Spanish Civil War's International Brigades during the Second World War. It argues that the study of these veterans is worthwhile for three reasons: the extraordinary mobility that the antifascist struggle of the years 1936–45 enabled; the microcosm it provides for the assessment of what happens when ideologically fuelled concerns meet pragmatic wartime needs; and the relevance of how governments and military organizations have dealt with suspect returnees in the past for present-day dilemmas that several governments face. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Migraciones is the property of Universidad Pontificia Comillas, Instituto Universitario de Estudios sobre Migraciones and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article draws on qualitative interview data with 42 New Zealanders returning to New Zealand after living overseas, finding they feel more like a 'migrant' than someone coming 'home'. This is in part because New Zealand people and institutions demonstrate an intolerance to difference, theorised here as a form of xenophobia that inhibits the economic, social and political integration of participants. However, the same experiences and ideas that lead many New Zealanders to frame returnees as an 'out-group' can be regarded as a national resource. The article concludes that we should embrace – not ignore or disparage – returnees' awareness of integration issues, transnational networks and cross-cultural experiences as we attempt to maintain social cohesion in an increasingly superdiverse world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the dynamic nature of childhood bilingualism by analyzing oral speech from returnee heritage speakers (HSs) of Portuguese, who grew up in Germany, but moved to Portugal in childhood/adolescence. The first dataset from 14 speakers showed that the length of exposure to German predicted the rate of (in)accurate production of nominal inflection, indicating that the speakers' morphological knowledge had not been sufficiently stabilized due to the return. The second dataset is from one returnee HS who was reimmersed in the German environment after a 4‐year stay in Portugal. The comparative analysis of the speaker's performance 13 months after moving away from Germany and 11 months after being reexposed to German revealed a significant decrease of inaccurate case, gender, and plural marking, which supports the hypothesis of restabilization of linguistic knowledge. Overall, the findings emphasize the effects of lack of exposure on the development of HSs' bilingual competence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of the present quali-quantitative exploratory study was to analyze narrative data from in-depth interviews with returning West African migrants in the Agadez and Nyamey regions (Niger). Specifically, we out to investigate the complex set of reasons that had led the participants to leave their homes and move toward other countries, as well as their expectations concerning their return to their home country and the implications of return for their subjective wellbeing. Categorical analysis of the interview transcripts led us to identify two main first-order themes (internal and external factors underpinning the decision to migrate) and seven lower-order classes of reasons for migrating. We drew on a pragmatically informed Quantitative Textual Analysis approach to further explore the data, finding that experience strongly influenced migrants' representations and aspirations, as well as their expectations surrounding their return migration. The more migrants encounter hardship and deprivation in the destination country, the more their subjective wellbeing can be undermined, and consequently, the more their expectations about return are catastrophic. Familial and personal aspirations surrounding the migratory project appear to increase these migrants' sense of failure and despair on returning home without the economic and personal resources to support themselves and their families. We discuss the implications for practitioners and policy makers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Few studies have examined global foreign accent (GFA) in bilingual children, and little is known about how GFA changes over time and what factors determine change. Here, we examine GFA trajectories in Japanese–English bilingual returnees (Japanese children who returned to Japan after having lived in a majority English environment for several years). In two accent-rating tasks, first language (L1) speakers of English or Japanese rated returnee speech excerpts recorded at three time points over a five-year period. The ratings show a decrease in Japanese GFA one year after return to Japan, and an increase in English GFA, but only five years after return. These findings suggest rapid re-exposure effects of the L1 and relatively stable maintenance of the second language (L2). Changes varied by L2 English age of onset (AoO) and exposure to L2 English while abroad, suggesting a crucial role for these individual factors in transitory contexts such as returnee bilingualism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study attempted to develop a happiness index tool for evaluating rehabilitation initiatives used to reinstate returnees at district Swat, Pakistan. The Happiness Index (HI) tool compares two periods, i.e., HI before rehabilitation (BR) and HI after rehabilitation (AR). The returnees’ happiness index (RHI) is also compared with Pakistan’s Happiness Index to identify the difference. Data for this study were elicited from 382 respondents through a structured survey questionnaire. The results show that after rehabilitation (AR), the returnees’ happiness index improved from 3.89 to 5.36, which is still less than the world happiness index of Pakistan, i.e., 5.65 in 2019. This study concluded that rehabilitation projects had a significantly positive impact on the HI of the returnees. However, more effective and sustainable initiatives are required to align the RHI to the HI of Pakistan. Further, the RHI tool adopted by this study is significant for measuring the happiness of the marginalized and affected people in Pakistan and beyond.

This paper deals with our highly educated professionals who studied abroad as scholarship holders at post-academic studies and then returned and found employment in Serbia. The aim of this paper is to examine how this group of returnees employed at faculties and scientific institutes in Serbia assess their experience of studying abroad. The assessments of the returnees were gathered through a questionnaire. These assessments were on the extent to which the returnees felt their education abroad influenced their employment in Serbia, the opportunities to apply the acquired knowledge and to participate in decision-making at the workplace, and, finally, on how different they felt from their colleagues who acquired all their education and work experience in their own country. To better understand the situation of returnees, a special questionnaire also gathered the assessments of their colleagues on these issues.

Abstract This Commentary describes the situation and healthcare needs of Afghans returning to their country of origin. With more than 600,000 Afghans returned from Pakistan and approximately 450,000 Afghans returned from Iran in 2016, the movement of people, which has been continuing in 2017, presents additional burden on the weak health system and confounds new health vulnerabilities especially for women and children. Stewardship and response is required at all levels: the central Ministry of Public Health, Provincial Health Departments and community leaders all have important roles, while continued support from development partners and technical experts is needed to assist the health sector to address the emergency and primary healthcare needs of returnee and internally displaced women, children and families.

Upon repatriation, many socio-psychological problems accompany the returnees to their home culture after spending a long time in the host culture. It is assumed that the returnees find no difficulty in re-adapting the life in their culture; however, many studies expound that re-adjustment in the home culture, particularly after spending a long time in another culture, is not an easy process, the returnees experience a re-entry or reversal cultural-shock. The main contention of this paper is to expound how Rihani and Salih attempt with a new literary trend to unify the eastern and western cultures in their fictional worlds. The paper underpins the idea of bridging the gaps between cultures and initiating a new era of mutual understanding and co-existence between the nations. It explicates how both novels present a different picture of the oriental world that contradicts with the orientalist and neo-orientalist depictions by projecting the Arabia culture and people equitably.

A common scholarly understanding is that the first group of returnees in Ezra 3:3a built an altar "because they were in dread of the neighboring peoples." I find such a reading to be unlikely for three reasons. First, a study of Ezra 3:3a reveals that accepting the common understanding generates an awkward reading. Second, the returnees are never characterized as a group building in response to external threats. Third, the motive behind altar building elsewhere in the Hebrew Bible is strictly for sacrifices. I suggest that a more compelling reading of Ezra 3:3a is, "They set up the altar on its foundation, although they were in dread of the neighboring peoples." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ROMANIAN MIGRANTS HAVE ENGAGED SINCE 2007 ON MIGRATION TRAJECTORIES WITH A VERY CLEAR ROAD MAP, AS A RESULT OF BETTER REGULATION, NETWORKS AND ALSO BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE WEST. IN THE PAST YEARS THE NUMBER OF ROMANIANS RETURNING HAS INCREASED, HIGHLIGHTING A NEW EVOLUTION THAT OF REEVALUATING THE OPPORTUNITIES ROMANIA HAS TO OFFER IN TERMS OF PROFESSION AND SOCIAL LIFE. IN DECIDING WHETHER RETURNING IS THE GOOD OPTION, MIGRANTS TAKE INTO ACCOUNT A WIDE RANGE OF MOTIVES. OUR RESEARCH FOCUSES ON THE PERCEPTION MIGRANTS HAVE ON THEIR PROSPECTIVE PROFESSIONAL OPPORTUNITIES, ESPECIALLY IN THE BUSINESS SECTOR SHOULD THEY DECIDE TO BECOME RETURNEES. THE QUESTIONS WE SEEK TO ANSWER ARE THE FOLLOWING: DO ROMANIAN MIGRANTS THINK THE SKILLS AND COMPETENCES THEY HAVE ACQUIRED DURING THEIR STAY ABROAD COULD INCREASE THEIR CHANCES OF BEING SUCCESSFUL IN THE ROMANIAN BUSINESS SECTOR? WHAT WOULD BE A FINAL MOTIVATION TO RETURN AND START AN ENTREPRENEURIAL EXPERIENCE? MY RESEARCH IS BASED ON QUALITATIVE SEMI-STRUCTURED INTERVIEWS WITH 10 ROMANIANS WHO EITHER HAVE DECIDED TO RETURN TO ROMANIA OR ARE IN THE PROCESS OF TAKING A DECISION. THE INTERVIEWS WERE CONDUCTED FACE TO FACE OR THROUGH ONLINE MEETINGS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There does not exist a unique and authentic definition of the term "foreign terrorist fighters" nowadays, same as the term "terrorism". The paper will provide an overview of the international legal framework for measures, as well as activities that need to be undertaken as a response to prevent returnees to commit terrorist attacks. Also, it is very important to consider the profile of the persons who generally characterize the foreign fighters, and the ways they are most often indoctrinated, radicalized and recruited for participation in the foreign paramilitary groups. Perhaps the most important question regarding this is the actual way that the foreign terrorist fighters should be treated after returning to their home countries, since the processes of their de-radicalization, re-socialization, rehabilitation, reintegration and inclusion in the post-penal treatment are particularly difficult, complex, multidisciplinary and filled with challenges due to the socio-political, cultural and security conditions in the countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2015, the Myanmar Government, the Myanmar Tatmadaw (military) and eight ethnic armed organisations (EAOs) signed the 2015 National Ceasefire Agreement (NCA). In 2019, this agreement was signed by three more EAOs, and there have been four annual conferences (Union Peace Panglong Conference 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019). The ceasefire arrangements, which are present primarily in Southeast Myanmar, have failed to make significant progress in key areas such as the provision of access to civil documents and land to returning refugees, displaced persons and conflict-affected communities. Violence has escalated in the last two years. It is not an exaggeration to say that Myanmar is at a critical juncture of transition. This article examines how the peace process is being communicated amongst different civil society organisations, international organisations, donor organisations, and government representatives in an area directly affected by the peace process. The article details the experiences of these participants exchanged in workshop in Mon State in July 2018. The exchanges during the workshop reveal a practical obstacles faced by civil society organisations, especially, in their attempt to support returnees. Many reported frustration with the implementation gap between promoting a peace process and providing for local enabling conditions that support peace. Specific barriers faced by civil society organisations, and in turn the communities they are seeking to help were threefold: information and communication barriers concerning the peace process; women's fear and reluctance to seek services due to personal safety concerns, and the persistence of traditional gender norms which affects access to information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Basic Education College Magazine For Educational & Humanities Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Diaspora actors demonstrate their ability to play a role in a variety of political and social processes in their homelands, including transitional justice. Transnational diaspora memorialization initiatives have become embedded and sustained within different contexts. This paper examines how the causal mechanism of coordination affects memorialization initiatives. It compares memorialization efforts in two localities in Bosnia and Herzegovina with different levels of coordination between diaspora, returnees, and local institutional actors. Centralized coordination with the help of a homeland institution enriches existing memory narratives and aims to forward transitional justice. Memorialization and commemorative practices initiated by diaspora without homeland institutional backing can lead to coordination among a more diverse set of actors, ultimately fostering new, alternative, and more inclusive memory narratives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of International Business Studies is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Stanovništvo is the property of Demographic Research Center of Institute of Social Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Despite the reintegration needs of the returnee there is important to design reintegration program, reintegrate and enable them to become independent and productive members of the community; the identification of these needs are often neglected in academic studies. The objective of the study was to explore the reintegration needs sought by returnees to Omo Nada district after return. To this end, I conducted a resourceful study in Omo Nada district in 2017. I collected the data by means of in-depth interviews, key informant interviews and focus group discussions. I used thematic analysis to analyze the findings. The study identified the need for support in the form of health services, counselling, housing, employment, skills training, finances, loans and social support as the major reintegration needs sought by the study participants. Despite the many needs identified, the returnees could not get reintegration support. Due to this, they were not able to reintegrate into their communities. Returning to the pre-migration conditions which drove them to migrate 'illegally' in the first place, with no hope of any reintegration assistance, led some returnees to intend re-migrate illegally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the back-to-Haiti movement, a phase of return migration from France to Haiti in the early nineteenth century. The upheaval caused by the Haitian revolution between 1791 and 1804 led thousands of colonists to seek refuge around the Atlantic basin. Although many then chose to remain in their host countries, some decided to return to the country of their birth. The life trajectories of these returning migrants provide critical insights into free black agency within the shifting definitions of race and mobility in the Atlantic world. The diplomatic non-recognition of Haiti by Atlantic powers meant that the migrants developed strategies to secure their travels, using their networks to obtain travel papers and taking circuitous routes via the USA or Saint Thomas to return to Haiti. The back-to-Haiti movement had a significant impact on the construction of post-independence Haiti: the returning migrants capitalized on skills and connections acquired abroad to secure and enhance their status in Haiti, notably through the promotion of migration and education. By following one prominent family, the Granvilles, this essay provides insights into patterns of mobility across linguistic and geographical boundaries. They helped organize and transport migrants from the USA and they – and this was especially true of women – played a key role in the development of education. The Granvilles' integration in both France and Haiti depended on two key strategies: the establishment of extended transnational networks and their image as a family of education and influence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is estimated that as a result of decolonization between 500,000 and 800,000 Portuguese settlers left their residence in Africa between 1974 and 1979. For the most part, these people came to Portugal, where they were called "retornados", a name that acquired a pejorative connotation used to identify a population of colonial migrants, mostly white, suddenly displaced due to the collapse of the Portuguese colonial system. Based on bibliographic and archival sources, as well as data from interviews with this population, this article addresses issues of identity and dis-identification related to the arrival of returnees and their integration into Portuguese society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the policies that state and urban authorities within the Habsburg Netherlands adopted towards emigration during the Dutch Revolt. The Spanish Crown's repression after the Iconoclastic Fury in 1566–7 intensified the exodus during the first decade of the Revolt, as local or exceptional courts often sanctioned these retreats through judicial banishment and confiscation of property. Beginning in 1579–81, however, there was a change in policy towards refugees, as local authorities in Habsburg territories abandoned their initial attempts at repression in favour of reconciliation and reintegration. While the new governor-general and city magistrates in reconciled cities encouraged Protestants to leave, they also welcomed those seeking to permanently return, albeit if they both pledged loyalty to the Spanish Crown and reconciled with the Catholic Church. This policy, as shown in pardon letters, petitions, and inquiries concerning returnees, met with some success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The region of Iraqi Kurdistan (KRI) has undergone to a great change in the economic and social aspects in the last 10 years, the reason and the determinants that brought this modifications has been slightly explored by past scholars. One of the new aspect that touched the region has been the increasing number of returnees, which started after a specific date, the 2013, year of the economic boom in the KRI. This article analyzes how in the region of Iraqi Kurdistan, the improvement of the economic sectors and number of returnees are interconnected, and how when these two data grow, the condition of quasi-state and independence (mainly economic) from the central government also increases. While, when these two data fall, the condition of quasi-state and the conflictual condition with Baghdad stabilized, transforming the situation into a prolonged conflict. For this research four key factors have been analyzed in the period from 2013 till mid-2017: 1) number of returnees, 2) economic growth, 3) business in the energy sector and 4) quasi-state condition. The peculiarity of this article is that thanks to this specific analysis we can understand why and when the KRI reached an higher level of independence from the Iraqi state and why and how this dependence failed. In this article we can see how the condition of quasi-state stopped to improve not because of the September Referendum (which is not mentioned in the study because the time frame detected do not take it into consideration), but because the Kurdish Regional Government made a decisional mistake regarding its economic vision. The results helps us in obtaining a more detailed idea of how the Iraqi Kurds reality can change based on a triadic model: returnees, economic investments and quasi-state condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research report presents the results of a qualitative study carried out at the Universidad de Guanajuato in central Mexico. Its purpose was to examine the process of identity formation of return migrants who lived a number of years in the United States and are currently studying for a BA in TESOL in Mexico. The participants use their knowledge of the English language to be able to reinsert themselves in society once they have returned to live in the country. Through narrative inquiry using autobiographies and semi-structured interviews, the study focuses on how language might influence the way in which individuals perceive themselves. Implications on family, ethnic associations, and school experiences were found.

This article investigates one aspect of what the Dutch government can do to reduce the risks posed by Dutch jihadists who are currently fighting in Syria. The Dutch government has developed a comprehensive action programme to combat jihadism which outlines measures designed to combat the jihadist movement in the Netherlands. The comprehensive action programme includes plans to develop an exit facility to help people leaving the jihadist movement. Furthermore, a support facility needs to be created, based on the German network model. Of this network the Hayat programme will be analysed in-depth together with the EXIT-Deutschland programme. Hayat is a civil society programme that includes working with relatives of radicalised individuals and tries to de-radicalise these individuals. Hayat’s programme is amongst others based on experiences gained from EXIT-Deutschland, a de-radicalisation programme focusing on de-radicalising individual members of the radical right movement. The exit-facility that the Dutch government wants to create and the support facility are only explained vaguely and have not yet been introduced. This research investigates how and to what extent Hayat’s and EXIT-Deutschland’s elements can successfully be transferred to the Netherlands. This research recommends focusing on disengaging instead of de-radicalisation. The programme should be executed by an NGO with expert witness status. Furthermore, an active approach to contacting returnees is considered best in line with the Dutch government’s objectives. Important elements of the German programme can be transferred to the Netherlands. These elements include using a personal approach, providing returnees with alternatives and family counselling, and generally - apart from the already existing repressive measures - focusing on positive measures. This article also outlines the ways in which such a transfer of best practises can be best achieved.

This bibliography contains journal articles, book chapters, books, edited volumes, theses, grey literature, bibliographies and other resources on foreign fighters of terrorist organizations. Though focusing on recent literature, the bibliography is not restricted to a particular time period and covers publications up to September 2018. The literature has been retrieved by manually browsing more than 200 core and periphery sources in the field of Terrorism Studies. Additionally, full-text and reference retrieval systems have been employed to broaden the search. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Socioloski Pregled is the property of Srpsko Sociolosko Drustvo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article explores the subject of returnees from the former Portuguese colony Angola. In the novel O Retorno by Dulce Maria Cardoso, we follow the story of a family of returnees with powerful symbolism. The mother represents the schism between the two worlds, the real, material one, and the invisible. She also symbolizes the pain felt by the returnees due to not finding home "at home", in Portugal, which should be their homeland, but treats them like second-class citizens. She is also a mirror reflecting the internal world of the characters. The father symbolizes the earth, the house and represents a safe haven for his family. His role is partly taken over by their son Rui, also the narrator, during the early period of their living in Portugal. He symbolizes the future and calls for "non-blindness" on the matter of the former colonies. He overcomes fear, omnipresent in the novel, of the mother's "demons", his own fear and fear of the future. In the future, in a new era, the present will be constructed, as will the real Homeland, wherever it may be - in the metropole or in the colonies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Historical Population Register (HPR) of Norway gives rise to new research opportunities on a large array of topics spanning medicine, social sciences and humanities. This introductory article outlines the contents of the register, the periods it covers, and its use, particularly with respect to the study of geographic mobility. This article introduces the articles in this issue, which concentrate on the emigration to the US and the returnee emigrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The aim of this article on Latvian returnees' national identity is to get understanding of whether and how the forth and back migration experience affects returnees' sense of national identity. Different dimensions of national identity (territorial, political and cultural) have been analysed, both for their emotional and instrumental aspects. As empirical data, 18 semi-structured in-depth interviews with Latvian nationals who emigrated between 1991 and 2011 and returned after 2010 were analysed. The study acknowledges Hedetoft's statement that migration processes affect the growing variability of belonging: one can have several 'homes' and 'identities', as identifying with one country does not exclude identification with another, whether that is the country of origin or of residence. However, the formation of strong supranational identity, i.e., the sense of belonging to Europe has not been manifested among Latvian returnees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]