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Leakage and erosion of a soluble subgrade overlain by a geomembrane with a 70-mm-long slit defect is examined. The subgrade (gypsum) solubility and its rate of dissolution from a solid state in contact with various solutions are investigated. In the absence of flow, the rate of dissolution is negligible. However, when there is flow there is dissolution, and if the flow is high enough, erosion. Erosion greatly increases fluid migration. The presence of an interface between the subgrade and a dissimilar material (e.g. a geomembrane) facilitates flow, dissolution, and erosion as the interface becomes an ever increasing preferential flow path, leading to a much greater leakage and erosion feature. The findings from this study highlight the risk of having a soluble subgrade below a single geomembrane used alone and exposed for the containment of liquids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article strives to determine the allowable content of nutrients in the wastewater that is being discharged into a reservoir, with the end goal of minimizing the risk of eutrophication. It was noted that the methodology currently used in Ukraine and most European countries to control pollutant discharge in wastewater is designed to simply not exceed the permissible pollution level in natural water based on sanitary indicators, which does not guarantee the absence of the eutrophication risk to the water bodies. The article describes a developed method for determining the allowable composition of wastewater based on biogenic indicators. The proposed method takes into account the consecutive transformation of nutrients, the probabilistic nature of the factors that determine the quality of water in water bodies, as well as the cost of purifying wastewater from various pollutants. The problem was considered for the case of wastewater discharge into a reservoir through a watercourse. This research is a practical scientific basis for further improving the methodology for standardization of the wastewater composition in order to protect water bodies from eutrophication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Freshwater environments are primary receiving systems of wastewater and effluents, which carry low concentrations of antibiotics and antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria and genes. Aquatic microbial communities are thus exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of antibiotics (ERCA) that presumably influence the acquisition and spread of environmental AMR. Here, we analyzed ERCA exposure with and without the additional presence of municipal wastewater treatment plant effluent (W) and swine manure run-off (M) on aquatic biofilm resistomes. Microscopic analyses revealed decreased taxonomic diversity and biofilm structural integrity, while metagenomic analysis revealed an increased abundance of resistance, virulence, and mobile element-related genes at the highest ERCA exposure levels, with less notable impacts observed when solely exposed to W or M effluents. Microbial function predictions indicated increased gene abundance associated with energy and cell membrane metabolism and heavy metal resistance under ERCA conditions. In silico predictions of increased resistance mechanisms did not correlate with observed phenotypic resistance patterns when whole communities were exposed to antimicrobial susceptibility testing. This reveals important insight into the complexity of whole-community coordination of physical and genetic responses to selective pressures. Lastly, the environmental AMR risk assessment of metagenomic data revealed a higher risk score for biofilms grown at sub-MIC antibiotic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artisanal fishing is an important subsistence practice in freshwater habitats worldwide, but overexploitation threatens the conservation of several nontarget species including crocodylians. We investigated the effects of artisanal fishing on the distribution of a population of broad‐snouted caiman (Caiman latirostris) inhabiting the Tapacurá reservoir, within the highly altered and threatened Atlantic Forest biome.We conducted spotlight surveys to detect caimans and gillnets deployed in the reservoir from April 2015 to June 2022. We evaluated temporal differences in gillnet encounter rates and the relationship between caimans and gillnet distribution.Gillnet encounter rates remained consistent year‐round, while caiman encounter rates were highest near gillnets, especially in the river channel and in forested margins. Caimans are opportunistic predators attracted by tangled fish in gillnets and likely prefer habitats with increased fish abundance.Future research should continue monitoring the interaction between caimans and fishing and include local communities in conservation efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In most people living with HIV (PLWH) on effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), cell-associated viral transcripts are readily detectable in CD4+ T cells despite the absence of viremia. Quantification of HIV RNA species provides insights into the transcriptional activity of proviruses that persist in cells and tissues throughout the body during ART (HIV reservoir). One such technique for HIV RNA quantitation, HIV transcription profiling, developed in the Yukl laboratory, measures a series of HIV RNA species using droplet digital PCR. To take advantage of advances in digital (d)PCR, we adapted the HIV transcription profiling technique to Qiagens dPCR platform (QIAcuity) and compared its performance to droplet digital (dd)PCR (Bio-Rad QX200 system). Using RNA standards, the two technologies were tested in parallel and assessed for multiple parameters including sensitivity, specificity, linearity, and intra- and inter-assay variability. The newly validated dPCR assays were then applied to samples from PLWH to determine HIV transcriptional activity relative to HIV reservoir size. We report that HIV transcriptional profiling was readily adapted to dPCR and assays performed similarly to ddPCR, with no differences in assay characteristics. We applied these assays in a cohort of 23 PLWH and found that HIV reservoir size, based on genetically intact proviral DNA, does not predict HIV transcriptional activity. In contrast, levels of total DNA correlated with levels of most HIV transcripts (initiated, proximally and distally elongated, unspliced, and completed, but not multiply spliced), suggesting that a considerable proportion of HIV transcripts likely originate from defective proviruses. These findings may have implications for measuring and assessing curative strategies and clinical trial outcomes.

ABSTRACT Tacaribe virus (TCRV) was first isolated in the mid-1950s from several Artibeus species bats in and around Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago. Since that time, debate has persisted whether artibeus bats serve as reservoir hosts of the virus or whether infection of the bats was an incidental spillover event from another, unidentified reservoir host. Complicating the issue is that the only TCRV isolate routinely used, TRVL-11573, had been passaged in suckling mice and likely accumulated mutations that altered its biology. Recent fieldwork has now identified two distinct genomes of TCRV in apparently healthy artibeus bats sampled in Brazil and the Dominican Republic (C. Fischer, M. H. A. Cassiano, W. R. Thomas, L. M. Dávalos, et al., mSphere e00520-24, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1128/msphere.00520-24). Together, these works suggest that artibeus bats are natural reservoirs of TCRV and that the virus has a wide geographic distribution in the Americas.

Many research findings have proven that the system of porous medium reservoirs exhibits different heterogeneous structures at various scales, demonstrating some form of self-similarity with fractal characteristics. In this paper, fractal theory is incorporated into the reservoir to investigate coupled flow between reservoir and horizontal well. By examining the pore structure of highly heterogeneous reservoirs, the fractal dimension can be determined. Analytical methods are utilized to solve the Green function of a point source in a reservoir with fractal characteristics. Employing Green's function and the principle of spatial superposition, a finite flow model for a horizontal well coupled with a fractal reservoir is developed to calculate the flow rate and flow profile of the horizontal well. The model also accounts for the impact of wellbore friction and is solved numerically. A specific example is used for calculation to analyze the influence of fractal parameters on the production and flow rate of the horizontal well. When considering the fractal characteristics of oil reservoirs, the flow rate of the horizontal well is lower than that in Euclidean space. As the fractal dimension increases, the connectivity of pores in the reservoir improves, making it easier to drive the fluid into the wellbore, and the flow distribution along the wellbore becomes more uniform. Conversely, as the anomalous diffusion index increases, the connectivity between pores deteriorates, thus the distribution of flow rate along the wellbore becomes more uneven.

Study area: Yangtze River Basin, China. Study focus: The surface water area (SWA) of the Yangtze River Basin (YRB) has changed significantly due to intensified human interferences. But no study investigated the variations in different water types and its drivers yet. To figure out the long-term changes in water bodies and the underlying driving forces, an improved method based on satellite data was developed to accurately delineate the seasonal SWA of the YRB from 1990 to 2020. Changes in different categories (reservoirs, lakes, and rivers) of water bodies are discriminated and attributed to various climatic and anthropogenic factors. New hydrological insights for the region: Trend of the total SWA in the YRB was non-significant, but obvious changes happened at sub-basin scale. The SWA in the source region and upper reaches demonstrated an upward trend, while a decline was observed in the middle and lower reaches. The increase is largely attributed to reservoir changes (70 %). While, the decreases are attributed to changes in lakes (45 %) and rivers (55 %). Attribution analysis reveals that climatic factors primarily drive the SWA changes in the source region (74 %), while human activities play a more substantial role in the upper reaches (64 %). For the middle and lower reaches, climate and human activities have equally influences. This study shed light on the significant impact of human activities on the redistribution of SWA.

This study deals with unraveling the diagenesis-induced porosity evolution in a mixed clastic-carbonate sequence of the Middle Permian Indus Basin, Pakistan. Multiple data sets including outcrop, petrography, cathodoluminescence, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), mineralogy, and geochemical isotopic compositions were integrated to establish a link between porosity evolution and diagenesis. The spatial thickness and facies variations of the strata at outcrop scale are inherently controlled by the underlying bathymetry of the basin with deepening westward trend. The low values of δ18O of the target strata, relative to average values of the Permian carbonate, hints to diagenetic alteration in the strata. The data sets used in this study reveal modification of the strata in four environments, that is, i) early marine diagenesis indicated by micritization, pervasive dolomitization and isopachous fibrous cements, followed by ii) meteoric dissolution, and iii) shallow burial diagenetic processes including the precipitation of blocky cement, compaction of skeletal and non-skeletal allochems, and stylolites, and iv) a deep burial environment, characterized by pressure solution, and micro-fractures. The clastic intervals host subangular to subrounded quartz grains, floating textures, and almost complete absence of deleterious clay minerals, consequently resulting in the preservation of primary porosity. The primary porosity of carbonate intervals is preserved in the form of intercrystalline and intracrystalline porosity. The secondary porosity evolved through various diagenetic phases in the form of fractures and dissolution. The diagenetic solution mediated by organic matter in carbonates may have experienced both bacterial decomposition and thermochemical sulfate reduction, precipitating sulfides within the pores. The plug porosity/permeability analyses generally suggest high porosity in the siliciclastic unit, and carbonates with wackestone fabric while lower values were observed for the inner shelf pure carbonate facies. However, both intervals show very low permeability values probably due to isolated moldic pores and intense micritization. Therefore, clastic intervals may provide an opportunity to serve as a moderate reservoir; however, the carbonate intervals possess very low permeability values and could generally be considered as low-moderate reservoir potential.

Abstract Background Widely regarded as one of the chief causes of diseases in cattle population, bovine herpesvirus‐1 (BoHV‐1) has the potential to infect sheep and goat, making them potential reservoirs or hosts for this virus. Thus, preventive measures against BoHV‐1 in cattle should not overlook the ability of this virus to infect other animals. Aims Therefore, the focal point of this study was to ascertain the seroprevalence of BoHV‐1 in 300 healthy goats, the relationship between host and the environmental determinants of infection, and the contributing role of goats in the epidemiology of the BoHV‐1. Materials & Methods In order to pinpoint the existing antibodies to BoHV‐1, the obtained sera were analyzed by Virus Neutralization test. Results According to this test, the seroprevalence of BoHV‐1 appeared to be 64.33% in southwestern Iran. What logistic regression disclosed was that the odds ratio between age and infection with BoHV‐1 was 0.83 (p = 0.01), representing a decrease of 17% as goats grew one year older. In addition, females manifested a higher relative frequency of infection compared to males, with the odds of infection in female goats being registered at 1.88, compared to those in males (p = 0.2). Moreover, contrasted with goats lacking any history of abortion, those with a history of abortion featured 1.1 as the odds ratio (p = 0.87). The seroprevalence in Hendijan, Ahvaz, Shushtar and Dasht e Azadegan was detected to stand at 73.24, 71.30, 55.56 and 47.06 percent, respectively, with 6% of fluctuation in the infection rates being attributed to various geographical locations under the scrutiny of this study (p = 0.003). Discussion and Conclusion Having attested the marked seroprevalence of BoHV‐1, the definitive role of goats in the epidemiology of this virus as a secondary host or reservoir was confirmed by the present study, necessitating the strict monitoring of BoHV‐1 in goats by animal health authorities in areas where BoHV‐1 abounds in cattle.

ABSTRACT The HIV reservoir is more dynamic than previously thought with around 70% of the latent reservoir originating from viruses circulating within 1 year of the initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART). In an ex vivo model system of HIV latency, it was reported that early exposure to class I histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors might prevent these more recently infected cells from entering a state of stable viral latency. This finding raises the possibility that co-administration of HDAC inhibitors at the time of ART initiation may prevent the establishment of much of the HIV reservoir. Here, we tested the effects of the HDAC inhibitors suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) and panobinostat co-administered at the time of ART initiation on the formation of the viral reservoir in HIV-infected humanized mice. As previously shown, SAHA and panobinostat were well tolerated in humanized mice. Unexpectedly, co-administration of SAHA resulted in an increase in the frequency of CD4+ cells carrying HIV DNA but did not alter the frequency of cell-associated HIV RNA in HIV-infected, ART-treated humanized mice. Co-administration of panobinostat did not alter levels of cell-associated HIV DNA or RNA. Our in vivo findings indicate that co-administration of HDAC inhibitors initiated at the same time of ART treatment does not prevent recently infected cells from entering latency.IMPORTANCECurrent antiretroviral therapy (ART) does not eradicate cells harboring replication-competent HIV reservoir. Withdrawal of ART inevitably results in a rapid viremia rebound. The HIV reservoir is more dynamic than previously thought. Early exposure to class I histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors inhibit these more recently infected cells from entering a state of stable viral latency in an ex vivo model of latency, raising the possibility that co-administration of HDAC inhibitors at the time of ART initiation may reduce much of the HIV reservoir. Here, we tested the effects of the HDAC inhibitors suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid or panobinostat during ART initiation on the formation of the viral reservoir in HIV-infected humanized mice. Our in vivo study indicates that in contrast to in vitro observations, the co-administration of HDAC inhibitors at the same time of ART initiation does not prevent recently infected cells from entering latency.

HIV post-treatment controllers (PTCs) are rare individuals who maintain low levels of viremia after stopping antiretroviral therapy (ART). Understanding the mechanisms of HIV post-treatment control will inform development of strategies aiming at achieving HIV functional cure. In this study, we evaluated 22 PTCs from 8 AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG) analytical treatment interruption (ATI) studies who maintained viral loads ≤400 copies/mL for ≥24 wk. There were no significant differences in demographics or frequency of protective and susceptible human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles between PTCs and post-treatment noncontrollers (NCs, n = 37). Unlike NCs, PTCs demonstrated a stable HIV reservoir measured by cell-associated RNA (CA-RNA) and intact proviral DNA assay (IPDA) during analytical treatment interruption (ATI). Immunologically, PTCs demonstrated significantly lower CD4+ and CD8+ T cell activation, lower CD4+ T cell exhaustion, and more robust Gag-specific CD4+ T cell responses and natural killer (NK) cell responses. Sparse partial least squares discriminant analysis (sPLS-DA) identified a set of features enriched in PTCs, including a higher CD4+ T cell% and CD4+/CD8+ ratio, more functional NK cells, and a lower CD4+ T cell exhaustion level. These results provide insights into the key viral reservoir features and immunological profiles for HIV PTCs and have implications for future studies evaluating interventions to achieve an HIV functional cure.

Pule District, Trenggalek Regency, East Java Province has only 42% of rice fields with irrigated status, and 58% of non-irrigated land. With the presence of a reservoir. the area of non-irrigated rice fields can be served and the planting indeks of rice fields can be increased. To be able to meet the target area of irrigated land diverted by reservoir, a hydrological and water balance approach is needed. The aim of this study is to analyze the water balance of reservoir to obtain the volume of water and the area of rice fields that can be irrigated each month. By using F.J.Mock to analyse water balance and calculate mainstay discharge. Evapotranspiration is calculated by Penman Modified method. The highest mainstay discharge Q80 is occurred about 3.25 m3/s in January, meanwhile the lowest is 0.22 m3/s in October. Reservoir capacity is determined from maximum volume based on height of reservoir. The height is 13.20 m which referenced to elevation 552.20 m.s.l. Maximum volume of reservoir is 56,437 m3. Analysis results show the highest inflow discharge is occurred in January about 7.46 million m3/month, the lowest in August about 0.45 million m3/month. Those condition of discharge if utilized for irrigation 11 Ha around 44,533 m3/month and raw water 2,560 people around 11,904 m3/month, so the reservoir is still in a fulfilled condition. The lowest inflow discharge can be referenced to determine maximum potential irrigation covered area into 112 Ha in dry season.

Due to the increasing world population and environmental considerations, there has been a tremendous interest in alternative energy sources. Hydrogen plays a major role as an energy carrier due to its environmentally benign nature. The combustion of hydrogen releases water vapor while it also has a vast industrial application in aerospace, pharmaceutical, and metallurgical industries. Although promising, hydrogen faces storage challenges. Underground hydrogen storage (UHS) presents a promising method of safely storing hydrogen. The selection of the appropriate cushion gas for UHS is a critical aspect of ensuring the safety, efficiency, and reliability of the storage system. Cushion gas plays a pivotal role in maintaining the necessary pressure within the storage reservoir, thereby enabling consistent injection and withdrawal rates of hydrogen. One of the key functions of the cushion gas is to act as a buffer, ensuring that the storage pressure remains within the desired range despite fluctuations in hydrogen demand or supply. This is achieved by alternately expanding and compressing the cushion gas during the injection and withdrawal cycles, thereby effectively regulating the overall pressure dynamics within the storage facility. Furthermore, the choice of cushion gas can have significant implications on the performance and long-term stability of the UHS system. Factors such as compatibility with hydrogen, cost-effectiveness, availability, and environmental impact must be carefully considered when selecting the most suitable cushion gas. The present study provides a comprehensive review of different types of cushion gases commonly used in UHS, including nitrogen, methane, and carbon dioxide. By examining the advantages, limitations, and practical considerations associated with each option, the study aims to offer valuable insights into optimizing the performance and reliability of UHS systems. Ultimately, the successful implementation of UHS hinges not only on technological innovation but also on strategic decisions regarding cushion gas selection and management. By addressing these challenges proactively, stakeholders can unlock the full potential of hydrogen as a clean and sustainable energy carrier, thereby contributing to the global transition towards a low-carbon future.

Reservoirs play a critical role in terrestrial hydrological systems, but the contribution of small and medium-sized ones is rarely considered and recorded. Particularly in developing countries, there is a rapid increase of such reservoirs due to their quick construction. Accurately identifying these reservoirs is important for understanding social and economic development, but distinguishing them from other natural water bodies poses a significant challenge. Thus, we propose a method to identify reservoirs using high-resolution satellite images and deep learning algorithms. We trained models with various parameters and network structures, and You Only Look Once version 7 (YOLOv7) outperformed other algorithms and was selected to build the final model. The method was applied to a region in northwestern Iran, characterized by an abundance of reservoirs of various sizes. Evaluation results indicated that our method was highly accurate (mAP: 0.79, Recall: 0.76, Precision: 0.82). The YOLOv7 model was able to automatically identify 650 reservoirs in the entire study region, indicating that the proposed method can accurately detect reservoirs and has the potential for broader-scale surveys, even global applications.

Objective To achieve carbon peak and carbon neutrality goals, carbon dioxide flooding and storage are the main technical means for carbon emission reduction. It is crucial to clarify the main controlling factors of carbon dioxide flooding and storage under reservoir conditions, which provides the basis for realizing the efficient development of carbon dioxide flooding and storage. Methods In this study, with the widely used PUNQ-S3 case study as the basis, an integrated numerical simulation model of carbon dioxide flooding and geological storage is constructed. It considers the miscible interaction between carbon dioxide and crude oil as well as storage mechanisms, including structural, residual, dissolved, and mineral trapping. By employing the random forest intelligent algorithm, a feature importance analysis of reservoir and production parameters during the carbon dioxide flooding and storage process is carried out. The differences between carbon dioxide flooding and storage at different time scales are considered. A time series-based feature importance analysis method is established, and the main controlling factors in the different carbon dioxide flooding and storage stages are analysed. Through the fluctuation of the evaluation index, the influence of reservoir and production parameters on different stages of carbon dioxide flooding and storage is inferred. Results The results show that the time series-based random forest model for carbon dioxide flooding and storage has high accuracy. In the early stage of carbon dioxide flooding and storage, the amount of carbon dioxide structural storage is controlled by the reservoir water saturation, and the amount of dissolved storage is controlled by the salinity of the formation brine; In the middle and later stages of carbon dioxide flooding and storage, the amount of carbon dioxide structural storage is controlled by reservoir permeability, while the amount of dissolved storage is controlled by reservoir permeability and formation water salinity; The residual storage capacity is small in the early stage of carbon dioxide flooding and storage, resulting in unclear main controlling factors.In the later stage of carbon dioxide flooding and storage, it is controlled by reservoir permeability and water saturation; The amount of mineralization storage is controlled by the pH value and the salinity of the formation brine throughout the entire CO2 flooding and storage stage; The amount of carbon dioxide production is controlled by reservoir permeability and water saturation throughout the entire carbon dioxide flooding and storage stage. Conclusion The time-series-based random forest algorithm can identify the main controlling factors of different carbon dioxide flooding and storage stages and can provide support for cimproving crude oil recovery and implementing efficient geological storage with carbon dioxide.

Objective Fractures commonly occur in the marine carbonate reservoirs of Permian Maokou Formation in Zigong area of Sichuan Basin and have important impacts on reservoir properties, seepage patterns and hydrocarbon enrichment. Methods Cores, thin sections, image logs and experimental test data were used to clarify the type of fracture genesis and development characteristics, analyse the time of fracture formation, and determine the period of fracture formation. Results The results show that the marine carbonate reservoirs of Maokou Formation in Zigong area are divided into two types, namely, tectonic fractures and diagenetic fractures, among which the tectonic fractures include tectonic shear fractures and tectonic tensile fractures, and the diagenetic fractures include horizontal bedding fractures and diagenetic sutures. Tectonic shear fractures dominate Maokou Formation reservoir and occur mainly in the NEE and NNE directions. The fracture inclination angle ranges from 20° to 80°, and the extension length is less than 60 cm. The fracture degree of filling is low, and the validity is good. Combined with the analysis and test data, the reservoir fractures of Maokou Formation in Zigong area were determined to have formed by 3 stages of structural movement. The first stage included the late Hercynian and early Indosinian periods, approximately 240-220 Ma. Under the SW stress derived from the clockwise movement of the South China Plate, a small number of shear fractures developed, and the fractures were mostly filled with minerals, representing the secondary development period of fractures. The second stage occurred in the late Yanshan-early Himalayan period, approximately 78-69 Ma, and a large number of tectonic fractures developed under the NW-trending stress generated by the Xuefeng uplift in Jiangnan, which was the main period of fracture formation in the study area. The third period was the late Himalayan period, approximately 13-0 Ma. Fractures were formed under the NEE compressive stress generated by the collision of Indian Ocean Plate, and most of the fractures were unfilled, indicating good effectiveness. Conclusion The above fracture-related research provides the basis for establishing favourable exploration zones in the study area.

Purpose: experimental study and assessment of technical capabilities of a device for aerating the water bottom layers in reservoirs using solar radiation in Syrian conditions. Materials and methods. Empirical method was adopted as a research method. In accordance with the patent for a utility model, the experimental unit was a metal cylindrical body of a storage tank, in the lower part of which there was a fitting connected to a plastic air tube. Results. In the process of laboratory studies under conditions of different air temperatures, when assessing the capabilities of the unit, three characteristic periods of its operation were identified: intensive – a period with active air output lasting 110–120 minutes; transitional – with a gradual drop in intensity by more than half, lasting from 10 to 30 minutes; stable – a period with an almost uniform air output with a maximum observable duration of up to 60 minutes. An analysis of research materials showed that, depending on the daytime temperature, the air volume released during more than 180 minutes of observation was up to 7.6 liters. Moreover, in all experiments, more than 90 % of the air volume came out during the first 120 minutes, which should be considered as the period of active operation of the unit. Conclusions. Based on the results of experiments in an open area in the climatic conditions of Syria, the possibility of aerating natural reservoirs using a device for aerating bottom layers of water, the operation of which is based on the use of solar radiation without traditional energy sources, was proven.

The gharial Gavialis gangeticus is a Critically Endangered crocodilian endemic to the Indian subcontinent. Habitat modification by river damming and water extraction has caused a severe decline in its population. The status of the gharial is known within protected areas, but there have been few surveys for this species in unprotected areas. In Katerniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary, a breeding gharial population in Girijapuri Barrage Reservoir has low recruitment, and it has been hypothesized that yearlings disperse downstream into the unprotected Ghaghara River when the barrage gates are opened. We surveyed a 100-km stretch of the Ghaghara River from the Girijapuri Barrage to Chahlari Ghat, observing a total of 84 gharials, including a high proportion of juveniles. A survey in 2021 from Chahlari Ghat to Ayodhya observed 174 gharials, giving a combined total of 258 gharials in a 219-km stretch of the Ghaghara River for the two surveys. Together, these findings confirm the presence of a significant population of gharials in the Ghaghara River. We recommend the adoption of an integrated approach, involving government agencies and local communities along the river, to conserve the protected Girwa–Kaudiyala Rivers and the unprotected Ghaghara River for gharial conservation and recovery. Such a programme will need to tackle the threats facing the gharial and establish baseline data and long-term monitoring protocols for freshwater species conservation in this river system.

The transmission of pathogens from animals to humans is the cause of the appearance of the majority of newly emerging diseases. The purpose of this review is to assess the danger of zoonotic pathogens of dangerous and especially dangerous viral infectious diseases as potential agents of pandemics. Materials and methods. The paper presents an analysis of data published in domestic and English-language scientific publications, as well as posted on the Internet. The research method is analytical. The discussion of the results. At least 70 % of all emerging diseases have a zoonotic reservoir. The exponential growth of human activity in previously undeveloped territories determines the increasing influence of zoonotic pathogens. The infection of people with zoonotic pathogens occurs in direct and indirect contact with infected animals and surfaces contaminated with their secretions, transmissible transmission through arthropod bites, food transport through the consumption of contaminated food and drinking water. Two different transmission models have been established among zoonoses from wild animals to man. One of these models assumes, that human infection is a random event with a low probability, in the future, the pathogen is transmitted from person to person. In the second model, direct or vector-mediated pathogen transfer from animal to human is a link in the natural cycle of the pathogen. The risk of transmission of the virus from the zoonotic reservoir to humans is the highest in animal species adapted to human habitats. Conclusions. The highest level of danger as a source of zoonotic diseases represent primates, ungulates, carnivores and especially bats, which are natural reservoirs for a number of dangerous and especially dangerous viral diseases. Representatives of families Poxviridae, Ortomyxoviridae and Coronaviridae have already been caused pandemics, which caused enormous damage to all spheres of human activity. These pathogens can be considered as the most likely agents of future pandemics.

This study assessed the bacteriological quality of raw, treated, and distributed water from Ede-Erinle and Opa reservoirs in Osun State, Nigeria. This was to determine the potability of water from these waterwork stations. Eighteen sampling points were established across the two reservoir networks for this study. Samples were collected bi-monthly for two annual cycles. Serial dilution and pour plate methods were employed for the enumeration of bacterial load. Total heterotrophic bacteria count (THBC) and total coliform bacteria count (TCBC) were enumerated on nutrient and MacConkey agar at 37 °C, respectively. Bacterial isolates were characterized using biochemical identification methods with reference to Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. Bacterial isolates and biofilm formation were further identified molecularly through the PCR method using specific universal primers. Mean values of THBC and TCBC in distributed water from Ede-Erinle (9.61 × 104 ± 1.50 × 104 CFU/mL; 69.56 ± 26.81 CFU/mL) and Opa waterworks (9.58 × 104 ± 2.55 × 104 CFU/mL; 142.94 ± 44.41 CFU/mL) exceeded permissible limits for drinking water. Paenibacillus lautus, Bacillus pseudomycoides, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Pseudomonas stutzeri showed biofilm-forming capacity. The study concluded that the presence of coliforms and biofilm-forming bacteria in distributed water implies that the water is unfit for consumption without further treatment. HIGHLIGHTS Molecular identification of coliforms from the two reservoirs and their channels.; Molecular detection of biofilm bacteria in water from the two waterwork systems.; Comparison of molecular loads of water from the two waterwork systems.; Health implications of the identified bacteria from the two waterwork systems.; Potablilty of water from the two reservoirs and their stations.;

Abstract Background This work conducted quantitative and qualitative analyses on the heavy metals in 32 surface sediment samples collected from eight sampling sites across four seasons in the Yutan reservoir, a typical mountainous hilly riverine reservoir in Southwest China. Results Nine heavy metals were identified: (Cr, Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, Hg, As, Ni, and Co). The concentrations varied within the ranges of 23.16 ~ 34.62, 0.53 ~ 1.09, 31.88 ~ 59.04, 51.94 ~ 85.84, 106.76 ~ 227.69, 0.08 ~ 0.15, 12.57 ~ 25.60, 12.06 ~ 27.64 and 11.04 ~ 14.56 mg/kg, respectively, following a decreased concentration order of Zn > Cu > Pb > Cr > Ni > As > Co > Cd > Hg. Except for Cd, which accumulated in winter, and Hg, which reduced in spring. The concentration of heavy metals showed no significant seasonal variation and generally had higher contents at the river mouth and lower concentrations in open water areas and branches. The geoaccumulation index (I geo) assessment also indicated that the reservoir was uncontaminated by Cr and Ni (I geo

The article discusses the fundamental aspects of the water deficit problem in rural areas of the South Prydniprovska Upland, which is prevalent in the Mykolaiv, Cherkasy, Kirovohrad, and Dnipro regions. The study focuses on the rapid hydrochemical instability observed in locally accumulated runoff reservoirs, significantly deteriorating their water quality for consumer use. The inherently high salinity, exacerbated during peak water shortage periods, diminishes the significance of local hydrosystems as viable water sources. The swift advancement of autonomous filtration water treatment systems and artificial filtration in drinking water production necessitates a reevaluation of traditional principles in rural water supply. Concurrently, this development brings to light several critical technical issues with economic implications. Cost-effective decentralized water treatment for drinking purposes mandates the use of natural water with a salinity of up to 1.5-1.8 thousand mg/dm3. Treating water with a salinity of 3-4 thousand mg/dm3 would be economically unfeasible due to the need for accelerated replacement of filter elements, excessive electricity consumption, and extended working hours. Therefore, the challenge of accessing water reserves with minimal deviation in hydrochemical composition from drinking standards persists, as current reservoirs and water storage facilities do not meet this requirement. To rationally exploit available water reserves, the proposed principle of cascade-separate water use for small reservoirs is introduced. This approach is based on creating a tandem of existing channel ponds and small water storage reservoirs linked by regulated water flow. The satellite water storage ponds, filled from the surface with relatively clean, flotation-deposited water from the main pond, will contain a 3-4 month supply of conditionally high-quality water, ensuring efficient operation of drinking water treatment plants at a volume of up to 20 m3/day. These relatively small (up to 0.5 million m3) reservoirs are easy to maintain, clean, and periodically disinfect, meeting the minimum water quality requirements for preparation for drinking and the domestic needs of the population.

The article presents the results of studying four sections of the Bazhenov Formation and the overlying sediments in the central part of the Mansi syneclise, which are based on a comprehensive analysis of the results laboratory lithological and geochemical studies of core material and data from a wide range of geophysical studies of wells. For lithological characteristics, the section of the Bazhenov Formation was divided into five members, which differ in the ratio of carbonaceous, clayey, siliceous contents and carbonate component of rocks. The boundaries of the units were determined by their lithological composition, and then the velocity rectified taking into account GIS. The first two members are characterized by high contents of siliceous and clayey material, the third – a significant increase in the siliceous component, the fourth – increased concentrations of organic matter, which indicates its higher compared to the lower part section oil generation potential. In the fifth member, the content of carbonate material increases, the “coccolithic” interval is divided, and numerous fragments of bivalves are noted. Throughout the section minerals (strontianite, witherite) were discovered in the Bazhenov Formation, indicating that they occurred in diagenesis hydrothermal processes.In the section of one of the studied wells in the middle part of the Bazhenov formation, a reservoir interval was identified. High variability of reservoir properties of Bazhenov rocks was noted even within one oil-field, which is associated with their secondary transformations of rocks in dia- and catagenesis. It is substantiated, that materials of geophysical studies of wells that does not contain nuclear magnetic resonance data can only be used to identify possible productive intervals, the study of which by laboratory methods will allow establish the presence or absence of collectors in them.